Comparing Pilgrims And Puritans In Early America

Comparing Pilgrims And Puritans In Early America
Pilgrims and Puritans by Victor. B Lane
The major difference between pilgrims and puritans is mostly in definition and not necessarily type.
Both stem from the same beginning which was a deliberate response to the failing religious state of
a young England.
Protestantism was a difficult religion to fare during the reign of King Henry VIII. Mostly because
the king was a committed Catholic. When he replaced Pope Clement VII as head of the Catholic
Church it became pure treason and doubly, heresy, to defy Catholicism (Lori Stokes "Puritans vs
Pilgrims in Early America).
During this time the Protestants stayed quiet and hidden until King Henry's radical Protestant son
Edward VI took the throne. However, this heyday for the Protestants was cut ... Show more content
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Couple this with the fact that the Separatists had no less a religious purpose than the non–separating
Puritans who followed them and the name "Pilgrims" loses all meaning. So Separatists they were,
and Separatists they will be here."
(Lori Stokes "Puritans vs Pilgrims in Early America)
These Pilgrims first set sail for Holland where they sought safe refuge to pursue their religious
undertakings. This did not remain as a lasting settlement for several reasons. Not being Dutch it was
hard for the Pilgrims to find work. Doubly, the Pilgrim parents feared their children were losing
their faith and religion (National Society Sons and Daughters of the Pilgrims). Even moreso, there
was the danger that 'Puritan children were being exposed to the licentiousness of dutch youth' (pg.
27 Schweikart and Allen "A Patriots History of the United States"). A needed break came a while
later when the Pilgrims received assurances from the King that they could exercise their religious
views freely in the new world (pg. 27 Schweikart and Allen "A Patriots History of the United
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Ecclesiastical Breakdown And Revival: The Late Medieval...
Section Three: Ecclesiastical Breakdown and Revival–The Late Medieval Church
Section Overview o By the latter thirteenth–century, the Roman Catholic Church appeared to be
extremely powerful.
 Threat of Holy Roman Empire to Rome vanquished
 The French king, Louis IX, was an enthusiastic supporter of the Church
 Council of Lyons (1274) declared a reunion of the Eastern Church with Rome after the pope sent
forces to defend the Byzantine Empire against the Turks (the reunion only lasted seven years)
The Thirteenth–Century Papacy o Pope Innocent III (r. 1198–1216) and the height of papal power
 Innocent enacted the doctrine of plentitude of power which enabled him to:
declare saints
dispose benefices
create a centralized papal monarchy ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
 French cardinals formed a conclave and elected Pope Clement VII, a cousin of the French king
The French cardinals claimed they had only voted for Urban VI out of fear
 Allegiances to the two popes
Urban VI (Italian pope in Rome) o supported by England and its allies including the Holy Roman
Empire, Hungary, Bohemia, and Poland)
Clement VII o supported by France and its allies including Naples, Scotland, Castile, and Aragon o
Conciliar Theory of Church Government
 conciliar theory
technically, since a pope is infallible, a council could not depose him
church scholars debated for thirty years whether or not a council of church leaders could regulate
the actions of a pope
'conciliarists' defined the church as a body, of which the pope was one member
Eventually, it was determined that cardinals representing both popes would convene at a council o
Council of Pisa (1409–1410)
 Cardinals convened and deposed both popes and elected a new pope, Alexander V
 Although most of western Europe accepted Alexander V a the legitimate pope, neither Urban VI
nor Clement VII agreed to step down o The Council of Constance (1414–1417)
 Three competing popes
John XXIII succeeded Alexander V as the consensus pope
Gregory XII succeeded Urban VI as the Italian

Rise of Parliament
In the seventeenth century, the political power of the Parliament in England, and the Monarchy in
France increased greatly. These conditions were inspired by three major changes: the aftermath
ofthe reformation, the need for an increased governmental financing, andthe reorganizing of central
governments. These three points were eachresolved in a different way in both England and in
France. The first major point which eventually increased political power wasthe aftermath of the
Protestant reformation. In England, after the establishmentof the separate Anglican church of
England there were manyprotestant groups left in England still in conflict. These groups alltried to
push and pull parliament in their favor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
{text:bookmark–start} {text:bookmark–end} [change] Union: the Parliament of Great Britain
Following the Treaty of Union in 1707 twin Acts of Parliament passed in, respectively, the
Parliament of England and the Parliament of Scotland created a new Kingdom of Great Britain and
dissolved both parliaments, replacing them with a new Parliament of Great Britain based in the
former home of the English parliament. Over the centuries, the English Parliament progressively
limited the power of the English monarchy which arguably culminated in the English Civil War and
the trial and execution of Charles I in 1649. After the restoration of the monarchy under Charles II,
the supremacy of parliament was a settled principle and all future English and later British
sovereigns were restricted to the role of constitutional monarchs with limited executive authority.
The Act of Union 1707 merged the English Parliament with the Parliament of Scotland to form the
Parliament of Great Britain. When the Parliament of Ireland was abolished in 1801, its former
members were merged into what was now called the Parliament of the United Kingdom. This makes
the current Parliament of the United Kingdom one of the oldest legislative bodies in the world. Due
to the history and influence of the British Empire, the British parliament has become a model for
many other national legislatures. This model is referred to as the Westminster system because the
UK Parliament

