Similarities And Differences Between Ottoman And Qing Dynasty

Similarities And Differences Between Ottoman And Qing Dynasty
The Mughal, Qing and Ottoman dynasties all had taken rule over multi–ethnic agrarian Eurasian
empires in the duration of the 17th and 18th century. All empires respectively faced enormous
political, economic and social transformations which challenged and set hindrance to their rule in
the 19th century. The Ottoman and Qing and Mughal empires had been 3 of probably the greatest
empires to have ruled in history. Nevertheless, they'd many similarities in addition to differences.
The empires went through difficult periods of time, but at some point, they additionally went
through times of prosperity and growth. Though the Ottoman and Mughal Empire both didn't force
conversions into Islam, the Ottoman's development relied on the bad military force of theirs, even
though the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottoman Empire was an imperial state which was created in 1299 after growing out of the
breakdown of several Turkish tribes. The empire then grew to add in numerous places in what's
currently present–day Europe to and yes it ultimately became one of probably the largest, longest–
lasting and powerful most empires in the story of the globe. During the peak of its, the Ottoman
Empire included the aspects of Parts, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Israel, Hungary, Macedonia, Romania,
Bulgaria, Greece, Egypt, and Turkey of the Arabian Peninsula and North Africa. The Ottoman
Empire was an imperial state which was created in 1299 after growing out of the breakdown of
several Turkish tribes. The empire then grew to add in numerous places in what's currently present–
day Europe to and yes it ultimately became one of probably the largest, longest–lasting and
powerful most empires in the story of the
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

A Comparison Of The Ottoman Empire And Timur The Lame
Our Muslim World paper is on the Ottoman Empire. This paper is also on a leader that was called
"Timur the Lame". The Ottoman Empire was known as the "Turkish Empire" or the "Ottoman
Turkey". In this paper you will find out how the two stories meet up and how they greatly affected
one another. Timurid empire was led by Timur the Lame. Both empires were located right by each
other in Persia and Central Asia. These two empires both ran An absolute Monarchy as a their
Government. The term Ottoman is a dynastic appellation derived from Osman I Arabic: ʿUthmān. It
was created by Turkish tributes in Anatolia, it was founded in 1299 and fell in 1922. People of the
Ottoman Empire were called Ottomans. The Ottoman Empire's elite battle troops were called the
Janissaries. The capitals of the Ottoman Empire were Constantinople, Bursa, Edirne, and Sogut. The
capitals of the Timurid Empire were Samarkand and Herat. A major The Byzantine empire was
ended by the conquest of Constantinople which was done by the Ottoman Empire. The Timurid
Empire had a military leader known as Timur the Lame. His nickname was Tamerlane and was born
in 1336 near the city of Kesh. This historic city is Persian is currently known as Shahrisabz in
modern day Uzbekistan. He was the first ruler of the Timurid dynasty . Timur the lame defeated a
good amount of empires including the Ottoman empire. After this his empire the Timurid empire
was founded. Timurid empire was controlled from its capital Samarkand

Compare And Contrast Ottoman Empire And Islamic Empire
Islamic Empire Expansion
The Ottoman and Mughal Empires (also known as the Islamic Empires) and the Qing Dynasty of
China, experienced different yet somewhat similar ways of expansion as the European Seaborne
Empires. New gunpowder artillery and weaponry allowed the empires to conquer and gain new
territories with ease and often unchallenged, food crops and new products nourished and helped
populations skyrocket, and flourishing trade routes offered numerous opportunities and prosperity
for the people of these Empires. Each had different methods when it came to ruling, and different
policies and levels of acceptance to trade with outsiders and religion. Although the populations of
most of Europe were diminished due to disease, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New cavalry and expanding infantry, allowed them to take multiple cities. After the conquering of
the city of Constantinople (renamed Istanbul) the expansion of the Ottoman Empire reached new
heights. They fought for Islam, and were devoted to gaining new converts and spreading their
beliefs and customs. The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to the Mughal and Ottoman
Empires, but little of them became of common use, except for the tobacco and coffee crops. The
Mughal Empire's ruler Akbar did not seek to conquer based on religious ideals; he sought more
fame and glory from his inheritance (Bentley and Ziegler 475). His policies of religious tolerance
reduced tensions in the empire, and did not discourage the women in his life from helping give him
political advice and assistance (Robinson 27). This was greatly looked down upon from
conservative Muslims. These accepting ways were soon disrupted after Akbar's successor took
command. This created unrest and hostility among most groups besides the Muslims. Both the
Mughal and the Ottoman Empires' manners of authority were largely based off tradition. This
created issues as well, especially when it came to succession of the throne.

Compare And Contrast Gunpowder Empires
Gunpowder empires were one of the most successful empires in the Middle East thanks to an
innovative war technology: gun powder. The Safavids and the Ottomans belonged to the category of
"gun–powder empires" since their use of gunpowder weaponry prolonged their reign in the Middle
East. Both of the empires' success was occasioned by their centralization of power and reliance on
elite groups of "outsiders" as a form of unifying their unconditional rule. Thus in the process of
centralization, both the Ottomans and Safavids displayed similar patterns that paralleled their
monarchy (Aslanian). In other words, the Safavids and the Ottomans displayed similarities through
the consolidation of their government via recruitment methods and counteractions of power. In the
early modern and modern periods, the Ottoman Empire had been viewed as an accomplished and
robust Muslim dynasty (P.159, Fisher and Oschenwald). With the introduction of gun–powdered
weaponry, the Ottomans maintained control over large parts of land. ... Show more content on
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In other words, the young boys have been kidnapped or taken by force from their homelands and
later dispersed among court officers, the sipahlis, and the sultan. According to Professor Aslanian,
the young Christian boys were re–educated, trained in military combat, and assimilated within the
Muslim system. Consequently, some of the youth were employed through the ranks of a janissary
while others gained the ability to attain any position available in the state. Essentially, the devshirme
helped centralize the Ottoman Empire because it avoided individuals to come together and cause
fragmentations within the dynasty. "Some observers remarked that this policy helped to keep the
Christian population in subjection by drawing away future leaders (P.177, Fisher and

Islam, The Ottoman And Safavid Empire
Islam, the Ottoman and Safavid Empire
Every empire that has ever been created constantly evolves. They will grow or they will diminish.
Many empires cease to exist and some even start over under a different name. Throughout history,
faith and religion have been at the core of almost every successful empire. There are a lot of factors
that play into their faith. Two of the greatest empires to ever exist were the Ottoman and Safavid
Empire. The Ottoman Empire was so large that it spanned from the Iranian frontier in the east to
Algeria. One of the central values that contributed to both empire's success was religion: Islam
specifically. Religion was key to their successes because it not only united people of all different
religious backgrounds, but it also played a central role in the millet system, which was implemented
by Suleyman the magnificent.
Islam is a monotheistic faith founded by the prophet Mohammad. His followers, called Muslims,
spread the religion throughout the Middle East, Asia and parts of Europe and Africa. The religion
was founded in the Arabian Peninsula, a desert with little fertile soil and farming. Most of the Arabs
lived in desert tribes, which were centered around family and ruled by clans. Mohammad was born
in Mecca, now a holy city to billions of Muslims, and was orphaned at a young age and raised by his
grandparents. Mohammad grew up to be a successful and honest merchant. In 610, the angel Gabriel
told Mohammad that he was a prophet sent to earth

