Week 5 nursing 350 board discussion Week 5 Discussion Prompt COLLAPSE Top of Form Visit the Center for Disease Control website, and go to the Diseases and Conditions pages . Choose a topic of interest and review any data or statistics provided under that topic. Discuss how evidence-based practice and epidemiology is used to improve prevention and health promotion in your chosen topic. Bottom of Form III. Theories of ForgettingEncoding Failure Fail to encode the information; information is never transferred to LTM (p. 317)Storage Decay: Forgetting curve: initially rapid, then levels off with time (pp 317-318)Retrieval Failure: We cannot retrieve the information. (pp 318 - 319) Absence of cues. Importance of cues (context effects, mood-congruent memory, & déjà vu) pp 312 - 314 * III. Theories of ForgettingMotivated Forgetting theory: pp 320 - 326 Remembering our past is often revising it. We forget things that run counter to our self-view. We remember things that correspond to how we view ourselves or that enhance us. Blocking (repressing) painful, unpleasant memories is extremely rare. Can we recover these memories? Beware! It is very easy to create false memories. * III. Theories of ForgettingCreation of false memories: “mousetrap on finger study (Ceci & Bruck, 1993, 1995) pp 325 - 326 58% of preschoolers produced false memories Professional psychologists could not distinguish the real from the false memories * III. Theories of ForgettingRepressed or Constructed Memories of Abuse?Conclusions: p 325 Incest and sexual abuse happens. (all too often!) There are false convictions. Some people do forget traumatic events although it is much more likely that a person can’t forget them. The recovery of some memories is possible, but recovery of repressed memories is questionable. Use of hypnosis or drugs to recover memories is questionable. Memories of events before age 3 and a half are highly questionable. (Remember infantile amnesia.) Even false memories are emotionally traumatic. * Outline for Psychological Disorders Disorders Anxiety Disorders Mood Disorders Dissociative Disorders Schizophrenia Personality Disorders IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders: characterized by . . . distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition) maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety 5 types: Generalized anxiety disorder Panic Disorder Phobias Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.) Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by . Continuous feelings of tension or unease worried thoughts about bad things happening autonomic nervous system arousal the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating) Persists for 6 months or more Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds of the sufferers are women. (Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It doesn’t have to be biology! (Wo ...

1. Week 5 nursing 350 board discussion
Week 5 Discussion Prompt
COLLAPSE
Top of Form
Visit the Center for Disease Control website, and go to
the Diseases and Conditions pages .
Choose a topic of interest and review any data or statistics
provided under that topic. Discuss how evidence-based practice
and epidemiology is used to improve prevention and health
promotion in your chosen topic.
Bottom of Form
III. Theories of ForgettingEncoding Failure
Fail to encode the information; information is never transferred
to LTM (p. 317)Storage Decay:
Forgetting curve: initially rapid, then levels off with time (pp
317-318)Retrieval Failure:
We cannot retrieve the information. (pp 318 - 319)
Absence of cues.
Importance of cues (context effects, mood-congruent memory,
& déjà vu) pp 312 - 314
*
III. Theories of ForgettingMotivated Forgetting theory: pp 320 -

2. 326
Remembering our past is often revising it.
We forget things that run counter to our self-view.
We remember things that correspond to how we view ourselves
or that enhance us.
Blocking (repressing) painful, unpleasant memories is
extremely rare.
Can we recover these memories?
Beware! It is very easy to create false memories.
*
III. Theories of ForgettingCreation of false memories:
“mousetrap on finger study (Ceci & Bruck, 1993, 1995) pp 325
- 326
58% of preschoolers produced false memories
Professional psychologists could not distinguish the real from
the false memories
*
III. Theories of ForgettingRepressed or Constructed Memories
of Abuse?Conclusions: p 325
Incest and sexual abuse happens. (all too often!)
There are false convictions.
Some people do forget traumatic events although it is much
more likely that a person can’t forget them.
The recovery of some memories is possible, but recovery of

3. repressed memories is questionable.
Use of hypnosis or drugs to recover memories is questionable.
Memories of events before age 3 and a half are highly
questionable. (Remember infantile amnesia.)
Even false memories are emotionally traumatic.
*
Outline for Psychological Disorders
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
Schizophrenia
Personality Disorders
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders: characterized
by . . .
distressing persistent anxiety (a feeling and a cognition)
maladaptive behaviors that reduce anxiety
5 types:
Generalized anxiety disorder
Panic Disorder
Phobias

4. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Generalized anxiety disorder: characterized by .
Continuous feelings of tension or unease
worried thoughts about bad things happening
autonomic nervous system arousal
the inability to identify or explain its cause (free-floating)
Persists for 6 months or more
Women are more likely to suffer from this disorder. Two-thirds
of the sufferers are women.
(Why the gender difference? Be a good critical thinker! It
doesn’t have to be biology! (Women are more willing than men
to seek help by going to therapy/counseling.)
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Panic Disorder: characterized by . . .
More extreme anxiety
anxiety escalates until the person suffers from a panic attack:
lasts a couple of minutes
intense fear that something horrible is about to happen
experience racing heart, shortness of breath, etc.
Unpredictable
Smokers have double the risk of panic attacks (nicotine =
stimulant)

5. IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Phobias:
anxiety is focused on a specific object, activity, or situation
An irrational fear that disrupts behavior
Persistent and debilitating
agoraphobia: fear of open spaces or places where help may be
unavailable or escape may be unlikely
mikrophobia: fear of germs
claustrophobia: fear of closed spaces
xenophobia: fear of strangers
IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
unwanted repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
Common ones include concern with dirt and germs
Something terrible happening (fire, death, illness)
Symmetry, order, exactness
unwanted repetitive actions (compulsions)
Excessive handwashing, bathing, grooming
Repeating rituals (in/out of a door, up/down from a chair)
Checking doors, locks, appliances, homework
interferes with daily functioning
More common in teens and young adults
Obsession and compulsions may lessen as people age

6. IV. Psychological DisordersA. Anxiety Disorders (cont.)Post-
traumatic Stress Disorder:
occurs because of traumatic stress; witnessing or experiencing a
severely threatening event
symptoms include . . .
nightmares
haunting memories
social withdrawal
problems sleeping & concentrating
anxiety
depression
Overdiagnosed?
Remember that we gave the label of “disorder” when it may be a
normal response to trauma! What about survivor resiliency &
posttraumatic growth? (p. 576)
IV. Psychological DisordersB. Mood Disorders
characterized by emotional extremes
2 types:
1. Major Depressive Disorder
2. Bipolar Disorder

7. IV. Psychological DisordersB. Mood Disorders (cont.)
Major Depressive Disorder: (2 weeks or longer)
prolonged hopelessness; feelings of worthlessness
changes in diet
discouraged about the future; dissatisfied with life
sleep problems
low energy
isolated from other people
low motivation & lack of concentration
behavior and events that are normally rewarding and pleasurable
are no longer so.
IV. Psychological DisordersB. Mood Disorders (cont.)
Major Depressive Disorder (cont.)
number 1 reason to seek mental health services
1 in 5 Americans; women are twice as likely to suffer from
major depressive disorder
college students at risk
most depressive episodes last less than six months
Dysthymic disorder (Persistent depressive disorder)
less disabling
2 years or more
IV. Psychological DisordersB. Mood Disorders

8. (cont.)Bipolar Disorder
(aka: manic depressive disorder)
rebounding between emotional extremes
major depression
manic episodes: a euphoric hyperactive, wildly optimistic state
overtalkative, overactive, elated, little need for sleep
maladaptive symptoms: grandiose optimism and self-esteem
IV. Psychological DisordersB. Mood Disorders Bipolar Disorder
(cont.)
affects 1% of the population
affects men & women equally
milder forms of mania associated with greater creativity (Walt
Whitman, George Frederic Handel)
IV. Psychological DisordersMood Disorders (cont.)
Suicide: (Read the book! Pp. 590-592)
Gender differences
Ethnic differences
Age differences
Warning signs

9. IV. Psychological DisordersC. Dissociative Disorders
Characterized by a sudden loss of memory or change in identity
Dissociative Identity Disorder:
aka: multiple personality disorder
people are dissociated from themselves and have 2 or more
different identities that seem to control their behavior at
different time points
Highly controversial; many question whether this is a fad
diagnosis. If it exists, it would be extremely rare.
P. 600-601
IV. Psychological DisordersD. Schizophrenia: (p. 593-599)
(“split mind”) meaning split from reality
characterized by losing contact with reality by experiencing
irrational ideas and distorted perceptions
psychosis
Hospitalization
1950s 500,000 people hospitalized
1980s 180,000 people hospitalized
800,000 people treated as outpatients because of
improvements in medication
Prevalence
1 in 100 people
IV. Psychological DisordersD. SchizophreniaCharacteristic

