The word 'Bibliography' originates from two Greek words, viz., 'Biblion' which means 'Book' and 'graphien' which means 'to write'. The original meaning of 'bibliography' was 'writing of books', Nowadays bibliography means listing of book/documents irrespective of the fact that whether they are available in a library or not.

1. Bibliographic
Services
Dr.P.PADMA
Assistant Professor
DOLIS

2. Introduction
 The word 'Bibliography' originates from
two Greek words, viz., 'Biblion' which
means 'Book' and 'graphien' which means
'to write'. The original meaning of
'bibliography' was 'writing of books',
Nowadays bibliography means listing of
book/documents irrespective of the fact
that whether they are available in a
library or not.

3. Importanceof
Bibliography
Bibliography helps in :
@ literature selection work to be done
easily and efficiently;
@ knowing the literary output of a
particular country, in a particular
language and on a particular subject; and
@ promoting fruitful search by saving
the time of the researcher.

4. Bibliographic services
 The Oxford English Dictionary defines" Bibliography, as
"A list of books of a particular author, Publisher or
country, or of those dealing with any particular theme; the
literature of a subject. In other words a bibliography is, " A
list of written, printed or otherwise produced records of
civilization., which may include books, serials, pictures,
maps, films, recordings, museum objects, manuscripts and
any other media of the communication

5. Aimsand
Functionsof
Bibliography
Verification of
Bibliographic
Detail:
Whenever we are to verify a title or collect
information on any subject we are to consult a
bibliography (subject bibliography). It also helps
us to ascertain bibliographical data about an
author thus helping in the identification of a
document.
Finding the
Existence:
A bibliography enables one to find out
what has already been written on his
subject and allows him to keep himself
well informed and up to date. This avoids
duplication in research, saving him both
time and money.
It is a Guide to
the Literature
of a Subject:
Bibliography is actually an index compiled
systematically on a subject, so it serves as a
guide to the literature of the subject.
:
Librarianship is a profession in which what
is recorded by whatsoever of librarianship
is bibliographies. Bibliography generally
serves the following functions

6. Contd…
A bibliography helps in locating the material or book in terms of place of publication,
location in the library on point of purchase.
Location of
Material:
A bibliography by adding a note to each document being listed, indicate the
value of the document to a given type of user. So it helps in books selection i.
e. which book should be consulted for a given purpose.
Book Selection:
Bibliography by listing of documents preserve all books, good, bad and
indifferent from oblivion.
It Preserves
Documents:
Bibliography provide information about the prior records of communication.
Thus it is a vital aid to the study of history.
It Provides List of
Prior Records of
Civilization:

7. Typesof
Bibliography
 Analytical Bibliography: According to Roy B Stokes on
analytical bibliography involves “investigation of the
physical nature of the book which can be and frequently is
sufficiently exhaustive to enable all the circumstances of
the book manufacture and history to be revealed.
 Descriptive Bibliography: Descriptive bibliography is the
application of analytical bibliography to the external form
of the book i.e. it concern itself with the materials forms of
books and not with their literary contexts.
 Textual Bibliography: It is an application of analytical
bibliography to the contexts of books. It is a bibliography
applied to textual studies. The main purpose of such a
bibliography is to determine the effect of writing or the
printing process on the correctness or completeness of a
text.

8. Contd…
 Historical Bibliography: The study of books “as
object of art” may be termed a historical bibliography.
It is concerned with art of writing, printing,
illumination and binding.
 Systematic Bibliography: Systematic bibliography is
nothing but the listing of books and other reading
material according to some useful system of
reference scheme.
 Primary Bibliography: Primary bibliographies are
those which are the original record of the whole or part
of their content.
 General or Universal Bibliography: In general or
universal bibliography, it attempts to include books
published in every country and age and on all subject.
 Incunabula Bibliography: This type of bibliography
lists the early printed Notes material up to 15th century.

9. Contd..
 Trade bibliographies: These types of bibliographies are brought
out by large publishing firms engaged in book production or
trade.
 National bibliography: It is a comprehensive, almost complete
record of both written and printed output in a given country.
 Secondary Bibliography: Secondary bibliographies are “those
in which material registered elsewhere is rearranged for the
convenience of research.
 Subject Bibliography: A subject bibliography is a
comprehensive list of all books, periodicals articles, pamphlets
and other analytical materials that have appeared on that subject.

