The document discusses the organization and cataloging of information resources in a library. It defines a library catalog as a list of materials in a collection that provides bibliographic information and location data to help users find and access items. The purposes of a catalog are to allow users to retrieve materials by author, title, subject, and other access points and to determine what a library holds. Cataloging involves descriptive cataloging to describe items and assign access points, as well as subject cataloging to determine subject headings.

1. ORGANIZATION
OF
INFORMATION RESOURCES
LILIBETH A. BAJOYO

2. MATERIALS HAVE TO BE
ORGANIZED SO THAT PEOPLE
CAN FIND THEM
-by Sawant

3. LIBRARY CATALOGUE : DEFINITION AND MEANING
 The word “catalogue” comes from the Greek “kata” meaning “according
to” and “logos” meaning “order” or “reason”, thus translating the word
literally as “according to order or reason.”
 Dr. S. R. Ranganathan has defined the term library catalogue as a list of
the documents in a library or in a collection forming a-portion of it.
 A list of library materials contained in a collection, a library, or a group of
libraries, arranged according to some definite plan.
 The catalog forms the basis for access to the library’s collection

4. LIBRARY CATALOGUE : DEFINITION AND MEANING
Hence, a library catalogue:
 is a list of books and other reading materials available in a particular library;
 contains entries prepared for all the documents according to rules prescribed in a
catalogue code and organized in a systematic order;
 gives bibliographical information of the documents such as author, title, edition,
place of publication, publisher, date of publication in each entry in order to
describe and identify the document; and
 gives location number of the document, such as call number of the document in
order to locate the document on the shelves of the library.

5. Why do we need catalogs?
• For retrieval – Most collections are too large for someone to remember every item
in the collection
• For inventory – Catalogs serve as a record of what is owned and as a reminder of
what has been acquired, lost, replaced, etc.

6. Objectives of the Catalog
 To enable a person to find a book of which either author, title, subject, etc. is
known
 To show what the library has by a given author, on a given subject, in a given kind
of literature.
 To assist in the choice of a book as to its edition or as to its character.
 To inform the availability/non availability of a particular reading material in the
library.

7. PURPOSES AND FUNCTIONS OF A LIBRARY CATALOGUE
 The main purpose of a library catalogue is to aid readers in making use of the
collection of the library by providing author, subject, title and other approaches to
the collection.
 The primary purpose of a library catalogue is to serve as a guide to the collection
of materials.
 Basically, it reveals to the users the document or nondocument materials
contained in the library and aids them in finding out whether the materials of their
interest are available in the library or not.
 In other words, a library catalogue serves as a key to the library collection as well
as location or as a retrieval tool.

8. Cataloguing
- is the preparation of bibliographic information for catalogue records. Catalogers use set of
cataloging “tools” which are agreed international rules and standards.
Cataloguing refers to the activities connected with the bibliographic description of library
materials and the assigning of access points (also called headings) to those descriptions.
purpose to create a library catalogue.
functions as an index to the items in the library’s collection (books, magazines, cassettes
and other materials).
It enables patrons and staff to quickly determine:
1. if the wanted item is owned by the library, and if so, where in the collection the item will
be found
2. which works by an author or on a particular subject are in the collection

9. Importance of Cataloging
 To put into order a collection of books and other library materials for easy and
quick access.

10. History Of Cataloguing
The Beginnings
 The very earliest catalogues from ancient Mesopotamia were written on the walls and catalogues have
come a long way over the centuries.
 They have taken many forms such as on clay tablets, papyrus scrolls, and books, and have evolved over
the years from painstakingly written entries, to machine produced card formats, to microfiche, and
finally to online and web based catalogues.
 In the 3rd century BC, Callimachus created the first known catalogue, the Pinakes, which recorded the
collection of the ancient library at Alexandria.
 Pinakes literally translates to “lists”, and this catalogue is said to have been comprised of 120
biographical surveys of authors whose works were held in the library.
 Pinakes was the first ever library catalogue.
 In 1674, Thomas Hyde developed the first ever English-language catalogue for the Bodleian Library at
Oxford.

11. History Of Cataloguing
Single Author Code: The First Age of Cataloguing
 Antonio Panizzi – The Father of Modern Cataloguing: 1797-1879
- Sir Antonio Genesio Maria Panizzi was a librarian who had been politically exiled from Italy.
- He worked for the British Museum as Keeper of the Department of Printed Books where in the late
1830s he was ordered to prepare a new edition of the already existing book catalog that was in a
state of disarray.
- The Rules for the Compilation of the Catalogue, also known as Panizzi’s “Ninety-one rules”, that he
and his assistants used as a guide to develop this new catalog, are the first major cataloging codes
ever developed and have gone on to influence and shape the cataloging codes of the 19th and 20th
centuries.

