A Seminar entitled" Effect of activated carbon in textiles" presented in Department of Textiles and Apparel Designing, College of Community Science, UASD, Karnataka by Manpreet Kaur

1. EFFECT OF ACTIVATED
CARBON ON TEXTILES
MANPREET KAUR AND Dr. GEETA MAHALE

2. INTRODUCTION
PRODUCTION
FACTORS
AFFECTING
PROPERTIES
SOURCES AND
TYPES
APPLICATION
AREA
CONTENT
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RESEARCH
STUDIES
OVERALL
CONCLUSION
Textile Waste Water
Treatment
Effect on
Properties of Textiles

3. INTRODUCTION
• Carbon is one of the magnificent elements, which leads to
a large variety of compounds and structures.
• Carbonaceous, highly porous, large surface area
adsorptive medium that has a complex structure
composed primarily of carbon atoms.
• Activated carbon is a form of carbon processed to be
riddled with small, low-volume pores that increase the
surface area available for adsorption or chemical
reactions.
• The porosity within activated carbon imparts their
characteristics of adsorption.
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Four types of generic sorbents have dominated industrial adsorption:
• Zeolites,
• Silica gel
• Activated alumina
• Activated carbon

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Production
Carbonization: Material with carbon content is pyrolyzed at
temperatures in the range 600–900 °C, usually in inert
atmosphere with gases like argon or nitrogen.
Activation/Oxidation: Raw material or carbonized material
is exposed to oxidizing atmospheres (oxygen or steam) at
temperatures above 250 °C, usually in the temperature range
of 600–1200 °C.
Physical
activation
Chemical
activation
The carbon material is impregnated with certain
chemicals.

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Treatment Methods for effluents
Chemical
methods
Biological
methods
Physical method
Oxidation
Ozonation
Flocculation
Adsorption
Microbes
Enzymes

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Adsorption
 accumulation of gaseous
components or solutes
dissolved in liquids onto a
solid surface.
 physical process
 Van der Waals (dipole-
dipole) and intermolecular
forces are important in the
adsorption phenomenon
Adsorption has found to be superior in terms of:
Flexibility
and
simplicity
of
design
Low
operating
cost
Insensitivity
to
toxic
pollutants
Ease of
operation
Adsorption
also
does not
produce
harmful
substances

8. Activation “carefully controlled oxidation of carbon atoms in the
raw material”
• Network of pores
• Distribution of pore sizes and shapes
• Macroscale pores are greater than 50 nm in size, while
mesoscale pores range from 2–50 nm and microscale pores
less than 2 nm wide
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How it works

9. Factors affecting adsorption
• Molecular size of the substances to be removed from
the bulk material
• Hydrophilic behavior of the substances
• Polarity of the substance to be removed
• Size of interior surface area of the adsorbent material
• Pore structure of the activated carbon material (shape,
size distribution)
• Solute concentration
• Temperature and pressure, Relative humidity
• Composition of the solution or gas
• pH value of the solution (for liquid phase)
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10. • A gram of activated carbon can have a surface area of
500 𝑚2-1500𝑚2stable at high temperature (even above
1000K)
• High surface-area structures
• Van der Waals force and intermolecular forces are
important in adsorption phenomenon
• Carbon monoxide is not well adsorbed by activated
carbon
• Does not bind well to certain chemicals,
including alcohols, strong acids and bases, and most
inorganics, such as lithium, sodium, iron, lead, arsenic,
fluorine and boric acid.
PROPERTIES
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11. 11/9/2022 11
APPLICATION AREA
Indoor air
decontamination
Automobile industry
Catalyst and catalyst
carrier
Food industry

12. Wood
Agriculture
waste
Vegetable
waste
Cellulosic
polymer
Sawdust
Resin
SOURCES
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13. Powdered activated carbon Granular activated carbon Extruded activated carbon
Bead activated carbon Impregnated carbon
Polymer coated carbon
Types of Activated Carbon
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14. Effluent
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• Effluent is defined by the United
States Environmental Protection
Agency as “wastewater - treated or
untreated - that flows out of a
treatment plant, sewer, or industrial
outfall. Generally refers to wastes
discharged into surface waters”.
Waste Water
Discharge

15. One pair jeans
8,000 Litre water
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Water conservation through recycling

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TDS - Total Dissolved Solids
• common salt increases
TDS of water
• affects the fertility of
soil
• harmful to aquatic life.
pH
• pH is the measure of
acidity or alkalinity of an
aqueous solution.
• Solutions with pH less
than 7 are acidic whereas
above 7 are alkaline.
• pH of 7 is termed as
neutral.

