جزوه ابزار دقیق

‫ﺗﺪوﯾﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻬﯿﻪ‬:
‫ﻣﺤﺠﻮب‬ ‫ﻣﻬﻨﺪس‬ ‫آﻗﺎي‬
‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬ ‫اﺑﺰار‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬

١
‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻫﺎي‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮرﺳﯽ‬))(DDC,(DDC,DCSDCS,FCS,FCS

٢
DIRECT DIGITAL CONTROL
DISTRIBUTED CONTROL SYSTEMS

٣
FIELD BUS CONTROL SYSTEM
‫ﺑﺎس‬ ‫ﻓﯿﻠﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎی‬
‫و‬ ‫ورودی‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺪاد‬ ‫ﮐﺮدن‬ ‫اﺿﺎﻓﮫ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬.
‫اﺿﺎﻓﯽ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺴﯿﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﺟﻌﺒﮫ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﺣﺬف‬
‫و‬ ‫ورودی‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯽ‬ ‫در‬
‫ﮐﺎﻣﻼ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ھﺎی‬ ‫ﺧﺮوﺟﯽ‬”‫ﺗﻮزﯾﻊ‬
‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ھﺎ‬ ‫ھﺰﯾﻨﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﻓﺘﮫ‬
‫ﻣﯿﯿﺎﺑﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﺎھﺶ‬.
‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﺸﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﺎھﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻟﯿﻞ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ ‫آﺳﺎن‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﮭﺪاری‬.

۴
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻤﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﺟﺰای‬PLC
PLC‫از‬ ‫ھﺎﯾﯽ‬:SIMENSE
S7_200
S7-300
S7_400
SIMATIC Overview
SIMATIC
Controller
SIEMENS
S IM AT IC
SF
RUN
STOP
Q0. 0
Q0. 1
Q0. 2
Q0. 3
Q0. 4
Q0. 5
I0. 0
I0. 1
I0. 2
I0. 3
I0. 4
I0. 5
I0. 6
I0. 7
S 7 -2 0 0
CP U 2 1 2
SIMATIC PG
SIMATIC PC
PG 740
SIEM ENS
7 8 9
4 5 6
1 2 3
0
.
D E F
A B C
I N S
D E L
S H I FT H E L P
E S C
E N T E R
A C K
S I M A TI C O P 1 7
S H IF T
H E L P
K 1 K 5 K6 K 7 K 8K 2 K3 K 4
K 9 K1 0 K11 K1 2 K 13 K 14 K1 5 K 16
SIMATIC HMI
ASI
FM
SV
SIMATIC DP
SIMATIC NET
PROFIBUS-DP
Industrial Ethernet
PROFIBUS
MPI - Network
SIMATIC NET

۵
S7-200
SIEMENS
SIMATIC
S7-200
CPU214SF
RUN
STOP
I1.0
I1.1
I1.2
I1.3
I1.4
I1.5
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
I0.4
I0.5
I0.6
I0.7
Q1.0
Q1.1
Q0.0
Q0.1
Q0.2
Q0.3
Q0.4
Q0.5
Q0.6
Q0.7
EM 221
DI 8 x DC24V
I.0
I.1
I.2
I.3
I.4
I.5
I.6
I.7
S7-200: Modules
EM EM
CP242 - 2
CP

۶
SIEMENS
SIMATIC
SF
RUN
STOP
Q0.0
Q0.1
Q0.2
Q0.3
Q0.4
Q0.5
I0.0
I0.1
I0.2
I0.3
I0.4
I0.5
I0.6
I0.7
S7-200
CPU 212
Potentiometer
Outputs
Inputs Status Indicators
for integrated DI/DO
PPI Connection
Mode SelectorMemory Card
Status Indicators
S7-200: CPU Design
S7-400: Modules
PS CPU SM:
DI
SM:
DO
SM:
AI
SM:
AO
CP FM SM IM

٧
DCS (and HART protocol)
‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮل‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﯽ‬DCS

٨
CLASSIC I/O FOR DCS SYSTEM
‫ﺑﺮروی‬ ‫آﺳﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬CARRIER‫ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬.

٩
Controller Redundancy
‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬DCS‫ﺑﮫ‬FF(H1)

١٠
‫ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺘﺮﻟﺮھﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ارﺗﺒﺎط‬ ‫ﺑﺮﻗﺮاری‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬
‫ﺗﻮﺳﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺗﮭﺎی‬HART‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬HART‫ﭘﺮوﺗﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬FF

١١
‫ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬ HART

١٢
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬HART
‫وﺳﯿﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻧﺤﻮه‬١۵‫ﺑﮫ‬HART

١٣
Handheld communicator
‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬HART‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک‬ ‫ھﺎی‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫در‬

١۴
‫ﺟﺎﯾﮕﺎه‬HART‫ﺻﻨﻌﺘﯽ‬ ‫ھﺎی‬ ‫ﺷﺒﮑﮫ‬ ‫در‬

١۶
‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺗﻮرﺑﻮﻻﻧﺲ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﯾﺎن‬

١٧
Up Stream/Down Stream
‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
.١‫اورﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬)Orifice(
.٢‫روﺗﺎﻣﺘﺮ‬)Variable Area Flow meter(
.٣‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬)Ultrasonic(
.۴‫ﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺴﻲ‬( Magnetic )
.۵‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬)Ultrasonic(
.۶‫ﻛﻮروﻟﻮﯾﯿﺲ‬( Coriolis )

١٨
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬‫ھﺎ‬
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺞ‬ ‫دﺑﻲ‬
‫اﳌﺎن‬‫اوﻟﻴﻪ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮﻣﱰ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻧﻮع‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬،‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬‫ﺗﺨﺖ‬‫ﺳﻮراخ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎم‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ار‬‫ﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﺧﻂ‬‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻄﻮر‬ ‫ﻫ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫در‬‫ﺣﺎل‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬‫از‬‫اﻳﻦ‬
‫اخ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻮ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬،‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫آن‬‫زﻳﺎد‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫و‬‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳ‬‫دﺳﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬‫ﻣﻴﻴﺎﺑﺪ‬.‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫اﻓﺖ‬‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫د‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫و‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨ‬‫ﺳﺎﻳﺰ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫دارد‬.‫اﻓﺖ‬‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫در‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻧﺸﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫اﺗﻼف‬‫اﻧﺮژي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.

١٩
Vena Contracta
‫در‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬١‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﺑﻮﺳﻴﻠﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫آﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬،‫در‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬V1‫و‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬A1
‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫در‬‫ﻧ‬‫ﻘ‬‫ﻄﻪ‬٢‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫اي‬‫ر‬‫دا‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰﻳﻦ‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬V2‫و‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬A2‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬٢‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎم‬Vena
Contracta‫ﻧﺎﻣﻴﺪه‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬.
Vena Contracta‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫اي‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫در‬‫آن‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻘﻄ‬‫ﻊ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬‫و‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺣﺪاﻛ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫رﺳﺪ‬.‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺗﻘﺮﻳﺒﻲ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫ازﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫اﺑﺮ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻧﺼﻒ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫اخ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻮ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﻴﺖ‬‫دﻗﻴﻖ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﻪ‬
‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴ‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬‫ﺗﻐﻴ‬‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬.
‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬β
‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺑﺘﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻮ‬‫ﻳﻨﺪ‬. (β=d/D)
‫ﺑﺮ‬‫اي‬‫ﺗﻌﻴ‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬)‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺣﺴﺐ‬‫ﴐﻳﺒﻲ‬‫از‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬(‫از‬‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬‫ﺑﺘﺎ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﻴﻢ‬.‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮر‬‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺗﻌﻴ‬‫ﻓﺎﻛﺘﻮرﻫﺎي‬‫ﺗﺼﺤﻴﺢ‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬‫د‬‫ﺑﻜﺎر‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫رود‬.
‫در‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬‫ﻛﲇ‬‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻدﺳﺘﻲ‬‫را‬٢٥‫اﺑﺮ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫و‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳ‬،‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬
۵‫ﺗﺎ‬۵۱‫اﺑﺮ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﻧﻈﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻳﻢ‬ ‫ﮔ‬.
‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬‫دﺳﺘﻲ‬)‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫از‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬(‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺗﻮان‬‫از‬‫ﭘﺮه‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ي‬
‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻛﻨﻨﺪه‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻛﺮد‬.‫وﻇﻴﻔﻪ‬‫ي‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮه‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻛﺮدن‬‫ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬
‫ﺑﻬﻴﻨﻪ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬.‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﭘﺮه‬‫ﻫﺎ‬،‫اﻏﺘﺸﺎش‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫آﻣﺪه‬‫در‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻧﺎﳾ‬‫از‬‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫را‬‫از‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺑﺮﻧﺪ‬.

٢٠
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫زی‬ ‫ﺗﮏ‬‫ﺎﻻت‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎت‬‫ﻌ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬ ‫زی‬ ‫دو‬‫ﺎﻻت‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎﻻت‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﭙ‬ ‫ﻮ‬
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻫﻢ‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬(Concentric)‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدﻫﺎي‬‫ﻋﻤﻮﻣﻲ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺑﻜﺎرﺑﺮده‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬.
‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺧﺎرج‬‫از‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬(Eccentric)‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫دو‬‫ﻓﺎزي‬‫ﺑﻜﺎرﺑﺮده‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬.
‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬‫اي‬(Segmental)‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻏﻠﺒﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﻣﺸﻜﻼ‬‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮط‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺣﺎوي‬‫ذرات‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
)‫ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺴ‬‫ﻴﻮن‬(‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬،‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫ذرات‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬‫در‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺳﻮﺳﭙﺎﻧﺲ‬‫ﺑﺘﺪر‬‫ﻳﺞ‬‫درﻣﺤﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ي‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫و‬‫ﭘﺎﻳ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﻧﺸ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺘﺪرﻳﺞ‬‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬‫ﻛﺎﻫﺶ‬‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬‫ﻣﻮﺛﺮ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬.‫در‬
‫ﻧﺘﻴﺠﻪ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬‫د‬‫ﻣﺮﺑﻮﻃﻪ‬‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬.‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ار‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﺧﺎرج‬‫از‬‫ﻣﺮﻛﺰ‬‫ﻳﺎﻗﻄﻌﻪ‬‫اي‬‫ﺑﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫اﺟﺎزه‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫دﻫﺪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﭘﺎﻳ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﺟﺎروب‬‫ﻛﺮده‬،‫ﻣﺎﻧﻊ‬‫از‬‫رﺳﻮب‬‫ﻛﺮدن‬‫ذرات‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬
‫در‬‫ﺗﻪ‬‫ﺧﻂ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬.