The Byzantine Empire
The Byzantine Empire was a primarily Christian empire whose reign started in 330 A.D and ended
in 1453 A.D with the capturing of the its capital Constantinople by the Muslim Sultan Mehmed II.
In the years following the fall of the Byzantines, many of the Christian basilicas were transformed
into mosques for Islamic worship, inspiring many artists to create works that embodied their
religious politics. One of the pieces created following the fall of the Byzantine Empire is Yusuf
Fleeing Zulayhka, created in 1488 by Kamal al–Din Bihzad, a famous Persian painter who worked
under the patronage of several Persian sultans. The illustration depicts Yusuf's struggle to escape his
master's wife Zulaykha as she chases him through her elaborate palace in an attempt to seduce him.
The representation was made using paint, ink and gold, and features jewel–like colors in order to
portray the extravagancy of the palace Zulayhka has built specifically for the seduction of Yusuf
(Stokstad 286). Bihzad places strong emphasis on the complexity of the palace's architecture which
he has adorned with colorful ornaments and emblazoned with gold. Each room is decorated with
rugs and tiles featuring complex floral and asymmetrical patterns that cover each chamber from
floor to ceiling. The palace appears to be three stories tall and features a balcony on the left and a
zigzagging staircase on the right. The asymmetrical style of these two architectural features gives
the impression of the work

A Short Story Of Aeldra's Life Story
No luck she never had the chance to be happy. Aeldra couldn't handle it anymore. She was all by
herself growing up in a destroyed, impoverished cabin surviving more than living, always begging
for food on the street and never had anyone to be with except her parents everyday in her
dreams.Her horrible life story started when she was only a three month baby when her father Deniz
died on a trip in the sea, and a nine year old little girl when her mother Bora was killed in a
hurricane. Destiny or maybe just the name curse, Aeldra wasn't sure what it was. Deniz means sea in
Turkish and Bora has the meaning of hurricane and that is where their life ended, where their
destiny landed them at the end so Aeldra made a promise to herself to call her first born baby Hakan
which meant emperor so the destiny would make him the ruler. Aeldra hated the fact of being lonely
and a family was what she desired the most in her life. A need to belong, to be part of something,
that was all she wanted from this world but at the age of sixteen she got the most horrible lesson on
her life: Better off alone than with monsters. She got raped on a rainy night while she was alone in
the street and from that horrific experience, she got pregnant. She was too young to be a mother, too
poor to have a baby so even it hurt her heart the most she decided to get rid of the life that was
growing inside her. She was four months pregnant and her back was killing her because of the
pregnancy she traveled

Comparing The Greek Empire, The Tang Dynasty, And Ottoman...
Empire Comparison
A ancient history saw the rise of many kingdoms and empires that shaped the current world and its
political activities. If anything, most of these dynasties are attributed to have dictated the mode of
governance and the general aspects of democracy, as they were founded during those eras. Most
kingdoms had their ways of governance but bear some similarities and differences as well. The
Greek empire, the Tang dynasty, and the Ottoman Empire are examples of dynasties whose reign
shaped history. These kingdoms underwent the general growth curve. This paper considers the
individual details of the Greek empire, the Tang dynasty, and the Ottoman Empires by highlighting
the significant aspects such as the origin, the rise, and the eventual fall while at the same time
highlighting the factors that led to the occurrence of the mentioned events.
Greek Empire
Historians has not agree on the origins of the ancient Greece. However, most of them tend to
converge on the thoughts that this origin can be traced back to the 18th century BCE (Hart, 2014).
Mycenaeans were the earliest inhabitants of Greece, but an invasion around 1100BCE left the region
uncivilized leading to the Dark Ages. Ancient Greek is known as the period before the emergence of
the classical Greece; this was in the period starting from around 800B.C to 500 B.C. the Dark Age
saw the people living in small villages, which were scattered throughout the region. Later on, these
villages grew in size and

The Personality Of Muhammed Al Fatih
1. The personality of Muhammed Al Fatih:
"Muhammed Al Fatih" was a Muslim, committed to the provisions of Islamic law. He was a great
man and that is because of his good upbringing which influenced him greatly. Also, His Military
behavior was civilized and advanced which was never seen in Europe at the middle ages.
"Muhammed Al Fatih" has achieved his greatest achievements by conquered the Constantinople due
to his high ambition and the impression of him from his teachers as a hero who will open by his
hands the "Constantinople"
"Muhammed Al Fatih" worked to achieve his dreams by seeking continuous, hardworking and
planning. Before conquered the Constantinople, he get ready by pouring guns, create fleets and take
advantage of all the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
M. (1994). Ottomans in history and civilization. Cairo: The Egyptian Center for Othmans Studies .
2.3 Cared for literature and poetry
AL Sultan Muhammed Al Fatih was fond of science and scientists, therefore he interested in
building schools and institutes all over the city. He was near the scientists, raised their status and
encourage them to work hard. He gave them a lot money and gifts to honor them.
Muhammed Al Fatih was glorious poet, interested generally in literature and especially in poetry.
Muhammed Al Fatih was always accompanied by poets. He ordered to translate a lot of traces
written in Greece, Latin and Arabic into Turkish language.
Source:
Adnan Mohhamed Somi, M. M. (n.d.). Muhammed Al Fatih role in building the Islamic civilization
in the era of the Ottoman Empire. China.
2.4 Cared for science and building schools
AL Sultan Muhammed Al Fatih was taking care of science and Schools. He organized the school's
system and divide it into levels and stages. He put the curriculum and chose the learning units at
each stages. In addition, he organized the examination system in order for the students to move to
the followed levels if he/ she passed. He visited the schools and attended the student's exam to see
how they work. The Schools was free of charge in the whole city and the subjects taught in those
schools are interpretation, modern jurisprudence, literature, rhetoric, Science, Language and

Compare And Contrast The Abbasid And The Abbasid Empire
In a world where a common goal in life is to have the most, quantity is not always better than
quality. This is shown in comparing the Abbasid Empire with the Ottoman Empire, as one had
greater quantity while the other had greater quality. The Abbasids may have not gained the most
land throughout their reign, but they had completed outstanding achievements that transformed their
own lives, as well as history. The Ottomans on the other hand may have had a massive empire, but
they did not have many remarkable achievements that gave them a rich, full culture. While the
Ottomans may have held a long–lasting and grand empire, they did not create a culture as complete
and impactful as that of the Abbasids. Starting their empire in 750 C.E., the Abbasids were certain to
leave a major impact on the Arab world. The Abbasids had moved the empire's capital to Baghdad,
from Damascus, after gaining control. The empire had spanned across three continents and was
drenched with many open ideas, as the empire had been widely involved in trade. Being spanned
over such a vast array of land, the Abbasids had many ideas in front of them, and they were capable
of drawing out the best of those from the areas in which they had conquered. These ideas were not
even from extensive trade routes that they had carved out themselves, but they had just used the
ones that were established by the Persians, before the Umayyad Dynasty had taken them over.
Through somewhat minimal work, this empire was capable