Wilhelm II Research Paper
Wilhelm II was born into royalty on the 27th of January 1859, at the Crown Prince's Palace in Berlin
to Prince Frederick William of Prussia who would later become the future Frederick III and his wife
Victoria, who is the oldest daughter of Britain's Queen Victoria. at the moment he was born, his
great–uncle Frederick William IV was the king of Prussia. He was the first grandchild of Queen
Victoria and Prince Albert of England, and is also the first son of the Crown Prince of Prussia,
Wilhelm was from 186, second in the line of succession to Prussia, and, after 1871, to the new
German Empire, which then according to the constitution of the German Empire, was ruled by the
King of Prussia.
A birth defect left him with a withered left arm due to the disease Erb's palsy, which he then tried
with some success to conceal. Photos show him with a pair of white gloves in his left hand to make
the withered arm seem longer. In others, he holds his left hand with his right or has his withered arm
on the bottom of a sword. In others, he is seen holding a cane to give the image of a useful limb
posed at a dignified angle. His left arm was about 6 inches shorter than his right arm. Historians
have mentioned that the disability affected his emotional development. ... Show more content on
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Wilhelm attended the wedding in a Highland costume, complete with a small toy sword. During the
ceremony the four–year–old got bored. His eighteen–year–old uncle Alfred, the Duke of Edinburgh,
was charged with keeping an eye on him, told him to be quiet, but Wilhelm drew his sword and
threatened Alfred. When Alfred attempted to shut him up by force, Wilhelm bit him on the leg. His
grandmother, Queen Victoria, missed seeing the disturbance, to her, Wilhelm remained "a clever,
dear, good little child, the great favorite of my beloved Vicky" Vicky was his

Arms Race Ww1
In the early 20th century the strength of a nation's military was a symbol of the power and wealth of
the nation. Pre World War 1 marked the beginning of advance weapons for the army and the navy.
The spending of Germany, Austria–Hungary, Italy, Britain, France and Russia in their military
budged increased by 4x (World War 1). The countries had strong reasons to build their army's strong
to gain more colonies and also protect them, while also protecting their homeland. The rapid growth
in military spending prior to World War 1 caused European nations to fear for their safety causing
fighting to breakout.
The arms race starting in the 1890's lead to the increase in military weapons causing the triple
entente alliance to be afraid of Germany. Starting in the 1870, many European nations began to
engage in a race to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
France, Germany and England, three big competitors in the arms race all increased their spending in
the military by double and six fold. Germany and England developed a fierce compition as who
could develop the best naval ship. England developed what was known as the best ship of its time,
the Dreadnaught, while the Germans developed sophisticated submarines. Both of these new naval
weapons increased the fear in other countries leaders due to how powerful and deadly they were. A
popular saying at the time in England was "We want eight and we won't wait!" (Llewellyn). This
quote summarizes the ideology of the military leaders at the time during the arms race. Another
country with a big role in the arms race was France. France was coming out of a major rescion at the
time witch lasted until 1890. From 1890 the economy boomed growing twice as big as it had been
in the last three decades. The boom in the economy right before World War 1 allowed France to

The King 's Speech Analysis
Basic Information The King's Speech was released in the United States in 2010 with its world
premiere September 6, 2010, at the Telluride Film Festival in the United States according to
imdb.com. The movie was produced by See–Saw Films, Weinstein Company, The UK Film
Council, Momentum Pictures, Aegis Film Fund, Molinare Investment, Film Nation Entertainment,
and Bedlam Productions. The director Tom Hooper won the Best Director Academy Award for this
movie. David Seidler who also overcame a stammer wrote the film. Colin Firth plays the main
character King George VI. Helena Bonham Carter plays his wife, Queen Elizabeth. Geoffrey Rush
plays Lionel Logue, the speech therapist, helping King George overcome a stammer. A theme of the
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He speculates after he is dead, David (Edward VIII) will ruin himself in 12 months. His father is
impatient with him and barks at him to relax, take his time, and do it! Bertie later plays the
recording given to him by Lionel and hears the flawless reading. The next scene Bertie and
Elizabeth are back in Lionel's office to negotiate his treatment. They ask Lionel to concentrate on
the mechanics of the stammer and avoid "personal nonsense". Lionel disagrees and says dealing
with the mechanics is only dealing with the surface of the problem. Bertie asks Lionel to assist with
minor events and they arrange to meet every day. Lionel uses unexpected techniques and after
revealing some of his childhood pressures they develop a friendship. The film shows several
exercises and speeches with the King and jumps ahead to 1936. King George the V is dying and
both Bertie and David have been summoned to their father. David complains that his father dying
complicates things with is mistress, Miss Wallace Simpson. He makes his mother's guest wait for
dinner while he is on the phone with his mistress. King George V dies that night and Edward VIII
becomes King, he says "now I'm trapped". Bertie meets with Lionel and opens up about the passing
of his father and reveals intimate details of his life. He tells that his father's last words were "Bertie
has more guts than the rest of his brothers put together". Additionally,