٢١
concentric orifice plate
Orifice Plate with Vent and Drain hole

٢٢
Square-edged ,concentric orifice plate
‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺪل‬‫از‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ا‬‫ر‬‫ﻣﻴﺘﻮان‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺮ‬‫دو‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﻮد‬.‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫از‬‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮﻫﺎ‬‫در‬
‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮ‬‫ﻣﻤﻜﻦ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫در‬‫ﻫﺮ‬‫دو‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬‫ﻛﻨﺪ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬.)Bidirectional Flow(
‫ﻣ‬‫ﻧﻮﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫روي‬‫ﺑﺮﺧﻲ‬‫ازدﺳﺘﻪ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮﻣﱰﻫﺎ‬‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫را‬‫ﻣﺸﺨﺺ‬‫ﻣﻴﻜﻨﺪ‬.‫ﻛﻪ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﻮﺿﻮع‬‫در‬
‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺪل‬‫از‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﻣﻬﻢ‬‫ﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.
Square-edged ,concentric orifice plate

٢٣
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﺟﺰاي‬
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻨﻈﻮر‬‫دﻗﺖ‬‫در‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﮔﺎز‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ﻳﻚ‬،‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺪ‬‫در‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺘﻲ‬‫از‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺻﻮرت‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬‫ﺗﺎ‬‫ﺧﻄﺎي‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫واﺳﻄﻪ‬‫وﺟﻮداﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬‫و‬
‫ﻫﺎ‬ ‫ﺷ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ﻧﻴﺎﻳﺪ‬.
‫ﻃﻮل‬‫ﻗﺴﻤﺖ‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻢ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻧﻮع‬‫اﺗﺼﺎﻻت‬‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﻗﺒﻞ‬‫از‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬‫دارد‬.

٢۴
‫ارﯾﻔﯿﺲ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬
‫اﮔﺮ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﮔﺎز‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫و‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﮔﺎز‬‫ﻓﻮق‬‫ﺣﺎوي‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫ﻗﺮاﺋﺖ‬
‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮﻣﱰ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰ‬‫از‬‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫واﻗﻌﻲ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬،‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟ‬‫ﻮ‬‫د‬‫در‬‫ﮔﺎز‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣﻼ‬
‫ﺗﺨﻴﻠﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮدد‬.‫ﻫﻤﭽﻨ‬‫اﮔﺮ‬‫در‬‫ﻳﻚ‬‫ﺧﻂ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎ‬‫از‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﻤﺮاه‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬،‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫داﺷﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬
،‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺨﺎ‬‫در‬‫ﭘﺸﺖ‬‫ﺻﻔﺤﻪ‬‫ارﻳﻔﻴﺲ‬‫ﺗﺸﻜﻴﻞ‬‫ﺣﺒﺎب‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫دﻫﻨﺪ‬.‫اﻳﻦ‬‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬‫اﻳﺠﺎد‬‫ﺧﻄﺎ‬‫دراﻧﺪازه‬
‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬،‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ﺑﺨﺎ‬‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬‫اه‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻫﻤ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬‫ﺗﺨﻠﻴﻪ‬‫ﮔﺮدﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫اﺗﺼﺎل‬

٢۵
‫روﺗﺎﻣﺘﺮ‬)V.A.F(
‫ﻓﻠﻮﻣﱰﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻮق‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮي‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت،ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺨﺎرﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬.
‫روﺗﺎﻣﱰ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫د‬‫ﺳﻨﺞ‬‫ﻫﺎﻳﻲ‬‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫در‬‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫اﻓﺰاﻳﺶ‬‫ﺷﺪت‬
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﻘﻄﻊ‬‫ﻋﺒﻮر‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫اﻳﺶ‬‫ﺰ‬‫اﻓ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﻳﺎﺑﺪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻫﻤ‬
‫ﺧﺎﻃﺮ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫آﻧﻬﺎ‬‫د‬‫ﺳﻨﺞ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫ﻣﺘﻐ‬‫ﻧﻴﺰ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﮔﻮﻳﻨﺪ‬
.
‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬‫از‬‫ﭘﺎﻳ‬‫وارد‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫اي‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﻣﺨﺮوط‬‫ﻧﺎﻗﺺ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻛﻪ‬
‫ﺟﺴﻤﻲ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﭼﮕﺎﱄ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰ‬‫از‬‫ﭼﮕﺎﱄ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫داﺧﻞ‬‫آن‬‫ار‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫دارد‬،‫ﺟﺴﻢ‬
‫در‬‫ﻧﻘﻄﻪ‬‫اي‬‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﺮ‬‫ﻣﻲ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫وي‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫اﺻﻄﻜﺎك‬١‫و‬‫ﺷﻨﺎوري‬٢
‫وي‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻧ‬‫وزن‬‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬‫ﺷﻮد‬.‫اﻳﻦ‬‫د‬‫ﺳﻨﺞ‬‫ﻫﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﻲ‬ً ‫ﺣﺘ‬ً‫ﻼ‬‫ﻛﺎﻣ‬
‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬‫زﻣ‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﺷﻮﻧﺪ‬.

٢۶
‫ﻣﻴﺰان‬‫ﺗﻐﻴ‬‫ﻣﻜﺎن‬‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬‫وي‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ارﺷﻤﻴﺪس‬)A(‫و‬‫وي‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻛﺸﺶ‬‫ﻧﺎﳾ‬‫از‬‫ﺣﺮﻛﺖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬)W(
‫از‬‫ﻳﻜﺴﻮ‬‫و‬‫وي‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫وزن‬)G(‫از‬‫ﺳﻮي‬‫دﻳﮕﺮ‬‫ﻣﻴﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬‫ﻛﻪ‬‫اﻳﻦ‬‫وزﻧﻪ‬‫را‬‫در‬‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬‫ﺗﻌﺎدل‬‫ﻗﺮار‬‫ﻣﻴﺪﻫﺪ‬.
‫روﺗﺎﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﻨﺎور‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺷﻜﻞ‬‫ﺷﻨﺎور‬‫داﺧﻞ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳ‬‫روﺗﺎﻣﱰ‬‫و‬‫وﻳﮋﮔﻲ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﻓﻴﺰﻳ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ازﻗﺒﻴﻞ‬‫داﻧﺴﻴﺘﻪ‬،
‫وﻳﺴﻜﻮزﻳﺘﻪ‬‫و‬...‫ﺑﺴﺘﮕﻲ‬‫دارد‬.

٢٧
‫روﺗﺎﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
.۱‫روﺗﺎﻣﱰ‬‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬‫اي‬Glass Tube)(
.۲‫روﺗﺎﻣﱰ‬‫ﻓﻠﺰي‬Metal Tube)(
‫اي‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺸﮫ‬ ‫روﺗﺎﻣﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬‫و‬‫ﻴﻴﺰ‬.
‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﻫﻮا‬.
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫و‬‫دﻣﺎي‬‫ﻣﺤﺪود‬.
‫رﻧﺞ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮي‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﻣﺤﺪودﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺧﻄﺮ‬)‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬(

٢٨
‫ﺟﻬﺖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺷﻔﺎف‬‫و‬‫ﻛﺪر‬.
‫ﻣﻮرد‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬‫و‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬.
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬‫و‬‫دﻣﺎي‬‫ﺑﺴﻴﺎر‬‫زﻳﺎدﺗﺮ‬.
‫رﻧﺞ‬‫ﻓﻠﻮي‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﮔﺴﱰده‬‫ﺗﺮ‬.
‫ﺳﻴﺎﻻت‬‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك‬)‫ﻋﺪم‬‫ﺷﻜﻨﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬‫ﺷﻴﺸﻪ‬(
Ultrasonic Flowmeters

٢٩
‫اﻣﻮاج‬Ultrasound
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﴘ‬
‫ﺣﺪاﮐ‬‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬‫ﺷﻨﻮاﻳﻲ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬:
‫اﻧﺴﺎن‬:20 KHz‫ﺳﮓ‬:25 KHz
‫وال‬:100 KHz‫ﺧﻔﺎش‬:175 KHz
‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬‫اﻣﻮاج‬‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮت‬
‫اﻣﻮاج‬‫ﻣﮑﺎﻧﻴﮑﻲ‬‫ﻃﻮﱄ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬20 KHz‫ﻫﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬‫ودر‬‫ﺻﻨﻌﺖ‬‫ﻣﻌﻤﻮﻻ‬‫از‬‫اﻣﻮاج‬‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮ‬
‫در‬‫داﻣﻨﻪ‬100 KHz‫ﺗﺎ‬10 MHz‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮد‬.
‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮت‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬
‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫اﻣﻮاج‬‫اﺻﻮت‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫در‬‫ﻣﺤﻴﻄﻬﺎي‬‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬
‫ﻣﺎﻳﻌﺎت‬
‫ﮔﺎزﻫﺎ‬

٣٠
‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﮭﺎي‬ ‫دﺑﻲ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
.۱‫د‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎي‬‫داﭘﻠﺮ‬
.۲‫د‬‫ﺳﻨﺠﻬﺎي‬‫زﻣﺎن‬‫ﮔﺬر‬
‫داﭘﻠﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮﺗﻲ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﮭﺎي‬ ‫دﺑﻲ‬
•‫ارﺳﺎل‬‫ﻣﻮج‬‫اﺻﻮت‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓ‬‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬‫ﭘﻴﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬
•‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫اﺻﻞ‬‫داﭘﻠﺮ‬-‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬‫ﻧﺎﳾ‬‫از‬‫ﺑﺮﺧﻮرد‬‫ﻣﻮج‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ذرات‬
‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬‫اه‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻫﻤ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬

٣١
‫داﭘﻠﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﮭﺎي‬ ‫دﺑﻲ‬ ‫وﯾﮋﮔﯿﮭﺎي‬
‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﮐﺪورت‬‫ﻣﺎﻳﻊ‬)‫ات‬‫ر‬‫ذ‬‫ﻣﻌﻠﻖ‬(
‫وارد‬‫ﺷﺪن‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺻﻮت‬‫در‬‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﺎت‬‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎن‬.
‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬‫ﺷﺪه‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻣﺘﻮﺳﻂ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﺑﻌﻠﺖ‬‫وﺟﻮد‬‫ﭘﺮوﻓﻴﻞ‬‫ﻏ‬
‫ﻳﮑﻨﻮاﺧﺖ‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪودﻳﺖ‬‫دﻗﺖ‬‫اﻧﺪازه‬‫ي‬ ‫ﮔ‬
‫ﺑﻨﯿﺎدي‬ ‫اﺻﻮل‬‫ﮔﺬر‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﮭﺎي‬ ‫دﺑﻲ‬
‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫اﻣﻮاج‬‫ﻓﺮاﺻﻮت‬‫در‬‫ﻳﮏ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﻣﺘﺤﺮک‬‫اﺑﺮ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫اﺳﺖ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺟﻤﻊ‬‫ﺑﺮداري‬‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫و‬
‫ﴎﻋﺖ‬‫ﻣﻮج‬‫در‬‫ﺳﻴﺎل‬‫ﺳﺎﮐﻦ‬
cosmu VCV 
cosmd VCV 

٣٢
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﮭﺎ‬ ‫آراﯾﺶ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﺳﺎده‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﻣﻮج‬‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎﻫﱰ‬
‫ﺗﻀﻌﻴﻒ‬‫ﮐﻤﱰ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﺑﺰرﮔﱰ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬V‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬
‫ﻣﺴ‬‫ﻣﻮج‬‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪﺗﺮ‬
‫دﻗﺖ‬‫ﺑﻴﺸﱰ‬‫اي‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻫﺎي‬‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﱰ‬
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬‫روﮐﺎر‬)Clamp On(
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬‫داﺧﲇ‬)In Line(
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬‫ﺗﻮﮐﺎر‬)Hot Shot(
‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﮭﺎ‬

٣٣
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬‫روﮐﺎر‬)Clamp On(
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ‬‫ﺑﺪون‬‫ﻧﻴﺎز‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫اخ‬‫ر‬‫ﺳﻮ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺮش‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬,‫ﺑﺎ‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬‫از‬‫ﭘﺎﻳﻪ‬‫ﻧﮕﻬﺪارﻧﺪه‬‫و‬‫ﮐﺎﺑﻞ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬
‫روي‬‫دﻳﻮاره‬‫ﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬‫و‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﮔﺮﻳﺲ‬‫ﯾﺎ‬‫ﺳﯿﻠﯿﮑﺎ‬‫ژل‬‫ﺑﻪ‬‫آن‬‫ﮐﻮﭘﻞ‬‫ﻣﻴﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬‫ﺗﻮﮐﺎر‬)Hot Shot(-)In Line(
‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎ‬‫در‬‫درون‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫ﺑﺮ‬‫روي‬‫دﻳﻮاره‬‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬‫ﻣﻴﺸﻮﻧﺪ‬‫ﻳﺎ‬‫ﺑﺎ‬‫ﺳﻮراخ‬‫ﮐﺮدن‬‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬‫درون‬‫ﺳﻮراﺧﻬﺎ‬
‫ار‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻗ‬‫ﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻴﮕ‬.