Political And Economic Similarities And Differences Of The...
During the sixteenth century, both the Ottoman and Tokugawa Japanese empires had political and
economic similarities and differences. Politically, these empires were alike because both had
centralized bureaucracy but different because they had very distinct ways of keeping order within
their empires. Economically, they were similar because both depended on trade yet different because
of their willingness to trade. After close analysis the Tokugawa Japanese empire was more
successful economically.
Politically the Ottoman empire and Tokugawa Japanese empire were similar because each of them
established a central bureaucracy as the head of their government to help maintain a stable yet
effective way of running their empires. In the Ottoman empire, the supreme authority was the sultan
who controlled political and military operations. While the grand vizier, also known as the chief
minister carried the main burden of the state. As the empire started to expand, the status and prestige
of the sultan increased and a centralized administration system was adopted to help maintain order.
The sultan controlled his bureaucracy through an imperial council that met four days a week. The
grand vizier led the council meetings, for which the sultan sat behind a screen overhearing the
proceedings and then privately indicated his desires to the grand vizier. In summary in the Ottoman
the supreme authority was the sultan while the grand vizier carried out the desires of the sultan and

Essay on The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal Empires
The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal societies all relied on bureaucracies that drew inspiration from
the steppe traditions of Turkish and Mogol people and from the heritage of Islam, they adopted
similar policies, they looked for ways to keep peace in their societies which were made up of
different religious and ethnic backgrounds, and they were associated with literary and artistic talents.
Military and religious factors gave rise to all three of these empires.
The Ottoman Empire: The Ottoman dynasty, in which, was named for its founder Osman Bey, a
leader of a band of semi–nomadic Turks who migrated to northwestern Anatolia in the thirteenth
century. Osman and his followers sought to become ghazi warriors who fought for their faith. ...
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However, with the Ottomans use of gun–powdered weapons and Janissaries, the Safavids were
ultimately defeated with the temporary loss of their capital. This was mainly due to the lack of
technology and resources, which destroy it. In the late sixteenth century Shah Abbas the Great,
restored the Safavid empire, moved the capital to Isfahan, encouraged trade with other lands and
reformed the administrative and military institutions of the empire. He brought most of northwestern
Iran, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia under Safavid rule. (Bentley, Streets, & Ziegler, 2008, pg.
461).
The Mughal Empire: Zahir al–Din, also known as Babur, was a Chagatai Turk that, unlike the
Ottoman and Safavids, was just a soldier of fortune not fighting on behalf of Islam. He wanted to
use his fortune to transform a glorious central Asian empire. Although, he did not succeed at that
goal he then focused on India. Babur took Delhi in 1526. He did not like the land that he had
conquered, it was a hot and humid climate but, Babur decided to stay. By the time of his death he
had embraced most of the Indian subcontinent. The height of the Mughal power and influence came
from Babur's grandson Akbar. He gained power in Gujarat and Bengal, destroyed the Hindu
kingdom of Vijayanagar in order to later expand in southern India. He was a thoughtful man who
tolerated the religious differences in

Cultural And Intellectual Achievements Of The Ottoman Empire
As a single dynasty, the Ottoman Empire (1299–1923) had control of most of the Middle East and
parts of Europe for over six centuries. Through their tenure they had great cultural and intellectual
achievements; however, many historians focused more on the diverse social history of the Ottomans,
which perhaps was more intriguing topic given the functionality of the interatrial and multi religious
demographic society within the Ottoman borders. Perhaps the other challenge of identifying cultural
and intellectual achievements is that much of the of the Ottomans achievements are categorized as
part of the Islamic culture, which encompasses most of the Islamic nations and not just the Ottoman
Turks. Ottomans demonstrated great architectural

How Did The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
Through civil wars, revolutions, and traditional wars, westernization and its manifest forces
fragmented and eventually imploded the the greatly eroding Ottoman, Islamic and Qing
civilizations. In our world we see a lot of empires that rise and fall, sometimes within a single
lifetime and sometimes over the span of centuries. Empires fall for many different reasons. Civil and
traditional wars are just a couple of big reasons that are covered in this analysis.
The Ottoman empire was one of the longest lasting empires in the world. At their height of the
empire, they were the biggest superpower in the world. Many nations feared and respected the
Ottoman empire. However, every empire must fall at some point and the Ottoman Empire fell as a
result ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The decline of the Ottoman Empire began the Islamic Empire's descent from greatness. The
Ottomans defended the Islamic heartland because they had territory there. The Islamic Empire was a
part of the Ottoman Empire, ensuring their defense and protection. With their empire down for the
count the defeat of the Ottoman Empire, the majority of the Islamic land was poorly defended at a
place and a time in the world when a strong defense is required in order to keep land. Napoleon was
the first one to capitalize on this when he went and invaded Egypt. This move sent a shockwave
through the rest of the Islamic empire. After Napoleons's entrance into Egypt and the continued
decline of the Ottomans, the other European countries began to attacked the empire. The sultans
ignorance of Europe led to many defeats. The Islamic leader attempted to try and copy the French
army that had so baldy badly beaten the Islamic empire. The leaser also tried to increase slave labor
and that which was not received very well the by the people of the empire. Eventually the empire
went broke and Europe continued to invade the many parts of this vast empire. These invasions and
the a lack of strong leadership caused the empire to crumble and eventually

Compare And Contrast The Decline Of Ottoman And Safavid...
Before the sixteenth century, the Ottoman and Safavid empires flourished. However, later on both
empires underwent dramatic change and political and economic troubles weakened them. From
1500 to 1800, in the Eastern Mediterranean region, the Ottoman and Safavid empires both fell due
to economic difficulties and military decline however, their religious conflicts differed. Both the
Safavid and Ottoman empires experienced decline due to extreme economic difficulties. By the
eighteenth century, domestic economies were under great stress and foreign trade had declined
drastically. Attempting to maintain an expensive military and administrative apparatus contributed to
the decline of these empires. Furthermore, the Ottomans would fight costly and unproductive wars
with the Habsburgs in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As early as the fifteenth century, the Ottomans and other Islamic empires, relied heavily on
European firearms and were able to purchase them in large numbers. This allowed them to keep
their armies supplied with powerful weapons. For example, in 1605, the cargo of an English ship
bound to Anatolia, carries seven hundred barrels of gunpowder, one thousand musket barrels, two
thousand sword blades, and many other items as well. At the Battle of Chaldiran, the Safavids
fought against the Ottomans over an invasion of territory. The Safavids suffered a loss due to the
fact that they did not use firearms, unlike the Ottomans, because they deemed them unmanly. After
this loss, the Safavids recovered and began to use firearms, but it was too late. European military
technology was advancing so fast, that the Islamic Empires were left with outdated weapons,
causing their military decline. The Ottomans and Safavids did not actively seek to improve their
military technologies due to the fact that they were more focused on political stability and cultural
conservation, which led them to experience military decline and to