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TSS - Total Suspended Solids
• due to insoluble substances
present in waste water.
• Higher TSS gives turbid water.
• Turbid water absorbs heat
from natural light & leads to
increase water temperature.
higher temperature reduces
DO level.
• harmful to aquatic life.
Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
• amount of oxygen
present in water.
• DO is measured in ppm

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If BOD level in effluent is not
controlled, the rate of Oxygen
consumption > Oxygen
replenishment from the
atmosphere, thus affecting the
marine species in the water-
body where the effluent is
discharged.
Amount of oxygen
needed to oxidize
organic and inorganic
materials in a waste
water effluent

19. TEXTILE WASTE
WATER
TREATMENT
1
RESEARCH
STUDIES
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20. Rahman et al.(2017)
To establish date seeds PAC as an affordable
alternative to other expensive tertiary methods
1
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21. 11/9/2022 21
)
Date seeds :(Rajshahi and Jessore districts of Bangladesh)
Textile waste water- Composite textile industry
Materials
Preparation
of
adsorbent
Method
of
analysis
Drying, carbonizing, Activation, Filtering, Washing
Activating agent: ZnCl2
Color conc.= Spectrophotometer (Pt-Co) pH=pH meter
Weight of Activated Carbon = electronic balance
Temp.= thermometer Particle size= US standard sieves
(<150µm,150-300µm,300-425µm)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Experiment
Batch adsorption experiments
Effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, temperature,
agitation speed, particle size, pH on color removal

22. Fig. 1 Preparation of adsorbent
Date seeds
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22
Washing and drying
Cut into small pieces and packed in a crucible
Carbonization in muffle furnace at 5000C for 1 hr.
Activation
Mass ratio of 1:1 is maintained
Soaking, filtering, washing and drying(1000C for 1 hr.)
1M ZnCl2
Muffle furnace
pH=4.47

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Waste water= 100 ml
pH=8
Activated carbon= 0.5g
placed in a rotating
shaker
Agitation for
5,10,15,20,25min
Supernatent
extracted by pipette
Quantities of adsorbent: 0.4,0.6,0.8,1.0,1.2&1.4g
Temperatures: 300C, 350C, 450C
Agitation speeds: 150,200,250rpm
Particle size: <150µm, 150-300µm & 300-425µm
Initial colour conc.: 800,1000,1200 Pt-Co
Batch adsorption
Filteration using
0.45µm
Contact time

24. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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Fig. 2 Effect of contact time
Fig. 3 Effect of adsorbant
dosage
800Pt-Co
1200Pt-Co
1000Pt-Co
77
96
75%

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26
Fig. 4 Effect of temperature
Fig. 5 Effect of agitation speed

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27
Fig. 6 Effect of particle size
Fig.7 Effect of pH

28. • Efficient for the removal of color of textile
effluent
• As a high percentage of color removal was
obtained for a wide range of initial color
concentrations from batch experiments.
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CONCLUSION

29. To investigate the efficiency of sugarcane bagasse
activated carbon modified by phosphoric acid as
adsorbent for the removal of zinc (Zn) and Ferrus (Fe)
from the textile wastewater
2
Razi et, al.(2018)
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30. METHODOLOGY
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• Textile waste water: Syarikat Koon Fuat Ind.
• Sugarcane bagasse: sugarcane bagasse juice
vendor
• Activating agent: phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
Sample
collection
• Batch experiment
• Effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage, pH
for removal of Zinc and Ferrous
Testing