12. History Of Cataloguing
 Charles Coffin Jewett: 1816-1868
- Charles Jewett was a professor of modern languages and became librarian for
the Smithsonian in 1848.
- There he developed a code to organize the catalog.
- Jewett’s code, originally published in 1852, was comprised of thirty-three rules
that were based in large part on Panizzi’s rules.

13. History Of Cataloguing
 Charles Ammi Cutter: 1837-1903
 Cutter’s Rules for a Printed Dictionary Catalogue first appeared in 1876 as part of a larger
publication by the U.S. Bureau of Education.
 It consisted of an exhaustive 369 rules that covered a wide range of topics such as filing,
subject heading, and descriptive cataloging.
 This code became the springboard for later dictionary catalogues that are the most prevalent
form for libraries in the United States.
The three main objectives of Cutter’s code were:
1) to help a person to find a book when the author, title, or subject is known,
2) to show what a library owns by a particular author, on a subject, or in a type of literature, and
3) to display the edition and character of a book.

14. History Of Cataloguing
Jointly Developed Cataloging Codes: The Second Age of Cataloguing
 1901
- This was a pivotal year in the history of cataloguing. In this year, the Library of Congress
began distributing uniform, printed catalogue cards, thus fulfilling Jewett’s vision of a union
catalogue.
- Prior to this point every library did its own cataloguing, but now it was possible to have a
national cataloguing standard that would allow local, regional, national and other union
catalogues, thus drastically reducing the time and cost required to produce and maintain a
catalogue for a collection.

15. History Of Cataloguing
 Anglo-American Code – 1908
- This was the first American and British code developed conjointly by the two countries.
- There was however disagreement on some of the details so the code was actually published
in two editions to reflect these differences.
- This code reflected influences from previous codes by Cutter, Jewett, and others, but was
tailored more towards large academic and research libraries.

16. History Of Cataloguing
 Vatican Code - 1931
- These rules that were based loosely on Cutter’s rules were used to compile a
catalog of the printed books in the Vatican Library after its reorganization in the
1920s.
- This code was the most comprehensive code at the time and even though it
wasn’t organized for a U.S. library, the American influence exhibited by the
catalogers is evident.

17. History Of Cataloguing
 ALA Draft – 1941
- Under the American Library Association, a revised version of the AA Code of 1908 was produced
however it was without the cooperation of the Library Association of Great Britain as World War II
disrupted these plans. This code was considerably larger and more elaborate than the original
code.
- This code contained two parts: the first covering entry and headings and the second covering
description.
1949
- The first part of the 1941 ALA draft was released in this year and included the rules for entry and
heading.
- Library of Congress released its Rules for Descriptive Cataloguing, which ALA accepted as a
substitute for the second half of their original draft which was not well received by the library
community.
- Together the ALA 1949 and LC 1949 codes served as the standard until the release, in 1967, of the
first version of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules.

18. History Of Cataloguing
 Seymour Lubetzky: 1898-2003
- Seymour Lubetzky was a major cataloguing theorist and worked for the
Library of Congress for many years of his career.
- Lubetzky was critical of the ALA 1949 codes, in his Cataloging Rules and
Principles, saying it was unnecessarily confusing and long and that there were
too many overlapping or duplicate rules.
- In Lubetzky’s Code of Cataloging Rules, Author and Title Entry: An Unfinished
Draft, he set forth a statement of objectives with specific rules developed from
those basic objectives. This was in contrast with the highly complicated ALA
1949 code.

19. History Of Cataloguing
 1961
- The International Conference on Cataloguing Principles was held in Paris, with representation from twelve
international organizations and fifty-three countries.
- The “Paris Principles” that resulted from this conference, drew heavily from Lubetzky’s work.
- This conference was a huge landmark in the effort towards an international cataloguing standard.
 AACR (1967)
- The Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules, known as AACR or AACR1, were the product of a joint effort by the
American Library Association, the Library of Congress, the Library Association (Britain), and the Canadian
Library Association.
- It was developed with the Paris Principles in mind and addressed rules for both entry and description.
- AACR is used internationally and has undergone many revisions but remains the basis for even today’s
standard cataloging codes.

