Informative Down Syndrome

Informative Down Syndrome
Formative #2 Down Syndrome is a medical condition that causes a delay in how a child develops,
both mentally and physically. Each year, about 6,000 babies are born with Down Syndrome (DS),
which is about 1 in 700 babies born. The cause of DS is unknown, meaning scientists don't know
how people get it, but we do know how it happens after the diagnosis. A baby is usually born with
46 chromosomes, 23 from each parent. Most likely is a DS case, the child has 47 chromosomes and
has an extra "chromosome 21". The extra genetic material is why children get DS, but scientists
don't know how it happens. Down Syndrome cannot be prevented, but it can be detected before
birth. Many health problems that happen because of DS can be treated, but the condition
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Pennington Down Syndrome
According to Pennington, Down syndrome is one of the oldest and most common forms of mental
retardation. In spite of this, not all people with Down syndrome suffer from mental retardation; yet
when it manifest, it is severe in some. Consequently, severe cases could result in delays both
mentally and physically. One developmental problem is having a smaller brain size. The smaller
brain could cause a lost in short and/or long term memory. Considering the possibility of both
parents suffering from memory lost, a supportive family and understanding how their brain
compares with their child's is imperative. These parents must understand that the hippocampus,
which is in the limbic system, plays a precarious role in their memory. At the same time,

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome
Have you ever been in a situation where you were confronted by a child who has Down Syndrome
and were unsure of how to act around that child? I'm sure many of us have experienced the
awkwardness that accompanies such a situation. Many people feel guilt or pity for these children, I
believe these reactions result from a lack of knowledge about the condition. Which is why I have
chosen this topic.
Down Syndrome is a condition that cannot be physically passed on from one person to the next. It is
a genetic disorder that is inherited through our parents when something goes wrong during
pregnancy. As a result, they have a combination of features typical of Down Syndrome, including
some degree of cognitive ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hands are often broad and the fingers short. The feet are compact with a gap between the first
and second toe, and their hair is soft and sleek. Such persons are also subject to congenital heart
defects, many of which can be corrected surgically. They are also more likely to develop leukemia
than other members of the general population.
There are three common types of Down Syndrome, the most common one being trisomy 21, which
is found in about 95% of people with Down Syndrome. During pregnancy the formation of the egg
or sperm, from a woman's or a man's pair of chromosomes normally split, so that only one
chromosome is in each egg or sperm. In trisomy 21, the 21st chromosome pair does not split and a
double–dose goes to the egg or sperm. The second type is known as translocation, found in about
3% to 4% of people with Down Syndrome. With this type an extra part of the 21st chromosome gets
"stuck" onto another chromosome. The third type, mosaicism, is found in about 1% to 2% of people
with Down Syndrome. With this type an extra 21st chromosome is found in only some of the cells.
There are two tests that can be done to detect if the child you are carrying has any type of Down
Syndrome, they are diagnostic and screening tests. A diagnostic test samples fetal cells and gives a
definitive diagnosis. This test is usually done between 14 and 18 weeks of pregnancy. Although
fairly safe, there is a small risk

Downs Syndrome Essay
Down's Syndrome
Down's syndrome is a genetic condition involving an extra chromosome, this change occurs around
the time of conception. A person with Down's syndrome has forty–seven chromosomes instead of
the usual forty–six. A relatively common genetic disorder, Down's strikes 1 out of 600 babies. In 95
percent of all cases, the disorder originates with the egg, not the sperm, and the only known risk
factor is advanced maternal age–at age 35, a woman has 1 chance in
117 of having a baby with Down's; at 40, her odds are 1 in 34. (Graves, 1990)
People with Down's syndrome all have a certain degree of learning disability . This means that they
develop and learn more slowly than ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Vision: Three percent of newborns with Down syndrome will have dense congenital cataracts
which should be removed early. Glaucoma is also common.
* Congenital Hypothyroidism: This condition is slightly more prevalent in babies with Down
syndrome. It should be detected by the routine heelprick screen performed on all babies.
*Congenital dislocation of the hips: Joint laxity and hypotonia can combine to increase the
incidence of hip dislocation, although true congenital dislocation is quite rare.
* Sensory deficits: Significant hearing impairments occur in the majority of children with Down
syndrome. Annual audiometry and specialist consultation is recommended.
* Atlantoaxial instability: Up to 15% of children with Down syndrome will have evidence of
instability of the atlantoaxial joint but in only a handful of cases will this instability result in an
impingement on the spinal cord with resultant neurological signs.
* Physical growth: Physical development is invariably delayed in children with Down syndrome. A
tendency towards obesity requires special attention to healthy diet and exercise habits in this group.
* Dental care: The teeth of children with Down syndrome tend to be small, irregularly spaced and
misshapen. Early and frequent dental care is

Mosaic Down Syndrome
When a baby is conceived, the baby receives 23 chromosomes from each parent, equaling 46
chromosomes. Sometimes during this creation a sperm or egg cell can causes that cell to contain 24
chromosomes. When this abnormal cell is included in the conception of a baby, that baby will have
47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome causes Down syndrome. After fertilization; cells start to
divide rapidly. Depending on how the cell divides determines what type of Down syndrome the
child has. Mosaic Down syndrome is obtained when a cell divides abnormally, creating a string of
cells with the extra chromosome. A child with Mosaic Down syndrome has both cells: the normal 46
chromosomes, and the Down syndrome 47 chromosomes. It is believed that babies with Mosaic
Down syndrome experience mild symptoms of the disorder.
The next form of Down syndrome is called translocation. During translocation cell division, the 21
chromosome breaks. A piece of the 21 chromosome attaches itself to another chromosome. All of
the cells still has 46 chromosomes, but the extra piece results in Down syndrome. Down syndrome
affects both boys and girls and although it can be very rare Down syndrome can be diagnosed along
with other developmental disorders as well.
DSM–V ICD code
A diagnosis in the DSM–V refers to neurocognitive disorders that highlight both clinical ... Show
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Babies with Down syndrome seem to be extremely quiet, less responsive, with weak muscles. Many
physical signs of Down syndrome may be present including: flat face, small head, flat bridge of the
nose, small mouth causing the tongue to stick out and to appear large, upward slanting eyes, extra
folds of skin located at the inside corner of each eye, rounded cheeks, small ears, small wide hands,
a malformed fifth finger, a wide space between the big and the second toes, and they appear to be
shorter than normal