31. Preparation of sugarcane bagasse activated carbon
Raw sugarcane bagasse
(SB juice center)
Washing & drying(1050C
for 24 hr.)
Impregnation with 30%
phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
for 24 hr.
Carbonization(5000C in
furnace for 2h)
Drying (room temp) %
washing(distilled water)
Sieving by 63 micron
(ASTMC136-06)
CHEMICAL
ACTIVATION
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32. Table1: Working range of Fe and Zn
Heavy metal Contact time adsorbent
dosage (g)
pH
Fe 30min, 75min, 120
min, 180 min, 1440
mins
0.6, 2.0, 4.0,
6.0
2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7
Zn 30min, 75min, 120
min, 180min, 1440
mins
0.6, 2.0, 4.0,
6.0
2, 3 ,4, 5, 6, 7
Batch experiment
1. Control sample without adsorbent
2. Prepared sample:
100ml textile waste water
Activated carbon 63µm
Analysis for metal
ions removal
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33. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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34. Fig.9 Factors affecting adsorption process
Contact time(min)
pH
Adsorbent dosage(mg/l)
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35. Parameters Before After
PH 5.6 6
BOD 97.8 28.71
COD 146.65 45.20
TSS 64.25 22.14
NH4-N 1.38 0.82
Nitrate 1.45 0.67
Fe 5.42 0.62
Zn 1.16 0.12
Fig. 10 SEM Images
Table 2 Characteristics of Textile
waste water before and after process
under optimum conditions
A) Control sample
B) SBAC treated sample
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36. • Efficient adsorbent of removal of metal ions
• Key factors found to control the adsorption
efficiency of the SBAC included adsorbent
dose, contact time and pH
• 91% Fe and 89% Zn (metal removal)
• Low cost and readily available
CONCLUSION
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37. Olaoye, R.A. et al
(2018)
To determine the adsorbent effect on the
concentration of waste water
3
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38. 38
Methodology
• Textile waste water: Wollen and Synthetic textile
manufacturing industry, Nigeria
• Rice husk: Institute of Agricultural and Research
Training, Nigeria, Activating agent: (HNO3)
Sample
collection
• Weighing meter, Shaker, Angle centrifuge
machine, pH meter, Hanna Multiparameter
instrument HI 9812-5 instrument,
DO/COD/BOD Hanna instrument H1 9141-04
instrument, 210VGP Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer
Equipments
used
• 300g dried rice husk +HNO3 for 60minutes
• Rinsing and oven drying at 1100C
• Sieved through BSS-mesh 30
Preparati
on of
activated
rice husk

39. 39
Methodology
• Six samples
• Sample A(untreated), B(4gARH), C(8g),
D(12g), E(16g), F(20g)
• B-F thoroughly mixed , contact time 60 min
at 150rpm, centrifuge at a constant resolution
of 400rpm for 40 min
Remediation
Procedure
• Scientific 210VGPAtomic Absorption
Spectrophotometer: heavy metal
concentration
• TDS and pH: Hanna Multiparamete
instrument - HI 9812-5.
• Alkalinity :potentiometric method of
titration
• DO/COD/BOD: Hanna H1 9141-04
instrument
Characterization
of wastewater

40. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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41. 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Turbidity
DO
Alkalinity
COD
BOD
Mg
F
E
D
C
B
A
Turbidity DO Alkalinity COD BOD Mg
A 1.5 30 30 7.8 4 5.25
B 0.377 26 1.05 6 2.2 3.1
C 0.308 26.6 1.3 4.4 2.1 3.41
D 0.251 27.5 1.25 3.8 2 3.5
E 0.223 28.2 1.23 4.8 2.1 3.65
F 0.158 28 1.3 5.8 2.23 3.8
Fig. 11: Average wastewater concentration before and after remediation
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42. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Pb
Cd
Zn
Cr
Cu
F
E
D
C
B
A
Pb Cd Zn Cr Cu
A 0.221 6.35 3.32 1.12 6.35
B 0.044 0.008 2.57 0.7 6.48
C 0.005 0.008 1.54 0.789 7.11
D 0.01 0.02 2 0.55 7.06
E 0.015 0.03 1.87 0.543 6.65
F 0.02 0.046 1.65 0.6 6.77
Fig. 12: Average wastewater concentration before and after remediation
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43. Fig. 14 Removal
efficiency of heavy
metals with ARH
Fig. 13 Removal efficiency
with ARH
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44. • Maximum removal efficiency: Total alkalinity,
turbidity, cadmium and lead with percentage
values between 95-97%,80%- 92%, 99.3%-
99.8% and 80-98% respectively
• Adsorption was found to be more effective at
lower adsorbent dose because the concentration
of most of the parameters tested was reduced at
ARH dose of 8g
CONCLUSION
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45. Wu, et.al (2019)
To investigate the effect of activation state,
carbonization temperature, carbonization time,
adsorption time during decolourization
4
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46. METHODOLOGY
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• Peanut shells: local market, Nanjing city,
China
• Reagents: Reactive brilliant blue X-BR and
phosphoric acid
Sample
collection
• Preparation of simulated wastewater
• Preparation of PSAC (C-PSAC-400, CA-
PSAC-400, AC-PSAC-400 respectively)
Experimental
scheme
Testing
 Surface characteristics of activated carbon
 Effect of preparation methods and dosages
 Effect of carbonization temp.
 Effect of carbonation time