10. Contd..
 Author Bibliography: An author bibliography is
the list of writing by an author together with the
works on him by others.
 Personal Bibliography: A personal bibliography
is a list of writings by others on the different
aspects of the life.
 Bibliophilic Bibliography: A bibliography that
records old and rare books, first editions of
celebrated authors is known as bibliophilic
bibliography.
 Selective Bibliography (Elective): This kind of
bibliography is concerned with the listing of only
selected and the best books

11. Needforbibliographicservices
The enormous growth of
recorded material on
print and non-print
media presents a
formidable problem in
their organizations and
control for effective use.
The bibliographic
organizations, thus, serve
as a pattern of effective
arrangement which
results from the
systematic listing of the
records of human
communication.
The rapid rise in the literature
both macro and micro has thus
necessitated and augmented the
use of various bibliographical
tools by the academic community
in their literary and scientific
pursuits. To organize the growing
recorded knowledge, the
librarians and documentalists have
developed various types of
bibliographical services for the
easy location and retrieval of the
material.

12. What is
bibliographic
services
 Bibliographic services basically are those which
guide the users of the libraries to the documents
were in their required information is likely to be
available. Hence bibliographic services are those
information services of the libraries which
provide some are those information services of
the libraries which provide some bibliographic
description of the documents for which the users
are interested. So that information services like
CAS, SDI, Indexing and abstracting services of
the libraries.

13. Bibliographicservices
The comprehensive
term 'bibliographic
services' are included
bibliographies indexing
services,
abstracting
services,
documentation
lists, and
literature
search in
bibliographic
databases
both in
offline; and
online mode.
However, with the latest
developments and
advancements in the use of
computers and information
technology, the online search
services are being used
commonly for information
retrieval.

14. Bibliographical
Information
Services-OPAC
 Preparing standard catalogue without much effort has become
possible due to Internet. The library professionals can also
access Internet resources for verification and downloading the
bibliographical information from other institutions. OPACs
via Internet have become a popular source of bibliographic
information. The librarians can provide the bibliographical
data through Internet access via OPACs of other libraries in
the world. The electronic documents can be supplied to the
users on demand through the network. Internet has also
affected the traditional classification system of our libraries.
Several libraries are opting the Cyber Dewey Decimal
Classification Summaries as a way to organize and navigate
resources onthe WWW. The Cyber Dewey website includes
alphabetical index to Dewey. The OPAC is a significant
service offered by libraries through their websites. It allows
users to search forthe bibliographic records contained within a
library's collections. Now days, some OPAC also provide
access to electronic resources and databases, in addition to the
traditional bibliographic records.

15. Indexing
Services
 The word index is derived from the Latin word ‘indicate’ which
means to indicate or point out. ’ An index is a tool by means of
which a person who needs information has it indicated or pointed
out him. Allen Kent defined index "As a device that serves as a
pointer or indicator, most often alphabetic lists that include subjects
and name of people or places that are considered to be special
pertinence in a graphic records. Similarly, Geogre S. Bonn writes
that an index is a detailed alphabetical list of names, terms, topics,
places, formulae, numbers, or other significant terms in a completed
work with exact page reference to material discussed in that work/
Thus, an index is a systematically arranged list giving enough
information about each item to enable it to be a link between a
specific subject or topic and the identified document


16. Abstracting
Aervices
 Abstract acts as retrieval media and current awareness tool.
According to Allen Kent "An abstract is a summary of a
publication or an article accompanied by an adequate
bibliographical description to enable the publication or article
to be traced. Robert L. Collinson writes that an abstract is the
"terse presentation in the author's own language, of all the
points made in the same order as in the original piece of
primary documentary information - that can be a book, a
research report, a periodical article, speech, the proceeding of
the conference, an interview, etc
 In nutshell an Abstract is an abbreviated, accurate
representation of the basic characteristics of the original. In
many cases Abstracts function as surrogates for the original
document. Its purpose is to draw attention to the information
contained in the original document and provide whether or not
to refer to original. The Abstracts are frequently arranged in
classified order.

17. OnlineSearchServices
 The concept of online searching was originally used to describe the process of directly
interrogating computer systems to satisfy particular requests for information . There are four
major components involved in online searching.
 Information providers or database producers who make available the database(s) to be
accessed online.
 A search service or host, which provides access to the database(s) and also provides software
for conducting the search.
 Communication links, which connect the user/with the host and the database(s) and
 A local workstation through which the user is linked to the service.
 Online bibliographic services are responsible for mounting databases on a computer and
making the arrangements necessary for such databases to be searchable from a large number
of remote user workstations

18. Contd..
 Online bibliographic services are responsible for mounting databases
on a computer and making the arrangements necessary for such
databases to be searchable from a large number of remote user
workstations. Online search services that provide access to a large
number of databases convert the databases into a uniform format with
some standardization in element names so that the basic commands
and search techniques apply across all the databases that are offered
by a given vendor.