Safavid Empire Vs Ottoman Empire Culture Essay
An Ancient Melting Pot; The Similar Cultures of the Persian and Ottoman Empires The Ottoman
and Persian empires were neighboring empires that had been closely linked for centuries. In fact, the
Ottoman empire was preceded by Turks who were deeply rooted in persian culture. While both
empires have waged a significant number of wars on each other, it is clear that the culture of both
the Ottoman and Persian empires were heavily influenced by each other. The Safavid Dynasty,
which began in the early 1500s, quarreled with the Ottomans relentlessly. The Persians invaded
them in pursuit of gaining land, however they were rarely ever successful in these endeavors, often
losing land or gaining an insignificant amount. For example, Mesopotamia originally ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
However similar the empires may be, there were many times when they found each other on the
brink of terrible war. Between 1500 and 1600 as many as four wars occurred, the longest lasting
more than twenty years. One particular incident spawned from the rise of Abba, a persian emperor in
the time of the Safavid Empire. He demanded that europe help him in his quest to overtake the
Ottomans. Although he did not succeed, the Ottomans suffered a great many losses, which
presumably affected the people of Ottoman in a drastic way. The Ottomans affected Persian tradition
in a drastic way, from war to shared treaties to calligraphy, that Ottomans today are considered a part
of Persian tradition. The people of both empires were exposed to very similar cultural ideas, such as
art, literature, and architecture. However, the people were negatively influenced by wars and
disputes among the dynasties. Throughout the 14th and 16th centuries, the Persian and Ottoman
empires became a cultural melting pot, merging their beliefs and styles, which ultimately allowed
both empires to progress at a faster

Was Suleiman Considered a Good Ruler?
Suleiman was considered the most significant ruler in the world, by both Muslims and Europeans.
His military empire expanded greatly to the east and west. In Constantinople, he embarked on many
cultural and architectural projects. While he was a brilliant military strategist and politician, he was
also good with arts. Suleiman's poetry is among the best poetry in Islam. He sponsored an army of
artists, religious thinkers, and philosophers that overthrew the most educated courts of Europe.
In Islamic history, Suleiman is considered the perfect Islamic ruler in history. Suleiman, named after
Solomon, is referred to in Islamic history as the second Solomon. The reign of Suleiman in Ottoman
and Islamic history is considered the period of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Europe, he conquered Rhodes, a large part of Greece, Hungary, and a major part of the Austrian
Empire. His campaign against the Austrians took him right to Vienna. Besides invasions and
campaigns, Suleiman was a major player in the politics of Europe. He wanted to break up both the
Roman Catholic Church and the Holy Roman Empire. European Christianity eventually split Europe
into Catholic and Protestant states. After this happened, Suleiman gave

Islam And Its Influence Throughout Prominent Kingdoms
Tim Matoba
Dr. Marsh
13 November 2015
World History, pd. 7
Islam and Its Influence Throughout Prominent Kingdoms
Ottoman Empire The Ottoman Empire, one of the most valiant world powers of its time, received
heavy influence from the spread of Islam through Europe and Asia Minor. Culture, military, and
politics also held a stranglehold on the Ottoman Empire. Emerging as one of the many Turkish
states in Asia Minor from the decline of the Seljuk Turk Empire, the Ottoman Turks began to engulf
surrounding states, gaining vast territory. By the mid to late 1400's, the Ottoman Empire was one of
the most dominant empires in all of Europe. After the death of Malik Shah in 1092, the Seljuk
Empire began to decline. The borders of the Seljuk Empire ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The emphasis on keeping a stronghold in Islam is see in documented advice from Osman to his son,
"Son! Be careful about the religious issues before all other duties. These religious precepts build a
strong state." (The Rise of the Ottoman Empire) In 1265, Thebasion, a sophisticated tribe from
within the Byzantine Empire, collapsed under Osman I's reign. This was the first city of many to fall
under the Ottoman rule. Soon after, Yenisehir, a city of high importance in the Byzantine Empire,
collapsed during the late 1310's, and soon after, Bursa and Iznik fell, the largest Byzantine cities in
Anatolia. Soon after the capture of Bursa, Osman I died. After the conquest of Constantinople in
1453, Islam, then the official religion of the Ottoman Empire, gained heavy importance. The highest
position in Islam, the caliphate, was a position to be held by the sultan, after the Mamluks – young
slaves of the Abbasids forced into military – reached their defeat. The sultan was to be a devout and
honest Muslim to lead as caliph. The properties and events all aforementioned of the Ottoman
Empire would help the empire stay in control of its own for six–hundred years. As the Ottoman
Empire maintained great strength, many great and powerful leaders would rule, helping the Ottoman
Empire reach great prosperity through militaristic and political power, and through cultural
innovation.

Post Classical Civilizations
There are a number of differences that draw a distinction between the post–classical civilizations of
both India and the Middle East. This distinction is found in the contrasting Muslim rule of both the
Ottoman and Mughal Empires. Similar in Turkic origin, both civilizations ran at a similar time
period, sharing an interesting history of social relations from 1556 and ending in 1748. The most
significant of these distinctions would be in the factor of social structure and gender roles. These
differences lie in the factors of origin, the role of women, and social hierarchy. From their modest
upbringings to their slow decline, The Ottoman Empire has come to be known as the 'protector of
the Islamic heartlands and the scourge of Christian ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Under Ottoman rule, women "faced legal and social disadvantages", common to that of previous
times. Certain restrictions often forced seclusion and viewing amongst women of all castes.
Evidently, women were subordinated to their fathers and husbands in the household (AP world
textbook). Likewise, throughout Mughal rule, the position of women, for the most part, faltered,
subjecting them to many disadvantages in each sect of life. This came at the hands of patriarchy,
polygamy, the practice of Sati (the burning of a widow on her husband's grave), child marriages, and
purdah (the physical seclusion of women in Muslim societies). (Somali, Religious and Social
conditions of Society during Mughal Rule) Although low in status, many women in either society
gained importance as the dynasty aged and under the rule of specific leaders. For example, this was
evident in Akbar's rule as he even went as far as to outlaw Sati. These contrasting social structures
and gender roles all play into their individual history, as well as world history. In conclusion, the
differences in early social and gender roles pertaining to the Ottoman and Mughal dynasties
prominently lie mainly in gender roles and social structure. Both of these civilizations share a
number of similarities but are all unique to their cultural and geographic history. Essentially
allowing both civilizations to play vital roles in each other's history. How different world history
would be without either of these

The Ottoman Empire : The Fall Of The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire was one of the greatest empires to ever reign in history. It is widely recognized
as being one of the most advanced and inclusive empires especially in the first half of its existence.
The Ottomans were ahead of the Europeans in just about every aspect of civilization for a few
centuries. They were constantly defeating the militaries of the Europeans until the Battle of Lepanto
in 1571. The Ottomans were a formidable force in the area for a long period of time. In the
nineteenth century, the Ottomans had realized that they had fallen far behind the Europeans
economically, socially, and militarily. The documentary, The Ottomans: Europe's Muslim Emperors
discusses this. They describe the Ottoman Empire as "This was an empire on an life support system,
an old world dynasty colliding with a modern world." The Ottomans saw they were behind and
enacted many decrees, that became known as the Tanzimat or the reorganization of the Ottoman
Empire in a literal translation. The Tanzimat reorganizations were too little, too late. The Tanzimat
failed because of its inability to fix their outdated systems and to create a strong constitution to keep
their changes in place. For instance, the Ottoman Empire to assimilate to the Europeans. The first of
these was when Sultan Abdülmecid began to westernize the palace. This was a step that they would
spread throughout the rest of the empire. The Ottomans wanted to show the Europeans that they
were able to