47. Pore volume (cm3 g-1)
Samples TPV Micropore
volume
Mesopore
volume
Macro
pore
volume
Surface
area(m2 g-1)
Pore
size
(nm)
Bulk
density
(g/ cm3)
Peanut
shell
– – – – 0.486 – 1.150
PSC 0.3051 0.2197 0.0671 0.0183 590.702 1.83 0.512
PSAC 0.6657 0.4061 0.1997 0.0599 1138.02 2.34 0.485
Table 3 Characterization of the activated carbons
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

48. Fig. 15 SEM images
Peanut Shell
PSC
PSAC activated by phosphoric acid
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a)
b)
c)

49. Fig. 16 Effect of dosages on the adsorption
at 4000C at 5000C
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at 6000C at 7000C

50. Fig. 17 Effect of carbonization temperature on removal rate
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100%

51. Fig. 18 Effect of carbonization time on the removal rate
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98.74%

52. • Phosphoric acid treated peanut shell had high specific surface
areas and a large number of mesopores
• (AC-PSAC-450-3) activated by 50% phosphoric acid was the
best
CONCLUSION
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53. To know the effect of ecofriendly adsorbent on colour
removal from textile dyeing effluent
5
Elango and
Govindasamy (2019)
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54. METHODOLOGY
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• Textile dyeing effluent: Coimbatore(TN)
• Waste flower : temples of Coimbatore(TN)
• Activating agent: Na2SO4 and KOH
Sample
collection
• Batch experiment
• Effect of contact time, adsorbent dosage
for colour removal
• Surface characterization
• FeSEM
• Physico-Chemical parameters of water
effluent
Testing

55. Area of the study : Coimbatore district, Kongu Nadu region
METHODOLOGY
Collection of flowers Washing and drying
Powder form using
mixer
10g is taken in crucible
and heated at 5500C (2h)
Cooling and washing
Drying at 1100C (6h)
Fine powder (110µm) FWD
P
Y
R
O
L
I
S
I
S
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56. Production of activated carbon by chemical activation with
Na2SO4 and KOH
Treatment of 10g starting material with 50ml of 0.1N Na2SO4
(24h)
Decantation
Material was kept in crucible and heated in muffle furnace
at 4500C(2h)
Cooling and washing(pH=7)
Drying in oven at 1100C(3h)
Fine powder (110µm) FWP
FWS
KOH
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57. Table 3: Methodology of the study using standard procedures
Physico- chemical parameters Methods
Color Spectrophotometer
pH at 300C pH meter
Total hardness Complexometric titration
BOD, mg/l Incubating the sample at 3000C for 5 days followed
by titration
COD, mg/l Closed reflux method
TDS, MG/L Gravimetric, oven drying at 105⁰C
TSS, MG/L Gravimetric, oven drying at 105⁰C
Turbidity Nephlometer
Chlorides, as Cl-, mg/l Argentometric titration
Sulphides,asS2
-, mg/l Iodometric method
Silica,as Sio2, mg/l Spectrophotometer
Calcium, as Ca, mg/l Complexometric titration
Iron, as Fe, mg/l Spectrophotometer
Oil and grease, mg/l Partition-gravimetric method
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58. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
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59. Table 4: Elemental analysis of activated carbon FWD, FWS and FWP by EDS
Activated Carbon Elements Present Percentage
FWD
C 99.45
Na 0.17
Ca 0.15
Mg 0.23
O 0.00
FWS
C 98.01
Mg 0.66
P 0.16
K 0.30
Ca 0.87
O 0.00
FWP
C 98.64
Mg 0.69
K 0.11
Ca 0.57
O 0.00
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60. Table 5:Physico-chemical parameters of activated carbon FWD, FWS and
FWP
Parameters FWD FWS FWP Standard values as per ASTM
pH 7.63 7.34 6.87 6-8
Conductivity at
250C
0.29 0.13 0.18 Depends on raw material
Moisture content,% 5.2 6.3 8.9 5-8
Ash content, % 4.0 5.2 6.9 5-15
Volatile matter,% 17.4 19.4 20.75 37.5±0.03
Matter soluble
water
0.81 1.11 0.99 <1
Matter soluble acid 0.94 1.36 1.16 <3
Bulk density, g/ml-1 0.48 0.52 0.42 0.25
Specific gravity 0.80 0.89 0.98 1.8
Porosity,% 65.0 53.93 59.18 40.85
Fixed carbon,% 73.4 65.2 63.45 Depends on raw material
Yield,% 63.7 51.0 50.8 Depends on raw material
BET surface area 672.2 272 232.2 600-1200
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61. Table 6: Physio - chemical parameters of textile effluent
Parameters Observed values BIS limits
Color 4800 25
pH at 300C 7.96 5.5-9
Total hardness 810 500
BOD, mg/l 760 100
COD, mg/l 2180 250
TDS, MG/L 18,220 2,100
TSS, MG/L 5992 100
Turbidity 69.5 10
Chlorides, as Cl-, mg/l 31287 600
Sulphides,asS2
-, mg/l 0.21 2
Silica, as Sio2, mg/l 891 250
Calcium, as Ca, mg/l 118.2 200
Iron, as Fe, mg/l 0.14 3
Oil and grease, mg/l 12 10
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62. FWD
FWP
FWS
Fig. 19 SEM images
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63. Fig.20 Effect of adsorbent dosage
Fig. 21 Effect of adsorbent time
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64. • Waste minimization method by reducing temple waste flowers
into activated carbon by direct pyrolysis, Na2SO4, and KOH
process
• Activated carbon prepared by direct pyrolysis process is
excellent
• All the parameters are high in concentration than the standards
given by BIS except calcium, sulfide, and iron
• Colour removal efficiency was achieved maximum of 98.17 at
200mg. The colour removal was high 95.83 % at 100 min
CONCLUSION
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65