٣۴
‫ﺗﻮﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺪﻟﻬﺎي‬)Hot Shot(
‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻀﻌﯿﻒ‬ ‫ﺷﺪﯾﺪا‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاردي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬
Multi-path Ultrasonic Gas Flowmeter

٣۵
Flow Conditioner
‫ﻓﻠﻮﻣﺘﺮﺗﻮرﺑﯿﻨﻲ‬

٣۶
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
.١‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬)(Contact
.٢‫ﻏﯿﺮﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬)Non Contact(

٣٧
‫ﻏﯿﺮﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎی‬)Non Contact(
.١‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺑﮭﺪاﺷﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫از‬.
.٢‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫از‬-‫ﺗﻤﺎس‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬.
.٣‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﮭﺪاری‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻈﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫از‬.
.۴‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫از‬.
.۵‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻠﯽ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫از‬.
.۶‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫از‬.
‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎی‬)Contact(
.١‫آﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮدن‬ ‫ﺳﺎدﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﻟﺤﺎظ‬ ‫از‬.
.٢‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ارزان‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫از‬.
.٣‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﺎده‬ ‫راﺣﺘﺘﺮو‬ ‫ﺗﻌﻤﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫از‬.

٣٨
.١‫ﺷﻨﺎوری‬)Float(
.٢‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬)DP(
.٣‫ﺧﺎزﻧﯽ‬)Capacitive(
.۴‫ﭘﺎﯾﻠﻮت‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻠﻮ‬( Displacement )
.۵‫ای‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺸﮫ‬)Sight Glass(
.۶‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬)Ultrasonic(
.٧‫رادار‬)Radar(

٣٩
‫ﺷﻨﺎوری‬)Float(
‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ﺷﻨﺎورھﺎی‬Displacer‫و‬Floater‫و‬ ‫ھﺎ‬LS‫ھﺎ‬.
‫ﺑﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫از‬ ‫زﯾﺎدی‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺘﮫﺎی‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫روﺷﮫﺎی‬
‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪه‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬
‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﮫﺪاﺷﺘﯽ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺪھﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﻮق‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫روﺷﮫﺎی‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻻت‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫روﺷﮫﺎی‬
)‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫وﯾﺴﮑﻮزﯾﺘﻪ‬(‫ﻧﻤﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.
‫ﺷﻨﺎوری‬)Float(
‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﺼﺮا‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روش‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎﻻت‬.
‫روی‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫را‬ ‫وزﻧﻪ‬ ،‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬
‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫داده‬ ‫ﻧﻤﺎﯾﺶ‬ ‫ﮐﺶ‬ ‫ﺧﻂ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻨﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﺪد‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺎﻧﮕﺮ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.

۴٠
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬)DP(
‫ازاﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاردی‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺴﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫داﻧﺴﯿﺘﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮﯾﻌﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬.
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫روش‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎز‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬P‫ﺳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫و‬
‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮫ‬P.
‫ﺧﺎزﻧﯽ‬)Capacitive(
٢‫ﻗﻄﺐ‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻨﻮان‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮود‬+‫و‬-‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎ‬
‫ﻣﯿﮕﯿﺮﻧﺪ‬.
‫دی‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫دوﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ،ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫دواﻟﮑﺘﺮود‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬.
‫ﻣﺘﻔﺎوت‬ ‫ﺧﺎﻟﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫دی‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﺧﺎزﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻇﺮﻓﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺎھﺶ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫اﻓﺰاﯾﺶ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.

۴١
‫ﭘﺎﯾﻠﻮت‬ ‫ﺳﯿﻠﻮ‬(Displacement)
‫روﺷﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ازﺳﺎده‬ ‫ﯾﮑﯽ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﻮده‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻖ‬.
‫ازﯾﮏ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻗﺪﯾﻤﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺮﺳﻮم‬ ‫روش‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻣﮑﺎﻧﭙﺬﯾﺮ‬ ‫اﻧﮑﺪر‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺗﻮرو‬ ‫ﺳﺮوو‬.
‫وزﻧﮫ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻔﯽ‬ ‫اﺷﮑﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬
‫ﻣﯿﮕﯿﺮد‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬.
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫روش‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻔﯿﺪی‬.
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫وﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روش‬

۴٢
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
‫ای‬ ‫ﺷﯿﺸﮫ‬)Sight Glass(
‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬:
‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎھﺪه‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺎط‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻓﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﺳﻮﯾﯿﭻ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﺗﯿﭙﮭﺎی‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺑﻮدن‬ ‫ﻣﻮﺟﻮد‬.‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﮫ‬
‫ﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫رﻧﮓ‬.
‫ﻣﻌﺎﯾﺐ‬:
‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫ﻓﻘﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روش‬.
‫ﺳﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‬).‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﯽ‬(
‫ﺷﯿﺸﮫ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‬.

۴٣
‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬)Ultrasonic(
‫اﯾﻦ‬‫روش‬‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬
‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻌﺎت‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬.
‫ﺑﺤﺚ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﮑﺎت‬:
.١‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎ‬.
.٢‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬.
.٣‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪی‬ ‫ھﺎرﻣﻮﻧﯿﮑﮭﺎی‬ ‫ﻣﺒﺤﺚ‬.
.۴‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﮐﺜﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬.
.۵‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫از‬ ‫ھﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﺎره‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬.
.۶‫دﯾﻮاره‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻞ‬.
.٧‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاﻧﻊ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ھﻤﺰن‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬.

۴۴
‫ﺳﯿﺴﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﮐﺮد‬:
Time of flight method
‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬.‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﻮﺳﻂ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮده‬.‫ﺗ‬‫ﺮ‬‫ﻓﺮﺳﺘﺎدن‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﯽ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬ ‫اﻧﺴﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫درﯾﺎﻓﺖ‬ ‫و‬‫و‬‫زﻣﺎن‬ ‫از‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬(t)‫ﺻﻮت‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫و‬(c)
‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮫ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺮاوای‬ ‫ﻧﯿﻤﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺸﺎء‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬:
D=C.T/2
‫اﮔﺮ‬‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫اﻧﺘﮭﺎی‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬)E(‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﺗﻮان‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﺷﯿﻢ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﮫ‬ ‫را‬
‫ﻧﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮫ‬ ‫زﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺼﻮرت‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬:
L=E-D
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺻﻮت‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫روی‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ،‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬.
‫ﻣﺰاﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھﺎ‬ ‫وﯾﮋﮔﯽ‬:
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روش‬‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫واﺑﺴﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﯾﻦ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺧﻮاص‬.
‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ، ‫اﺻﻼح‬ ‫ﺿﺮﯾﺐ‬ ‫اﻋﻤﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﻌﻠﺖ‬
‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺣﺘﯽ‬‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫دﻗﯿﻖ‬.
‫واﺣﺪھﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﻣﮑﺎن‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﻊ‬ ‫ﻧﻤﻮدن‬ ‫ﺧﻄﯽ‬.

۴۵
‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫رﻧﺞ‬:
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫ﺣﺪ‬:‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬BD
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﯾﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬BD‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬.‫ﺻﻮﺗﯽ‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬
‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫زﯾﺮا‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﺎﭘﺎﯾﺪار‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﺣﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎی‬‫ﻓﺎﺻﻞ‬:
‫درﻣﺤﺪوده‬ ‫ﺻﻮﺗﯽ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎس‬BD‫ارزﯾﺎﺑﯽ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﺪاری‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫اﯾﻦ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫زﯾﺮا‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬.
‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﻠﯽ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬
‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪ‬BD‫ﻧﺮﺳﺪ‬.‫رﻋﺎﯾﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﭼﻨﺎﻧﭽﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬BD‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﮑﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬ ‫راھﯽ‬
‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫روی‬ ‫را‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻی‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬.‫ھﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺪون‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺻﺎف‬ ‫ﭘﺎﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮرده‬ ‫ﺟﻮش‬ ‫ﻧﻮاﺣﯽ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻟﺒﮫ‬ ‫ﮔﻮﻧﮫ‬.‫ﺑﮫ‬
‫ﺗﻮﺟﮫ‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪودﯾﺖ‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﻨﯿﺪ‬.
‫از‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬ ‫اﮔﺮ‬
BD‫ﺻﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻋﺚ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻤﮑﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬.

۴۶
‫دﯾﻮاره‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺪاﻗﻞ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﮫ‬
‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﻣﻮﻗﻌﯿﺖ‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﻧﮑﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫وﺳﻂ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬(3)‫ﺗﻮﺻﯿﮫ‬
‫ﻓﺎﺻﻠﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاری‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫دﯾﻮاره‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﺷﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫داﺷﺘﮫ‬ ‫وﺟﻮد‬)‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬1/3‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺎع‬.(
‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺴﺘﻘﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺑﺶ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬
‫ﺟﻠﻮﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫روی‬ ‫ﺑﺎران‬ ‫ﺑﺎرش‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬)٢. (
‫ﺧﻮدداری‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫ورودی‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻی‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﺳﺘﮕﺎه‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬)٤. (
، ‫ھﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻮﺋﯿﭻ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎﺗﯽ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫ﮐﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺎﺻﻞ‬ ‫اﻃﯿﻤﻨﺎن‬
‫آﻟﻔﺎ‬ ‫زاوﯾﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺪوده‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻏﯿﺮه‬ ‫و‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی‬)٥(
‫ﺑﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﮕﺮﻓﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎرن‬ ‫ﻗﻄﻌﺎت‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﮫ‬ ً‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣﺨﺼﻮﺻ‬
‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬:‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روی‬ ‫ﺗﻮاﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﭙﺮھﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ھﺎ‬ ‫ھﯿﺘﺮ‬
‫ﺑﮕﺬارﻧﺪ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬)٦. (
‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﺮ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮد‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫دھﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﺮار‬ ‫ﻃﻮری‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬.
‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫در‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺻﻮت‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻓﻮق‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺎﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ھﺮﮔﺰ‬
‫ﻧﮑﻨﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬.
‫رادار‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮫ‬
‫و‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ،ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ،دﻗﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫دارای‬ ‫رادار‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮی‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬.
‫ﻗﻄﺮھﺎی‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﺷﮑﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ارﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬
‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬.
‫دارد‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮی‬ ‫دﻗﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺻﺎف‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻠﯿﺖ‬.
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ارﺳﺎل‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺮژی‬.‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﭘﺲ‬
‫اﯾﻤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﮭﺎی‬)‫ﮔﺎزھﺎ‬(‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮ‬.