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome
Down's Syndrome, it is one of the most frequently occurring chromosomal abnormalities found in
humans effecting people of all ages, races and economic levels. It is a chromosomal anomaly in cell
development that results in a person being born with forty–seven chromosomes instead of the
normal forty–six chromosomes. People with Down syndrome may have mild to severe learning
disabilities and physical symptoms, which include a small skull, extra folds of skin under the eyes,
and a protruding tongue.
Roughly one out of every one thousand children born making it the most common genetic disorder.
Down syndrome affects over 350,000 people, in the United States alone. Down syndrome has
plagued the human race ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The human body is made of cells. All of these cells contain a center, called a nucleus, in which
genetic code of each human being is stored. This genetic material, known as genes, carries the codes
responsible for all our inherited characteristics from the mother and the father. Genes are grouped
along rod–like structures called chromosomes. Normally, the nucleus of each cell contains 23 pairs
of chromosomes, half of which are inherited from each parent. In Down syndrome, however, the
cells usually contain not 46, but 47 chromosomes. The extra chromosome, being a number 21. This
excess genetic material, in the form of additional genes along the 21st chromosome, results in Down
syndrome. Because 95 percent of all cases of Down syndrome occur because there are three copies
of the 21st chromosome, it is often referred to as "trisomy 21." Chromosomes may be studied by
examining blood or tissue cells. Individual chromosomes are identified, stained and numbered from
largest to smallest. The visual display of the chromosomes is known as a karyotype.
Down syndrome is usually caused by an error in cell division called non–disjunction. However, two
other minor types of chromosomal abnormalities, mosaicism and translocation, are also causes of
Down syndrome. Regardless of the type of Down syndrome that a person may have, all people with
Down syndrome have an extra, critical portion of the number

The Effects Of Down Syndrome
Children are our future; our future scientists, doctors, teachers, president and so much more. It is
hard not to notice the number of young parents nowadays that have children. the average age range
for mothers giving birth is 20–34. With the current up rise of babies being born to young mothers, I
could not help but think about how age plays a factor into birth effects. Down syndrome is the most
common single cause of human birth defects. The most common form of Down syndrome is known
as trisomy 21, a genetic condition where individuals have 47 chromosomes in each cell instead of
46. Trisomy 21 is caused by an error in cell division called nondisjunction, which leaves a sperm or
egg cell with an extra copy of chromosome 21 before or at conception. ... Show more content on
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Web addressed that end in ".edu", ".gov" or ".org" are published by educational institutions,
government organizations, and non–profit organizations, seldom giving information that is
inaccurate or misleading. A website ending with ".com" belongs to a for–profit company usually ran
by companies or business, and often times are trying to profit off of the site. being able to identify
who published the information, the author, and their credentials and if the information peer–
reviewed are some key factors in determining whether a site is credible. A website that I found with
very credible information about down syndrome was NADS.org. This website is run by the National
Association for Down Syndrome and provides its readers with an abundance of information and
resources. NADS.org includes parent support, resource referrals, public awareness and self–
advocate program resources for down–syndrome. another credible website is NDSS.org. This
website is run by the National Down Syndrome Society. The information on NDSS is updated by a
list of publications including medical doctors which adds to its creditability. NDSS provides links to
valuable resources, including education, publications, and research in regards to down syndrome.
Both websites collect demographic information and publish accurate information. each website
includes reliable and up–to–date information which validates its accuracy on down syndrome. The
websites also have links to PubMed which gives you access to current journals and books in regards
to down syndrome. Most of the journals on PubMed are peer reviewed, knowing that a publication
has undergone peer review by a

Down Syndrome Research Paper
I have decided to do Down Syndrome as my disease, because I have always been interested in this
disease, and how kids end up with it on birth. Also people with down syndrome don't take their life
for granted, and they can be so happy sometimes. Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder where a
person gets an extra 21 chromosome instead of just one. Down syndrome has a very extinct feature
on a person, the face is slanted a little bit and they have low muscle tone.
(https://www.ndss.org/about–down–syndrome/down–syndrome/) Some symptoms of Down
Syndrome is short neck, flattened facial profile and nose, can have a small head, ears, and mouth,
wide short hands with short fingers, and white spots in the color part of the eye. They may have poor
judgement, impulsive behavior, and delayed language and speech development. When a child has
down syndrome, the physical development is slower than a normal child. It will take kids with down
syndrome longer to learn how to sit, walk, and talk rather than a child with no down syndrome.
(https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/symptoms) Causes of Down
Syndrome are a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The doctor might order a test for the baby to take just in case they can't tell by the appearance.
Amniocentesis is a test that takes the amniotic fluid around the the fetus and they withdraw it with a
needle that is inserted into the mother's uterus. This test will be performed in the second trimester
after 15 weeks. The last type of test to determine if a child has Down Syndrome is Chorionic villus
sampling (CVS) this is where the cells are taken from the placenta and it is used to analyze the fetal
chromosomes. This ia a test that a pregnant woman would take between 10 to 13 weeks of
pregnancy. When taking this test there is a low risk of a miscarriage.

A Child With Down Syndrome
Piaget believed that children went through stages of development at specific times. Child
development is the biological and psychological changes that occur in human beings between birth
and adolescence. Typical development refers to the milestones that a child reaches at a particular
time during child development. Atypical development refers to not typical; not conforming to the
type; irregular; abnormal: atypical behavior. Down syndrome is characterized as a chromosomal
condition in which an individual possesses extra genetic material, specifically an extra complete or
partial duplicate of chromosome 21 in some or all of an individual 's cells. During the
developmental stages, a child with Down syndrome will experience developmental delays in the
areas of motor development, cognitive development, language development, and social and
emotional development. Down syndrome is identified at birth and is a common condition.
Characteristics of Down Syndrome Children with Down syndrome have physical characteristics that
resemble a family member. A child with Down syndrome may have a face that is slightly broader
with a flatter nasal bridge. The eyes may slant upward and appear to have a small fold of skin on the
inner corners called epicanthal folds. The mouth may be small which may cause the tongue to
appear large and protrude due to poor muscle tone. The ears are small and their hands and feet are
smaller. The palms of the hands might have a single crease across it called

Down Syndrome : A Genetic Disorder
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects a person's facial features and intelligence. Down
syndrome is also commonly known as Down's syndrome, Trisomy 21, Trisomy G, 47,XX,+21, or
47,XY,+21. In 1866, English physician John Langdon Down is known as the "father" of Down
syndrome. He was given that title for his publication of an accurate description of a person with
Down syndrome, hence the reason why the disorder was named after him; although, this disorder
was known as "Mongolism" until the 1970s. More information was learned about Down syndrome
in 1959 when French physician Jérôme Lejeune identified that the disorder was caused by a
chromosomal error. Then in 2000, a team of scientists was able to classify roughly 329 genes on
chromosome 21, opening the door to many more advancements in the world of research for Down
syndrome.
Down syndrome is inherited because of a chromosomal error. It occurs when someone gains an
extra 21 chromosome. Usually, an individual will inherit two copies of chromosome 21, one from
each parent. The extra 21 chromosomes can be inherited in three different ways, which results in
three different types of Down syndrome: trisomy 21 (nondisjunction), mosaicism, and translocation.
Trisomy 21 or nondisjunction is the most common form of Down syndrome; responsible for 95
percent of all the cases of Down syndrome. In this type of Down syndrome, the embryo contains
three 21 chromosomes which is the result of the sperm or egg cell failing to