65. “Every year, more people die from the
consequences of unsafe water than from all
forms of violence, including war”
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66. 11/9/2022 67
EFFECT OF ACTIVATED
CARBON
ON
PROPERTIES OF FABRICS

67. Splendore et.al
(2010)
To evaluate the thermo-physiological comfort of a knitted
polyester (PES) fabric incorporated activated carbon
6
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68. 69
Methodology
• PES fabric
• Modified PES fabric(incorporated activated carbon)
Samples
• Determination of mass per unit area (EN12127:
1998);
• Determination of thickness (ISO5084:1996)
• Air permeability (AP) (ISO9237:1995)
Fabric
Characterization
• Water vapour resistance and thermal resistance:
skin model prototype Permetest
• Thermal conductivity and diffusion: Alambeta
system
• Vertical wicking: Tensiometer K100
• Drying rate & Buffering capacity: Climatic chamber
Thermo-
physiological
properties

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ALAMBETA INSTRUMENT PERMETEST SKIN MODEL
TENSIOMETER

70. 11/9/2022 71
Table 7: Mass per unit area, thickness and Air Permeability
Ret (Pa M2w-1) %WVP (%) Rct (KW-1)
Fabric A 1.8 73.9 11.63
Fabric B 2.2 70.8 15.07
Ret= absolute water vapor resistance; %WVP=relative water
vapour permeability Rct= thermal resistance
Table 8: Permetest results
Mass per unit
area(g/m2)
Thickness(mm) AP(mm/s)
Fabric A 148.54 0.646 1325
Fabric B 159.50 0.742 973

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Thermal conductivity (W/m *K) Thermal
diffusion(m2/s)
Fabric A 0.039 0.129
Fabric B 0.040 0.166
Table 9: Alambeta results
Fig. 22 Vertical wicking

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Fig. 24 Drying rate:
humidity profile
Fig. 23 Drying rate:
temperature profile

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Fig.25 Buffering capacity

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CONCLUSION
 Vertical wicking confirmed that the modified fabric had a
better hydrophilicity than the conventional one.
 Liquid management of the modified PES fabric is better but,
on the other hand, desorption is slow and drying time is
longer for the modified fabric than the conventional one.
 Wet heat loss is smaller for the modified PES

75. Chen et al.
(2010)
To study the process of cotton nonwoven formation,
carbonization, activation and characterization of
activated carbon nonwoven
7
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76. 11/9/2022 77
• Naturalfibres,Carding,Needlepunching,Carb
onization and Activation
Nonwoven
fabrication
• TGA(Thermogravimetric analysis):
2950TGAHR(to optimize the process of
carbonization)
• Protective abilities for adsorping and
absorbing chemicals: IGC(Inverse gas
chromatography)
Analysis
METHODOLOGY