20. History Of Cataloguing
Modern Codes: The Third Age of Cataloging
 ISBD
- International Standard Bibliographic Description (ISBD), is a set of rules first published in 1971 by
the International Federation of Library Associations and Institutions (IFLA) as a set of
recommendations that there be a standard for the form and content of bibliographic
description.
- It assigned an order to the elements of description and set a system of punctuation for
description of each of the elements.
- The original purpose for these rules was to save space for each entry on catalog cards but
continue to serve its purpose to save space electronically or in a screen display.

21. History Of Cataloguing
 MARC
- MAchine Readable Cataloging, or MARC, was created in the late 1960s to
automate the creation of the physical catalogue cards.
- MARC has evolved over time and is still currently used in online catalogues
across the U.S.
- The AACR rules are used in conjunction with this communication protocol to
enable bibliographic records to be exchanged and used.
- In other words, MARC is essentially the container for the AACR rules to be
conveyed in.

22. History Of Cataloguing
 AACR2 (1978)
- In 1978, the “second” edition of AACR, known as AACR2, was produced.
- AACR had actually undergone several additions and revisions, but was the first
complete overhaul of AACR1.
- Many of the changes incorporated in this edition were due to the development of the
ISBD standards and the evolution of MARC.
- AACR2 has since undergone more revisions but is still the current code used in
cataloguing across the U.S.

23. History Of Cataloguing
The Future: The Fourth Age of Cataloging
 FRBR
- Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, or FRBR, is a new code that is separate
from AACR2 and ISBD, and is more user friendly by using a holistic approach to information
retrieval in the catalog.
 AACR3 or RDA
- The third edition of the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules, AACR3, is set to be published in
2007.
- However, after discussion in the library community, it was decided to rename this code
Resource Description and Access, or RDA, to better reflect the adoption of the concepts
behind FRBR and ISBD, and the shift towards metadata friendly uses.

24. History Of Cataloguing
 Dublin Core and Cataloguing the Web
- Dublin core is a metadata element set that is being used to describe content found online to
make it easier to find.
- This code has a set of 15 elements used to describe each resource.
- The benefit of this type of code is that it can be used to describe an electronic document such
as a web page.
- Codes such as AACR2 are not easily compatible with online content. Many see the
development of Dublin Core as a potential tool to be able to organize or catalogue the vast
amount of content available online.

25. Division of Cataloging

26. Cataloging consists the following :
1. Descriptive cataloging –
- describes an item, identify and format access points (e.g. names of persons or
corporate bodies considered responsible for or associated with a resource).
- Describing the items and allocating the access points to it.
- The bibliographic description of a resource (e.g. book, map, periodical, electronic
resource etc.) is the detailed description of a specific copy of a specific edition of a work.
- The item’s elements (e.g. title, persons associated with the work, edition, publisher data,
series data, ISBN or ISSN etc.) are then represented in the catalogue using some
standardized encoding e.g. AACR2 or the newer RDA (Resource Description and
Access).

27. 1. Descriptive cataloging –
-Access points also called Entry points.
- The access point are the author names, the title, series title, the
names of the persons (e.g. illustrators, editors) or corporate bodies associated
the work.
- usually the main access point (main entry) is the name of the 1st author – or the
corporate body responsible the work, if no specific person is identified as an author.

28. The part of a bibliographic record resulting from descriptive cataloguing

29. Cataloging consists the following
:
2. Subject cataloging –
- determines subject heading for an item, which represents the subject(s) of a the
work in words or phrases.
- the 2nd step in cataloging
- which is often also referred to as subject analysis.
- this stage deals with the identification of the intellectual properties of the item i.e.
what the item is about.

30.  2. Subject cataloging –
- Subject cataloging is further divided into classification and the assignment of
subject headings.
Classification - the process of arranging objects into categories.
- Deals with the determination of the primary subject of a work and the assignment of specific
notation.
- This is used for retrieval purposes, and also for ordering the items in a systematic catalogue and
shelving the item with other items on similar objects.
- no matter which classification scheme is used, e.g. LCC or DDC, the process ends with assigning a
numerical or alphanumerical code to the item, referred to as the item’s class or class number for
the item.
The class number - serves as the basis for defining the call number for the item,
The call number - is the unique code assigned by the cataloguer to define the location of the item
the shelf.

31. Example of Class number and Call number
800 (class number) is the DDC number for the topic “literature”
The call number for book on descriptive cataloging
800 Class number/subject number
L431 Author number ( the 1st 3 letters of the main author’s surname from Cutter-Sanborn three-figure author table)
2015 Copyright year
c1 Copy number

32. Subject headings – define additional concepts that the bibliographic item covers.
- These subjects are takin from widely accepted generic (e.g. Library of
Subject Heading (LCSH) or Sears List Subject Heading (SLSH) or any controlled
subject-based vocabulary in a library could be applied.