Down Syndrome Essay
Down syndrome is a birth defect caused by a genetic disorder that affects 350,000 people in the
United States. It is caused by abnormalities in the genes and is not inherited, meaning that parents
do not pass this onto their children. Genetics is the study of heredity or how certain traits are passed
from parents to their children. Genes are the basic unit of heredity. Cells are the building blocks of
your body and each one of us has more than 100 trillion cells. Our genes are located in
chromosomes. Each cell in your body contains 46 chromosomes or 23 pairs. In a person with Down
syndrome, there are 47 chromosomes. In 1956, a French researcher named Jerome Lejeune used a
new powerful microscope to view human strands of DNA. DNA is what ... Show more content on
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About 50% afflicted with Down syndrome will suffer from hearing loss. Many of these problems
can be serious or even life threatening but fortunately, most of them can be treated if they are
detected early. Due to the nature of the disease and the many health issues involved, the life
expectancy for a person with Down syndrome is only 50–65 years.
Babies are born with poor muscle tone causing weak muscles and making it harder for them to
develop motor skills such as using their arms and legs. It is harder for them to grasp objects, crawl,
and walk. Children with Down syndrome have difficulty with their cognitive (thinking) abilities,
problem solving, memory retention, social, language, and motor skills. This is one reason why
people with Down syndrome become frustrated very easily.
Although people with disabilities are becoming more acceptable in society, we still have a long way
to go. Congress has passed many laws to help the disabled such as the Rehabilitation Act of 1973,
Education for All Handicapped Children Act of 1975, and the most well known, Americans with
Disabilities Act of 1991. People with Down syndrome just want to be like every one else. Many of
these people live "normal" lives. They go to school and learn, they are taught skills and learn to be
independent, they work and even get married.
There is genetic research and studies in biochemistry to find a way to

Down Syndrome is one of the most common genetic disorders. It is one of the most leading causes
of intellectual disability, causing also others health problems in a child affected by the disoter. It is
important to understand that Down Syndrome, in some cases is deliberate by a third copy of trisomy
21. Some time when there is an increment of the protein expression of genes on chromosome 21 it
cause a deformation on the patient with Down Syndrome. The gene trisomy is associated with the
maternal age. Very young and older women have a higher risk of having a child with DS. The above
genetic problems are the cause of DS in children. In 1866 British physician, John Langdon Down
was the first person that described Down syndrome, as "Mongolism" ... Show more content on
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Down Syndrome should be one of the main concern for the United States system because
unfortunately people who have down syndrome can not doing things by them self. They may do
certain thing by them self but that take time because they have to be involved in couple treatment in
order for them to do certain things, but they must to be watch by someone who can help them. For
that reasons they should be getting more attention, like for example in minnesota there should be
more clinic that deal with people with down syndrome.

The Disorder Of Down Syndrome
Have you ever wonder or questioned the disorder of down syndrome? According to many National
Down Syndrome Society within the United States, Down syndrome has occurred one out of eight
hundred births. It is the most frequent form of mental retardation and characterized by well–defined
events and distinctive features. It's a lifelong disorder caused by a genetic defeat that's none curable.
It takes people with patients and kind hearts to care for people with Down syndrome disorder.
History
In the late nineteenth century John Langdon Down, an English physician published the description
of a person with Down syndrome. In 1866 his scholarly work was published that gave him the name
"father" of Down syndrome. Where in 1959 the French ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Its termed trisomy 21 due to the fact it's not an entire extra chromosome 21 that is responsible but
rather a small segment of the long arm of this chromosome. Only two other triomies occurs with any
significant frequency: trisomy 13 (Patau's syndrome) and trisomy 18 (Edwards' syndrome). Trisomy
21 is one of the most common human chromosomal aberrations occurring in about 0.5 percent of all
conceptions and in one out of every seven hundred to eight hundred live birth.
Description
When the sperm cells from the father and the egg cells from the mother are formed, they both
undergo a reduction of their total number of chromosome from forty–six to twenty–three. This
process is called meiosis (which contain one–half of the chromosome number found in the original
cell before division) when a baby is conceived by the combination of one sperm cell with one egg
cell, the baby receives twenty–three chromosomes from each parent for a total of forty–six
chromosomes. Occasionally, an error occurs in the reduction process instead of passing on twenty–
three

Research Paper On Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
They used to be called "Mongoloids," an ethnic insult coined by John Langdon Down, an English
physician during the nineteenth century. But now they are known as people, individuals with a
condition known as Down syndrome. (3). It wasn't until the 1960s that Jerome Lejeune and Patricia
Jacobs discovered the cause of Down syndrome (also called trisomy 21). But with technological
advancements within the scientific community, more and more information has been gathered about
the condition that affects about one in every one thousand children born around the world. (4).
Research shows that Down syndrome is a genetic condition caused by certain chromosomal
abnormalities. Chromosomes within cells are composed of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
This is where the name trisomy 21 originates. (5).
The extra chromosome in trisomy 21 results in overexpression of the genes. Although
overexpression is not noticeable in many genes, the genes that are involved in Down syndrome seem
to be quite different. In fact, not even all of the genes in the 21st chromosome need to be tripled to
result in Down syndrome. There are approximately 250 genes in the 21st chromosome, and only 20
to 50 genes need to be involved in the nondisjunction to cause the effects of trisomy 21. The small
area within the cell where genes need to be to cause Down syndrome is called the Critical Region.
(3).
There are several genes that researchers believe might be involved in causing Down syndrome.
Overexpression in genes such as CAF1A, Cystathione Beta Synthase (CBS), and GART might be
harmful to DNA synthesis and repair. COL6A1 overexpression may cause heart defects, and CRYA1
overexpression might aid in the development of cataracts. Overexpression of ETS2 may be the
cause of leukemia and skeletal abnormalities, while the DRYK overexpression could possibly result
in mental retardation. Premature aging and decreased function of the immune system may be caused
by the overexpression of Superoxide Dismutase (SOD1). It is important to note, however, that
despite many hypotheses and speculations, no gene has been conclusively linked to

The Discovery Of Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a common disorder where the child gets an extra copy of the 21st chromosome.
It happens in every 691 babies born in the United States. This adds up to about 6,000 babies born
with the disorder a year. The major points in this paper are: when the disorder was discovered, the
symptoms, the lifespan, the medical treatments, if it is a dominant trait, what chromosome is
affected, and how it is passed down to offspring. The discovery of Down syndrome was by an
English physician named of John Langdon Down. He published a description of a person with
Down syndrome in 1866, and that earned him the title of "The Father of Down syndrome." In 1959
a French physician Jerome Lejeune discovered that the syndrome was actually a chromosomal
condition. He discovered that instead of the normal 46 chromosomes, Down syndrome patients have
47 with an extra copy of 21. In 2000, a global team of scientists identified and catalogued each of
the 329 genes on chromosome 21. With all this new information scientists made large advancements
in Down syndrome research. There are many symptoms of Down syndrome. The symptoms that one
can see are: low muscle tone, smaller stature, an upward slant to the eyes, and a single deep crease
across the center of the palm. Down syndrome babies can be born normal size, but development is
twice as slow as a non–Down's child. The mental side effects are: impulsive behavior, poor
judgment, short attention span, and slow learning capabilities. The