77. 11/9/2022 78
TGA (Thermogravimetric analysis)
Inverse gas chromatography

78. 11/9/2022 79
Fig. 26 Thermal Analysis of cotton Nonwoven
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

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Fig. 27 SEM images a) Raw Cotton b) Carbonized cotton c) Carbonized and activated
a) b) c)
a) b)
Fig. 28 SEM surface a) Carbonized cotton b) Carbonized and activated

80. 11/9/2022 81
Fig. 29 Dispersive Surface
Energy
Fig. 30 Specific free energy of
desorption

81. 11/9/2022 82
Surface
Energies(mJ/m2)
Raw Cotton Carbonized
Cotton
Activated
Cotton
Dispersive 33.63 32.86 33.71
Polar 94.62 117.22 110.84
Total 128.25 150.08 144.55
Table 10: Total Surface Energies

82. • Decrease in weight loss in the region of 250°C to400°C and
the proper carbonized temperature was 400°C.
• Surface area increases dramatically due to the widely opened
hollow of the cotton
• Fiber and some small agglomerated particles gasified after
activation
• All surface energy Carbonized Cotton> Activated Cotton >
Raw Cotton.
• Potential for use as high adsorbent material
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CONCLUSION

83. Bhati et al.
(2013)
To investigate the consequence of activation
temperature, activation time and CO2 flow rate on
the surface and adsorption properties of ACF
8
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84. Material
Viscose rayon
knitted fabric
(280-300g/m2)
Phosphoric acid(H3PO4)
85%
CO2
(i) Strips (15*15cm2) of viscose
rayon fabric immersed in an
aqueous solution of phosphoric
acid of conc. 5% for 1 hr. at 700C
(ii) Immersed samples were
drained and dried in a hot air
oven at temp. of 850C for 3 hr.
(iii) Heat treatment under the
flow of nitrogen and then
activated at different temp. for
different time under CO2 atm.
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Preparation of ACF by mixed activation method
Testing: Surface and
adsorption properties
Pretreated fabric(PF)
METHODOLOGY

85. Fig. 31Thermograph of Viscose rayon fabric and
Pretreated fabric
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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

86. Sample
ACF-X/Y/Z
Yield
(%)
SBET
(m2/g)
TPV
(cc/g)
P micro.
(%)
ACF-925/60/200 8 2097 1.13 63.7
ACF-850/60/100 17.5 1880 0.81 77.8
ACF-850/60/200 15.2 1964 0.87 79.3
ACF-850/60/300 12.4 2088 1.02 75.5
ACF-850/60/400 11.5 2199 1.24 67.7
ACF-850/45/200 16.5 1606 0.75 85.3
ACF-850/30/200 20.3 1402 0.61 83.6
ACF-850/15/200 20.7 1254 0.55 80.0
ACF-800/60/200 23.2 1225 0.52 92.3
ACF-750/60/200 26.3 985 0.32 96.9
Table 11 SURFACE PROPERTIES OFACTIVATED CARBON FABRIC
X=Activation temp.
Y= Activation time
Z= CO2 gas flow rate
SBET= Brunaeur Emmett
& Teller surface area
TPV= Total pore volume
P micro= micro pore
volume
11/9/2022 87

87. Fig.32 Effect of activation temp.
(a) Micro porosity and SBET
(b) Pore size distribution and pore
volume
(c) Activation time=60min, CO2 flow
rate=200ml/min
Fig. 33Effect of activation time
(a) Micro porosity and SBET
(b) Pore size distribution and pore
volume
(c) Activation temp=8500C, CO2 flow
rate=200ml/min
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88. Fig.34 Effect of CO2 flow rate
(a) Micro porosity and SBET
(b) Pore size distribution and pore volume
(c) Activation time=60min, CO2 flow
rate=200ml/min
11/9/2022 89

89. Fig. 35 SEM images
ACF-850/60/200
ACF-925/60/200
ACF-925/60/200
11/9/2022 90

90. • The SBET and micropore increased with an increase in activation
temperature. On the other hand, the Pmicro of the samples
continuously decreased due to the conversion of micropores to
mesopores
• Increase in Pmicro up to 45 minutes followed by decrease in
microporosity, indicating the conversion of micropore into
mesopore
CONCLUSION
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91. Gunasekaran et al.(2015)
To know the effect of Neem based charcoal on anti-
bacterial, wicking, air permeability and thermal
resistance properties of cotton fabrics
11/9/2022 92
9