Rhetorical Analysis Of The King's Speech
Most have seen the 2010 film, The King's Speech, known for it's numerous incidents preceding
King George VI's first wartime broadcast. Many knew of his personal anxiety surrounding his
speech impediment and usurping of the throne; however, this representation of historical rhetoric
goes beyond a simple Colin Firth film. On September 3, 1939, King George VI of the United
Kingdom gave an address to the nation, describing the unfortunate involvement of it's people in
another war and why they stood in such a state. Through the use of argumentation, addressing his
audience appropriately, and handling his speech defect efficiently in delivery, King George VI calls
on the ethos, pathos, and logos of his subjects, effectively presenting his arguments for going to war
with Germany.
From the very start of his address, King George VI identifies his audience and his relationship with
them, building a sense of trust and mutual duty. To call on their pathos – an appeal to emotion by
distortion of factual evidence (Wright) –, King George also tries to establish a personal connection
through unity for the upcoming war effort among his subjects. He calls for all citizens to act with
their personal, physical, and emotional strength, showing his faith in the abilities of the British. The
address calls them to remember the last World War that they fought valiantly in by stating "or the
second time in the lives of most of us we are at war." This also reiterates in the people's minds that

The Political and Social Changes in Western Europe Essay
Western European people had endured a series of changes during the late medieval period. Changes
can be categorized into two aspects: politically and socially. On politics, Popes were not as strong as
they were due to conflicts between the state and the church. Socially, people began to live a
religion– dominated life, and experienced active sexism towards women. These changes, either
positive or negative, have become an undivided part of European History. People faced the rise and
the fall of the Catholic Church during the medieval time. The Popes used to hold the final authority
for the church and over the state. Pope Gregory VII asserted the Pope had granted the divine power
from God because Saint Peter was the first of getting this ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
King Philip's advisers challenged the Pope by quoting the Roman Law, which stated that the King of
France was "completely sovereign in his kingdom and responsible to God alone" (McKay, 364). Not
long King Phillip arrested Pope Boniface VIII in Italy and had foreshadowed later conflicts between
the church and the state in the 14th century. The decline of church power became even more
apparent during the Babylonian Captivity (1309–1376). Pope Clement V's agreement on King
Philip's request of settlement in Avignon in southwestern France first signified the Pope's leadership
and authority had been weakened. Furthermore, after Gregory XI's death, Urban VI (1378–1389)
had been planning on church reform, but his endorsement of opposition among the hierarchy had
triggered a serious of disaster. As a result, Cardinal Robert of Geneva was elected to be Pope and
took the name Clement VII. The situation became two popes in office: Urban at Rome and the anti–
pope Clement VII at Avignon, hence marked the beginning of the Great Schism. France
immediately recognized the antipope Clement while Aragon, Castile and Portugal follow suit. For
England, they recognized Urban VI and the

Ap European History Outline Chapter 10 Essay example
Mr. Dunbar
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
Section One: The Renaissance in Italy * Section Overview * Jacob Burckhardt, a Swiss historian,
described the Renaissance as the "prototype of the modern world" in his book Civilization of the
Renaissance in Italy (1860) * In Italy blossomed new secular and scientific views * People became
to approach the world empirically and draw rational conclusions based on observation * Burckhardt
saw the emergence of the modern world emerge from that of the pre–modern, or medieval, period *
Some criticize Burckhardt for overlooking the continuity between the Middle Ages and the
Renaissance * Scholars agree ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* Despotism in Florence * Cosimo's grandson, Lorenzo the Magnificent, ruled Florence in a
totalitarian fashion during the last quarter century of the fifteenth century * Lorenzo's brother had
been assassinated by a rival family, the Pazzi, who had long plotted with the pope against the
Medicis which made Lorenzo a cautious ruler * Despotism throughout Renaissance Italy *
Oligarchies, or a small group of wealthy elites, hired strongmen, or despots, known as podesta to
maintain law and order * Podesta held executive, military, and judicial authority, and had the task of
maintaining the normal flow of business activity in the city state by whatever means necessary *
Condottieri–military brokers who sent mercenary armies who were hired by the despots of the
different city–states; since the despots could not rely on the loyalty of their divided populaces to
serve as soldiers, they relied on mercenaries who they contracted through condottieri * Some
despots, like the Visconti and Sforza families in Milan, came to rule their respective city–states free
from interference from oligarchies * Political turbulence and warfare of the Renaissance period
gave rise to the art of diplomacy and many despots established resident embassies and appointed
ambassadors to other powerful city–states and nations * Humanism * Scholars debate over the
meaning of

Fitness Boot Camp In King Edward VII Park
Fitness Boot Camp in King Edward VII Park in Wembley
Wembley has become a very developed and busy place. It has a very diverse community and attracts
a lot of attention. Wembley stadium is the national football stadium and also hosts other major
events such as concerts and boxing as it accommodates 90,000 people. The SSE Area in Wembley is
also popular, for events such as concerts. For hospitality, there are restaurants in the London
Designer Outlet and around Wembley that cater for cuisines from all over the world.
After a long day at work, people tend to participate in leisure activities such as eating at one of the
restaurants or going to a bar for a few pints and don't leave much time for fitness activities that has a
bad effect on your ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Do not hesitate to join because of your ability to perform as our personal trainer will look after you.
Benefits of joining our fitness boot camp Out fitness boot camp in King Edward VII Park will have
many benefits for your health. Some of which are stated below:
Burn calories fast
Boot camp sessions consist of a variety of high and low–intensity workouts that help you burn
between 500 – 900 calories per session. The repetition of the exercises makes you sweat and really
gets your body working.
Muscle toning and cardio
During a single session, you will do a short but high–intensity cardio exercise that is a good way to
do cardio for people you are not great fans of doing cardio exercises. The session will also consist of
muscle toning exercise to get you in a good shape.
Motivation
Boot camps are a good place to break those mental barriers you have. Having a personal trainer on
your side could really help you push past your barriers and have an attitude of not giving up. You
are also a part of a team and don't want to be that one person who is letting down everyone so you
keep going and achieve great