۴٧
‫رادار‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎي‬.
‫ﮐﺜﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻟﯿﺰري‬ ‫اﺑﺰار‬/‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫رﺳﻮب‬.
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫،ﮔﺮدوﻏﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎس‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫رادارھﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮﭘﺬﻳﺮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻃﻮﺑﺖ‬.
‫رادار‬ ‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬
‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ﺟﻨﺲ‬ ‫از‬).‫ﻓﺘﻮﻧﻬﺎ‬(
‫،اﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﯿﻪ‬X‫ﮔﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬.
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫اوﻟﺘﺮاﺳﻮﻧﯿﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺷﺒﯿﻪ‬!

۴٨
‫ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫رادار‬
‫ﺑﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬١‫ﺗﺎ‬۶٠‫ھﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﮕﺎ‬.
‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬۵.٠‫ﺗﺎ‬٣٠‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﻤﺘﺮ‬.
‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬=‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬/‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺮاﺑﺮ‬ ‫ھﻮا‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬٨^)١٠*٣.(
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫واﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬.
‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮوﻣﻐﻨﺎﻃﯿﺲ‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ﻃﯿﻒ‬

۴٩
‫اﺳﺖ؟‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎك‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎت‬ ‫آﯾﺎ‬
‫ﻧﻤﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻄﺮﻧﺎک‬ ‫آﻳﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﻲ‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫ازﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻌﺎت‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻳﺴﺘﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﯿﺪ‬ ‫آﺳﻮده‬ ‫ﺧﯿﺎل‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﻤﺎ‬ ‫ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬.
‫از‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺶ‬ ‫ھﻤﺮاه‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻔﻦ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫ﺻﻮرﺗﯿﮑﻪ‬ ‫در‬٣٠٠٠‫دارد‬ ‫ﺗﺸﻌﺸﻊ‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎر‬.
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺧﯿﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺧﻮرﺷﯿﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﺳﺎﻃﻊ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮐﺮووﻳﻮ‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ھﻤﭽﻨﯿﻦ‬.
‫رادارﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬)Pulse‫و‬FMCW(
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫دو‬ ‫در‬ ‫رادارﻫﺎ‬Pulse‫و‬FMCW‫ﻣﯿﮕﺮدﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻮﻟﯿﺪ‬.
FMCW Pulse

۵٠
‫رادارﻫﺎي‬Pulse
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻓﺖ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫روی‬ ‫از‬.
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﻨﺪ‬ ‫داﺧﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮر‬ ‫ﯾﮑﻌﺪد‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﮭﺰ‬.
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﯾﻊ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫رﻓﺖ‬ ‫زﻣﺎن‬.‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬ ‫روی‬ ‫از‬
‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫وﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﺗﻔﮑﯿﮏ‬ ‫اﻣﮑﺎن‬.
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫رادارھﺎي‬
‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫،ﭘﺎﻟﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫رادار‬
‫را‬ ‫زﻣﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﯿﻔﺮﺳﺘﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺮون‬
‫ﭘﺎﻟﺲ‬ ‫ﺗﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﮑﺸﺪ‬ ‫ﻃﻮل‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺎﺳﺒﻪ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺮدد‬.

۵١
‫رادارﻫﺎي‬FMCW
FMCW‫ﮐﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﺨﻔﻒ‬Frequency Modulated Carrier
Wave‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬.
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺟﺎروب‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﺧﺎﺻﯽ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزه‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬.
‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ‫ازﻓﯿﺪﺑﮏ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫اﺻﻠﯽ‬ ‫ﻣﺎده‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬
‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﯽ‬.
‫ازﻓﯿﺪﺑﮏ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺪﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻓﺎزی‬ ‫دو‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫ﻗﺪرت‬
‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺧﻮد‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬.
‫رادارھﺎي‬FMCW
‫ﺗﮑﻨﻮﻟﻮژي‬FMCW‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮات‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻮﺳﺘﻪ‬ ‫ازاﻧﺘﻘﺎل‬.
dt
10
9
t0
f
f (GHz)

۵٢
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫رادارھﺎي‬
6 GHz
37°
26 GHz
9°
Beam angles @ 4” antennas
26 GHz6 GHz
Low freq. less affected by
Condensation, Dirt & Vapor
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﮔﺴﺘﺮده‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ،‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬.
‫رادارﻫﺎ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺎوت‬)‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬(
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﭘﮭﻦ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻢ‬.
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺗﻼﻃﻢ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺒﺘﺮ‬.
‫ﮐﺜﺎﻓﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺎر،ﮐﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﺛﺮﭘﺬﯾﺮي‬.
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﮐﻮﭼﮑﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﻢ‬.
‫ﮐﻤﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻗﻄﺮھﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺑﺪﻧﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻋﺪم‬.
‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬.

۵٣
6 GHz
37°
26 GHz
9°
26 GHz6 GHz
‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫رﻧﺞ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﺘﺎﺛﺮ‬ ‫آن‬ ‫،ﺑﻨﺎﺑﺮاﻳﻦ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﮫﻤﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺨﺶ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻦ‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﮫﻨﺎي‬ ‫و‬.
“‫ﺑﮫﺘﺮ‬ ‫،اﺟﺮاي‬ ‫ﺑﺰرﮔﺘﺮ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻦ‬”‫ﻳﮏ‬‫ﺧﻮب‬ ‫ﻗﺎﻋﺪه‬‫اﺳﺖ‬.‫ﺑﻪ‬‫ﺷﺮﻃﯽ‬‫ﮐﻪ‬...
‫ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺷﮑﻞ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻦ‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﺶ‬ ‫ﻓﻀﺎي‬
‫اﺳﺖ‬.
(horn, parabola etc.)
CIdeh Ebda Control

۵۴
‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ازاﻧﺒﺎﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫اﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﻃﺮاﺣﻲ‬ ‫اي‬ ‫ﺑﮕﻮﻧﮫ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎ‬
‫ﭘﯿﺸﮕﯿﺮي‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻦ‬ ‫روي‬ ‫رﺳﻮب‬ ‫ﺗﻐﻠﯿﻆ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬
‫ﺷﻮد‬.
‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬-‫ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬
6 GHz
26 GHz

۵۵
‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺘﻼف‬-‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬ ‫زاوﯾﮫ‬
‫دﯾﻮاره‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎس‬
6 GHz 26 GHz
‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺴﮭﺎي‬
‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬ ‫و‬ ‫آﻟﻮدﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﺣﺎل‬ ‫ﻋﯿﻦ‬ ‫،اﻣﺎدر‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻤﺮﮐﺰﺗﺮﻣﯿﺪھﺪ‬ ‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺷﻌﮫ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﺗﺮ‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎس‬.
‫ﭘﺮاﮐﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺗﻔﺮق‬ ‫ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬‫ﭘﺮﺗﻮ‬ ‫زاوﯾﮫ‬
Frequency
(GHz)
5 26 5 26
(log)(log)
Frequency
(GHz)

۵۶
‫رادار‬ ‫ﮐﺎر‬ ‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮھﺎي‬Saab‫ﻓﺮﮐﺎﻧﺲ‬ ‫از‬١٠‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﻔﺎده‬ ‫ھﺮﺗﺰ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﮕﺎ‬.
Frequency (GHz)5 2610
(log)
‫ﮔﺬردھﻲ‬ ‫و‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬):‫ﮔﺬردھﻲ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬(
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻌﺮﻳﻒ‬ ‫را‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻘﺎﺑﻞ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﺛﯿﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫رادارﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﻣﻮاج‬ ‫ﭼﮕﻮﻧﻪ‬ ‫اﻳﻨﮑﻪ‬.
‫در‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫اﻳﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻌﮑﺲ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫رادار‬ ‫ﻣﻮج‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪاري‬
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻧﻔﻮذ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬ ‫درون‬.
‫ﻣﯿﮑﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬ ‫زﻳﺎد‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.
‫دارد‬ ‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬ ‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.

۵٧
‫ﭘﺎﯾﯿﻦ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺘﮭﺎي‬
‫آب‬ ‫از‬ ‫(اﻧﻌﮑﺎس‬εr=80) ‫روﻏﻦ‬ ‫از‬ ‫(اﻧﻌﮑﺎس‬εr=2)
‫ﻣﻐﺸﻮش‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﺎت‬ ‫دﻻﯾﻞ‬
‫ﻣﻐﺸﻮش‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎس‬=‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﻲ‬ ‫ﻳﮏ‬
‫ﺑﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫زﻳﺮ‬ ‫ﻣﻮارد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬:
‫ﻧﺎزل‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫ﻟﺒﻪ‬.
‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎزا‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫ﺣﻠﻘﻪ‬.
‫ھﻤﺰن‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫ﭘﺮه‬.
‫ﻟﻮﻟﻪ‬ ‫رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬.
‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫داﺧﻞ‬ ‫ﻧﺮدﺑﺎﻧﮫﺎي‬.
‫داﺷﺖ‬ ‫ﺧﻮاھﯿﻢ‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫اﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﻣﻐﺸﻮش‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﮫﺎي‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫در‬.
‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫در‬ ‫دﻗﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﻲ‬ ‫،ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﻧﺰدﻳﮏ‬ ‫آﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫اﻧﻌﮑﺎﺳﮫﺎي‬
‫ﻣﯿﺸﻮد‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮي‬.
Pro‫و‬Rex‫آﺷﻔﺘﻪ‬ ‫ﺟﺮﻳﺎﻧﺎت‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺘﻮاﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﮐﻪ‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫اﻓﺰاري‬ ‫ﻧﺮم‬ ‫ﻓﺎﻧﮑﺸﻨﮫﺎي‬
‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺼﺤﯿﺢ‬ ‫را‬.

