1. The document analyzes and compares the economic outputs and growth rates of different regimes in Pakistan from 1947 to 2007, including both elected democratic governments and military dictatorships. 2. It finds that several dictatorships, such as Ayub Khan's and Pervez Musharraf's, achieved relatively high GDP growth rates averaging around 6% annually, while some democratic governments struggled more with lower growth. 3. However, it also notes some dictatorships like Yahya Khan's saw economic difficulties, and democratic governments under Zulfiqar Bhutto and Benazir Bhutto still managed growth rates around 4-5% despite challenges. 4. In the conclusion, the author argues that unelected

1. Comsats Instituteof Information and
Technology Attock.
(Department of Management Sciences)
Local Governance
Submitted By: Mr. Abbas Ali
Submitted To: Dr. Shakeel
Registration # Ciit/FA14-MPA-011/ATK
Topic:
Un-elected institutions are more powerful then
Representative Parliament.

2. Introduction:
In this write up we (students ofMPA3) were asked to do analysis and comparison of the outputs of
unelected institutions with representations parliament in Pakistan. After reading different types
of material and visiting different types of website I collected the following data of different
regimes of Pakistan. In this following data, it is clearly explained the ups and downs of economic
growth of Pakistan in different regimes.
Different administrations run the country with different style and different methodologies. After
the British rule, India and Pakistan Are divided as separate countries. On that time India were
having full fledge setup while on other hand Pakistan was lacking of resources and was like a
new born country. Pakistan was suffering from turbulent process of development. Pakistan
started struggles to establish good democracy from the day first. But unfortunately from 1947 to
2015 Pakistan has spent half of its life with dictators. Now here the question is that, whether
Military Dictators administrations perform better then Democratic Govt. or not?
Regimes:
Herein, different regimes of Pakistan are mentioned for better understanding the economic
growth.
 Democratic Beginnings 1947- 58
 Ayub’s Regime 1958- 69
 Yahya Khan 1969- 70
 Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto 1971- 77
 Zia –ul- Haq 1977- 88
 Benazir Bhutto 1988- 90
 Nawaz Sharif 1990- 93
 Benazir and Nawaz (II) 1993- 99
 Pervaiz Musharaf 1999- 2007

3. Democratic Beginnings (1947- 58)
Democracy started with the Governor Generalship of Quaid e Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah in
1947. After the struggles of Quaid e Azam, some other administrators put their efforts in
democracy Liaqat Ali Khan (1948-51), Ghulam Muhammad (1951-55) and Sikandar Mirza
(1955-58)
Economic Assessments:
There was low economic growth due to new born country. It was a time of high cost of defense.
There was low utilization of resources. Delivering public services and quality of governance was
moderate.
GDP Growth Rate:

4. Ayub’s Regime (1958-69)
In 1958, Field Martial Ayub Khan came into power. He dissolved the National Assembly and
taken over the country by imposing Martial Law. He established the new system and given it a
name of Basic Democracy. He ruled over the country for almost 11 years and in his rule he was
committed for economic growth. He built a good reliance with United States in his regime. He
brought advancements in different sectors such as public and private.
Economic Assessments:
In Ayub’s era the increase in GDP growth was measured 6.50% on average, 1st aid episode,
resources utilization, investments in water and power sector, green revolutions, better quality of
services.
GDP Growth Rate:

5. Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Regime (1971-77):
The election of 1970 resulted the won of Pakistan People’s Party in majority from West Pakistan.
Due to this success ZAB became head of the country. A big loss in his regime was East Pakistan
in 1971 (East Pakistan became Bangladesh). With the passage of time Bhutto was being stressed
by the significance of Islamic traditions, norms and values. Bhutto’s alliance with elite class
created allot of difficulties for him. In 1977’s election out of his 50 members, 27 were landlord, 6
were tribal chiefs, 5 businessman and 7 middle class and only one trade union leader.
Economic Assessments:
In Bhutto’s regime GDP was 4.5% which was actually 2% decrease in GDP per annum, Aid
stoppage, nationalization of different institutions, low quality of governance.
GDP Growth Rate:

6. Zia ul Haq Regime (1977-88)
Zia ul Haq was Army chief in 1977 and he came into power after the rigging allegations on govt.
He took over the charge of the country; house arrested the Bhutto and promised for elction
within 90 days. The promise of 90 days cannot be fulfilled and election was not being held till
1985. In 1985 election were held on non party basis and after election members were asked to
join any party and the affection of members were towards Muslim league. Terrorism spread in
Zia Ul Haq regime and the involvement KHAD (Afghan Intelligence) was traced.
Economic Assessments:
There was a good increase have been seen in his regime which was 6.27% per annum. The
second episode of financial aid received. Public sector enhanced its operations. Good growth.
Improved agriculture. Decline in quality of governance. Islamization.
GDP Growth Rate:

7. Benazir Bhutto Regime (1988-90):
After the sudden death of Zia ul Haq, the daughter of Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, Benazir Bhutto came
into power and won the majority. She won from Sindh and KPK but didn’t got success from
Punjab and Baluchistan. The terror in Karachi was tough time for Benazir Bhutto. As a prime
minister she didn’t delivered such outputs.
Economic Assessments:
The GDP growth rate was measured 5.4% per annum (decreased). The afghan war ended. The
aid stoppage. Privatization. Decline in governance. Failed to make relations with IMF and WB.
Nawaz Sharif Regime (1990-93):
The bad output of Benazir govt. given the opportunity to Nawaz Sharif to came into govt. He did
alliance of Muslim League and Jamaat-i-Islami. Bad strategic planning and problems in Indo-
Pak relations was the major reason of fall of Nawaz Govt.
Economic Assessments:
The growth rate in GDP was assessed 5.97% per annum. No aid received. Low level of quality
governance. Taxes imposed. Privatization of institutions.
GDP Growth Rate:

8. Benazir Bhutto and Nawaz Sharif (II) Regime (1993-99)
The collaboration of PPP and PML was came into existence in the decades of nineties. The
policy of privatization continued by govt and many small and large scale businesses privatized.
In this regime it was 14% inflation and low quality of governance have been seen. Due to
political unrest Farooq Haider Laaghari dismissal the govt of Benazir and with heavy majority
Nawaz Sharif was elected as a president. Nawaz govt was dismissed in October 12, 1999 by the
army chief of that time General Pervaiz Musharaf.
Economic Assessments:
Benazir: The GDP growth rate was assessed 4% per annum. 14% inflation was recorded instead
of expected target of 5%. Unrest and voilance in Karachi.
Nawaz: The crises of foreign reserve started. Growth rate came under 4%. Kargil war, heavy
interest imposed, economic crises due to bomb exposure.
GDP Growth Rate:

9. Pervaiz Musharaf Regime (1999-2007):
In 1999 due to plan highjack case Pervaiz Musharaf took charge and hold of Nawaz govt. after
some time president mr. Rafique Tarrar took left the charge of president ship and Pervaiz
Musharraf took oath as a president. He conducted the election in 2002 and Pakistan Muslim
League Quaid e azam won with majority. In every field he brought advancement for uplifting the
country. Literacy improved. The era of science and technology started.
Economic Assessments:
Rapid growth measured. Third episode of aid received in Musharaf regime. Better governance.
Devolution plans. Privitizations. Many other achievements.
GDP Growth Rate:
Conclusion:
Unelected govt. is far better for country’s betterment rather than elected representations of
parliament.

10. References:
1)-Pakistan ResearchRepository
HEC Chapter # 2
http//ppr.hec.gov.pk
2)-The Managements of Pakistan’s Economy
Ahmed, Viqar and amjad (1995)
3)-Hasan, P. (2006), “State and Pakistan Economy:
Where we come from? Where do we go?” paper in 22nd Annual General Meeting and
Conference of Pakistan Society of Development Economists 19th -21st December.
4)- Political Economy of Pakistan Progressive
Kardar, S. (1987), Publishers Lahore. Monshipouri, M., and Samuel, A. (1995), “Development
and Democracy in Pakistan:
5)-Tenuous or Plausible Nexus?
” Asian Survey, 35:11, pp.973-989.
Omer, N. (1988), Pakistan: A Political and Economic History since 1947, London:
6)- “Toward Reorienting the Role of the Government in Pakistan”
Kegan Paul International Ltd.
Sheikh, A.H. (2006),
7)- Pakistan Public Expenditure Management: Strategic Issues and Reform Agenda,
paper in 22nd Annual General Meeting and Conference of Pakistan Society of Development
Economists 19th -21st December.
World Bank. (2004), 1, pp. 13-159. (Report no.25665) Washington D.C.