33. Types of the Catalog
 Official Catalog – a catalog for the use of the library staff only.
 Public catalog – for public use (Ex. catalog In a public Library)
 Union catalog – a catalog made up of entries supplied by two or more libraries,
thus furnishing a record of their holdings.
 Author & Title catalog – limited to author, selected titles and series entries.
 Subject catalog- a catalog in which books or other materials are listed only under
the subjects treated and arranged alphabetically or by classes
 Auxiliary catalog – catalogs frequently provided for branch libraries, seminar
rooms, children’s rooms and for special collection.
 Dictionary catalog – arrange alphabetically.

34. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
1. Conventional Forms
 Bound Register/ Ledger Form
 In this form, the entries of documents of a library are written by hand in
a bound register or ledger, pages are set apart for different letters of
the alphabets.
 These alphabet are arranged alphabetically.
 Minimum information about the document such as author, title, edition,
accession number and class number is given for each book.
 There may be a separate register for authors or titles or subjects.

35. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
 Printed Book Form
 o In the nineteenth century, the most common physical form of a
library catalogue was the printed book form.
 o These types of library catalogues are prepared conforming to all
the standard principles and rules of cataloguing, with cross
references and multiple entries.
 o Especially, some of the big libraries like British Museum Library
(now renamed as the British Library), the Library of Congress,
National Library Calcutta, printed their catalogues in the book form.
 o To keep the catalogue updated, they used to issue supplements to
these catalogues at regular intervals.

36. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
 Sheaf or Loose-Leaf Form
 Sheaf form of library catalogue is also referred to as loose-leaf form.
 A sheaf form of catalogue is one in which slips of paper are put into a loose-leaf binder and
bound by some mechanical device into a volume. This is a loose-leaf binder format, which
provides the convenience of handling a book.
 In the sheaf form, each entry is made on a separate slip. But, there may also be more than
one entry on each slip or page. The entries are either handwritten or typed.
 New slips can be inserted in appropriate places without disturbing the existing order of
arrangement of entries. It is also possible to remove entries for specific documents in case
such documents are withdrawn from the library stock.
 Roughly, each volume of a sheaf catalogue may contain about 500 to 600 leaves.
 The volumes so constituted may be displayed on. special shelves with appropriate labels on
their spines, indicating the order (either alphabetical or classified) of arrangement

37. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
 Card Form
 Library catalogue in the card form is by far the most popular physical
form. It is widely prevalent in libraries throughout the world including
India.
 In this form the bibliographical elements of every document are
recorded on a single card.
 This method of representing every document on a single card is known
as the unit card principle.
 Because of its wide usage all over the world, many aspects pertaining to
the card catalogue are standardized. For example, 12.5 x 7.5 cm. is the
universally adopted size for a catalogue card.
 Similarly, the sizes of cabinets, trays for a card catalogue are all of
uniform standard. Consequently, most of these items of furniture could
be obtained readily from commercial vendors.

38. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
NonConventional/Modern Forms
 Visible Index Form
 This form of catalogue is extensively used in libraries attached to business and industrial
houses.
 Visible index catalogue consists of strips mounted on a frame or cards held flat, hinged
and with edge of each card protruding so as to make the heading visible.
 The cards are usually of the size 12.5 x 20 cm.
 The card is inserted into a hinged kraft pocket, exposing the top portion.
 These pockets are held in a specially prepared steel cabinet. Such steel cabinets are
available in India under the trade name Kardex.
 Generally, Kardex is used in Indian libraries for maintaining records pertaining to current
periodicals.

39. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
 Microform Catalogue
 In microform catalogue, entries are greatly reduced and printed upon a film or
fiche.
 The microform cannot be read by naked eyes. A suitable microform reader,
magnifies the reduced images on the film or fiche and projects them on to a
screen is necessary for consulting a microform catalogue.
 Microform catalogues are compact and occupy less space in libraries.
 They are portable and accessible to users depending upon the number of copies
of catalogues and machines available.
 Multiple copies of these catalogues can be prepared easily and inexpensively. o
These films or fiches cannot be used without microform readers.
 They also require special care and protection.
 They are useful only in very large libraries where massive data has to be stored
and retrieved.