10. Symptoms
1. Disturbed Content of Thought
Features Which May Occur Separately or Collectively:
Thought Control
Thought Broadcasting
Thought Insertion
Thought Withdrawal
Paranoid Delusions
Delusions of grandeur and religiosity
IV. Psychological DisordersD. Schizophrenia
2. Disturbances in Speech
Loosening of associations
Poverty in the content of speech
3. Disturbances in Perception
Auditory hallucinations
IV. Psychological DisordersD. Schizophrenia
4. Disturbed Affect
Flat
Inappropriate
5. Disturbed Psychomotor Behavior
Catatonic Rigidity
Catatonic Excitement
Catatonic Posturing

11. IV. Psychological DisordersD. SchizophreniaFour Types of
Schizophrenia
Disorganized:
frequent or constant incoherent speech and flat or inappropriate
affect
Catatonic:
excessive, sometimes violent motor activity or a mute,
unmoving state.
Paranoid:
delusions of persecution, grandeur, or both
Undifferentiated:
hallucinations, delusions, and incoherence without meeting
criteria for other types
IV. Psychological DisordersE. Personality Disorders:
characterized by . . .
Inflexible and enduring behavior patterns that impair social
functioning
antisocial personality: (sociopaths or psychopaths)
lack of a conscience
often evident in the teen years when the behavior becomes
extremely inappropriate
(e.g., Ted Bundy)

12. IV. The Brain Two Regions of the Human Brain:
1. Lower-Level Brain Structures:
Primitive/Outside of awareness
Responsible for survival instincts, respiration, circulation,
hunting, mating and fighting.
A) Brainstem
oldest part of the brain
responsible for automatic survival functions
B) Medulla
at base of brain stem
controls heartbeat and respiration
*
IV. The Brain
1. Lower-Level Brain Structures (cont.)
C) Reticular Formation
inside the brainstem
nerve network that is important in controlling arousal
D) Thalamus
directs messages from senses (except smell) to receiving areas
in cortex and transmits replies to cerebellum and medulla
associated with the senses (sight, hearing, taste, touch)
*

13. Reticular
Formation
(fibers inside)
*
IV. The Brain
1. Lower-Level Brain Structures (cont.)
E) Cerebellum (aka: little brain)
at the rear of the brainstem
helps coordinate voluntary movement and balance
F) Limbic System
Brain system associated with emotions such as aggression and
fear and drives such as food and sex
3 parts:
*
IV. The Brain
F) Limbic System (cont.) 3 parts
1) Amygdala: linked to emotion and influence aggression and
fear
2) Hypothalamus: structure beneath the thalamus; directs
maintenance activities (eating, drinking, body temp); also
linked to emotion; thought of as the reward center of the brain

14. 3) Hippocampus: processes memory
*
Limbic System
*
IV. The Brain
2. Cerebral Cortex -- Wrinkled, convoluted, top 3mm of the
brain.
Governs most of the body’s control and information processing
involves thought, language, and reasoning
most evolved; most developed in primates and humans
*
IV. The Brain
Four lobes:
Frontal: motor and speech control, ability to plan ahead,
initiative, self-awareness
Parietal: sensation and memory of the environment
Occipital: vision, visual perception
Temporal: language, memory, some emotional control

15. *
Frontal Lobe
Parietal Lobe
Occipital Lobe
Temporal Lobe
Cerebellum
*
V. Function vs. System View
of the Brain Function view
Each part of the brain controls a different part of behavior.
Systems view
The brain works as a whole and is not a collection of structures,
centers, or localizations.
*
V. Function vs. System View

16. of the BrainConclusion
the brain’s systems are localized in particular brain regions but
the brain acts as a unified whole coordinating many different
areas
*
III. Neurotransmitters (cont.)3) Norepinephrine:
helps control alertness & arousal
Also implicated in depression4) Acetylcholine
involved in muscle action, learning & memory
lack of acetylcholine associated with Alzheimer’s disease
Black widow spider’s venom floods synapse with acetylcholine
Antagonists inhibit: They may block the neurotransmitter’s
release or be similar enough to fit in the receptor cite, but not
similar enough to stimulate the receptor.
*
III. Neurotransmitters (cont.)5) Dopamine
influences movement, learning, attention, & emotion.
Too much dopamine linked with schizophrenia
Too little dopamine linked with Parkinson’s disease
*