What Are The Strengths And Weaknesses Of Futtoman And...
Using Fukuyama's three categories of institutions, one can compare Ottoman and French
civilizations. The purpose of this paper is to look at strength's and weakness of both civilizations in
regards to the state, rule of law and accountability. Fukuyama is correct when he argues that a
modern liberal democracy needs a state, rule of law and accountability. To begin with, a state is a
centralized authority that holds military power on a selected territory. It is the armed forces that keep
a nation safe on a domestic and foreign level. A state must have a strong centralized civil and
military bureaucracy. On the other hand, the rule of law comes through written legislation. Thus,
written rules, organize power in a system. This implies that a modern democracy must have legal
institutions that are superior to a ruler, the army and bureaucracy. For example, a king must follow
the rule of law and cannot abuse power. Finally, political accountability comes through accountable
bodies like parliament's and assemblies that represent the people. Leaders being held accountable for
their actions is an example of political accountability. Democracy is truly born when laws reflecting
the people's desires are stronger than individual rulers and elections are held. The three concepts
Fukuyama cites must coexist in a stable balance and if one is missing, there can be no modern state.
For example, Denmark and England had both developed a strong rule of law and accountable
government,

16th Century
Everyone strives to be great and leave a lasting legacy. This includes the nations of the present,
present, and future. But, how do nations become great? Powerful militaries, strong economies, and
stable internal affairs are what make nations great, but how are these achieved? The answer to this
question can be found by looking at the past. One time period to observe is the 15th and 16th
centuries. In this time many civilizations rose to new heights across the globe. Obviously the
greatest of the time would be the place to look. So, what is the greatest civilization of these
centuries? Like the civilizations of modern times the nations of that time were faced with unseen
obstacles, mostly surrounding an unprecedented connectedness. The Ottomans ... Show more
Their government was entirely based on connections. Many administrative duties were delegated to
regional leaders by the sultan and under these leaders were more delegated duties. This meant that
their whole government was a complicated web of connections. The government was fair and stable
because the people who ran it were very close to the people they were making rules for. Given their
remarkable size and diversity it is impressive that they never had any large scale revolts. Their
empire included Muslims, Jews, and Christians. Despite the conflicts between these groups the
Ottomans were able to quell their differences by assigning religious leaders to each province, further
increasing the web of connection within the empire. Critics of the Ottoman will say that their
government was too spread, without a clear leader. On the other hand, the sultan was quite powerful,
as evidenced by Suleiman the Magnificent. He was a legendary leader and as sultan vastly improved
the Ottoman empire. The Ottomans ruled with a firm, but steady hand. This hand was held together
by a complex network of connections. The Ottomans were undoubtedly great, with their mighty
military, robust economy, and firm governing. They achieved their greatness through embracing the
power of connections. Being an undisputed power during the 15th and 16th century, many nations of
the present and future will attempt to reach such power. Their legacy

The Influence Of The Suleyman Emperor
Suleyman I, also known as Suleyman the Magnificent, is widely known as the Ottoman Emperor
that contributed the most to the expansion of the Ottoman Empire. In 1520 when he ascended to the
throne, replacing his father Selim I, Suleyman inherited his father's conquests. The Ottoman Empire
in the 1520's stretched to include the Balkans, Anatolia, much of Fertile Crescent, Egypt where it
stretched from the Danube River to the Red Sea. Suleyman, thanks to the strong position established
before him in the Red Sea, Persian Gulf, Indian Ocean and Anatolia was able to focus on
establishing an even great empire during the forty–six years of his rule despite facing various threats
over territory from the Holy Roman Empire and the Portuguese ... Show more content on
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Suleyman's interest in Iran developed in 1528 when the governor of Baghdad offered the city to the
Ottomans. Even after he was executed, Suleyman claimed his rights to obtain the city. When the
Governor of Azerbaijan defected to the Ottoman Empire for protection during the 1530's, Suleyman
order his Grand Vizier, Ulama, to take the city of Bitlis. Ulama was executed and replaced by
Ibrahim Taliaz. Under Taliaz Bitlis was sieged n 1533 followed by the quick besiegement of Tabriz
in 1534 where Suleyman himself joined him to battle for the city . Together they marched toward
Baghdad which fell in November. The fall of Baghdad to the Ottoman's annexed Azerbaijan and
Iraq, forcing the silk producing regions of Gilan and Shirvan to recognise Ottoman sovereignty.
Suleyman's conquests in Iran didn't end with Baghdad, Tabriz and Bitlis. By the time Suleyman had
once again retired to Istanbul; in 1536, he'd claimed Erzurum. This expansion wasn't hindered by the
absence of Suleyman. In 1538 his army in Iran had forced the Emir of Basra to concede to their
power, giving the Ottoman's direct control over all the route leading from the near east to India. By
1546 Basra had become the second base of Ottoman fleets

The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors To Empire Builders
A. The Ottomans: From Frontier Warriors to Empire Builders
1. Mongols defeated the Seljuks during themed 13th century
a. Ottomans became the dominant empire
2. Invaded the Balkans in the 14th and 15th centuries
3. In 1453, Ottomans attacked the Byzantine Empire and took control of Constantinople
4. They expanded rule over Middle East, North Africa, and parts of Southeast Europe
5. Failed to capture Vienna in 16th century, but helped to strengthen rule
B. A State Geared Toward Warfare
1. Turkic horseman were found to have high roles in the Ottoman Politics
a. Regional bases were built up
2. Janissaries in the 15th became the core of the military infantry
a. Consisted of youths from captured land and territory
C. The Sultans and their Court ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
1501, Ismâ'il took Tabriz
a. named shah
4. Chaldiran, 1514
a. Safavids defeated by Ottomans
A. Politics and War under the Safavid Shahs
1. Tahmasp I
a. became shah
2. Abbas I (1587–1629)
a. height of Ottoman Empire
b. Persians as bureaucrats
B. State and Religion
1. Adopted Persian after Chaldiran
a. also Persian court traditions
2. Shi'ism modified
a. spread to entire empire
C. Commercial Revival, Elite Affluence, and the Art of the Mosque
1. Abbas I supports international trade, Islamic culture
a. building projects
b. mosques in Isfahan
D. Society and Gender Roles: Ottoman and Safavid Comparisons
1. Commonalities
a. warrior aristocracies

b. moved to rural estates after conquest
c. threat to central power
d. imperial workshops
e. artisans patronized
f. international trade encouraged
g. women lost freedom
h. subordinate to fathers, husbands
E. The Rapid Demise of the Safavid Empire
1. Abbas I
a. removed heirs
b. weak grandson inherited
2. decline began
a. Internecine conflict, outside threats
3. 1772, Isfahan conquered by Afghanis
4. Nadir Khan Afshar
a. shah, 1736
III. The Mughals and the Apex of Muslim Civilization in India
1. Babur
a. driven from Afghanistan
b. invaded India, 1526
2. Panipat, 1526
a. defeated Muslim Lodi