۵٨
‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬
‫ﻧﻮر‬ ‫ﺳﺮﻋﺖ‬:
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬.
‫دارد‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﺑﻪ‬ ‫ﺑﺴﺘﻪ‬.
‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬:
‫ﻣﻮﺟﮫﺎي‬ ‫آراﻣﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﭼﺮﺧﺶ‬ ‫،ﺳﺒﺐ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬
‫ﻣﯿﮕﺮدد‬ ‫رادار‬.
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﺗﻪ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺎزن‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﭘﺎﻳﯿﻦ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﻳﮏ‬ ‫دي‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬.
‫دارد‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮک‬ ‫ﺳﻄﻮح‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬).‫ﻓﺎزي‬ ‫دو‬(
‫ﺗﺨﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﻒ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬
x
√εr * x
εr = 2
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل‬

۵٩
‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮک‬ ‫ﺳﻄﺢ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮد‬)‫ﻓﺎزي‬ ‫دو‬(
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﺳﯿﮕﻨﺎل‬
x
√εr * x
‫ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﻘﺎﯾﺴﮫ‬ ‫در‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺴﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﮭﺖ‬ ‫در‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﺮدار‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﻧﺴﺒﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﻲ‬ ‫ذره‬ ‫ﻣﺎﻧﻨﺪ‬ ‫اﺷﯿﺎﯾﻲ‬
‫ھﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﯿﺸﺘﺮي‬ ‫ﺗﺪاﺧﻞ‬ ‫،داراي‬ ‫دارﻧﺪ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻮدي‬ ‫ﺣﺮﮐﺖ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫اﺷﯿﺎﯾﻲ‬.
LPG ‫ﻋﻤﻠﮑﺮد‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬
-‫ﮐﻮﺗﺎه‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻦ‬
LPG ‫ﺗﺴﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬
-‫ﺑﻠﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺑﺮﮔﺸﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﭘﯿﻦ‬

۶٠
‫ﻗﻄﺒﯿﺖ‬
‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬ ‫ﺳﻤﺖ‬ ‫از‬
‫ﺑﺎزﺗﺎب‬
‫آرام‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫درﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮐﺮووﯾﻮ‬ ‫ﻣﺪھﺎي‬)(still pipes
‫ﻣﺪ‬TE01‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮐﮫ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﮑﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﯿﺪان‬ ‫داراي‬
‫ھﯿﭻ‬ ‫ﺗﻘﺮﯾﺒﺎ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻧﺪاﺷﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎس‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫ھﺎي‬ ‫دﯾﻮاره‬
‫رﺳﻮﺑﺎت‬ ‫و‬ ‫زده‬ ‫زﻧﮓ‬ ‫درﺑﺨﺸﮭﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﺮژي‬ ‫اﺗﻼف‬
‫ﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻟﻮﻟﮫ‬ ‫دﯾﻮاره‬ ‫روي‬.
‫ﺳﺎﯾﺮ‬ ‫ﺷﺎﻣﻞ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺎﻧﺪارد‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬
‫ﻣﯿﺒﺎﺷﺪ‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎ‬.
‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫%6.0ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬
‫ﮐﻢ‬ ‫اﺗﻼف‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺪ‬
(Saab ‫)اﻟﮕﻮھﺎي‬
3940 & 3950
‫ﭼﺴﺒﻨﺪﮔﻲ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫%500.0ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺖ‬

۶١
‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎي‬‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺳﺮوﯾﺴﮭﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺮاي‬ ‫اﻋﺘﻤﺎد‬ ‫ﻗﺎﺑﻞ‬
‫ﺳﻨﮕﯿﻦ‬ ‫وﻇﯿﻔﮫ‬
‫دﻣﺎي‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﺮم‬ ‫آﺳﻔﺎﻟﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺮض‬ ‫در‬٢٣٠‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﮫ‬‫از‬ ‫ﺑﻌﺪ‬۴‫ﺳﻮﻟﻔﻮر‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎه‬
‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻄﮭﺎي‬
‫ﺑﻠﻮري‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮﻻت‬
‫ﻣﺤﺼﻮل‬:‫ﻧﺮم‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺮ‬
‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺎﮐﺰﯾﻤﻢ‬:٢٢٠‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﮫ‬
‫ھﺮ‬ ‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻣﺠﺒﻮر‬ ‫ﻣﺸﺘﺮي‬٢‫ﮐﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﺗﻤﯿﯿﺰ‬ ‫را‬ ‫آﻧﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﯾﮑﺒﺎر‬ ‫ﻣﺎه‬.

۶٢
‫اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮑﮭﺎي‬
‫در‬٣٠‫ﺳﺎﻧﺘﯿﮕﺮاد‬ ‫درﺟﮫ‬ Hypochlorous ١٨‫اﺳﯿﺪ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﻣﺎه‬
‫اﺗﻤﺴﻔﺮي‬ ‫ﺧﺸﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﯿﻂ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺎﻧﮑﮭﺎي‬
‫ﺗﺎﻧﮏ‬ ‫وﺿﻌﯿﺖ‬:
‫ﺧﻮرﻧﺪﮔﻲ‬.
‫ﻣﺨﺰن‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮي‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻧﺎﺷﻲ‬ ‫ﮔﺮان‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎي‬.
‫ﻧﯿﺴﺘﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻤﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﻣﺘﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬ ‫ﻟﺰوﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﺼﺐ‬ ‫ي‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎ‬ ‫ﻧﻮع‬ ‫ﺗﺮﯾﻦ‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺎﺳﺐ‬.
‫اﺳﺖ‬ ‫ﻧﯿﺎز‬ ‫ﻣﻮرد‬ ‫ﭼﯿﺰ‬ ‫ﭼﮫ‬ ‫اﯾﻨﮑﮫ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدي‬ ‫اﻃﻼﻋﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﺸﺨﯿﺺ‬ ‫در‬ ‫ﺳﺨﺘﻲ‬.
‫ﺣﻠﮭﺎ‬ ‫راه‬:
‫ﺑﺎﻻ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﺤﮑﺎم‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﮐﯿﻔﯿﺖ‬ ‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫اﺳﺘﯿﻞ‬.
‫از‬Hastelloy ,Titanium, Monel‫دﯾﮕﺮ‬ ‫درﺧﻮاﺳﺘﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﻮاد‬ ‫ﯾﺎ‬.
‫ﺑﺎ‬ ‫ﺷﺪه‬ ‫ﭘﻮﺷﯿﺪه‬ ‫ﮐﺮوي‬ ‫آﻧﺘﻨﮭﺎي‬.PTFE

۶٣
‫ﮔﯿﺞ‬ ‫ﻣﺨﺘﻠﻒ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬)‫ﺗﺮاﻧﺴﻤﯿﺘﺮ‬(
5400
Pulse radar
3300
Guided wave radar (pulse)
2100
Vibrating fork level
switch
‫آﻧﺘﻦ‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
3”3” 4”4” 6”6” 8”8”
Cones (SST)Cones (SST)
2”2” 3”3” 4”4”
Cones (SST)Cones (SST)Cones (SST)Cones (SST)
Teflon RodTeflon Rod
2”, 3”, 4”LongLong
Exotic MaterialsExotic Materials ExoticExotic MaterialsExoticExotic Materials
Hastelloy & Monel
Hastelloy & Monel ShortShort

۶۴
6 GHz
37°
26 GHz
9°
26 GHz6 GHz
‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺑﺮای‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺎﺳﯽ‬ ‫رادارھﺎی‬ ‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدھﺎی‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣﺪات‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬
Solids
Flexible Probe
Bypass
Pipe

۶۵
‫ﮐﺎرﺑﺮدھﺎي‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬LS 2100
1) Pump
control
4) Hygienic
applications
3) Limit
detection
2) High
level alarm
5) Pipe
installations
‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﻨﺘﺮل‬

۶۶
‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎب‬‫ﺨ‬ ‫ا‬‫ی‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﯿ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎب‬‫ﺨ‬ ‫ا‬‫ی‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﯿ‬
‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮐ‬
١-On/off
٢-Control
٣-Switching
Checking ۴-
Safety ۵-

۶٧
۱-‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮐ‬)Valve Application(
۲-‫ﻮری‬ ‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬)Gas - Liquid-Solid(
۳-‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺲ‬)corrosive - Non corrosive(
۴-‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮدن‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬)erosive-Non erosive(
۵-‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫اﺪازه‬)Body size(
۶-‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮدن‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﮫﺪا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﮫﺪا‬)Non Hygienic-Hygienic(
۷-‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻮع‬)Stem Kind(
۸-TrimValve
۹-‫ﻮش‬ ‫ﻮع‬)Bonnet Type(
۱۰-‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮع‬)Actuator Type(

۶٨
۱۱-‫ﻪ‬ ‫د‬‫ﻮع‬)Hand wheel(
۱۲-‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﮐﻼس‬)Class(
۱۳-‫ﺪ‬‫ﺎل‬‫ﺼ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮع‬)Body connection Type(
۱۴-‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺖ‬
۱٥-‫وش‬ ‫از‬‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﺪ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬
‫ﺎ‬‫ﮫ‬‫آ‬‫ﯽ‬‫داﺧ‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻨﺪی‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﮫ‬‫آ‬‫ﯽ‬‫داﺧ‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫د‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻌﺪ‬ ‫از‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻨﺪی‬ ‫و‬
١-Gate
٢-Globe
٣-Rotary
Diaphragm ۴-
Check ۵-

۶٩
ISA DataSheet For On/Off Valve
Process condition

٧٠
Body-Actuator-Positioner
Notes

٧١
Gate Valves
)‫ای‬‫وازه‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ﺮ‬‫ای‬‫وازه‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ﺮ‬(
Gate Valves
Inside ScrewOutside Screw

٧٢
GATE
THROUGH CONDUIT GATE VALVE
FULL BORE FULL OPENING
PIPELINE VALVES
API 6D MONOGRAMMED
BOLTED BONNET & PRESSURE SEAL
THROUGH CONDUIT VALVE
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬

٧٣
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ا‬

٧۴
Knife Gate Valve
Knife Gate Valve
Globe Valve

٧۵
‫ای‬ ‫ا‬‫ای‬ ‫ا‬Globe‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬
P1 P2
Body
Bonnet
Plug
Actuator force
Seat
Seals
Port
Stem
Trim
Packing
Duble disk Duble PlugDuble disk Duble Plug

٧۶
‫ای‬ ‫ا‬‫ای‬ ‫ا‬Globe Valve
Seat

٧٧
Disc
Stem

٧٨
GlandSeal

٧٩
Globe Valve
Angle Globe
ANGLE GLOBE VALVES

٨٠
Needle Globe
Needle Valves
‫د‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫د‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬Ball Valve

٨١
Ball Valve
One Piece3 Piece
Ball Valve

٨٢
BABCOC BORSIG ESPAÑA, S.A.TYPE OF Ball VALVES
 TRUNNIONTRUNNION--MOUNTEDMOUNTED
 FLOATINGFLOATING--BALLBALL
Extended Stem

٨٣
Butterfly Valve
Butterfly Valve

٨۴
Butterfly Valve
Plug Valve
 Plug valves have the
closure member as a
tapered plug having a
rectangular port.
 The plug is rotated through
90° to open and close the
valve.