92. FABRIC SAMPLE: 100% Cotton fabric
Precursor: Neem charcoal particles
Equipment used: Flash and fire point instrument(Preparation for
neem charcoal)
High enery ball milling machine(For neem
charcoal particles)
Zeta Sizer (Partice size)
Padding mangle (Application of finish)
Testing: Antibacterial property (AATCC100-1993)
Wicking (AATCC197-2011)
Air Permeability (ASTM D737-2004)
Thermal resistance (M259B Sweating guarded hot
plate)
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METHODOLOGY

93. Raw Neem sticks
(0.7* 0.7 cm)
Drying (2weeks) Carbonization(1200C)
Placing of Neem pieces
in in metallic container
Yellowish gas emanated
from the container
Cooling at room temp. and
preparation of charcoal
particles
Preparation of Neem Charcoal
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Preparation of Neem Particles

94. Preparation of Neem Particles
Particle Size: 370.8nm at 100% intensity
Zeta potential: 0-(-35mV)
ZETA SIZER Dynamic Light Scattering(DLS)
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95. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 36 SEM Image of Control cotton and Treated cotton
Control cotton Treated cotton
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96. Table 12 Anti bacterial activity of control and treated fabrics
Table 13 Air Permeability of control and treated fabrics
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97. Table 14 Wicking of control and treated fabrics(capillary rise in mm)
CONCLUSION
11/9/2022 98
• Increase in fabric wicking up to about five minutes of contact with water, but
thereafter shows a gradual decrease up to 60 minutes reduces the air
permeability to the tune of around 35%
• Increase in the thermal resistance
• Thermal conductivity of the fabric would thus be slightly lower
• Fabric wicking tend to initial increase followed by a decrease due to the
neem-charcoal finish

98. To investigate the effect of activated carbon on anti-
bacterial, anti- fungal and absorbency properties of
cotton and bamboo nonwoven fabrics
11/9/2022 99
10
Pragadheeswari and
Sangeetha (2017)

99. • 100% cotton and bamboo non woven fabric
• Activated charcoal(commercially available)
Samples
• Direct method
• Microencapsulation method
Finishing
• Antibacterial(Disc diffusion method)
• Antifungal(AATCC 30 - 2003 Test Method)
• Absorbency assessment(AATCC Test Method 39-
1980)
Testing
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MATERIALS

100. Direct Method
Microencapsulation
Method
20% of activated carbon
powder, 10% of binder,
1:20 (M:L)
Spraying of AC on one side
of fabric by even coating
Drying and curing at 1000C
for 5-10 min
1L solution containing
700g microcapsules
5% emulsion binder (cross
linking agent)
M:L=1:20
Spraying of AC on one side
of fabric by even coating
Drying and curing at 1000C
for 5-10 min
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101. Fabric sample Finishing
Zone of inhibition (mm)
S.aureous E.coli
Cotton
Direct 21 18
Micro-encapsulation 25 23
Bamboo
Direct 23 20
Micro-encapsulation 26 21
Fabric sample Finishing
Zone of inhibition (mm)
Aspergillus niger
Cotton
Direct 46
Micro-encapsulation 52
Bamboo
Direct 49
Micro-encapsulation 54
Table 15 Evaluation of antibacterial assessment
Table 16 Evaluation of antifungal assessment
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RESULTS AND
DISCUSSION

102. Fabric sample Finishing
Zone of inhibition
(mm)
Aspergillus niger
Cotton
Direct >2sec
Micro-
encapsulation
>3sec
Bamboo
Direct >2 sec
Micro-
encapsulation
>2 sec
Fig. 17 Evaluation of absorbency test
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103. • Anti-bacterial, Anti-Fungal property was
maximum for coated fabric
• Moisture absorbency also shows the better
result
11/9/2022 104
CONCLUSION

104. To know the effect of activated carbon of coffee
residue on the functional properties of weft knitted
polyester mattress fabric
Wan et al.(2018)
11/9/2022 105
11