Essay On Islamic Art
Nature of Islamic Art
Islamic art does not only describe the art created in the service of Muslim faith
(for example, a mosque and its furnishings) but also include the art produced in the lands ruled by
Muslims, produced for Muslim patrons, or created by Muslim artists. "As it is not only a religion but
a way of life, Islam fostered the development of a distinctive culture with its own unique artistic
language that is reflected in art and architecture throughout the Muslim world"1.
The Islamic art was influenced greatly by the preexisting artistic traditions of the conquer lands
ruled by Muslims, beside those artists who worked under Byzantine or Sasanian patronage
continued to work in their own styles but for Muslim patrons, influencing the Islamic art to rely on
earlier ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"With its geographic spread and long history, Islamic art was inevitably subject to a wide range of
regional and even national styles and influences as well as changes within the various periods of its
development. It is all the more remarkable then that, even under these circumstances, Islamic art has
always retained its intrinsic quality and unique identity. Just as the religion of Islam embodies a way
of life and serves as a cohesive force among ethnically and culturally diverse peoples, the art
produced by and for Muslim societies has basic identifying and unifying characteristics."2 Islamic
art is usually classified in literature and museums according to the dynasty reigning when the work
of art was produced, beginning with the Umayyad and Abbasid dynasties that governed a vast and
unified Islamic state, and concluding with the more regional, though powerful, dynasties such as the
safavids, Ottomans and Mughals. Islamic art is also identified by searching for the four basic
components of Islamic ornament.
Calligraphy is the most highly regarded and most fundamental element of Islamic art.
It is significant that the Qur'an, the book of
God's revelations to
the

Causes Of The Black Death In Western Europe
The majority of the Late Middle Ages was marked by tragedy, chaos, and crisis. Food shortages and
famine ravaged Western Europe in the first decades of the fourteenth century. As a result of these
shortages there was extreme inflation and an increase in taxes, which in turn led to peasant uprisings
in France and England. However, the primary cause of death and devastation in the fourteenth
century occurred as a result of the bubonic plague, or the Black Death. The Black Death was
absolutely devastating to Western Europe's population, wiping out one–quarter to one–half of the
population in a matter of two to three years. The Black Death also contributed to the declining
strength of the medieval church, as many Europeans began to lose faith as a result of the plague. The
Hundred Years War between England and France over control of French territories defined the
military and political climate of Western Europe during the Late Middle Ages. England also
experienced internal conflicts during the Wars of the Roses, when two rival families initiated a civil
war over control of the throne. The war resulted in King Henry VII, the first monarch from the
Tudor dynasty, ascending to the throne. In parts of the German states and in Spain, members of the
Habsburg dynasty rose to power in the fifteenth century and held the title of Holy Roman Emperor
from the fifteenth century until World War I. Ultimately, although Western Europe experienced
violence and devastation during the Late Middle

Safavid Architecture
The architecture and landscape design of the Palace of the Alhambra has been called "sensuous"
because the alhambra engages the senses of sight, smell and sound.The palace was made to engage
the viewer in all sense and showcase their own power. The patrons uses artists around the middle
east who craftsmen in area. The palace was designed to engage the mind. The palace brought a force
of nature into play in the place. Visually, the palace engages the eyes the artwork embed in the
building itself. The careful place bordered tree, bushes sunken flower beds, and the sudden glimpse
of of mountains or gardens framed in a casement miradors and belvederes. Which is also cunningly
placed to exploit the sight line over entire landscape around ... Show more content on
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While one went with simplistic and another went complex and detail in artwork. The Süleymaniye
Mosque shows white marble mihrab and mimbar are simple in design with simple designs in ivory.
The original complex consisted of the mosque itself, a hospital, school, public baths, four Qur'an
schools, a medical college, and a public kitchen. The The Shah Mosque of Isfahan show the best of
the Safavid, the complex, delicate and amazing detail artwork in architecture. The entrance–iwan to
the mosque takes the form of a semicircle, a recessed half–moon, the arch framed by turquoise
ornament and decorated detail stalactite tilework, the two minarets, topped by beautifully carved,
wooden balconies with many stalactites running down the

The Age of Gunpowder Empires, 1450–1800 Essay
We will be exploring the gunpowder weapons and how the use of these weapons changed the
balance of power in warfare, transforming global history by leading to a period of dominance by
Western European powers. I will be comparing European, Russian, Islamic, Chinese, and Japanese
uses of gunpowder weapons and explore how these powers fit guns into their political, military, and
cultural systems.
One of the recurring things in history is the nature of nations and empires.
Civilizations are born, reach their potential under extraordinary leaders, and over time lose their
vitality and strength. The remarkable feature in this cycle is that new civilizations emerge out of
there fallen leaders, regenerated by new leaders and by outside cultural ... Show more content on
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A primary factor in their decline was Christian Europe's economic and technological advances
during the seventeenth century. Other significant factors include the degeneration in the character of
ruling dynasties, the increasing inefficiency and ineffectiveness of governing empires over.
Which resulted in the rise of the Gunpowder Empires
One of the most notable worldwide developments of the seventeenth century was the emergence of
several large scale empires. Using newly developed firearms, especially cannon, a small number of
states extended their control over the Americas, large parts of Asia, and central Eurasia. In addition
to firearms, these empires had the advantage of expanding transportation and trade networks.
The Chinese appear to have been the earliest people to make use of gunpowder for warfare.
In the thirteenth century, the Chinese developed gunpowder. By the end of the thirteenth or
beginning of the fourteenth century, the Chinese were making use of small handguns. The
technology quickly made its way to Europe, and the Europeans improved on it to create large
cannon. The effectiveness of cannon in warfare led others to take them up eagerly.
The Turkish Ottoman Empire was one of the earliest and longest–lasting of the gunpowder empires
promoted by the spread of cannon and other firearms. The Turks had been pushed into the Near East
from the eighth century

The Period Of The Ottoman Empire And The Ming Dynasty
During their time period the Ottoman Empire and the Ming dynasty were two powerful states, they
both had a view of itself and its place in the world. Although they were both significantly powerful
the Ottoman Empire was superior compared to the Ming Dynasty. Important aspects of their states
such as religion and trade played a role in both States, but in a long run had a greater impact the
Ottoman Empire, for they were much more powerful than the Ming Dynasty. During the 1300's each
empire during this time had a religion that was significant to their state and impacted them, this
includes the Ottomans and the Ming. During the time period of the Ming dynasty, they based their
states' religion of Neo–Confucianism or "new–Confucianism". Neo–Confucianism incorporates
aspects of Buddhism and Taoism into tradition Confucian beliefs. Their religion had a significant
impact on their State. After the Mongols conquered and ruled China, as a result China disunited.
One of the main reasons the Ming Dynasty lasted long as an empire, was for the reason the restored
and recenter China after the destruction of the Mongols. And their religion benefited them, for it
helped unite china. Having one common religion upon an empire, would eventually cause the areas
within the empire to unite. In addition the religion of the Ottoman Empire had a similar impact on
its society. The ottomans were a Muslim based empire, but unlike other empires they didn't force
people within their empire to convert