How Did England Change During The Reign Of Henry Viii
How did England change during the reign of Henry VIII? The reign of the Tudors control over
England lasted a total of 118 years, starting with Henry VII in 1485 and finishing with the death of
Elizabeth I in 1603 who had no heir to the throne [1]. A lot of the change, to make or become
different[2], accounted for during this period was due to Henry VIII and his hard headed approach
to politics and religion and his passion to be remembered as a warrior and famous king. Henry VIII
is famous for having six wives, however in order to achieve this he had to make colossal
modifications to the countries religion and other aspects of life. Henry VIII and his father Henry VII
differed enormously, they had completely different personalities and aims for their reign as King,
Henry VII turned the country into a peaceful kingdom free from foreign and domestic issues,
however Henry VIII reverted this work and in doing so had spent most of the money his father had
left him with, whilst also reducing the overall income of the crown and treasury. Henry VII To know
how England changed during Henry VIII's reign we must first look at what it was like before he
gained control, when his father Henry VII was in power. Henry VII had a weak claim to the throne
from his mother Margaret Beaufont however the claim that Margaret held was only legitimised on
condition that no descendant ever use it, therefore Henry VII in fact had no claim to the throne[3].
Henry VII claimed the throne after a victory

Influence on the Royal and Victorian Crowns
Crowns are an integral part of a monarchy. Honor, respect, prestige, and royalty are all displayed by
the wearing of a regal headpiece. Different styles, colors, and materials can often depict different
levels and styles of reign, as well as the style of the times. Over the years, they have become more
valued in a monarchy, especially the British Monarchy. Crowns did not always look like they do
today, for many changes in styles and design have occurred throughout history. A leader in this
design was Queen Victoria of England. She wore many beautiful crowns during her extensive reign,
and this inspired the present day value of crowns inside the British Monarchy. A crown is usually
defined as, "...from the earliest times, a distinctive head ornament that has served as a reward of
prowess and a sign of honour and dominion" (Britannica, 1). Throughout classical history, many
athletes, poets, and successful warriors won wreaths and crowns of different forms. Crowns were
based upon Christian tradition in many European countries, to symbolize the power given to
monarchs from the church. Today, the British Monarchy is one of the only monarchies to continue
the tradition of coronation in the church. Westminster Abbey is the location for all of Britain's
coronations, and has been for many hundreds of years. Precursors to crowns were "diadems",
adopted first by Constantine I, and worn by all leaders of the Roman Empire after him. These
diadems would resemble ornamental and royal

The Queen Who Understood Her People
Alexandrina Victoria was destined to be Queen of England from the moment of her conception.
Commonly referred to as the queen who understood the people, Victoria spent her entire childhood
preparing to take the throne of England. In fact, the future Empress of India didn't have much of a
childhood. She was allowed very little freedom in her early life, which caused her to ban her mother
from court upon her coronation (Turner). Victoria evidently liked to be in control of things and
certainly used this to make her mark on history. As the longest reigning monarch at the time,
Victoria had 60 years to influence England (All Empires). Queen Victoria impacted history and the
19th Century in many ways, through culture, politics and morality. Queen Victoria is perhaps most
famous for popularizing the white wedding dress (Woodham–Smith). At the time, women were
married in dresses of almost any color. However, when pictures of the queen in a beautiful white
dress circulated, women began to imitate her example, just as they imitated her hairstyle on the
postage (Queen Victoria Penny Black Single). After it became evident that Victoria and her new
husband Albert were truly in love the white wedding dress became a romantic symbol of true love.
Indeed, Victoria was so in love with her husband that she became quite useless for many years after
his death. Her approach to marriage was so different from most royals that it caused people to take
notice. Instead of having many different

The Exciting Life of King Henry VIII
To begin with; Henry VIII was the King of England from April 21, 1509 until his death. King Henry
VIII was born born on June 28th of 1491 in Palace of Placentia, Greenwich, in the United Kingdom.
Henry VIII then later died on January 28th, 1547 in Palace of Whitehall, London, in the United
Kingdom. His parents were Elizabeth of York and Henry VII. Henry became king when he was just
eighteen years old. He was known for his love of hunting and dancing. ("Henry VIII". BBC News.)
Henry was known as the 'father of the Royal Navy.' When he became king there were five royal
warships. By his death he had built up a navy of around 50 ships. Henry built the first naval dock in
Britain then established a Naval Board. This set an administrative machinery for the control of the
fleet. ("Henry VIII". BBC News.) Now, after Wolsey's downfall, Thomas Cromwell became Henry's
chief minister and earned the trust of the King by helping him to break with Rome and establish
Henry VIII as head of the Church of England. This act also brought him much needed wealth by the
well–funded monasteries. Over four years Cromwell ordered that 800 monasteries to be torn down
and their lands and treasures taken for the crown. Most of the land that was owned already was
forcefully sold to the churches and monasteries then destroyed. ("The Life of King Henry VIII
(1491–1547)". Biography of Henry Tudor, King of England.) King Henry VIII stayed catholic while
everyone else was beginning to become Protestantism.

