Presentation on Waste Water Treatment

1. “Treatability study of low cost adsorbents for waste water treatment”
Submitted to
Gujarat Technological University
Prepared By-
Valand Sunil A
M.E. (Sem-4)
Enrollment no-140170730015
Guided By-
Z.Z.Painter
Associate professor
Chemical department
V.G.E.C.Chandkheda
Chemical Engineering Department
V.G.E.C
Chandkheda-382424
Year: – 2016

2. Contents
• Introduction
• Major pollutant problems in industry
• Apparatus used in experiment for COD and Colour
estimation
• Method for measurement of Chemical Oxygen
Demand (COD)
• Results and discussion for COD Reduction
• Cost estimation
• Mathematical model
• Colour measurement method
• Results and discussion of Colour reduction
• Conclusion

3. Introduction
• Water is the most important component which is used
in all type of industries for different processes. It may
be used for washing, dilution; fermentation and
condensing the steam.
• Waste water cannot be discharged in water resources
without any treatment.
• Waste water discharged from industry pollutes the
local environment, which is hazardous, toxic and
harmful to human beings.

4. Major pollutants problems in industry
• Organic pollutants
• Metal
• colour

5. Permissible Limits
• The maximum permissible COD limit is 250 mg/L
(CPCB Limits)
• The maximum permissible COD limit is 100 mg/L
(GPCB Limits)

6. Harmful effects
1) Metals
Aluminium memory damage and convulsions.
Cadmium kidney and liver damages
Chromium convulsions, kidney problem
2) Organic/ Inorganic
matters
Potassium High potassium concentration may cause
nervous and digestive disorders
Sulphate Excessive sulphate concentration may lead to
laxative effect and it affects the alimentary
canal

7. Water treatment methods
Water
treatment
method
Conventional
method
Precipitation and
clarification
techniques
Ion exchange
process
Membrane
process
Adsorption

8. Water treatment methods
• A number of conventional treatment technologies have been
considered for treatment of wastewater such as coagulation
process, membrane filtration and oxidation process.
• These methods are generally expensive. Among them, adsorption
process is found to be the most effective method.
• Adsorption process is gaining interest as one of the effective
processes of wastewater treatment for industrial effluent.
• Activated carbon is the most widely used adsorbent, but it is
found to be quite expensive. Considering the resource constraints
experienced by the small scale industries, they use adsorption
technique only if it is cost effective.
• Inexpensive adsorbents like, Fullers earth and lignite
considered for detailed studies with respect to their performance
in treating different waste water streams from effluent.

9. Application
of activated
carbon
Purification of
drinking
water
Reduce
BOD/ COD
Purification of
carbon
dioxide &
Industrial
Gas.
To remove
odour
Remove
Colour from
industrial
waste water
Purification of
drinking water

10. Fullers earth used for treatment
of waste water
• Fuller's earth consists primarily of hydrous
aluminium silicates (clay minerals) of varying
composition. capability to decolorize oil or other
liquids without chemical treatment.
• The use of clay mineral has undoubtedly become
more popular and widely used as an adsorbent for
wastewater treatment applications especially for
removing heavy metal, organic pollutants, and
nutrients.

11. Apparatus used in experiment for COD
and Colour
Spectrophotometer
• Measurement of the reflection or transmission properties of a
material as a function of wavelength.
• Spectrophotometry uses photometers that can measure a light
beam's intensity as a function of its colour (wavelength) known as
spectrophotometers
• Specification:
• Wavelength range : 190-1100 nm
• Absorbance range : +/-0.004Abs at 1.0 ABS

12. COD Digester
• Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a Measure of the
Capacity of Water to Consume Oxygen during the
Decomposition of Organic Matter and the Oxidation of
Inorganic Chemicals such as Ammonia and Nitrite.
Specification
• Provision for 15 sample
• Can be operated for on 230 volts.
• Fitted with a digital micro processor PID Controller having
timer for 2 hours

13. Magnetic Stirrer
• Magnetic Stirrer is laboratory device that employs a
rotating magnetic field to cause a stir bar immersed in a
liquid to spin very quickly, thus stirrer it.
• The rotating field may be created either by a rotating
magnet or set of stationary electromagnetic placed
beneath the vessel with the liquid.
• Accurate steeples speed control allows smooth variation
up to 1200 rpm.