19. Growthand
Developmentof
OnlineSearch
Service
 The concept of online searching originated in the sixties, when the US
National Library of Medicine used computers in the production of the
printed 'Index Medicus' and the MEDLARS (Medical Literature
Analysis and Retrieval System) database was created. 1964 the library
began to offer batch searching of its MEDLARS system on demand,
and the following year the Lockheed Missiles Corp. system
developments Corp. (SDC) and the Chemical Abstracts Service began
their computerised search services. The first online dial-up service was
MEDLINE, the online version of MEDLARS, followed by commercial
Online Services from DIALOG (Lockheed) and ORBIT (SDC) in
1972. Since then many organizations have switched over to online
databases and search services. By 2002, there were as many as 750
public access databases from a range of different vendors. Initially, the
majority of online databases provided bibliographic references and thus
these were called bibliographic or reference databases. But over the
years, more and more databases are becoming available which retrieve
the content of documents rather than mere bibliographic references and
such databases are either full texts or databanks.

20. OnlineBibliographicServiceProviders
 DIALOG : Dialog is the worldwide leader in providing
online-based information services to organizations seeking
competitive advantages in such fields as business, science,
engineering, finance and law
 OCLC (Online Computer Library Centre, Ohio) :
OCLC offers an integrated suit of online, batch and
contract services and software to help ill building and
managing an electronic library based on the requirements,
budget and goals. The Online bibliographic service offered
by OCLC is the world's foremost bibliographic database
named World Cat. Since 1971, libraries have shared their
catalogs electronically to create the world's large database
of bibliographic information - World Cat (the OCLC online
Union Catalogue).

21. Contd..
 BLAISE : The British Library Automated
Information Service now offers world wide web
access to the major British Library catalogues and
other important UK bibliographic databases such as
the British National Bibliography

 ESA-IRS : The European Space Agency Information
Retrieval Services provides comprehensive scientific
and technical aerospace information online. Users
including companies, research centres and universities
can take advantage of a broad range of online
information services from national centres

22. Literature
search
 Online Dictionary of Library and
Information Science defines literature
search as follows: ‘Literature search is an
exhaustive search for published information
on a subject conducted systematically using
all bibliographic finding tools, aimed at
locating as much existing material on a
topic as possible, an important initial step in
any serious research
project’.(http://www.lu.com/odlis/)

23. Contd..
 Literature search plays an important role in research
activities. Any researcher, while starting any new
research project needs to know in detail what has
already been published on her/his area of research.
Similarly, at the time of reporting the research
results, a researcher needs to review the literature to
compare the research results with other scholars
working in the similar field. This requires an
exhaustive search of previously published literature
on that subject and compilation of a bibliography.
Literature search is also carried out to solve any
research problem and to find out how other scholars
have handled the same problem.

24. Literature
searchthus
 Helps in study and research;
 Avoids duplication of research efforts;
 Helps in solving research problem(s);
 Assists in learning methods and approaches that
are appropriate for a particular field of study;
 Helps to demonstrate that the researcher’s
contribution is new and different from others;
and
 Assists in finding out new areas for research

25. Contd..
 To satisfy information needs of researchers
(scientists, technologists, social scientists, etc.),
at times extensive literature searches are to be
carried out in several sources like books,
periodicals, non-book material, etc. Sometimes
to provide this service informal sources are also
consulted. Thus, the literature search in these
cases has to be more exhaustive, both in depth
and range. Besides bibliographies, other
secondary sources like abstracting and indexing
periodicals, reviewing periodicals are consulted
to find information.

26. Literature
searcheson
Demands
 By some reasons users what to know
everything that has been published on a subject.
Need of such type of information can be
satisfied by undertaking a comprehensive
search in bibliographies and in indexing and
abstracting publications. It is known as
literature search service. Literature searching
can be done manually as well as by using a
computer. It can be done very fast using online
databases

27. Conclusion
 An online bibliographic search service seeks to
mount a range of databases designed to meet the
needs of a specific users and act as an intermediary
between the database producer and the end-user.
These databases include both the producer and the
end-user. These databases include both the
bibliographic and document databases. There are a
number of factors that need to be considered in the
evaluation of online search services and the
database to which they provide access. The online
searches may be performed by intermediaries or
end-users.. An online search makes use of search of
index terms, and command languages and interfaces