Henry Viii Influence
Literature has become the most important factor in the construction of the English monarchy. It has
become the way in which people communicate and share their ideas throughout the world. English
literature is the essential piece in ruling a country and determining the future for that country. In
England, English literature has evolved through a number of versions due to the changes made to
the policies and laws, religion, culture, and the monarchy. Henry VIII was born on June 28, 1491 by
Elizabeth of York and Henry VII at Greenwich Palace (BBC News). In his early age, he was very
interested in the arts and enjoyed reading literature. In 1509, Henry VIII succeeded his father Henry
VII (1457–1509), but had originally become heir to the throne after his older brother, Prince Arthur,
died in 1502 (Henry VIII (r.1509–1547)). He reigned during the House of Tudor monarchy when he
was only eighteen years old until he died in 1547, having Edward VI succeed him. Throughout his
years of reign, he married six women including: Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour,
Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, and Catherine Parr. In 1527, Henry divorced Catherine of
Aragon, since she could no longer conceive children, and became infatuated with Anne Boleyn
(Henry's Divorce). This decision led to the English Protestant Reformation which were "a series of
events...[in] which the Church of England broke away from the authority of the Pope and the
Roman Catholic Church" (English Reformation).

Essay on Queen Victoria
The Dawning of a new age– Queen Victoria The Early Life of Queen Victoria Queen Victoria, the
well–known Queen of England did not start out as some would expect. Her Grandfather, King
George the third of England had fifteen children, his third child was The Duke of Kent, Queen
Victoria's father. The Duke of Kent married Princess Victoria of Saxe– Coburg– Gotha. Later they
had a baby girl together on May twenty– fourth eighteen– nineteen. They christened her as
Alexandrina Victoria. Her childhood was not a happy one. She did not have a lot of money and did
not have many children her age to play with. Since she was heir to the throne she had a strict
education. She was extremely smart and was excellent at languages, yet she had trouble ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He had charm that pulled the wool over many people's eyes but behind this charm concealed a greed
for money and power. His charm seduced Victoria's mother and people thought him her lover. He
secretly took her mother's money. By then Victoria was third in line to the throne after her uncles
George the fourth and William the fourth. Conroy believed these two men would die before Victoria
was of age, which meant her mother would be regent. So Conroy believed he would be in power
behind the throne. In eighteen–thirty two Conroy organized many tours through out England, he
thought it a good plan for Victoria the lands that she would rule one day and for the people to see
something of her. The central reason for these trips was to increase the popularity for Victoria. King
William was enraged that at the idea of his heir winning over his subjects. On these trips Victoria
kept a real thorough diary which later helped historians out. One of Victoria's favorite uncles was
Uncle Leopold who was a father figure for Victoria. He would talk to her about her responsibilities
and told her on no account to trust anyone unless you are certain of him and never respond to a
question until you have thought it over. After her uncle had left Victoria caught a fever and while
weakened Conroy tried to take advantage of her. He told her she needed a private secretary and that
he would do it. Victoria, too weak to speak, was able

The Sandringham House
Sandringham house, as the much–loved living place of royal members, has seen its many deaths:
Prince Eddy (the Prince of Wales's eldest son) in 1892, Queen Alexandra in 1925, George V in
1936, and George VI in 1952. Comparing to Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, Sandringham
house has its special attractions to royal members for architectural style, living environment, interior
or exterior decoration etc. However, this spectacular building was not the same as what it look like
at present. More than 3 renowned architects were invited to design and reconstruct this house in
history. As time went on and technology developed, almost all elements including style, shape,
materials as well as decoration have changed. This part will introduce these variations in details
with respect to period. The history of the Sandringham estate could be dated from 1686 when
document show its sale by the Cobbe family. Then, in year 1771, it was taken over by Cornish
Henley who replaced a rambling sixteenth–century house with a plain, compact, rectangular
Georgian building covered in white painted stucco enlivened by a gable above the front door and a
bay window overlooking a lake to the west' (NIGEL R. JONES，2005) The comment sounds
negative, but certainly this makes the interior intensely revealing for interior design historians.
According to the description in books, the house was built in Georgian architectural style with a
plain, compact, rectangular shape generally. As the exterior

Queen Elizabeth II : The Leadership Of Queen Elizabeth II
Queen Elizabeth II was born and raised in England and as a young child showed leadership
qualities. She was in her twenties when she was crowned queen and has been queen of Canada, the
United Kingdom, Australia, and New Zealand since 1952. She has ruled longer than any other
monarch in British history. EARLY LIFE Elizabeth was born in England on April 21, 1926. When
she was born, no one thought that she would become the next heir to the throne so she was able to
enjoy the first ten years of her life like royalty without the pressures of being an heir. Elizabeth,
nicknamed Lilibet, was raised with her younger sister Margaret. They lived in two houses; one was
Royal Lodge, the family home on the grounds of Windsor Great Park and the other a home in
London. They were home schooled. CROWNING THE KING Elizabeth's grandfather, George V,
passed in 1936. Her uncle became King Edward VII, however, he was in love with a divorced
woman from America and he chose to leave the crown. Elizabeth's father became King George VI.
In 1939, Elizabeth and Margaret stayed out of London in Windsor Castle due to World War II.
Elizabeth gave one of her famous radio speeches at Windsor Castle when she was fourteen. She said
"that in the end, all will be well; for God will care for us and give us victory and peace." Soon after,
Elizabeth began taking on other public duties. In 1942, she was appointed colonel–in–chief of the
Grenadier Guards by her father, she made her first