Understanding Down Syndrome
Understanding Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is one of the most commonly occurring genetic chromosomal disorder. One in
every 800 babies in the United States is born with Down syndrome. It has been estimated that
approximately 400,000 people are living with Down syndrome in the United States (Center for
Disease Control and Prevention). I have a family member and a friend who have given birth to
babies born with Down syndrome. Neither my family member or friend was screen for Down
syndrome during pregnancy because of their age under 35. The purpose of this paper is to get a
better understanding of Down syndrome and support the recommendation that all pregnant women
should be screen for Down syndrome despite age and risk factors. Chromosomes ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists recommends that all pregnant women be
offered a screening and diagnostic test for Down syndrome despites a woman age or risk factor
(Mayo Clinic). Among the test used for screening and diagnostic testing are:
a) Blood test – which measures the levels of pregnancy associated plasma protein and the pregnancy
hormone human chorionic gonadotropin. Abnormal levels of the protein or hormone may indicate a
problem with the baby.
b) Ultrasound – used to measure a specific area on the back of a baby's neck. This is known as
nuchal translucency and may signal a problem if more fluid than usual tends to collect in the neck
tissue.
c) Amniocentesis – testing a sample of amniotic fluid surrounding the fetus to analyze the fetal
chromosomes.
d) Chorionic villus sampling – cells are removed from the placenta and used to analyze the fetal
chromosomes.
e) Cordocentesis – removal of fetal blood from a vein in the umbilical cord and analyze for
chromosomal defects (Mayo

Down Syndrome Essay
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder in which a person is born with an extra copy of chromosome
21. There are three genetic variations that cause Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic Trisomy 21
or Translocation Trisomy 21. There are many ways in which theses disorders affect the body.
Trisomy 21 occurs when an egg or sperm comes in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then,
once an embryo is formed and starts to develop, the chromosome is replicated in every single cell of
the embryo. Trisomy 21 is the most common type of Down syndrome. About 92% of Down
syndrome patients have this type. People with Trisomy usually have physical problems. Mosaic
Trisomy 21 happens when an egg or sperm come in with an extra copy of chromosome 21, then, ...
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Also, there is a greater risk of a child having Down syndrome if the mother is over 35 years old.
There are three ways that a mother can be tested during pregnancy to see if their child will have
Down syndrome. One is amniocentesis, which is the removal and analysis of a small sample of fetal
cells from the amniotic fluid. Amniocentesis can not be done until the 14–18th week of pregnancy
and with this process there is a lower risk of miscarriage than with the other two processes. Another
process is chorionic villus sampling (CVS), which is the extraction of a tiny amount of fetal tissue at
9 to 11 weeks of pregnancy. The tissue is then tested for the presence of extra material from
chromosome 21. Chorionic villus sampling has a 1–2% chance of the mother having a miscarriage.
The last process is percutaneous umbilical blood sampling (PUBS), which is the most accurate
method used to confirm the results of CVS or amniocentesis. During PUBS the tissue is tested for
the presence of extra material from chromosome 21. PUBS cannot be done until the 18–22nd week
and it carries a high risk of the mother having a miscarriage.
A person that has Down syndrome may have some physical problems or disabilities. Some common
physical problems are: short necks, poor muscle tone, a small head and an overall smaller body.
Approximately one third of babies born with Down syndrome have heart defects, most of which are
now

Down Syndrome In Australia
Down syndrome is a genetic condition not an illness or disease. Us humans are made up of millions
of cells with 46 chromosomes in each cell, Down syndrome occurs when you have an extra
chromosome 21 this is why this condition is also known as Trisomy 21. Down syndrome is not
specific to any race or religion, Down syndrome can occur to anybody although the amount of
people in Australia with Down syndrome is significantly lower to other Countries around the world.
People with Down syndrome often have at least one intellectual disability. Often they have problems
with talking but there are many people who have regular visits with speech pathologists that have
worked they way up to being able to talk clearly. People with Down syndrome are often unhappy to
the way some people treat them, as ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The worldwide rate is 1 in 700 this is because of the higher termination rates in Australia. There are
currently over 13,000 people in Australia living with Down syndrome.
There is no regular treatment for Down syndrome, the treatment is different for everyone depending
on the physical and mental barriers they have. Someone with Down syndrome will most likely seek
help from specialists, speech therapists and other people to help with the mental and physical needs
of the person. People with Down syndrome are more adept to illnesses or conditions so it is
necessary for them to be checked on by a doctor, etc. more often.
Bibliography
N.p., 2015. Web. 28 Aug. 2015.
Downsyndrome.org.au,. 'Down Syndrome Australia – Down Syndrome Population Statistics'. N.p.,
2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Dsaq.org.au,. 'Down Syndrome Association Of Queensland'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Genetics Home Reference,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Genetics Home Reference,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept. 2015.
Wikipedia,. 'Down Syndrome'. N.p., 2015. Web. 3 Sept.

College Essay On Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a congenital disorder resulting from a chromosome defect. Down syndrome
affects people of all ages, race, and economic status. It causes an increased risk of health problems
and developmental issues. Researchers have found that centuries ago there were people who seemed
to depict the same features of those with Down syndrome today. In 1866, John Langdon Down was
the first to identify Down syndrome as a disorder. Before he described it as a disorder, those with
Down syndrome were killed, abandoned, or excluded from society. Many were also institutionalized
and received improper treatment because of the uncertainty of the disorder. In 1959, the French
physician Jérôme Lejeune identified Down syndrome as a chromosomal condition. Instead of the
usual 46 chromosomes present in each cell, Lejeune observed 47 in the cells of individuals with
Down syndrome.
Down syndrome occurs by nondisjunction. Nondisjunction is the failure of a pair of chromosomes
to separate during egg, or sperm, formation. The embryo ends up with three copies of chromosome
21 when the defective chromosome's egg joins with a normal sperm ... Show more content on
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Although there is no direct treatment for Down syndrome, there are treatments for the complications
that go along with the disorder. According to the Mayo Clinic, persons born with Down syndrome
have a higher risk of heart defects, leukemia, infectious diseases, obesity, and other related
complications (Mayo Clinic Staff). There are available treatments for these conditions such as
surgery, chemotherapy and radiation, and regulated diets. The defect in the chromosomes in a person
with Down syndrome causes their immune systems to be quite weak. These weak immune systems
cause them to be much more susceptible to infectious diseases such as strep throat or chickenpox,
which can typically be treated with