105. Materials and Methods
• PET-DTY+AC
• PET-DTY
• PET-Spun yarn
Materials
• Antibacterial activity (GB/T 20944.3-2008)
• Surface morphology (SEM,JSM-5600LV,X-650)
• Yarn shape (KH-1000)3D microscopy
• Tensile strength (Electronic single yarn strength tester)
• Thermal wet comfort (YG606D flat heat preserve
tester)
• Pilling property (GB/T 4802.2-2008 Martindale
method)
Testing
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106. Sample Density of
right side
Density of
reverse side
Thickness
/mm
Surface density
/(g·m-2)
DTY+ AC 50 56 1.35 230.4
DTY 50 56 230.1 5035.2
Spun yarn 51 56 246.6 5447
11/9/2022 107
Table 18 Characteristics of three mattress fabrics

107. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Total number of bacterial colony
Sample 101 102 103 104 bacteriostatic rates
Control fabric ＞ ＞ >300 103 —
DTY with AC ＞ ＞ 17 5 91.30%
DTY ＞ ＞ 101 42 59.20%
Spun yarn ＞ ＞ 158 38 63.10%
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Table 19 Antibacterial property

108. Fig.1 Photos of Escherichia coli colony: (A) control fabric, (B) PET-DTY
with ACs, (C) DTY, and (D) spun yarn.
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Fig.2 SEM images for PET fibers: (A) DTY+ AC (B) DTY and (C)
Spun yarn.
(A) (B) (C)
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109. Yarn type Breaking strength, cN Elongation at break,
%
Breaking time, s
DTY with AC 597.4 19.99 4.77
DTY 688.6 25.89 6.17
Spun yarn 568.2 11.54 2.81
Yarn type Heat preservation ratio, % Thermal conductivity
coefficient
CLO value
DTY with
AC
32.77 31.91 0.21
DTY 28.02 38.68 0.17
Spun yarn 35.8 27.64 0.24
Table 3 Warmth retention property of three mattress fabrics
Table 2 Tensile properties of three mattress fabrics
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110. Numbers of rubs
Material 125 500 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000
DTY with
AC
5 5 4.5 4 3.5 3.5 3.5
DTY 5 5 4.5 4.5 4 3.5 3.5
Spun yarn 3-4 5 2.5 1-2 1 1 1
Table 20 Pilling grade assigned to mattress fabrics
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111. Fig. 38 Moisture permeability
of three mattress fabrics
Fig. 37 Wettability of three
mattress fabrics
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112. Fig. 39 Pills distribution of mattress
fabrics after 3,000 rubs: (A) DTY with
AC, (B) DTY, and (C) spun yarn
(A)
(B)
(C)
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113. • Higher antibacterial rate 93.1% has been achieved
by DTY+AC
• Non circular cross section restricts the inner fibre
protruding and reduced the entanglement of end
fibres thus pilling propensity of fabric is reduced
• No apparent changes in the chemical structures of
PET-DTY with or without AC
• AC does not affect the tensile property of PET-
DTY
CONCLUSION
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114. References
11/9/2022 115
1. Chen, Y., Jiang, N., Sun, L, and Negulescu, I, 2010, Activated carbon nonwoven as
chemical protective Materials. Res. J. of Text. Apparel., 10(3):1-7.
2. Elango, G, and Govindasamy, R, 2018, Removal of colour from textile dyeing
effluent using temple waste flowers as ecofriendly adsorbent. IOSR J. of App. Che.,
6(1):19-28.
3. Gunasekaran, G., Periyasamy, S., and Koushik, C.V, 2015. Effect of neem-charcoal
application on functional properties of cotton fabric. Int. J. for Sci. Res. & Dev.,
3(2):114-118
4. Kandhavadivu, P., Vigneswaran, C., Ramachandran, T., and Geethamanohari, B,
2010, Development of polyester-based bamboo charcoal and lyocell-blended union
fabrics for healthcare and hygienic textiles. J. Ind. Tex., 41(2) 142–159.
5. Razi, M., Gheethi, A, Izzatul, Ashikin Z, A, 2018, Removal of heavy metals from textile
wastewater using sugarcane bagasse activated carbon. Int. J. of Eng. and Tech., 7(4):112-
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6. Splendore, R., Dotti, B., Cravello, A. and Ferri, 2010, Thermo-physiological comfort of a
PES fabric with incorporated activated carbon. Int. J. Cloth. Sci. and Tech.,
22(5):333-342.
7. Wu, H., Chen, R., Du, H, and Zhang, J, 2018. Synthesis of activated carbon from peanut
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