The Plague Dbq
Section One: The Black Death I. Preconditions/Causes of the Plague A. Population of Europe
doubled in 1000–1300 1. Strained food supply 2. Caused higher unemployment rates and lower
wages B. The Black Death followed trade routes from Asia into Europe 1. The plague traveled south
to north along major trade routes II. Popular Remedies A. People believed that the plague was
caused by corruption in the atmosphere 1. Some people blamed poisonous fumes from earthquakes
B. Remedies 1. Many people wore "aromatic" amulets 2. lifestyle changes a. moderate and
temperate living b. fleeing from the plague or staying in seclusion 3. religious fanatics a. flagellants
b. Jews as scapegoats III. Social/Economic Consequences A. Farms decline 1. Supply and demand:
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Clement VII was still the French pope 2. Emperor Sigismund demanded that John XXIII call a
council in Constance which made a declaration entitled Sacrosancta which: a. elected a new pope,
Martin V (the three other popes were forced to resign) b. asserted the supremacy of church councils
over individual pope c. demanded that regular meetings of church councils F. The Council of Basel
(1431–1449) 1. Church council negotiated directly with the Hussites, a group formerly identified as
heretics 2. Four Articles of Prague presented to council by Hussites a. give laity the Eucharist with
the cup as well as bread b. free, itinerant preaching c. exclusion of clergy from holding secular
offices and owning property d. just punishment of clergy who commit mortal sins 3. Council of
Basel showed dominance over the papacy but Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) issued a papal bull
Execrabilis which condemned appeals to councils and made them completely void. G.
Consequences 1. Without effective papal authority and leadership, secular control of national or
territorial churches increased a. Kings asserted their power over the church in England and France b.
German, Swiss, and Italian magistrates and city councils reformed and regulated religious

Ap Euro Chapter 9 Questions And Answers
Part I––Questions
1.) The three calamities in Chapter 9 are the Hundred Years' War, the Black Death, and the Great
Schism. The Hundred Years' War, from 1337 to 1453, began when the English king Edward III
believed he was the true heir to the French throne. In addition, England owned territories in France,
which the French disliked. Furthermore, England and France both wanted possession of Flanders, a
French fief dependent on England. At first the English had the upper hand and even had a English
king on the French throne, courtesy of the Treaty of Troyes. However, the tides turned when Joan of
Arc was able to retrieve Orléans and rose French spirits to win a series of victories. The bubonic
plague, known as the Black Death, most likely arrived ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It increased, causing opposition towards the taille that may have been one of the causes of the
Jacquerie.
Lollards: Lollards were members of a religious movement and followed the writings of John
Wycliffe. Many followers had something to gain from the following and the loss of clerical
properties; therefore many were either of nobility or lower clergy and the poor.
Conciliar Theory: The Conciliar Theory was the idea of making a church where a council could
regulate the actions of the pope. Advocates of this theory believed there should be one pope that
keeps the church well and united.
Black Death: The Black Death, also known as bubonic plague, was introduced to Europe overseas
by rats and was known as the Black Death due to it causing discoloration to the body. It targets the
lungs and can spread from person to person by way of coughing or sneezing. It caused many deaths
and greatly reduced the population of Europe.
Part III––Primary Source

Queen Victoria Essay
Queen Victoria Queen Victoria was born in 1819 and died in 1901. She was queen of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (1837–1901) and empress of India (1876–1901). Queen
Victoria was born Alexandrina Victoria on May 24, 1819, in Kensington Palace, London. Victoria's
mother was Victoria Mary Louisa, daughter of the duke of Saxe–Coburg–Saalfeld. Her father was
Edward Augustus, duke of Kent and Strathern, the fourth son of George III and youngest brother of
George IV and William IV; they were kings of Great Britain. Because William IV had no legal
children, his niece Victoria became inheritor apparent to the British crown upon his accession in
1830. On June 20, 1837, with the expiration of William IV, Victoria became ... Show more content
Her post was that the sovereign should at least be consulted on different policy. Palmerston,
independent and self–assertive, disregarded the request. Their conflict reached a crucial period in
1851, when the prime minister, Lord John Russell, who was also unhappy with Palmerston's elective
methods, removed him from the foreign office. Their altercations with Palmerston, one of the most
liked political leaders in the country, caused Victoria and Albert to lose some of the regard of their
subjects. Their popularity dwindled even more in 1854, when they tried to avert the Crimean War.
After the war had started, however, they gave it their sincere support. In 1856, shortly before the end
of the war, the queen established the Victoria Cross, the highest British award for wartime courage.
In 1857, Victoria had the title of Prince Associate granted on Albert. Four years later he died, and
she remained in implied grieving for much of the rest of her life. She avoided common appearances,
letting the prince of Wales accomplish most of the royal ritualistic duties. In 1861, several prime
ministers served during the latter part of Victoria's reign, but only the Conservative Party leader
Benjamin Disraeli, who held office in 1868 and from 1874 to 1880, gained her confidence. He
ingratiated himself with the queen by his skillful personal advance and his gift for compliments. He
also