Persuasive Essay On Down Syndrome
Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder also known as trisomy 21, that develops when there is an extra
chromosome inside the cells of a person. Normally a person has 46 chromosomes so when a
developing infant has an extra chromosome 21 they will have 47 chromosomes in a cell causing
them to develop Down syndrome. Although you might think it is hereditary Down syndrome is not
passed down from parent to baby nor do we know why it happens, it occurs at conception and there
is no cure for it nor does it go away.
Down syndrome is the most common chromosome disorder in the world. One out of 700–900 babies
will be born worldwide will have Down syndrome, although the average is slightly lower in
Australia for an unknown reason. Down syndrome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
2015. Down syndrome – Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Down_syndrome. [Accessed 27 April 2015].
Down Syndrome: Get Facts on this Congenital Disorder. 2015. Down Syndrome: Get Facts on this
Congenital Disorder. [ONLINE] Available
at:http://www.emedicinehealth.com/down_syndrome/article_em.htm. [Accessed 27 April 2015].
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free encyclopaedia. [ONLINE] Available at:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prenatal_diagnosis.
[Accessed 27 April 2015].
What are common treatments for Down syndrome? . 2015. What are common treatments for Down
syndrome?. [ONLINE] Available at:
https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/treatments.aspx. [Accessed 29
April 2015].
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http://future.wikia.com/wiki/Genetic_engineering. [Accessed 02 May 2015].
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at:http://www.leaderu.com/orgs/probe/docs/gen–engr.html. [Accessed 02 May

Down Syndrome:
The Disorder and the Role of the CSD Professional
Anthony J. Genovesi
Miami University
Down Syndrome
The Disorder and the Role of the CSD Professional
Down syndrome is a genetic defect attributed to an abnormality of the human chromosome 21. The
National Down Syndrome Society (NDSS), a national advocate organization for the value,
acceptance and inclusion of people with Down syndrome, notes that modern research has
successfully identified three types of Down syndrome. The NDSS reports that Nondisjunction
Trisomy 21, in which there are three copies of chromosome 21 instead of two, is the most common
type of Down syndrome. Prior to or at the point of conception, a pair of 21st chromosomes in either
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Children will benefit from aggressive treatment for hearing and ear care. There are three main areas
of focus for this treatment. The first is to ensure normalized hearing through either the insertion of
ear tubes or in some cases the use of hearing aids, secondly, proactive measures should be used to
limit recurring fluid in the middle ear through the use of medication and lastly, it is important to
prevent chronic ear infections or ear disease through a regiment of adequate ear care (Stoel–
Gammon, 2001). For children with hearing loss, including an approach utilizing the teaching of sign
language may help to improve language development (Venail et al., 2004). There are misperceptions
that introducing sign language to infants/very young children will slow language development; this
has been found to be untrue. Sign language will not interfere with the progress of acquiring speech
and language, but rather it may actually aid in its development. (Fowler,

The Problem Of Down Syndrome
Down Syndrome
Although many theories have been developed, it is not known what actually causes Down
syndrome. Some professionals believe that hormonal abnormalities, X–rays, viral infections,
immunologic problems, or genetic predisposition may be the cause of the improper cell division
resulting in Down syndrome.
It has been known for some time that the risk of having a child with Down syndrome increases with
advancing age of the mother; i.e., the older the mother, the greater the possibility that she may have
a child with Down syndrome. However, most babies with Down syndrome (more than 85 percent)
are born to mothers younger than 35 years. Some investigators reported that older fathers may also
be at an increased risk of having a child ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Instead of the normal number of 46 chromosomes in eachcell, the individual with Down syndrome
has 47 chromosomes. This condition is called trisomy 21.
The second type is called translocation since the extra 21 chromosome is attached or translocated
onto another chromosome, usually on chromosome 14, 21 or 22. If translocation is found in a child
with Down syndrome, it is important to examine the parents' chromosomes, since in at least one–
third of the cases, a parent may be a carrier of the translocation. This form of chromosome error is
found in 3 – 4 percent of the individuals with Down syndrome.
Diagnosis
The child with Down syndrome is in need of the same kind of medical care as any other child. The
pediatrician or family physician should provide general health maintenance, immunizations, attend
to medical emergencies, and offer support and counseling to the family. There are, however,
situations when children with Down syndrome need special attention.
Sixty to 80 percent of children with Down syndrome have hearing deficits. Therefore, audiologic
assessments at an early age and follow–up hearing tests are indicated. If there is a significant
hearing loss, the child should be seen by an ear, nose and throat specialist.
Forty to 45 percent of children with Down syndrome have congenital heart disease. Many of these
children will have to undergo cardiac surgery and often will need long term care by a pediatric

Down Syndrome
CHAPTER 1: THE PROBLEM
A. INTRODUCTION
Having a Down syndrome is such a difficult situation for an individual to have. They have slow
physical and mental capabilities that lead them to discrimination. Physical features of having a
Down syndrome. Including flattening of the head; slanting of the eyelids; a gap between the first
and the second toes; a depressed nasal bridge; relatively small ears, mouth, hands and feet; short
stature; decreased muscle tone and loose ligaments among others. Not every child with Down
syndrome has all of these characteristics and some may have only a few. But other characteristic, if
not appropriately can be including hearing deficits, congenital disease, eye abnormalities, ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
HISTORY English Physician John Langdon Down first characterized Down syndrome as a distinct
form of Mental disability in 1862, and in more widely published report in 1866.[9] Due to his
perception that children with Down syndrome shared physical facial similarities with those of
Blumenbach is Mongolian race. Down used the term mongoloid derived from prevailing ethical
theory.[10] By the 20th century Down syndrome had become the most recognizable form of mental
disability. Most individuals with Down syndrome were institution zed, few of the associated medical
problem were treated , and most died in infancy or early adult life. With the rise of the eugenics
movement, 33 of the United States and several countries began programs of force sterilizations of
individuals with Down syndrome and comparable degrees of disability. The ultimate expression of
this type of public policy was ''action 7–4'' in Nazi Germany , a program of systematic murder court
challenges , scientific advances and public revulsion led to discontinuation or repeal of such
sterilization programs during decades after World War Until the middle of 20th century, the causes
of Down syndrome remained unknown. However, the presence in all races, the association with
older maternal age, and he rarity of recurrence had been noticed. Standard medical text assumed it
was caused by a combination of inheritable factor which had not been

Children With Down Syndrome
Also known as trisomy twenty–one is a genetic disorder caused by the presence of all or part of a
third copy of chromosome twenty–one. It is associated with physical growth delays, characteristic,
facial features, and intellectual disability. Down syndrome is one of the most common chromosomes
and abnormalities in humans. Those with Down syndrome nearly always have physical and
intellectual disabilities. As adults their mental abilities are typically similar to an eight or nine year
old. They typically have poor immune function and generally reach developmental milestones at a
later age. They have an increased risk of a number of other health problems, like congenital heart
disease, epilepsy, Leukemia, thyroid disease and mental disorder. People ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The recovery process is life long and although there are some full functioning Down syndrome
patients there are others who require daily care and observation. Individuals with Down syndrome
can be identified by their features. Down syndrome has typical physical and mental characteristics,
but only seldom all of them or even most of them are found in one single person. If we study the
character of children with the syndrome, we will find they have a pleasant and convenient
temperament and a special character. They are friendly, sensitive and have a sharp and developed
emotional intelligence. These traits assist them in fitting in as a pat of society and the community
rather successfully. The discernible differences concerning the medical condition and the
developmental level between Down syndrome children are caused, among other things, by the
different medical treatments and the support of each child's environment. Support medical,
educational, environmental can bring many improvements in the children's function, allowing them
to extract their maximum potential and increases their chances to live a rich, independent
community