٨٧
Diaphram (SAUNDERS)
Pinch

٨٨
Squeeze
‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫ﻤ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬‫ی‬ ‫ﻤ‬

٨٩
‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮاع‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﻮاع‬ ‫ا‬
١–Solenoid
٢-E/Pnumatic
٣-E/Hydrulic
MOV ۴-
Solenoid
On/Off
Direct Type
Pilot Type

٩٠
Penumatic Actuator
Diaphragm Type

٩١
Effect Of differential Pressure on the valve lift
POSITIONER

٩٢
Typical Positioner
What is a valve positioner?
pneumatic actuator
Valve
stem
A control device that receives a set
point (input), detects valve position
(feedback), and changes the air
supply (output) to a pneumatic
actuator-- making the valve move to
the new set point.

٩٣
SP
PV
Valve
FB
Controller
VP
DP
VP
Out
Typical Control Loop
The valve positioner is a loop controller!
 Setpoint: from process controller/DCS
 Feedback: from valve stem/shaft position
 Output: pneumatic signal to actuator
Emerson (Fisher) Mounting Bracket

٩۴
Fisher Mounting Bracket
Masoneilan Type 87/88 Bracket

٩۵
1. Valve Coefficient(CV)
2. Flow Characteristic
3. Pressure Class
4. Body Material Selection
5. Gasket Selection
Valve Criteria
1- Valve Coefficient (CV)
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫آن‬‫از‬‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﮕ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺰان‬ ،‫ﮓ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﭘ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎرا‬‫ﭘ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫از‬.
‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻤ‬ ‫از‬‫ی‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫و‬‫آن‬‫ﻂ‬ ‫ﺮا‬ ‫و‬‫ﺎل‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ،‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻮدن‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺢ‬ ‫وا‬
‫و‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬،‫ﯽ‬‫داﺧ‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬،‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻮع‬...‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫وا‬.‫دی‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ﺬ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮق‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻮا‬
‫ﻮان‬ ‫ﺖ‬))‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺮ‬((‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬))‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺮ‬((،(CV)‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﻮط‬.

٩۶
1- Valve Coefficient (CV)
‫ﻒ‬CV:
CV۱‫از‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺒ‬۱‫آب‬‫از‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮑ‬ ‫آ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮔ‬۶۰‫ﺮ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻮر‬ ‫ﺎم‬‫ﮕ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮫ‬‫ر‬psi۱
)‫ﺎدل‬‫ﻌ‬۷/۱۴/۱‫ﺎر‬‫ﺑ‬(‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﺎر‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ا‬.
‫ﺎی‬‫ﺠ‬ ‫ﻮارد‬ ‫ﯽ‬CV‫ﺎم‬‫ﻨ‬ ‫ی‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫د‬ ‫ﺮ‬KV‫ﺮد‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ار‬ ‫ﺎده‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮرد‬KV‫ﺎن‬‫ﯾ‬
‫ﯽ‬‫ﺎی‬‫ﻣ‬‫د‬ ،‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﻣ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﯾﮏ‬‫از‬‫ﻮری‬۵‫ﯽ‬ ‫ا‬۴۰
‫ﺎر‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫و‬‫اد‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬۱‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﺑ‬.
Linear
Quick opening
Equal Percentage
Square Root
Modified Parabolic
Hyperbolic
2- Flow Characteristics

٩٧
(QUICK OPENING)
‫ﺰان‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮری‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻞ‬۲۵۳۰‫از‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫ﺎدل‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫آن‬.‫ه‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬ ‫و‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻘﺪاری‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫و‬‫دن‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎده‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫از‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻮرد‬.
(LINEAR CHARACTERISTICS)
‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻮدن‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺐ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻨ‬ ً ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ون‬ ‫از‬‫ﻮری‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎده‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫از‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫و‬.
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﻮدن‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻘﺪار‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻘ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺮات‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫را‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ﺎرت‬‫ﺒ‬.
‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎده‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮق‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫از‬‫ﺮات‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫دن‬ ‫ﺮل‬ ‫ای‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺪر‬‫و‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﺮات‬ ‫دارای‬‫ﺮل‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﺖ‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮕ‬
‫ﻮد‬.

٩٨
(EQUAL PERCANTAGE)
‫ﺰان‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫و‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻮری‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮع‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻞ‬۶۵۷۰‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫ﺎدل‬‫ﻌ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺻﺪ‬
‫ﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮر‬ ‫آن‬‫از‬.‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮﻻ‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﻣ‬‫ز‬ ‫و‬‫ﻨﺪی‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ﺎت‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻘﺪاری‬ ‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺨ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﯾ‬‫و‬‫دن‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎده‬‫ﻔ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬‫از‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﻮرد‬.
4- Body Material Selection

٩٩
‫ﻧﻮﯾﺰ‬
‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻮد‬ ‫و‬‫ﯾﮏ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺎر‬‫ﺸ‬ ‫ﺎدی‬‫ﯾ‬‫ز‬‫ﺮه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻊ‬ ‫وا‬.‫ی‬ ‫ده‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻢ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻋ‬‫ﻞ‬
‫ﻨﺪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮرد‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻣ‬‫ﻮش‬.
Cage

١٠٠
Cavitation
Conventional Control Valve (Liquid)

١٠١
Velocity Control Principle
P = P1 - P2
1 stage pressure drop Multi-stage pressure drop

١٠٢
INSTRUMENT DATA SHEET FOR CONTROLINSTRUMENT DATA SHEET FOR CONTROL
VALVEVALVE
LINE /LINE / SERVICE / FLUIDSERVICE / FLUID

١٠٣
Spring Action Open/Close
Handwheel Type

١٠۴
POSITIONER
Type
SPST=Single pole Single Throw
SPDT=Single pole Double Throw

١٠۵
Filter/Regulator
Filter/Regulator

١٠۶
Disassembly Of a Typical
Control Valve
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫دن‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺣ‬ ‫ﻦ‬( Valve Stem )Valve‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫از‬
(Actuator Stem ) Actuator‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺒ‬.
‫ه‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪن‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫از‬‫ﺲ‬ ‫ﺖ‬)Bolt&Nut(‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻮان‬
‫د‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫را‬‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﻞ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ی‬.
Valve Disassembly
‫ﺪل‬)FisherSliding Stem(‫ﯾﮏ‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﺎل‬‫ﺼ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫ﻮﺪ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫دو‬‫ﻮک‬ ‫ﺑ‬.‫دو‬Stem
‫ﻨﺪ‬‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻢ‬‫ﺤ‬ ‫را‬‫ﻮق‬.

١٠٧
Valve Disassembly
‫رگ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮش‬)Studs(‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬.
Valve Disassembly
‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫دا‬‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﻧ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬ ‫ﺪ‬ ‫رگ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﺎر‬‫ﮫ‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫ﯿ‬ ‫ﻮ‬ ‫ﻮش‬.

١٠٨
Valve Disassembly
‫ﺎ‬‫ﺣ‬‫ﻦ‬ ‫ا‬ ‫و‬‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﻪ‬ ‫دا‬ ‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺪ‬‫روی‬‫از‬‫ﺪ‬ ‫ﻮا‬ ‫ﻮش‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﮫ‬ ‫دن‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬Trim‫ﻮد‬ ‫ﺎن‬‫ﯾ‬‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬.
Valve Disassembly
،‫ﻮش‬ ‫دن‬ ‫ﺪا‬ ‫از‬‫ﺲ‬Plug‫و‬Cage‫ﻮﺪ‬ ‫ﺎز‬‫ﺑ‬‫و‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ﯽ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﺳ‬‫آ‬ ‫ﻨﺪ‬‫ﻮا‬.

١٠٩
Valve Disassembly
Packing‫ﺎر‬‫ﮐ‬‫ﺮ‬ ‫ﺖ‬ ‫د‬ ‫ﺪه‬ ‫داده‬‫ﺎن‬‫ﺸ‬‫ﻮق‬)
‫ﺺ‬ ‫ن‬ ‫ا‬(‫از‬Bonnet‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﺎرج‬‫ﺧ‬‫ﻮ‬ ‫و‬
‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬.
‫ﻮان‬ ‫او‬ ‫ﯾ‬‫د‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫د‬Packing Ring‫ﺲ‬ ‫از‬‫ﻮن‬ ‫ﻔ‬
)‫رﻧﮓ‬‫ﯿﺪ‬(‫ﺎ‬‫ﺑ‬‫اه‬Bonnet‫دﯾﺪ‬ ‫را‬.

١١٠
Valve Disassembly
‫إ‬ ‫ا‬‫ﻮق‬ ‫ﻞ‬Packing‫روی‬Stem‫ﺪه‬ ‫ﯿﺪه‬
‫ﺪ‬‫ﯿﺪ‬ ‫ﺶ‬ ‫ﺎ‬‫ﻤ‬ ‫را‬‫ﺖ‬ ‫ا‬.

١١١
Standards & Codes
Standards & Codes
API American Petroleum Institute
ASTM American Society for Testing and Material
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ANSI American National Standard Institute
MSS Manufacturers Standardization Society of the Valve and
Fitting Industry
NACE National Association of Corrosion Engineers
B.S.I. British Standards Insitution

١١٢
API — American Petroleum Institute
• API 6D Specification for Pipeline Valves
• API 6A Specification for Wellhead
• API 6FA Specification for Fire Test for Valves
• API 591 User Acceptance of Refinery Valves
• API 598 Valve Inspection and Testing
• API 600 Steel Gate Valves
• API 602 Compact Carbon Steel Gate Valves
• API 603 Cast, Corrosion Resistant Gate Valves
• API 17D Specification for Subsea Wellhead
ASME — American Society of Mechanical Engineers
• Section II Materials
• Section III Rules for Construction of Nuclear Power Plant
Components
• Section V Non-destructive Examination
• Section VIII Rules for Construction of Pressure Vessels
• Section IX Welding and Brazing Qualifications
• Section XI Rules for In-service Inspection of Nuclear Power Plant
Components

١١٣
ANSI — American National Standards Institute
B16.34 Valves 2 Flanged, Threaded, and Buttwelded End
B16.10 Face-to-Face and End-to-End Dimensions of Valves
B16.5 Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
B16.25 Butt welded Ends
B16.11 Forged Fittings, Socket Welding and Threaded
MSS — Manufacturers Standardization Society of the
Valve and Fitting Industry
MSS SP-6 Contact Faces of Pipe Flanges
MSS SP-25 Standard Marking System for Valves, Fittings, Flanges
MSS SP-55 Quality Standard for Steel Castings (visual method)
MSS SP-61 Pressure Testing of Steel Valves
MSS SP-72 Ball Valves with Flanged or BW Ends for General
Service
MSS SP-117 Bellows Seals for Globe and Gate Valves

١١۴
NACE — National Association of Corrosion Engineers
MR 01.75 Standard Material Requirements
Sulfide Stress Cracking Resistant Metallic Material for
Oil field Equipment
B.S.I. — British Standards Institution
 BS 1414 Steel Wedge Gate Valves
 BS 1868 Steel Check Valves
 BS 1873 Steel Globe Valves
 BS 5351 Steel Ball Valves
 BS 5352 Steel Wedge Gate, Globe, Check Valves, 50mm and
Smaller
 BS 6364 Valves for Cryogenic Service
 BS 6755 Testing of Valves

1/19/2016
1
‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬‫ﻓﺸﺎر‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫اﻧﻮاع‬
PressurePressure
This module will cover:
• The physics of pressure
– Units of measure (SI, Metric, Imperial)
– Pressure scales and conversions
• How pressure is measured
– Elastic elements (bourdon, bellows diaphragm)
– Electrical elements (strain gauge, piezoelectric)
– Sensors, Switches and Transmitters

1/19/2016
2
The Physics of PressureThe Physics of Pressure
Pressure is defined as “force per unit area”
Force
Area
Pressure =
Therefore any object or material having a weight will
exert a pressure over the area the force is acting on.
The Units of PressureThe Units of Pressure
Pressure is defined as “force per unit area”
Force
Area
Pressure =
Common units include:
Pounds per Square Inch (psi)
KiloPascals (kPa)
Pound force,
Kilogram force
Newton, dyne
Square Inches, Square feet
Square Centimeters,
Square Meters

1/19/2016
3
More Pressure ScalesMore Pressure Scales
PSI and kPa are the most common pressure
scales but there a few more:
• Inches* of water
• Inches* of mercury
• Bar
• Atmos
* or millimeters when using metric
Example of the various pressure scalesExample of the various pressure scales
27.6806
“H20
Applied
process
pressure is
1 psi or
6.89 kPa
2.03602
“Hg
0.068947
Bar
The same process pressure is being applied to each
gauge. Each gauge has a different scale calibration.
0.068046
Atmos
The choice of scales will depend on
• the amount of pressure being measured (high pressure = psi/kPa,
low pressure = inches H20)
• The type of application ( flow = inches H20, blood pressure =
inches of Hg.)