The Influence Of His Elder Brother
Sir James Whyte Black explained that he chose to study Medicine mainly under the influence of his
elder brother, William Whyte, a graduate in Medicine from Scotland's St Andrews University. (The
Lancet 2010) Sir James Whyte Black attended Beath High School in Fife, Scotland where his
teacher, Dr. Watson enthused him to pursue his mathematics study. Furthermore, Dr. Watson "more
or less manhandled" (The Lancet 2010) him into sitting the entrance exam for St Andrews
University. James Black received the Patrick Hamilton residential scholarship and became an
undergraduate student in St Salvator 's Hall. James Black qualified in 1945 as a physician from the
St Andrews University in Scotland. (Notable Names Database, 2016). James Whyte Black began his
research in October 1946 where he joined Professor R.C. Garry's laboratory at the St Andrews
University's Physiology Department. Pharmacologist James Black, moved to Singapore in 1947
where he began lecturing at the King Edward VII College of Medicine. Then, James Black returned
to Scotland in 1950 where he was appointed the opportunity to start a new Physiology Department
at the University of Glasgow Veterinary School. During the years 1958 to 1964, Imperial Chemical
Industries employed James Black where he researched at their laboratory in Alderley Park,
Cheshire. From 1973 to 1977, James Black was employed by the University College in London and
later was selected to be the Chair in the Pharmacology Department. From the year

The Portrait Of The British Royal And Prince Albert With...
The portrait of the British royal family "Queen Victoria and Prince Albert with Five of Their
Children" was painted by a German painter named Franz Xaver Winterhal. He was widely known
for his beautiful and elaborated portraits of royal women. The portrait of Queen Victoria and her
family is Wintergal's less well–known portrait, but it is still very detailed image. In the artwork, the
queen and the prince are centered with their children surrounding them. Both are dressed in
exquisite formal wear decorated with a blue sash across their chest. Next to Queen Victoria is the
young prince dressed in red garment, who is looking at Prince Albert. On the right side of Prince
Albert are two of their daughters dressed in white dresses who are peering over an infant that is
staring at something. While in front of the queen and prince is another girl that is trying to walk. In
the background of the painting, it shows an open backdrop revealing a cloudy, blue sky with an
ocean that stretches out in the distance. Although this painting is not well–known, it still portrays a
sense of understanding of the royal family. In the same context, all paintings or artworks holds its
very own importance depending on the eye of the beholder looking at the artwork, as it will be
interpret by what knowledge they have obtained.
Even though, it is merely a family portrait, this artwork reveals a hidden meaning about the royal
family and their interaction with each other. The artwork portrays the

Sexual Harassment Essay
Sexual harassment is so ordinary in the workforce that frequently we fail to even recognize
harassing behavior as immoral. This is because so many of us––women and men alike––have
become desensitized to offensive behaviors. Sexual harassment in any form is unacceptable
behavior and should not be tolerated by anyone. It undermines our ability to study, to work, and to
feel like effective, empowered people in the world.
The U.S Equal Employment Opportunity Commission describes sexual harassment as a form of
gender discrimination that is in violation of the Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act. Undesirable
sexual advances, request for sexual favors, and further verbal and physical conduct of a sexual
nature constitutes sexual harassment, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to, The Society for Human Resource Management has reported that 62% of companies
offer sexual harassment prevention training programs, and 97% have a written sexual harassment
policy (Sexual Harassment in the Workplace).
Over the last decade the number of grievance filed with EEOC has gradually decreased. For
example, in 1997 approximately 16,000 complaints of sexual harassment were filed. Last year, the
number of complaints dropped to 11,717 which 16.4% of charges were filed by men (Sexual
Harassment Charges). The common of complaints reported to the EEOC came from women;
conversely the quantity of complaints filed by men is ever–increasing, along with increasing
numbers of men filing against female supervisors. In 2007, 16% of complaints filed with the EEOC
were filed by men (Sexual Harassment Charges).
Men are increasingly claiming they're victims of sexual harassment and sexual harassment of men
does occur. The first ever court case involving sexual harassment of a man in the workplace was in
1995. The EEOC sued Domino Pizza after a female supervisor of a male store manager sexually
harassed him and then fired him (Tahmincioglu, 2007). In 1998 a ruling by the Supreme Court
involving a Louisiana man, who claimed he was sexually harassed by his male manager while
working on an oil rig in the Gulf of Mexico, made it clear that men are protected from such
harassment at work under Title VII of the Civil Rights