Down Syndrome Outline
I. Attention Getter: Approximately one in every 700 babies in the United States is born with Down
syndrome, that makes approximately 6000 babies born each year with Down syndrome. Although
physical and cognitive traits are affected by this genetic disorder, individuals can attend school,
work, participate in decisions that affect them, have meaningful relationships, vote and contribute to
society in many wonderful ways.
II. Thesis: Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in the United States and it accounts
for much of the learning disabilities found in children today (Staff 2014). Every person with down
syndrome can display different characteristics, including physical, intellectual, and emotional
characteristics. There is no cure for down syndrome but its ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Conclusion
I. Thesis Restatement: Down syndrome is the most common genetic disorder in the United States
and it accounts for much of the learning disabilities found in children today. Every person with
down syndrome can display different characteristics, including physical, intellectual, and emotional
characteristics. There is no cure for down syndrome but its symptoms are treatable and much can be
done to improve the lives of those with the disorder.
II. Review: There are three forms of Down syndrome, with three different variations of having an
extra chromosome 21. Although there are three different types, they all portray the same
characteristics and all individuals with the disorder should receive individualized care based on their
disorder.
III. Re–Tie Statement: One of the most common chromosome disorders there are people with Down
syndrome leading functional lives in society and I believe as a community people should better
understand the syndrome, that they can lead normal lives with the educational implications I stated

The Upside Of Down Syndrome
Lauren Thometz
November 11, 2014
Anatomy/Physiology 1
Research Paper
The Upside of Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a common chromosomal disorder that is caused by abnormal cell division
resulting in extra genetic material from Chromosome 21. Down syndrome occurs frequently in that
1 out of 800 babies are born with this disorder. Those born with Down syndrome tend to experience
specific physical characteristics, cognitive impairments, mental and medical help problems. Down
syndrome is extremely special to me because I grew up with an aunt who has this disorder. My aunt
Lisa is beautiful, funny, outgoing, and smart. She lives and enjoys life as it is thrown to her. Some
days are harder than others, but she is 62 years old and refuses to let her disability hinder her life.
Down syndrome is not who she is, but something she has.
Dr. John Langdon Down was an English physician who had a strong calling towards mental
retardation and was the first to describe what he felt was someone with Down syndrome. He based
his findings off of distinct characteristics. Before this syndrome got the name Down syndrome he
used the term 'Mongloid' due to the similarities that were shared in the Mongolian race. It wasn't
until later when they determined the cause of Down syndrome, which is an extra chromosome.
Therefore making Down syndrome a chromosomal disorder. This condition is characterized by a
combination of major and minor differences in body structure. Typically, doctors are able to

The Problem Of Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a situation in which a person is born with too many copies of the twenty– first
DNA segment. Every human being has a total of twenty–three genetic factors, in which about fifty
percent are paternal. This disability has three causes which include Trisomy twenty–one, Mosaic
Down syndrome, and Translocation Down syndrome with Trisomy twenty–one being the primary.
Many people feel Down syndrome is hereditary but this carries a very small percent of proof. Down
syndrome does not affect each effected the same but studies and progression has proven to be less
than the average person. This makes it imperative for Teachers to find many different ways to make
sure that every child with DS is gaining the same amount of education as other children. This can be
done by speaking clear while reading to the children and being extremely patient when the children
are taking longer than most students.
Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a situation that effect many families around the world. For
numerous years there were no answers to what caused the disability. Researcher found that there
was one too many copies of one of a genetic segment in the incapacitated. Normally every person
has a nucleus in each cell which is made up of twenty–three pairs of chromosomes which are
genetic and in this case there were too many duplicated of the twenty– first gene. People affected
with Down syndrome, for so long, were branded by their ability, communication and knowledge. So
a man by the

Down Syndrome Outline
Elena Anderson: (in a frightened voice) But.... But..... What is Down Syndrome? Jane O'Brien: (In a
comforting voice) First, calm down, Miss Anderson. I know it's hard for you to hear your baby has
Down syndrome but please take a deep breath, I will explain everything you need to know. First of
all, Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder that involves birth defects, intellectual disabilities, and
characteristic facial features. Additionally, it often involves heart defects, visual and hearing
impairments, and other health problems. if you thinking what is genetic disorder is. Genetic disorder
is altered or faulty gene or set of genes. The four broad groups of genetic disorders are single gene
disorders, chromosome abnormalities, mitochondrial ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although there is been a rare chance (pause) for people with Down Syndrome to become a parents.
Men with Down Syndrome are considered as sterile although the causes of sterile are not known in
detail yet. sterile meaning us a male with Down Syndrome not be able to produce children or
young.There are confirmed cases that male with Down Syndrome became fathers. Many scientist
have working on to find out why can't most of the people with Down Syndrome can't became
parents. The percentage of female become parent is 25% and foe the male is 5% of a change that
they can be parents. There is a 50% chance that they will have a child with Down Syndrome.
Elena Anderson: (sadly) so, how long my child can live?
Jane O'Brien: We can't tell the exact age your child going to live, some people with Down Syndrome
live up to age 50s, 60s and even 70s. As medical remains, the life span of many individuals will be
even longer. It is true that people with Down Syndrome on average don't live long as other normal
people. However, we are working on, to give better treatment to cure Down syndrome.
Elena Anderson: Thank you doctor for explaining what Down Syndrome is and also helped me to
understand about this disease. I want to ask you more questions about Down Syndrome, but I think
this is all I can take for

Genetic Down Syndrome
The genetic structure that humans possess is complex, each individual's genetic makeup is unique
and different, yet functions similarly. However, not all people are gifted with a perfectly normal
genetic structure. A person may suffer from genetic defects, which are irregularities in the genome.
In the field of biology, genetic aberrations are not rare cases. According to a surveillance system
called Metropolitan Atlanta Congenital Defects Program, genetic birth defects, affect approximately
3% of childbirths in the United States. (MMWR, 2008) This means that over 120,000 newborn
babies are affected by genetic defects in a span of one year, in the United States alone. (NVSS,
2015)
Genetic defects are acquired from childbirth and these genetic ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Around 5300 babies with Down syndrome are born in the United States each year, and
approximately 200,000 people in this country have the condition. (de Graaf G, Buckley F, Skotko
BG, 2016). While Down syndrome cannot be inherited, the number of babies with Down syndrome
born each year is alarming. Despite the fact that Down syndrome can be detected before birth, there
is no known way to cure it. As such, the parents whose child have been diagnosed to have Down
syndrome have to decide whether to keep the child or not.
Parenting has never been easy, and it is made harder if the child is affected by Down syndrome.
Most of the time, when parents are informed that their child has Down syndrome, they are stricken
with grief, depression, hopelessness, and the likes. (Preidt, 2010). Having a child affected by such
mental illnesses may make it hard for parents to deal with their children, since any shortcomings
may lead to a miserable life for their child. But even with Down syndrome, a child is still a child,
and can still be brought up to live a happy life if parented correctly.
This study aims to relay the experiences of a parent who has a child with Down syndrome to people
who are not aware of what they go through. The researchers seek to improve the general knowledge
of the public about having a kid with Down