1/19/2016
4
Need to KnowNeed to Know
Ball Parking:
1 psi ≈ 7 kPa
3 psi ≈ 21 kPa
15 psi ≈ 105 kPa
20 psi ≈ 140 kPa
3 to 15 psi is a common pressure range
Water ColumnWater Column
The hydrostatic head produced by
a column of liquid is proportional
to the height and density of the
liquid.
0.433
psi
12 “
H20
P = height x DensityP = height x Density
(Density = Mass/Volume)(Density = Mass/Volume)
Density of water is 0.0361 lbs/in3
P = 12 x 0.0361
= 0.433 lbs/in2

1/19/2016
5
Water ColumnWater Column
The greater the height the
greater the hydrostatic head.
0.866
psi
24 “
H20
P = height x DensityP = height x Density
(Density = Mass/Volume)(Density = Mass/Volume)
Density of water is 0.0361 lbs/in3
P = 24 x 0.0361
= 0.866 lbs/in2
Manometers
Manometers can be used as a primary standard to
measure small pressures
Atmospheric Pressure
Applied Process
Pressure Atmospheric Press
U-Tube Manometer
Height (h) of displaced
water = applied pressure
h

1/19/2016
6
Reading pressure with a U-tube Manometer
If the total displacement h = 3“ the applied pressure
would be 3”H20 = 3”WC = 0.108 psi
Applied Process
Pressure Atmospheric Press
Height (h) of displaced
water = applied pressure
h
Using Mercury as a filling liquid increases the pressure range by 13.6 times.
Well Type ManometersWell Type Manometers
The well type uses one measuring arm. Gives a
larger pressure range
Mercury filled well
type manometers can
measure up to 30 psi
and more. (6 footer)
Can be used as a
primary standard.

1/19/2016
7
Inclined Plane ManometerInclined Plane Manometer
Used for very small pressure measurements.
Very sensitive, often used to measure room
pressures.
Gauge, Absolute and Atmospheric PressureGauge, Absolute and Atmospheric Pressure
Any pressure above atmosphere is called gauge pressure (psig)
Any pressure below atmosphere is a vacuum (negative gauge pressure)
Differential Pressure (psid)
has no reference to either
absolute vacuum or
atmospheric pressure

1/19/2016
8
Standard GaugeStandard Gauge
Some gauges may not includeSome gauges may not include
the “g” after psi, some will.the “g” after psi, some will.
• When a gauge has
no input applied, it
will read 0 psig
• The pressure range
for this gauge is
0 – 100 psi
• What is the range in
kPa?
Small pressure measurementsSmall pressure measurements
Dwyer differential pressure
gauge registers a
differential of 0 - 2 psi, 1/8"
npt. High and low pressure
input ports on side and
back. Manual set point.
Max 15 psi and 140ºF. 4-
3/4" diameter x 2" high.

1/19/2016
9
Differential Pressure Gauge (psid)Differential Pressure Gauge (psid)
Requires 2 inputs.
Must observe pressure
polarity, i.e. hi side /
lo side
Differential Pressure Cell TransmitterDifferential Pressure Cell Transmitter
The d/p cell is often
used to measure
level and flow.
What is the maximum allowable
input pressure in psi?
0 – 200 in. H20
Typical input range
Differential
Input
4 – 20 mAoutput
2 wire transmitter

1/19/2016
10
Pressure Conversion ChartPressure Conversion Chart
Pressure Units psi kPa inches of Hg inches of H20 atmospheres bar
psi 1 6.894 2.036 27.681 .0681 .06895
kPa 0.1450 1 .2953 4.0147 .009669 .01
inches of Hg 0.4912 3.3864 1 13.595 .03342 .03386
inches of H2O 0.03613 .2491 .07355 1 .002458 .002491
atmospheres 14.696 101.33 29.92 406.8 1 1.0133
bar 14.504 100 29.53 401.86 .9869 1
Ball ParkingBall Parking
1 psi = 7 kPa
1 inch Hg = 0.5 psi
100 inch H20 = 3.5 psi
1 Bar = 1 Atmos = 14.7 psi
AccurateAccurate
1 psi = 6.89 kPa
1 inch Hg = 0.49 psi
100 inch H20 = 3.61 psi
1 Bar = 14.5 psi = 100 kPa
Exercise (ball park is fine)Exercise (ball park is fine)
What is this in psi,
kpa, inches of H20?
What is this in psig,
psia, inches of Hg?

1/19/2016
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Pressure Sensing Elements
Manometers
Mechanical Gauges
Electrical Transducers
Switches & Transmitters
Pressure IndicatorsPressure Indicators
Pressure is sensed and measured against
some calibrated scale.
Manometer
Mechanical or
Electrical Gauge
P
Psi
kPa
Inches H20 (WC)
Inches Hg
Bar

1/19/2016
12
Pressure Switches and TransmittersPressure Switches and Transmitters
Pressure is also sensed and transmitted as
an electrical or pneumatic signal.
Switches
Transmitters
Transducers
P
3 – 15 psi
4 – 20 mA, 1-5 V, 0-5 V
Normally Closed / Normally
Open Dry Contact or Digital
signals
Field Bus Communications
(Hart, ProfiBus, ModBus)
Mechanical Pressure GaugesMechanical Pressure Gauges
Use elastic or deformation elements such as
• Bourdon Tubes (C-type, spiral, helical)
• Bellows
• Diaphragms
• Capsules
The applied pressure creates a movement which
drives a link and pointer mechanism across a
calibrated scale.
Also called dry meters, aneroid meters

1/19/2016
13
CC--type Bourdon Tubetype Bourdon Tube
When pressure is
applied at the inlet
port the sealed tip
of the tube will
move in proportion
to the applied
pressure.
The small tip movement (1/4 to 1/8 inch) drives the link and gear assembly
moving the pointer across a calibrated scale.
Cutaway view CCutaway view C--type bourdon tubetype bourdon tube
The pointer and
links are moved
to calibrate the
scale. (zero &
span adjustment)
High pressure
gauges require a
deadweight test
for calibration.

1/19/2016
14
Spiral & Helical Bourdon TubesSpiral & Helical Bourdon Tubes
This design provide a greater tip movement per psi reducing the
physical size of the gauge.
BellowsBellows
• Used for measuring lower pressures
• Spring is used to determine the range
• Bellows material may be brass, phosphor bronze, or stainless steel

1/19/2016
15
DiaphragmDiaphragm
• Diaphragm gauges are used for small pressure measurements
• Diaphragm gauges are typically spring-loaded as a means of setting
the range and sensitivity
• Diaphragm gauges can be used to measure absolute, gage, and
differential pressures
Capsule
Smallest pressure
measurement of all
elastic deformation
elements.
Used with electrical
pressure sensors.

1/19/2016
16
Electrical Pressure SensorsElectrical Pressure Sensors
Early attempts to
convert pressure into
an electrical signal
were crude.
These low cost, low
performance devices
had poor repeatability
and hysteresis errors
Potentiometric Pressure SensorPotentiometric Pressure Sensor
Helical bourdon tube is
used to turn a
potentiometer.
The output resistance
is proportional to the
applied pressure.

1/19/2016
17
Inductive Pressure SensorInductive Pressure Sensor
A pressure sensing capsule or diaphragm is used to move
an LVDT. (Linear Variable Differential Transformer)
Piezoelectric Pressure SensorsPiezoelectric Pressure Sensors
When a piezoelectric material
(crystals) is compressed a
voltage is created which is
proportional to the applied
force.
Voltage is only produced when the pressure
changes, static pressure measurement
requires more electronics

1/19/2016
18
Piezoresistive Pressure SensorPiezoresistive Pressure Sensor
A diaphragm formed from
a piezoresistive material
is etched on a silicon
wafer.
Applying a force causes
the resistance of the
element to change
which is proportional to
the applied pressure.
The piezoresistive element
requires a resistive bridge
circuit to convert the change
in resistance to voltage.

١
١
‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی‬
٢
‫ﭼﯿﺴﺖ؟‬ ‫دﻣﺎ‬
The temperature of an object
can be described as that which
determines the sensation of
warmth or coldness felt from
contact with it.

٢
‫روﺷﮭﺎی‬ ‫دﻣﺎﺑﺮﺧﯽ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬
 ‫اﻧﺒﺴﺎﻃﯽ‬
 ‫ﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺘﯽ‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯿﯿﺮ‬
 ‫اﻟﮑﺘﺮﯾﺴﯿﺘﮫ‬ ‫ﺑﮫ‬ ‫ﮔﺮﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﺗﺒﺪﯾﻞ‬ ‫اﺛﺮ‬
 ‫ﺣﺮارت‬ ‫ﺷﺪت‬ ‫ﺳﻨﺠﺶ‬
 ....
٤
‫دﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﮔﯿﺮی‬ ‫اﻧﺪازه‬ ‫ﻣﻘﯿﺎﺳﮭﺎی‬
 Fahrenheit
 Celsius
 Kelvin
 Rankine
 ....