14. Laboratory Scale/Scientific Balance
• Used for determining the
weight or mass of a sample,
scientific balances are among
the more vital pieces of
laboratory equipment.
• These weighing devices are
available in a variety of sizes,
variable resolutions and
multiple weight capacities

15. Method for measurement of Chemical
Oxygen Demand
Appartus required
1)COD Digester
2)Burette & Burette stand
3)COD Vials with stand
4)250 mL conical flask
5)Pipettes
6)Pipette bulb
7)Tissue papers
8)Wash Bottle

16. Measurement of Chemical Oxygen
Demand
Chemical required
1) Potassium dichromate
2) Sulphuric acid
3) Ferrous ammonium sulphate
4) Silver sulphate
5) Mercuric sulphate
6) Ferroin indicator
7) Organic free distilled water

17. Method for measurement of Chemical Oxygen
Demand
Procedure
• Add 0.4 g HgSO4 in COD digestion vials
• Add 10 ml standard K2Cr2O7 and then add 30 ml sulphuric acid
concentrate. Mix well.
• Add 20 ml or suitable portion diluted to 20 ml of sample
• If the colour turns green, take fresh sample with smaller aliquot.
• Connect the tubes to condensers and reflux for 2 hours at 150
±20C.
• Cool and titrate against ferrous ammonium sulphate using Ferroin
indicator.
• At the end point, colour changes from green blue to wine red.
• Reflux a reagent blank simultaneously by using distilled water
under identical conditions.

18. Method for measurement of Chemical Oxygen
Demand
Calculation:
COD, mg/l =
𝑉1−𝑉2 ∗𝑁∗8000
𝑉0
∗ 𝐷
V1 = ml of FAS required for blank titration
V2 = ml of FAS required for sample titration
N = Normality of FAS
V0 = ml of sample taken for testing
D = Dilution factor

19. COD measurement method for 1% Fullers earth
• During experiment 25 ml of sample was taken from the
respective carboy in a cylindrical flask.
• In which 1% (0.25gm) gm fullers earth was added in 25 ml of
sample and the mixture was stirred using magnetic stirrer at
150 rpm for 1 hours.
• After the adsorption it was then filtered using filter paper and
the filtrate were analyzed for COD. At the end of 60 minutes,
the stirring was stopped and the experiment was terminated.
• Similar procedure was followed for activated carbon.
• All the experiments were carried out at room temperature of
around 30oC.
• Similar procedure followed by 2 %, 3% and 4% of adsorbents

20. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing European k acid.
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbent COD (mg/lit) %COD
reduction
COD (mg/lit) %COD
reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
74119 - 74119 -
1% 71434 3.62 71241 3.88
2% 69733 5.19 69504 6.22
3% 68032 8.21 67181 9.36
4% 65480 11.65 62079 16.24

21. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing European k acid.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for acidic sample (European k acid)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

22. Experimental Results for Neutralised sample of waste
water from plant producing European k acid
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD (mg/lit) %COD Reduction COD
(mg/lit)
%COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
67517 - 67517 -
1% 65460 3.04 63189 6.41
2% 61969 8.21 58861 12.82
3% 55106 18.38 54965 18.59
4% 54217 19.69 52466 22.29

23. Experimental Results for Neutralised sample of
waste water from plant producing European k acid
0
5
10
15
20
25
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for Neutralised sample (European k acid)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

24. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste water
from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbent COD (mg/lit) %COD
reduction
COD (mg/lit) %COD
reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
3664.32 - 3664.3 -
1% 3571.6 2.53 3475.2 5.1
2% 3231.5 11.81 3127.6 14.6
3% 3061.4 16.45 2891.3 22
4% 2381.2 35.01 2040.9 44.3

25. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for acidic sample (Vinyl sulfone ester)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

26. Experimental Results for Neutralised sample of
waste water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
3116 - 3116 -
1% 2967 4.78 2770 11.10
2% 2444 21.56 2251 27.75
3% 1778 42.93 1500 51.86
4% 1422 54.36 1166 62.58

27. Experimental Results for Neutralised sample of
waste water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for Neutralised sample (Vinyl sulfone ester)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

28. Experimental Results for Neutral sample of waste
water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD
(mg/lit)
% COD
Reduction
COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
3475 - 3475 -
1% 3041 12.47 2606 25
2% 2867 17.49 2476 28.74
3% 2563 26.24 2172 37.49
4% 2389 31.25 1998 42.50

29. Experimental Results for Neutral sample of waste
water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for Neutral sample (Vinyl sulfone ester)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