Down Syndrome Misconceptions
1 out of 691 children born have Down Syndrome. Do you know what Down Syndrome is? Many
have Down Syndrome, and it is one of the most common chromosomal conditions. Though to many,
Down Syndrome is not something that they understand, and let's be honest, it is hard to understand.
There are many misconceptions about Down Syndrome simply because people are misinformed
about it. When things are harder to comprehend, we just follow along with the norm. It is alright to
not know something but you have to look into it before you judge people or things. We as a society
need to figure out more about Down Syndrome. Although, Down Syndrome is one of the most
common chromosomal conditions, many don't understand the causes of it and they generalise all
people with Down Syndrome.
Down syndrome was found by Dr. John Langdon Down in 1866, he found that a group of specific
traits, such as upward slanted eyes, flattening of the back of the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
According to a recent Vanderbilt Kennedy Center study, families have a lower divorce rate, if they
have someone with Down Syndrome (Down Syndrome Misconceptions vs. Reality). This was one
of the largest study to date, it had 647 families participating in the study. This shows that they are
happy, because if they weren't they would have gone separate ways. Many believe having a child
with a disability cause the siblings harm or slow them down. But according a to recent study
published in the Journal of Intellectual Disability Research found no long–term detrimental effects
to siblings (Global Down Syndrome foundation). Studies have documented that those sibling are
more empathetic,tolerant, and are aware of more. A multitude have jobs and live by themselves.
Based on the severity of their Down Syndrome, they could have jobs at supermarkets and many
more jobs, thus supporting themselves and being more

Down Syndrome Essay
Down Syndrome is a chromosomal condition related to chromosome 21. It affects 1 in 800 to 1 in
1000 born infants. People who have Down Syndrome have learning difficulties, mental retardation,
a different facial appearance, and poor muscle tone (hypotonia) in infancy.
Individuals with Down Syndrome also have an increased risk for having heart defects, digestive
problems such as "gastroesophageal reflux or celiac disease", and hearing loss. Some people who
have Down Syndrome have "low activity of the thyroid gland (hypothyroidism)" – an organ in the
lower neck that produces hormones.
Down Syndrome can be diagnosed in infancy based on the characteristic medical findings. When
Down Syndrome is assumed in a person, a genetic test called a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When there is a heart defect currently in an infant with Down syndrome, the infant is referred to a
"pediatric cardiologist" for medical attention or to a "pediatric cardiac surgeon for early surgical
repair." Some infants with Down Syndrome have difficulties with swallowing or they may have
blockages in their bowels. Surgery can be performed to correct these problems. After they are
corrected, they usually cause no further health issues. Children with Down syndrome may have
"frequent colds and sinus and ear infections." These are treated early and aggressively to prevent
hearing loss and chronic infections. Low thyroid levels are more common in infants who have Down
syndrome. It is recommended that "thyroid level testing" be performed at least yearly. Some infants
with Down syndrome have eye problems such as cataracts (cloudy lenses) or crossed eyes
(strabismus). Surgery can help with these problems. Sucking problems related to low muscle tone or
heart problems may make breast feeding difficult to begin with. "Occupational therapists, speech
therapists, breast feeding consultants and support groups usually have exact sources for the mothers
of infants with Down syndrome." Intelligence in individuals with Down syndrome ranges from low
normal to very slow to learn. At birth it is not possible to tell the level of intelligence a baby with
Down syndrome will have. All areas of development including "motor

Down Syndrome Essay
Sometimes when meiosis ( the division of reproductive cells ) occurs, chromosomes may be lost,
left behind, or too many may be passed on, resulting in the birth of a child with a genetic or
congenital defect or disease. One of the most common of these genetic disorders is Down syndrome.
This disorder takes its name from Dr. Langdon Down, who was the first to describe it formally, in
1866.
Down syndrome is a condition marked by abnormal physical and mental development that is caused
by a genetic defect. This genetic defect is caused by an extra chromosome. People born with Down
syndrome have 47 chromosomes compared to the normal amount of 46, 23 chromosomes inherited
from each parent. This extra chromosome originates more often in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
All children with Down syndrome also have learning difficulties to some extent and there is a large
variation in handicap. In some cases Down syndrome may be discovered before birth through a test
known as amniocentesis in which fluid is taken from around the baby and the fetal cells are
examined for the extra chromosome.
People with Down syndrome are usually exceptionally happy, gentle, and loving. As children, they
need loving care and extra attention to make sure that their minds are stimulated. Special teaching is
also needed to ensure that these children develop as far as possible.
Until very recently children with Down syndrome had a very short life expectancy. More than half
of these children died within their first year. Other Down syndrome babies were institutionalized
soon after birth. Today most of these children can now be raised by their natural families, and many
can lead adult lives that are satisfying and productive due to advances in medical treatment that have
increased the life expectancy and improved the quality of life of those with Down syndrome. Today
doctors are able to surgically repair heart and gastrointestinal defects, control infections with

The Effects Of Down Syndrome On The Body
Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that affects several people. Chances are, you have met or have
seen somebody living with down syndrome. Down syndrome is caused when an individual has a full
or partial copy of chromosome 21. This additional piece of genetic makeup leads to changes
throughout the body. Some of the notable changes are having a low muscle tone, small stature, an
upward slant to the eyes, and a deep crevice in the center of the palm. Down syndrome does not
affect one single part of the body, it affects the whole body.
Down syndrome has many affects on the body. These affects are having a distinct facial appearance,
some intellectual disabilities, developmental delays, learning disabilities, short stature, and speech
delays as

Garner Down Syndrome
Kawanda Garner – Down syndrome
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has an extra chromosome. Chromosomes are small
"packages" of genes in the body that determine how a baby's body forms during pregnancy and how
the baby's body functions as it grows in the womb and after birth. (CDC, 2014) John Langon Down
first described Down's syndrome or Trisomy 21 in 1866. Trisomy 21 is caused by a combination of
birth defects when there is a nondisjunction or an error in cell division during meiosis, resulting in a
trisomy of chromosome 21. (Porth, 2011, p. 119) While the cause in unknown, evidence from
cytogenetic and epidemiologic studies supports the concept of multiple causality. (Perry, 2010, p.
1183) Children with Trisomy 21 can be born ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Chang & Kelly, 2007) According to the article published by Salimbene, (2000), children are highly
valued and welcomed in most Bosnian families. Culturally, Bosnian's hold Physician's to a higher
standard than nurses. They may request to hear a diagnoses or treatment options from the physician
rather than a nurse. Teaching may become difficult if a relationship is not formed. The nurse should
introduce themselves and state that the doctor has asked him/her to perform which ever test or
procedure it is that is needed. The purpose of the upcoming testing should be explained thoroughly
without going into the specific details about the procedure. (Salimbene, 2000) Bosnians prefer
herbal or spiritual approaches to health care over western health care. Language barriers may
become an issue as well so an interpreter should be utilized as needed to ensure information is
passed along appropriately. It is critical to assess each patient individually and not make cultural
assumptions about a patient's beliefs or health practices. (Chang & Kelly, 2007). Many factors affect
this process of parental adaptation, for example, the nature and severity of the child's conditions,
preexisting family functioning level, cultural background, income level, the availability of social
support, and the attitude of healthcare providers, especially at the time of diagnosis. (Choi, Lee &
Yoo, 2011, p. 113) Providing a calm