Who were the Huns, Ottomans, and the Austrians and how did...
In Europe's early history there were many influential superpowers that contributed to the way
Europe developed as a whole. Some of these powerful influences include the Huns, Ottomans, and
Austrians. These three forces left their mark on Europe, once they were no more. Whether it is
military tactics, or political ideas, without them Europe wouldn't be what it is today. So who really
were the Huns, the Ottomans, and the Austrians? What made them so powerful that they influenced
Europe's course in history as a whole? The earliest were the Huns, one of the most feared groups in
all of history. They were nomads that used their unique war tactics to demolish any tribe or
civilization in their way. . In Europe the Huns fought and defeated the German Goths of Eastern
Europe, the Slavs, the Franks from France, and even the Roman Empire, plus and many others. The
Huns settled in the area that is now called Hungary. They caused so much fear and chaos that even
the rumor of one of their attacks would cause a community to travel elsewhere. They traveled
westward out of China. They left a clear path, on their way to the west, of panic and devastation. It
is even thought that the Great Wall of China was built as a precaution of a Hunnish attack. The
reason they were so feared was their strong and cunning military forces. They were all skilled
bowmen who rode on intimidating horses. This put all their enemies at a disadvantage, which
proved successful for the Huns. Even though bows were

The Empire Of The Seljuk Ottoman Empire
One of the small Turkish nomadic tribes in Anatolia during the 13th century was a dynasty named
after the ruler Osman, the Ottomans. This small state emerged in Anatolia during the breakdown of
the empire of the Seljuk Turks. The Ottomans quickly became an undeniable force and ended all
other Turkish dynasties. The Ottoman Empire became one of the largest and longest lasting empires
in the world, ruling the majority of the Middle East, northern Africa and southeastern Europe for
over 600 years until its eventual fall in 1922.
The Ottomans were one of the numbers of Turkish tribes that migrated from Central Asia. Initially
they followed a primitive shamanistic religion. Their contacts with various tribes led to the
introduction of Islam and they acquired their greatest combat tradition, that of the ghazi warrior. The
first period of the Ottoman history was characterized by almost continuous territorial expansion. The
Ottoman dominion spread out from a small Anatolian principality to cover a major amount of land
in Middle East and southeastern Europe.
Following the final defeat of the Seljuk Empire in 1293, Osman, the founder of the Ottoman
dynasty, led his principality to take over Byzantine Bithynia in northwestern Anatolia, commanded
the ghazis against the Byzantines. Osman and his successors concentrated their attacks on Byzantine
territories bordering the Bosphorus and the Sea of Marmara to the west. The Ottomans took
advantage of the decay of the Byzantine frontier

What Was The Success Of The Ottoman Empire
From the late thirteenth century, three new empires emerged, the Ottoman, Safavid, and Mongol.
The Osman Turks on the Anatolian Peninsula in Turkey started the Ottoman Empire. The Safavid
Dynasty started with Shah Ismail. And Babur was the founder of the Mongol Empire and united the
Hindu and Muslim kingdoms of India. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mongol Empire all had great
impact in the history of Middle East. However, their successes were on the base of their unified
empire. As one of the indispensable progress led an empire to success, there are some factors that
help the emperors to unify the empire. From 1300 to 1700 CE many countries dominated parts of
Middle East because of strong military strength, flourished economy, and strong government. ...
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Another reason for the success of the Ottomans is tied to religion. The citizens of the Ottoman
Empire were devout Muslims and they believed they were on a mission to expand Islam. Besides,
the government of the Ottoman Empire was on the base of its religion so the religious leaders of the
empire were also the political leaders. This made it easy for the citizens to obey their ruler. And the
religion related government prevented the political disturbance that occurred in other empires. Also,
the Ottoman released policies to tolerant the non–Muslims. The non– Muslims paid a tax, but they
were allowed to practice their religion or convert to Islam. Furthermore, took the Mongol Dynasty
as an example, one of the famous Mongol emperor, Akbar the Great, who was the grandson of
Babur. He placed most of India under Mogul control by use of artillery and negotiation. Akbar the
Great was best known for his humane character of his rule: he adopted a policy of religious
tolerance and encourage intermarriage–––even marrying a Hindu princess himself. He had many
achievements during his rule: worked to reconcile problems with Hindu majority, ended special tax
on Hindus, granted land to Hindu and Muslim warriors in return for loyalty, as well as encourages
social reforms like limiting alcohol, and tries to ban Sati, even tries to create special market day for
women. Toleration of political

Why Did World War I Create A Turkish Republic
1. Why did the events of World War One create an urgent need to create a Turkish republic?
The evets in WWI created an urgent need to create a Turkish republic because of the intensifying
threat Britain posed towards the Ottoman Empire. For instance, Britain declared Egypt as a
protectorate, but part of Egypt use to be under the Ottoman rule. Not only did losing Egypt weaken
the Ottoman Empire but the British were also successful in encouraging the local governor of Mecca
to declare Arabia's independence from the Ottoman rule. The Ottomans also lost Palestine to the
British as they suffered from more than 300,000 casualties from WWI. As a consequence, ethnic
Turks began to support the Turkish republic because it was seen as a solution to the ... Show more
Considered to many other new leaders of new republics, he was able to successfully transform the
Turkish republic to a modern Turkish nation. In a way, he paved the way for Turkey to be able to
compete in similar levels with industrial nations both economically and politically. For instance, he
was able to establish a democratic system yet granting women equal rights with men in which many
other nations have not even done. Not only was Turkey domestically stable, he was also able to
drive the Greeks away from the Anatolian peninsula and persuade Britain to a treaty. After the recent
collapse of the Ottoman Empire, Turkey was able to recover at a fast pace in terms of a new

Ottoman And Italian Charity And Charity
According to Skocpol and Somers, one of the major uses of comparative history is to make
observations about institutions and structures and how they develop in different nations. Now when
one thinks about points of comparison, they probably think about broad categories like religion, the
state, etc., these are all obvious categories for comparative history, a less obvious topic however, is
poor relief and charity. How to deal with the "poor" (in this case, orphans, those out of work, the
sick, etc.) is an almost universal problem that every state or polity in the early modern
Mediterranean had to address in some form or another. This makes poor relief and charity a prime
candidate for comparison. For example, take the Italian states and the Ottoman Empire. On the
surface, you can find vast differences between the two, Italian city states were Christian and were
often individual cities that were independent of each other; meanwhile the Ottoman Empire was a
vast, Muslim state compromising large amounts of territory. Despite these differences, one can find
similarities in regards to how charity and poor relief were handled.