40. DIFFERENT PHYSICAL FORMS OF LIBRARY CATALOGUES
 Machine Readable Catalogue
 The machine-readable catalogue is the most significant of these new forms of catalogue.
 In a machine-readable catalogue entries are rendered in a format which permits input and storage on
magnetic tape or magnetic disc for manipulation in a computer.
 MARC 21 and Common Communication Format (CCF) are standard formats.
 Access to the catalogue entries may be `off-line' or `on-line'.
 `Off-line' means that the computer can be used only at certain times. At the available computer time, search
must be made for a collection or batch of enquiries.
 Online systems, however, are linked directly to the computers which can be used immediately or at any time
for processing enquiries and searching.
 The computer configuration needed for machine-readable catalogue is:
i. A computer with keyboard and display units.
ii. Secondary storage facility.
iii. Terminals wherever necessary

42. Organization of Catalog
 Divided catalog – different types of entries are separated according to type (subject,
author, title and series are filed in separate sections or sequences.
 Dictionary catalog - all cards or bibliographic records, including the subject, author,
title and series entries are interfiled into one sequence.

43.  Bibliographic information is recorded into a bibliographic record.
– This bibliographic record forms the basis of the catalog.
- The catalog could be a card catalog or an online catalog
The main physical format of catalogues are:
 Card Catalogues
 Computer Catalogues – referred to as Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC) and accessible via the
Web.

44. Card Catalog

45. Computer Catalog or Online Public Access Catalog (OPAC)

48. Types of catalog card in card catalog
1. Author Card
2.Title Card
3.Subject Card

49. S
920 Aquino, Jose P.
Aq562 Western Europe in the old stone age : cradles of
c1 civilization/ Jose P. Aquino ; illustrated by Aurora P.
Jose .– 2nd ed.-- [s.l.] : felta, c2011.
xiv, 367 p. : col. Ill. ; 24x26 + cassette tape
(Society for visual education Series).
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN -978562133255 : $269.00
1. Western Europe – Civilization.I. Title.
1. Author Card - basic card which is also called the main card. The
authors name appears on the first line of the card.

50. 2.Title Card – the title is typed on the first line of the card
above the author’s name.
S
920 Western Europe in the old stone age : cradles of civilization.
Aq562 Aquino, Jose P.
c1 Western Europe in the old stone age : cradles of civilization/
Jose P. Aquino ; illustrated by Aurora P. Jose .– 2nd ed.-- [s.l.] : felta,
c2011.
xiv, 367 p. : col. Ill. ; 24x26 + cassette tape. --
(Society for visual education Series).
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN -978562133255 : $269.00
1. Western Europe – Civilization. I. Jose, Aurora . II. Title.

51. 3.Subject Card – a subject card that describes what the book is
all about. The subject is typed on the first line of the card in
CAPITAL LETTERS
S
920 WESTERN EUROPE -- CIVILIZATION.
Aq562 Aquino, Jose P.
c1 Western Europe in the old stone age : cradles of civilization/
Jose P. Aquino ; illustrated by Aurora P. Jose .– 2nd ed.-- [s.l.] : felta,
c2011.
xiv, 367 p. : col. Ill. ; 24x26 + cassette tape. --
(Society for visual education Series).
Includes bibliographical references.
ISBN -978562133255 : $269.00
1. Western Europe – Civilization. I. Jose, Aurora . II. Title.

52. Parts of the Catalog Card
 Call number
 Author’s name
 Title of the book
 Edition
 Imprint
Collation
Series
Note
Tracing

53. Example
Call number: REF 020.3 H323 2000
Title: Harrod’s Librarian’s glossary
Edition: Eight edition
Series: (Library & Information science series).
Publication Details: England : Gower, c2000.
Description: xiii, 692 p. ; 25 cm.
Author (s): Horris, Lynne P and Plight, Lalaine Z.
Subject (s): Library science – Dictionaries
Information science – Dictionaries
Bibliography - Dictionaries

54. Types of Catalog
Traditionally, there are the following types of catalog:
 Author catalog: a catalog, sorted alphabetically
according to the authors' or editors' names of the entries.
 Title catalog: a catalog sorted alphabetically according to the title of the
entries.

55.  Dictionary catalog: a catalog in which all entries (author, title, subject, series) are
interfiled in a single alphabetical order. This was the primary form of card catalog
in North American libraries just prior to the introduction of the computer-based
catalog.
 Keyword catalog: a subject catalog, sorted alphabetically according to some
system of keywords.

56.  Mixed alphabetic catalog forms: sometimes, one finds a mixed author / title, or an
author / title / keyword catalog.
 Systematic catalog: a subject catalog, sorted according to some systematic
subdivision of subjects. Also called a Classified catalog.
 Shelf list catalog: a formal catalog with entries sorted in the same order as
bibliographic items are shelved. This catalog may also serve as the primary
inventory for the library

57. Assignment:
The parts of the book