Down Syndrome is a genetic disorder where an abnormality in cell division results in a copy of
chromosome 21. This is also known as trisomy 21. Although the cause of the extra chromosome is
still unknown, maternal age is the only possible thing to have been linked to having a child with
Down Syndrome. Physical abnormalities of Down Syndrome may include, decreased muscle tone,
flattened facial profile, upward slanting eyes, and a short neck. Often, children with Down
Syndrome develop slower than the development of a child without the disorder. Intellectual
abnormalities of Down Syndrome include a shortened attention span, poor judgment, impulsive
behavior, slow learning, and delayed language/speech development. Approximately 1 in every 700

Down Syndrome Myths
I don't remember what exactly startled her or why she was crying in the first place. It happened
during Sunday school. We were all about eight years old and she was about twelve years old who
was placed in your class. I don't know what happened but while our teacher tried to start the lesson,
she started to freak out. She was sitting underneath a table, yelling for her mom and crying. We all
didn't know what to do. The teacher chose to just ignore her while she cried very loudly. I was the
one sitting the closest to her. I had a bible that had pictures included in it at the time. I gave her my
bible and showed her the pictures. I don't understand how that calmed her down, but she took the
bible from me and looked through each page in awe. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is still unknown why this happens. Down syndrome is viewed as a very rare disorder. It is one of
the most common chromosomal condition. According to the National Down Syndrome Society
(NDSS), it is estimated that there are about 400,000 people in the United States with down
syndrome and one in 641 babies are born with down syndrome. The likelihood of a 20–year–old
women giving birth to a child with down syndrome is one in 2,000. The chances of a 35–year–old
women giving birth to a child with down syndrome is one in 350. "More and more Americans are
interacting with individuals with Down syndrome, increasing the need for widespread public
education and acceptance," (NDSS). About 38 percent of Americans know someone who has down
syndrome. Down syndrome is more common than people

Mosaic Down Syndrome
Down syndrome is a cell malfunction that affects people on a day to day basis all across the world.
Down syndrome is a condition in which a person has all or some of the third copy of chromosome
21 present. There are three types of Down syndrome. The first one is called trisomy 21, the second
one is called translocation Down syndrome, and the third one is called mosaic Down syndrome.
Down syndrome is the number 1 genetic condition in the United States and there is an excess of
350,000 people living in the United States with this condition.
As human beings we have 46 chromosomes divided into 23 pairs. Chromosome 21 is one of those
pairs. There are two copies of chromosome 21, one from each parent. This chromosome is the
smallest chromosome in the human body. There are approximately 200 to 300 genes on
chromosome 21. The main job that this chromosome as a whole has is simple. The sole purpose of
chromosome 21 is to manufacture protein cells.
The reason as to exactly why people have Down syndrome is based ... Show more content on
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Mosaic Down syndrome, just like trisomy 21 cannot be inherited and is also just a random event.
Like translocation, mosaic Down syndrome is also very rare, with under 2 percent of cases falling
under this category. The word mosaic Down syndrome comes from the term mosaic art. The reason
being is the fact that mosaic art contains different color tiles, and some mosaic Down syndrome cells
contain trisomy 21 and others contain the normal amount of chromosomes. There are two
differences between mosaic Down syndrome and the other two types of Down syndrome. The first
reason is the fact that mosaic Down syndrome consists of 2 or 3 copies of chromosome 21 rather
than a half or a whole. And the second reason is that the copies of chromosome 21 are only in some
of the body's cells not all of them. In most cases, the children with mosaic Down syndrome scored
higher on the IQ test than children with trisomy 21

Down Syndrome: A Chromosomal Disease
Down syndrome is a chromosomal disease caused by an abnormality dealing with the 21st
chromosome. Down syndrome is unique to each individual, and three different kinds can occur. The
three different types include Trisomy 21, Translocation, and Mosaic Down syndrome. Not only do
these differ, but they all affect the body in different ways. Down syndrome affects appearance,
mental cognition, and one's ability to speak and learn.
Down syndrome is caused by an abnormality with the 21st chromosome. It was first observed by
John Langdon Down in 1866. It was not until 1959 that it would be classified as a chromosomal
disease by french physician Jérôme Lejeune. According to the article, "Down syndrome occurs
when an individual has a full or partial extra copy of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There are three different types of Down syndrome: Trisomy 21, Mosaic, and Translocation. The
most common type of Down syndrome is Trisomy 21, "affected[ing] 95% of people with Down
syndrome, and occurs when each cell in the body has three separate copies of chromosome 21"
("Facts About Down Syndrome"). Of the 95% of people with Trisomy 21 down syndrome, they all
share one thing. They all have three separate copies of the 21st chromosome, instead of the normal
two copies. The second most common type of Down syndrome is Translocation Down syndrome, "
[It] accounts for about three percent of people with Down syndrome, and occurs when there is an
extra part or a whole extra copy of the 21st chromosome") ("Facts About Down Syndrome").
Translocation down syndrome is a very unique type of Down syndrome, and differs from Trisomy
21 greatly. Translocation down syndrome occurs when the body started to make a third copy of the
21st chromosome ( which would have led to Trisomy 21),

Down Syndrome
. Down syndrome is not a disease that someone catches and is not caused by difficulties during the
pregnancy, it is a genetic condition. This condition is caused by the presence of an extra
chromosome in the body's cells and causes a redundant amount of proteins to be formed. All cells of
the body derive from a single cell formed by the fusion of a father's sperm and a mother's egg. Each
cell carries a nucleus full of genetic material known as genes. These genes are inherited from both
the mother and father. Each cell normally contains 46 pairs of chromosomes. 23 chromosomes come
from one parent and 23 from the other, hence the 46 pairs. When it comes to children with down
syndrome, one of the chromosomes does not separate properly and so the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Trisomy 21, also known as nondisjunction, means that there is an extra copy of chromosome 21 in
the cell and is the most common. Translocation occurs when there are two 21 chromosomes plus an
extra piece of chromosome 21 that had attached itself to another chromosome during the division
process. Those who have mosaic down syndrome contain an extra chromosome 21 in only some of
their cells while others are unaffected. People with mosaic down syndrome tend to have milder
physical features and intellectual abilities than those who have trisomy 21 and translocation down
syndrome. According to Mark Selikowitz, maternal age is a significant factor in causing trisomy 21.
When females are born, all the eggs that a woman will produce are already present. The eggs wait
years, some longer than others to be released and it is during the wait period (some 20–40 years)
that it is believed errors can occur. On the contrary, man's sperm does not remain standing therefore
less probability for error. Additionally, people with a family history of down syndrome and people
who carry the genetic translocation are factors to consider whether the child would be at

Informative Down Syndrome

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