30. Comparing Results between Fullers earth and
activated carbon
Comparing Results between Fullers earth and activated carbon
Fullers earth Activated carbon
Surface area 120-140 m2/g 500-1200 m2/g
Cost 30-40 Rs/kg 700-800 Rs/kg
COD Results
for acidic sample
11.65 % (Europeans k acid)
35.01% (Vinyl sulfone ester)
16.24% (European k acid)
44.29 % (Vinyl sulfone ester)
COD Results for
Neutralised
sample
19.69% (European k acid)
54.36% (Vinyl sulfone ester)
22.29% (European k acid)
62.58% (Vinyl sulfone ester)
COD Results for
Neutral sample
31.25 % (Vinyl sulfone
ester)
42.50 % (Vinyl sulfone ester)

31. Cost estimation
ASSUMING THE CAPACITY OF ADSORBENT FOR 6 MONTH (ACTIVATED CARBON)
LIT KILO LIT
BATCH/
DAY
NUMBER
OF DAY IN
MONTH
TOTAL
KL/MONTH
TOTAL KL/
SIX MONTH
COST/KILO
LITRE
2% A/C
PRIZE
DUMPING
COST
TOTAL
COST
TOTAL COST
/KL WITH
ADSORPTION
1000 1 25 25 625 3750 161250 16000 150 177400 47.3
ASSUMING THE CAPACITY OF ADSORBENT FOR 6 MONTH (FULLERS EARTH)
1 25 25 625 3750 161250 3600 900 165750 44.2
SAVING RS /
KL 3.1
ASSUMING THE CAPACITY OF ADSORBENT FOR 3 MONTH (ACTIVATED CARBON)
LIT KILO LIT
BATCH/
DAY
NUMBER
OF DAY IN
MONTH
TOTAL
KL/MONTH
TOTAL KL/
THREE
MONTH
COST/KILO
LITRE
2% A/C
PRIZE
DISCHARG
E COST
TOTAL
COST
TOTAL COST
/KL WITH
ADSORPTION
1000 1 25 25 625 1875 80625 16000 150 96775 51.6
ASSUMING THE CAPACITY OF ADSORBENT FOR 3 MONTH (FULLERS EARTH)
1 25 25 625 1875 80625 1800 450 82875 44.2
SAVING RS /
KL 7.4

32. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing acid dyes
Lignite Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD
(mg/lit)
% COD
Reduction
COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
15000 - 15000 -
1% 8200 45.33 7400 50.66
2% 7000 53.33 5000 66.66
3% 5800 61.33 4200 72
4% 4600 69.33 3000 80

33. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing acid dyes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for acidic sample
Lignite
A/C

34. Experimental Results for neutralised sample of
waste water from plant producing acid dyes
Lignite Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD
(mg/lit)
% COD
Reduction
COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
7200 - 7200 -
1% 2300 68.05 1900 73.61
2% 1800 75 1200 83.33
3% 1000 86.11 800 88.88
4% 600 91.66 400 94

35. Experimental Results for neutralised sample of
waste water from plant producing acid dyes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for neutralised sample
Lignite
A/C

36. Experimental Results for neutral sample of waste
water from plant producing acid dyes
Lignite Activated carbon
% Adsorbents COD
(mg/lit)
% COD
Reduction
COD (mg/lit) % COD
Reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
6000 - 6000 -
1% 2300 65.15 1900 68.33
2% 2700 71.66 1600 73.33
3% 1200 80 1000 83.33
4% 600 90 400 93.33

37. Experimental Results for neutral sample of waste
water from plant producing acid dyes
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
1 2 3 4
%
COD
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% COD Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for neutral sample
Lignite
A/C

38. Mathematical Models
The COD value are predicted using the following model which
are available in literature
Lagergean model
• Lagergean model has been most widely used for the adsorption
of an adsorbate from an aqueous solution.
• The most popular form used is
log (C-Ceq) = m+ c
Where,
C = Concentration at time t
Ceq = Equilibrium concentration
m = slope
c = Constant
June 28, 2023 NCERTE-16,131 38

39. Mathematical Models
The Weber and Morris model
• The Weber and Morris model is used determines the adsorption
rate in most of the liquid systems.
• q = (Ci - C)/Ci
(Ci - C)/Ci = m t0.5 + c
Where, Ci = Initial concentration (Initial COD)
C = Concentration at time t (COD at time)
m = slope
c = constant
June 28, 2023 NCERTE-16,131 39