Why the Ottoman Empire Proved to Be the Most Successful...
Analyse why the Ottoman Empire proved to be the most successful and enduring of the early–
modern Islamic empires.
From its emergence as an empire in the fourteenth century, the Ottoman Empire conquered and
expanded its reign throughout Europe, Asia, and Africa until its fall in the nineteenth century. This
essay will examine the driving factors of Ottoman success in its conquest, and the dynasty system
and law of the Ottomans which, arguably, was a core ingredient in the enduring reign of the
Ottoman Empire. While some of the ideas covered in this essay have been shared among various
writers such as Imber, Murphey, and Yurdusev, their views are not universally held and are open to
adversaries. Looking in detail at the diplomacy, law, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Ottoman Empire was the home to an army that was capable of leading both effective sieges and
field battles. The Ottoman's development in warfare, especially in sieges, was the work of Orhan
and Murad I, the second and third sultans respectively. The capture of Ankara in 1354, Dimetoka in
1359, and fall of Prousas (Bursa), Nikaia (Iznick) and Nikomedia (Izmit) during the time of Orhan,
suggests that by the end of fourteenth century, the troops of the Ottoman Empire had mastered the
art of siege warfare. This became more evident during the reign of Murad I whom, during his last
decade, conquered and controlled Serai in 1383, and Thessaloniki in 1387, after a siege of only four
years. During fourteenth century, the Ottomans learned how to conduct sieges through the
techniques of blockade and battery, and of scaling walls. By the time of Bayezid I (1389–1402), the
Ottomans also used siege towers. This is evident in the description of Bayezid's siege of Larende in
1398, where Schiltberger tells how platforms were constructed opposite the walls. By 1422, mining
became part of the Ottoman siege strategy. In the account of Kananos, on the siege of
Constantinople, he describes how the Ottomans dug mines to the walls of the city and set fire to the
wooden poles which supported the tunnel. As the mine collapsed, a section of the wall collapsed
with it. Ottomans experience and

Why Is Absolute Monarchy Essay
From Kings to Sultans, Monarchies are well known and highly unstable. A monarchy is a type of
government where the power is passed down generation by generation. The first civilizations
practiced monarchism, and up until ancient Greece, Monarchism was the only way of government.
Monarchies come in many forms, like Tsardoms and Khanates. Some have many to help rule, others
are based solely on their hereditary master. The question is, why are they so famous? It's always
been nature for the strongest to rule, up until modern day. Whether it's the strongest in brawn or
brains, ruling is dependent upon who can defeat whom. It's not only mankind that practices this
method. The humans' version of this is just more advanced. There are many types of Monarchy.
There are absolute monarchies. Absolute monarchies are those to where the monarch rules all that
happens, the trade, the war, the peace, the religion, everything. Then there are constitutional
monarchies. They are the ones where the monarch is the head of state, ... Show more content on
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Though they aren't a pure monarchy, seen as how they have a legislative branch known as the
Parliament. The Parliament is a two–house legislature. It's seperated into the house of Commons and
the house of Lords. Though the house of Lords doesn't always only have lords, it's people are the
richest and highest in the social hierarchy. The people in the house of Commons are the mid to low
class people of Britain; however, it isn't just farmers and workers. It's usually the townspeople, like
the people at the pinnacle of society that aren't quite nobility. (The two–house System,
www.parliament.com) Because of the Parliament, it doesn't give the power to the King or Queen.
The monarch is just the head of state. Great Britain is also known for their spheres of influence, as
they used cultural diffusion. This is the reason the English language is

Short Story
Slurping the remaining apple juice out of my cup, I hopped off of my bed and let my small feet carry
me across the dark brown hardwood floor. As my tiny feet patter across the hardwood, I hear voices
talking just above a whisper as I approach the living room. Not wanting the voices to know I am
near, I softly tiptoe to the dining room. Settling myself under the glass table I continue to listen to
them talk. My older brother Josh's deep voice says how he does not want to go and my dad's deeper
voice answers with the same response, "They need your help to go and make a difference."
Furrowing my eyebrows and tightly pursing my lips, I continue to listen to them talk trying to figure
out what they are talking about. My mom is carrying on and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
My mom stated about how they continued to fight which expanded alliances that were coming
together to fight against other alliances. Russia's army decreased so they began rebuilding it by
adding more people from their alliance for self–protection against the Russian. While the Russian
army was getting strong the Ottoman Empire was beginning to crumble so they sent out letters for
assistance from the United States along with other regions. Many soldiers were dying from being
shot, diseases, or infections from wounds. The Ottoman Empire needed all the help they could get if
the Ottoman Empire was determined to win the war. Finally understanding why Josh was selected to
go, I got in front of him and tightly hugged him like it was the last time I will see him because it
might actually be. Not wanting to let go, hot tears roll down my cheeks as I quietly whisper "I love
you." into his side.
Not wanting him to leave would be selfish for all the soldiers who died to get the Allies this far into
the war. Knowing that he should go to fight even though I will miss him, I come to the realization
that things happen for a reason and I put into my mind that when he leaves he will come back no
matter what happens. Letting go of his waist, I step back and nod my head in approval. Everyone's
faces are plastered with an ear to ear smiles, deep down inside I do not want Josh to go.
**********
It is a chilly November day outside as I observe the light, continuous winds

Early Ottoman Medicine
Early Ottoman Medicine ranged from the 16th century to the 18th century but unlike most places of
the time, its medicinal knowledge was not isolated. The Ottomans had a very diverse body of
knowledge and based their practices on ideas from all around the world. The knowledge came from
the traditions of medieval Islam and central Asia. They also collected information from many
sources such as Greek, Persian and Turkish books. When it came to immigrants, Ottomans always
had open arms. By doing this, they were able to collect information from Iranian physicians and
Jews who were running from persecution in countries such as Spain, Portugal and Italy. The
Ottomans collected information from all around the world, helping them implement the most
advanced and up–to–date practices. However, not all of their practices were advanced. In early
Ottoman medicine there was a wide range of medical practices ranging from those deemed
superstitious and supernatural to practices considered extremely advanced. Some Ottoman
physicians practiced advanced methods but they did not come from advanced beliefs. The beliefs of
Humoralism, one of the three types of medicine practiced at the time would today be laughed at.
Humoralists believed that the body was made up of four humors: blood, phlegm, black bile and
yellow bile. They believed that sickness would be caused by an imbalance of these humors. To heal
the sick person it was necessary to find what humor was imbalanced and return balance to

Similarities Between Ottoman And Mungal Empires
Both the Ottoman and the Mungal empires were not only among the most successful empires but
also the greatest empires which have been highly esteemed in the history. The two empires had
various military similarities despite the fact that there were many differences which existed. Both of
the empires had gone through times of growth as well as prosperity. Despite the fact that Ottoman
and Mungal Empire never forced conversions into Islam, the Ottoman Empire was heavily relying
on the tough military training. Both of the empires had diverse military strategies that they use to
ensure that they ruled throughout Asia, with the Ottoman Empire extending into the European
region. My article thus analysis the various military capabilities ... Show more content on
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In the Mughal Empire, Hindus had been allowed to build new temples despite the fact the empire
had Muslim origins. To further gain the people's loyalty, Akbar the leader of Mughal Empire
eliminated tax on the non Muslims which would attract the Hindus and also the Christians into the
empire creating a universal religion which a mix of Islam, Christians and Hindus.. Akbar had also
secured the support and the allegiance of the different Hindus who existed in the region through the
negotiation of the peace treaties. Akbar had endured that the local governors would be given grants
rather than the salaries. Being dependent on the central government for their income, such a strategy
helped them develop increased loyalty enhancing military operations of the army and the general
government structure in the empire. On the other hand, Ottoman's emperor enhanced social
integration through striking the high levels of peoples' loyalty (Gingeras 13). The third similarity
was on the military problems that were facing the two systems that led to the collapse and the failure
of the two empires. Both empires were faced by military instability caused by financial instability.
When Akbar's son and his grandson took over, he increased the taxes in Mughal as it was in the
Ottoman Empire to help support the military operations and campaigns. In addition,

Similarities And Differences Between Ottoman And Qing Dynasty

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Similarities And Differences Between Ottoman And Qing Dynasty