٣
٥
AGENDA
 Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– RTD Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple Sensors, Rosemount Offering
– Thermocouple vs. RTD Sensors
– Accessories
٦
RTD ‫ﺳﻨﺴﻮرھﺎی‬
 What is an RTD?
 Resistance Temperature Detector
 Operation depends on inherent characteristic of metal (Platinum
usually): electrical resistance changes when a metal undergoes a
change in temperature.
 If we can measure the resistance in the metal, we know the temperature!
Platinum
resistance
changes
with temperature
Rosemount’s
Series 65 (High Temperature),78, 88
Rosemount’s
Series 65, 68, 58
Two common types of RTD elements:
Wire-wound sensing element
Thin-film sensing element

٤
٧
 What is a RTD?
– Resistance Temperature Detector
– The resistance changes of the platinum wiring can be approximated by
an ideal curve -- the EN 60751 curve (Pt100)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
-200 0 200 400 600 800
oC Ohms
0 100.00
10 103.90
20 107.79
30 111.67
Resistance(Ohms)
Temperature (oC)
International Resistance
Temperature Chart:
EN 60751
EN 60751
٨
EN 60751 Tolerances
Accuracy
Temperature Resistance Grade A Grade A Grade B Grade B
°C Ohms ± °C ± Ohms ± °C ± Ohms
-200 18.52 0.55 0.24 1.3 0.56
-100 60.26 0.35 0.14 0.8 0.32
0 100.00 0.15 0.06 0.3 0.12
100 138.51 0.35 0.13 0.8 0.30
200 175.85 0.55 0.2 1.3 0.48
300 212.05 0.75 0.27 1.8 0.64
400 247.09 0.95 0.33 2.3 0.79
500 280.98 1.15 0.38 2.8 0.93
600 313.71 1.35 0.43 3.3 1.06

٥
٩
‫ﻧﺪارﻧﺪ‬ ‫آﻟﯽ‬ ‫اﯾﺪه‬ ‫ﻣﻨﺤﻨﯽ‬ ‫ﻋﻤﻞ‬ ‫در‬
TEMPERATURE (oC)
RESISTANCE(OHMS)
The EN 60751 standard
describes an IDEAL
Resistance vs. Temperature
relationship for Pt100
385 RTDs.
Because RTD sensors are not ideal - they do not perfectly match
the EN 60751 - there will be error introduced into the temperature
measurement.
١٠
Red
Red
White
White
2, 3, and 4-wire RTDs
4-wire RTD
 Why use a 2-, 3-, or 4- wire RTD?
 2-wire: Lowest cost -- rarely used due to high error from lead
wire resistance
 3-wire: Good balance of cost and performance. Good lead
wire compensation.
 4-wire: Theoretically the best lead wire compensation method
(fully compensates); the most accurate solution. Highest cost.
Typically use copper wires for
extension from the sensor
Sensing Element
(wire-wound, thin film)

٦
١١
Temperature Sensors & Accessories -
Types of RTDs
 Dual Element RTDs available
– Rosemount 65 Series RTD
Red
Red
White
Black
Red
Red
Green
Blue
Blue
White
Dual Element:
Two 3-wire RTDs
 Supports Hot Backup capability
 Dual element adds only $5 over single element RTD!
 Reduce the risk of a temperature point failure
١٢
Rosemount RTD Offering
– 65 -- Thin film
» Immersion lengths from 145 to 9995 mm
» Range: -50 to 450°C
– 65 -- Wire Wound
» Immersion lengths from 145 to 9995 mm
» Range: -200 to 550°C
– 68 -- Thin film
» Immersion lengths from 1” to 24”
» Range: -50 to 400°C
78 -- Wire wound (higher temp)
» Immersion lengths from 1” to 24”
» Range: -200 to 660°C
» Temperatures > 400°C, sensor encased
in Inconel Sheath
Rosemount RTDRosemount RTD SeriesSeries
– 88 -- Wire wound Long
Sheath
» Immersion lengths from 24” to 100’
» Range: -200 to 200°C
– 58C -- Cut-to-fit (cost effective)
» Immersion lengths 12, 24, 36, 48”
» Range: -50 to 200°C
68Q -- Sanitary ‘Quick
Response’
» Immersion lengths from 2.5” to 9.5”
» Range: -50 to 400°C

٧
١٣
AGENDA
Temperature Sensors and Accessories
– Thermocouple vs. RTD Sensors
– Accessories
– Time Response
١٤
Thermocouples
ProcessProcess
TemperatureTemperature
Hot junction
– Two dissimilar metals joined at a “Hot” junction
+
-
Cold junction
MVT
What is a Thermocouple?
Seebeck Effect
In 1821, Thomas Seebeck discovered that if two wires of dissimilar metals were
joined together at both ends and one of the ends is heated,a continuous current
flows through this thermoelectric circuit.
If this circuit is broken, the net open circuit voltage is a function of the junction
temperatures and the composition of the two metals.
How do they work

٨
Thermocouples
 What is a Thermocouple?
– The measured voltage is proportional to the temperature differencetemperature difference
between the hot and cold junction!
+
-
MVHeat
Hot junction Cold junction
T
١٦
Thermocouples
 Temperature range
 Cost
 Signal level
Why would you use one type of thermocouple over another?Why would you use one type of thermocouple over another?
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400 1600 1800
Type R
21.0 mV at 1760°C
Type J
42.3 mV at 760°C
Millivolts
Temperature (C)
Type J
Type R

٩
١٧
Correct!
Wrong!
All thermocouple lead wire extensions MUST be with the
same type of wire or the correct compensating cable!
Another Hot
Junction is
created… not
good!
Thermocouples
Cannot use copper wire for extensions! T/C wire is more
expensive to run and much more care must be taken with
installation!
١٨
Rosemount T/C Offering
 Type JType J
– Iron / Constantan
» Black, White,
» -40 to 750 °C
» Least Expensive
Rosemount Thermocouple Offering: SeriesRosemount Thermocouple Offering: Series 185185
 Type KType K
– Chromel / Alumel
» Green, White
» -40 to 1100 °C
» Most Linear
 Type TType T
– Copper / Constantan
» Brown, White
» -40 to 350 °C
» Suitable for use at
lower temperatures
+ - + -
+ -
J K T NJ K T NJ K T NJ K T N
Colour Codes to IECColour Codes to IEC 6058460584
+ -
 Type NType N
– Ni-Cr-Si / Ni-Si-Mg
» Pink, White
» -40 to 1200 °C
» Alternative to Type K
but more stable at
higher temperatures

١٠
١٩
Special Thermocouples
 Type BType B
– Pt, 6% Rh / Pt, 30% Rh
» 38 to 1800 °C
 Type SType S
– Pt, 10% Rh / Pt
» -50 to 1540oC
 Type RType R
– Pt, 13% Rh / Pt
» -50 to 1540 °C
 Other T/Cs Other T/Cs
High temperature range
Industrial/ laboratory standards
LOW EMF output!
٢٠
AGENDA
– Thermocouples vs. RTDs
– Accessories
– Time Response

١١
٢١
Thermocouples vs. RTDs
Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?
٢٢
Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?Why would you use a RTD over a thermocouple?
 Better Accuracy & RepeatabilityBetter Accuracy & Repeatability
• RTD signal less susceptible to noise
• Better linearity
• RTD can be “matched” to transmitter
• Special extension wires not needed
• Don’t need to be careful with cold junctions

١٢
٢٣
Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?
٢٤
 Applications for Higher TemperaturesApplications for Higher Temperatures
• Above 550°C
 Lower Element CostLower Element Cost
 Faster response timeFaster response time
• Especially when the hot junction is grounded to the
sensor sheath
 More ruggedMore rugged
Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?Why would you use a thermocouple over a RTD?

١٣
٢٥
AGENDA
– Accessories
– Time Response
٢٦
Sensor Accessories -
Sensor Connection Heads
– Rosemount/Heraeus Heads are available for
» General purpose sensors
» A range of IP Ratings (See Data Sheets)
» Terminal block sensor, or flying lead sensor
» Single or dual-element sensors
» Epoxy coated aluminium,or stainless steel or plastic options
available
» CENELEC/BASEEFA approved version available
 Used for head mounted transmitters, or sensors with Term.Blocks
Typical Rosemount Connection
Head (Other styles are available
see Data Sheets)

١٤
٢٧
Temperature Product Training -
Thermowells
 What is a thermowell (T-well) ?
– A unit that protects a sensor from process
flow, pressure, and corrosion
– Allows for sensor removal without process
shutdown
– Slows response time (by typically 5 times)
 Why are there different material types?
– To handle different corrosive environments
– To handle different temperature and pressure limits
٢٨
 Preventing Thermowell Failure
– Application acceptability can be determined by
knowing the following:
» Thermowell Style
» Thermowell Material
» Thermowell Dimensions
» Fluid Velocity
» Process Pressure
» Fluid Density
» Process Temperature
» T-well failure calculations can be carried out by Rosemount
Temperature Applications Groups
Temperature Product Training -
Thermowells
Look on the back of your Sensor PDS!

١٥
٢٩
Thermowell Design Styles:
Comparison Table
*
Tapered
Stepped
Straight
Process
Pressure
Time
Response
Wake
Frequency
1
3
2
1 or 2
3
1 or 2
1
1
1
Rating:
1= Best
Stepped
Straight
Tapered
٣٠
Thermowell Mounting Styles
 Threaded
» Most common
» Easy to remove and install
 Weld in (Not available with tubular wells)
» Non-removable
» Used in high velocity, temperature and pressure
fluids
» Used in non-leak applications
 Flanged
» Used in corrosive environments
» Used in high velocity, and high temperatures

١٦
٣١
AGENDA
– RTD Calibration (Characterization)
– Accessories
– Time Response
٣٢
Temperature Point Response Time
 Sensor
 Thermowell
 Transmitter
 Process
Factors Affecting Temperature Point
Response Time
Process
Transmitter
Thermowell
Sensor
75.4 °C

١٧
٣٣
Sensor Time Response
 Type of element
– Wirewound RTD
» externally or internally wound
– Thin-film RTD
– Thermocouple
 Element packaging
– Element coating, potting
– Contact between element package & sheath
 Sheath thickness and material
Factors Affecting Sensor Response Time
element
sheath
ceramic
bore
Al2O3
packing
OD
٣٤
 Type of element
Thin-film has slightly faster response time than wirewound
– Thermocouples do not vary significantly
 Element packaging
– Rosemount RTD’s are packed in magnesium oxide to provide
optimum thermal conduction within the sheath
– Grounded thermocouples are twice as fast as ungrounded
 Sheath thickness and material
– Rosemount uses 316SST and Inconel (for high temperatures) for
sheath; both are very good thermal conductors
Factors Affecting Sensor Response Time

١٨
٣٥
Typical
Wirewound RTD 10 - 16 s
Thin-film RTD 8.0 - 12 s
Ungrounded thermocouples <4 s
Grounded thermocouples <2s
* All results based on standard conditions: time required to reach
63.2% sensor response for water flowing at 3 ft/sec.
٣٦
Factors Affecting Response Time
of Sensors in Thermowells
 Thermowell design style
(thickness at tip)
– Stepped is the fastest
 Distance between sensor sheath
and thermowell (y)
– Spring loaded sensor ensures
contact at the tip
– Industry practice suggests using
thermally conductive fill can
significantly reduce time lag
y
Sensor
Assembly
Thermowell
Thermally
Conductive Fill

١٩
٣٧
Process Factors in Temperature
Response Time
 Velocity of the material
 Thermal conductivity of the material
 Density and viscosity of the material
 Process time constants can be from
seconds to hours:
Process
75.4 °C

١۴٣٧/٠۴/٠٩
١
‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎرھﺎي‬‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫اﻧﺘﺨﺎب‬ ‫ﻣﻌﯿﺎرھﺎي‬
‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدھﺎي‬‫وﻟﻮ‬ ‫ﻛﺎرﺑﺮدھﺎي‬
١-On/off
٢-Control
٣-Switching
Checking ۴-
Safety ۵-

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