40. Mathematical Models
Rathi-Puranik model
Log (CODRT) = m t + c
Where, CODRT = (Ci-C)/t
Ci = Initial concentration (initial COD)
C = Concentration at time t (COD at time)
t = time in minute
m = slope
c = constant
These model are useful to predict COD value at
different time interval
June 28, 2023 NCERTE-16,131 40

41. Mathematical Models
June 28, 2023 NCERTE-16,131 41

42. Mathematical modelling for 1% Fullers earth using
acidic sample of waste water from plant producing
European k acid.
Ci
Time
(min)
T0.5 Rathi - Puranik Model
Weber and Morri's
model
Lagergean model
C (mg/lit)
(COD
Results)
CODRT=
(Ci-C)/t
LOG
(CODRT)
(Ci-C)/Ci Log(C-Ceq)
74119 0 0 74119 - - 0 3.473048805
74119 30
5.4772255
75
72357 58.73333333 1.768884649 0.023772582 3.08278537
74119 45
6.7082039
32
71868 50.02222222 1.699162981 0.030370081 2.857935265
74119 60
7.7459666
92
71434 44.75 1.65079304 0.036225529 2.4578 81897
74119 75
8.6602540
38
71311 37.44 1.57333584 0.037885023 2.214843848
74119 90
9.4868329
81
71257 31.8 1.50242712 0.038613581 2.041392685
74119 105
10.246950
77
71221 27.6 1.440909082 0.039099286 1.86923172
74119 120
10.954451
15
71197 24.35 1.386498966 0.03942309 1.698970004

43. Mathematical modelling for 1% Fullers earth using
acidic sample of waste water from plant producing
European k acid
y = 0.0028x + 0.0117
R² = 0.8451
0
0.005
0.01
0.015
0.02
0.025
0.03
0.035
0.04
0.045
0 2 4 6 8 10 12
(Ci-C)/Ci
Time^0.5
Weber and Morri's model
(Ci-C)/Ci vs Time^0.5 for acidic
sample
1% Fullers
earth
Linear (1%
Fullers
earth)
y = -0.0155x + 3.4796
R² = 0.9862
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
0 50 100 150
Log(C-Ceq)
Time(min)
Lagergean model
Log(C-Ceq) vs Time(min) for acidic
sample
Linear (1%
Fullers
earth)

44. Mathematical modelling for 1% Fullers earth using
acidic sample of waste water from plant producing
European k acid
y = -0.0043x + 1.8982
R² = 0.9977
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
2
0 15 30 45 60
LOG(CODRT)
Time(min)
Rathi-puranik model
LOG(CODRT) vs Time(min) for acidic sample
1% Fullers earth
Linear (1% Fullers
earth)

45. Mathematical modelling for 1% Fullers earth using
acidic sample of waste water from plant producing
European k acid
Model Adsorbent m k R2
Lagergean model 1% Fullers earth -0.0155 3.4796 0.9862
Rathi-puranik
model
1% Fullers earth -0.0043 1.8982 0.9977
Weber and
Morri's model
1% Fullers earth 0.0028 0.0117 0.8451

46. Colour measurement method for 1%
Fullers earth
• Product :Waste water sample containing European k acid
• Material: Distilled Water, Fullers earth
• Instruments: Beaker, pipet, Coutts, Spectrophotometer
Procedure:
• Step 1: Add 1% (0.25gm) gm fullers earth was added in 25 ml of
sample and the mixture was stirred using magnetic stirrer at 150
rpm for the 1 hours
• Step-2:-After 1hr, filter it and take a sample for
spectrophotometer.

47. Colour measurement method for 1%
Fullers earth.
• Step-3:-. Set the wavelength 450 nm. Set the zero the
instrument with distilled water
• Step-4:- Measure the absorbance of sample. If its
range is high, dilute the sample and repeat the
procedure.
• Calculation: Colour units = (Absorbance of sample
/Slope) * Dilution Factor. Similar procedure
followed by 2%, 3% and 4% adsorbents

48. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing European k acid
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbent 450 nm
(colour)
%Colour
reduction
450 nm
(colour)
%Colour
reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
148181 148181
1% 144545 2.45 136364 7.97
2% 142121 4.08 127879 13.7
3% 138485 6.54 127273 14.1

49. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing European k acid
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
1 2 3
%
Colour
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% Colour Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for acidic sample (European k acid)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

50. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
Fullers earth Activated carbon
% Adsorbent 450 nm
(colour)
%Colour
reduction
450 nm
(colour)
%Colour
reduction
Raw sample
(0%)
455 0 455 0
1% 394 13.4 364 20
2% 333 26.81 303 33.4
3% 304 33.18 272 40.21

51. Experimental Results for acidic sample of waste
water from plant producing vinyl sulfone ester
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
1 2 3
%
Colour
Reduction
% Adsorbent
% Colour Reduction vs % Adsorbent
for acidic sample (Vinyl sulfone ester)
Fullers earth
Activated carbon

52. Conclusion
• The above observations were made for three different adsorbents such as Fullers
earth, Activated carbon, and lignite it was found that the value of COD reduction
for the case of acidic effluent are lower than the values of COD reduction for the
case of neutralised effluent.
• From the comparison of COD and %COD reduction values for Acidic, Neutralized
and Neutral sample, I can conclude that, as time increases and adsorbent quantity
increases the COD value decreases and % COD reduction increases.
• From the comparison of COD values and %COD reduction values between Fullers
earth and Activated carbon it is found that, %COD reduction value are higher for
Activated carbon than Fullers earth. But activated carbon is generally expensive
Thus, high cost activated carbon can be replaced by Fullers earth and Lignite.
• Study on mathematical modelling for three mathematical models - Rathi-Puranik
model, Weber-Morri’s model, and Lagergean model, I conclude that Rathi - Puranik
model is more appropriate than Weber-Morri’s model and Lagergean model to
predict the COD value at any time in a given system

53. References
PAPERS
(1) A.K.A.Rathi, S.A.Puranik, “Chemical industry waste water treatment using Adsorption’’
Journal of scientific & Industrial Research, vol-61, January 2002,pp.53-60
(2) Akhilesh R. Yadav, Dr. S. A. Puranik,” Industrial Waste Water Treatment by Adsorption”,
Asian International Conference on Science, Engineering & Technology, 2015.pp.311-313
(3) Crini, Gregorio. "Non-conventional low-cost adsorbents for dye removal: a review."
Bioresource technology 97, Jun 2006, pp. 1061-1085.
(4) Dasani Khushboo B, Dr. S. A. Puranik, “Modification in COD Reduction By Adsorption in
Dyes & Dyes Intermediate Industry”, Global Research Analysis, vol-II, Issue: V, May
2013.pp.73-75
(5) Imran Ali, Mohd. Asim, Tabrez A. Khan,“Low cost adsorbents for the removal of organic
pollutants from wastewater.” Journal of Environmental Management 113, Dec 2012, pp.170-
183.

54. References
(6)LOKESHWARI, N., KESHNA JOSHI. "LOW COST ADSORBENT FOR REDUCING ORGANIC
COMPONENTS."Jr. of Industrial Pollution Control. Jun 2014, pp.53-58
(7) N.B.Prakash, P.Jayakaran, “Waste Water Treatment by Coagulation and Flocculation.” International
Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology (IJESIT) Volume 3, Issue 2, March
2014,pp.478-484
(8) Parsons, S. “Advanced oxidation processes for water and wastewater treatment”. Water Intelligence
Online, 4, Jan 2004
(9) Vinesh V. Rakhodiya, Dr.S.A.Puranik, “COD Reduction using modified industrial effluent flow sheet
and low cost adsorbents as a part of cleaner production. ‘Advance in Applied Scienc
research,2012,pp.1279-1291
(10) Babel, Sandhya, Tonni Agustiono Kurniawan. "Low-cost adsorbents for Heavy metals uptake from
contaminated water: a review." Journal of Hazardous materials 97, no. Feb 2003, pp.219-243.
(11) V. K Gupta. "Application of low-cost adsorbents for dye removal–A review." Journal of
environmental management 90.Jun 2009, pp.2313- 2342
(12) Mohammed MA, A. Ibrahim. "Removal of methylene blue Using low cost Adsorbent: a
review." Research Journal of Chemical Science, Jan 2014, pp.91-102

55. References
(13) McDougall, G.J. “The physical nature and manufacture of activated Carbon.” Journal of
the South African institute of mining and metallurgy91 (4), April 1991, pp.109-120.
(14) Bajpai, A.K., Vishwakarma, N. “Adsorption of polyacrylamide onto Fuller's earth
surface.” INDIAN JOURNAL OF CHEMISTRY SECTION A39,Dec 2000, pp.1248- 1257
WEBSITES
(1)www.intechopen.com
(2) www.biocompare.com
(3) www.ucicarbons.com
(4) www.alibaba.com
(5) www.indiclay.com

56. Thank You