Queen Victoria Influence On Society
Have you ever heard of Queen Victoria? She was the second most popular queen after Queen
Elizabeth. Queen Victoria was born royal, Victoria's father died when she was only 8 months old
and her mom became the main influence in Victoria's younger years. Her fashion is what named the
Victorian era. (Pettinger, 2014) Queen Victoria was born royalty, her mother was Victoria Saxe–
Saalfeld–Coburg and her father was Edward, the duke of Kent, King George III's fourth son.
Victoria was christened privately in 1819 at Kensington Palace. She was baptised Alexandrina, after
one of her godparents and Victoria, after her mother. Victoria's mother became a main influence in
her life after her father died when Victoria was 8 months old. (William) The Victorian ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
She was crowned early to do the people ahead of her dying young, she was crowned after her
fathers 3 siblings died. When she was crowned, Victoria refused any further influence from her
mom. Respect for the crown was not the best at her coronation, but the straightforward and modest
young Queen won the hearts of her subjects. Victoria wanted to know of political matters, but she
hadn't have direct input in policy decisions. Under Queen Victoria's reign, Great Britain got
expansion in industry, building bridges railways, underground sewers, power distribution networks,
and underground sewers. There were advances in science and technology. During her reign, Britain
doubled in size. (History.com Staff, 2009) Victoria married Prince Albert in 1840 and became a big
influence in Victoria's life. They had 9 children, Edward VII, Princess Alice, Princess Victoria,
Princess Louise, Princess Beatrice, Princess Helena, Prince Leopold, Prince Arthur, and Prince
Alfred. She was devoted to him and did everything in her power to make him happy. Victoria would
do nothing without her husband's approval. He loved art, science and industry spurred him to
organize the Crystal Palace Exhibition in

Significance Of Joan Of Arc
1. Introduction– 500
For more than a hundred years, the Kingdom of England and the House of Valois of France found
themselves locked in war for the French throne. The hundred and sixteen year series of battles took
place from 1337 to 1453, with historians often separating it into three phases: the Edwardian Era
(1337– 1360), the Caroline War (1369– 1389), and the Lancastrian War (1415– 1453). Despite
English success that lasted the majority of the conflict, and was revived by Henry V, the war
resulted a French victory but high casualty losses on both sides. Beyond this, the war was not only
limited to the two belligerents, but also involved Scotland, Spain, and the Low Countries, such as
Belgium, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg (Villalon). The French victory and resurgence are
mostly accredited to the arrival of Joan of Arc and, subsequently, the unity of the French after her
execution by the English. Despite this, the question of the significance of Joan of Arc in the context
of ending the Hundred ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, it featured rapid military innovation. Over the course of the war, weapons, the
structure of an army, military tactics, and the very meaning of a war all changed (Curry). In
addition, the war left both England and France with a changed meaning of their setting. France, after
being divided for years, was finally once again united and shared nationalistic sentiment that had
been lacking prior to and during the course of the war (Curry). Meanwhile, the English found
themselves losing almost all of their land outside of their island territory. Thus, this awakened their
need to develop a navy, which would be one of the most notable parts of the British Empire in their
future (Villalon). Therefore, the Hundred Years War has found itself a pivotal place in history and
worthy of study, thus bringing into question the true cause of the end of the

Scottish Culture Vs American Culture
Information
I will discuss the history and ground level information of Scotland and Wales, representing how this
trifling nation has molded the world and others who live in it. I will also discuss important material
about the statistics of the country and the distinction between the ethnocentrism in British and
American ways of life. I will also discuss how the United States and Scotland both partake in many
cultural ideas and traditions, But like every culture and nation they are different and share plenty of
alterations.
Data
In Scotland the most common language is English, Another rising popular word of tongue is the
ancient language of Gaelic (The Official Gateway). There are about Fifty million people all over the
world who say that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Scotland, is a smaller country occupying the northern third of Great Britain, and containing about
five million citizens (www.scotland.org). The currency in the United States in dollars, the residents
of Scotland use the same currency as the British do, this is the pound.
References Differences between Scottish and American Social and Cultural Values. (2012).
Retrieved October 29, 2014, from http://relatedsignals.com/vgs/english/?p=60 Official Scotland
Website. (2014). Retrieved October 29, 2014, from www.scotland.com Zimmermann, K. (2013,
April 22). American Culture: Traditions and Customs of the United States. Retrieved October 29,
2014 from http://www.livescience.com/28945–american–culture.html
Biography Online. Retrieved November 3, 2014, from Biography Online web site:
http://www.biographyonline.net/british/top–100–scottish.html
The Official Gateway to Scotland. (2014). Retrieved November 3, 2014, from Scotland web site:
www.scotland.org
Phillips, H. (2013, August 28). The American Sense of Self: A British Perspective. Retrieved from
Harvard Politics web site:

Comparison between the Great Gatsby and Macbeth
Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's most intense plays and one his most complex psychological
studies. It is also a play about which there is a great deal of historical background, which I think
you'll find interesting because it reveals Shakespeare's creative process. The play was written in
1605––1606. It's one of the plays where the date is pretty firmly established by internal references to
external events, and most scholars have agreed on the date. Shakespeare was at the height of
creative powers, and his theatrical company, the King's Men, was the official royal acting company.
He had the large Globe Theater, a large public playhouse on the south bank of the Thames. He
would soon open the Blackfriars Theater, a small private ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The historical Macbeth had become king in the year 1040 when he killed the previous king, Duncan,
in battle. To put this in a historical context, this is hardly the Middle Ages; it's still the Dark Ages, as
historians have termed the various stages of European history. It is 26 years before the Norman
invasion of England, which is generally considered to be the beginning of the medieval period in
Britain. In 1040 Macbeth became king and ruled for 17 years until he was overthrown and killed by
Duncan's son, who became King Malcolm III. Malcolm is famous primarily because he married an
English princess named Margaret who was later made a saint. According to the Scottish historian
Archibald Duncan, little is known about Macbeth and his lovely wife Grunnich, except that they
were pious and endowed a religious house at St. Andrew's (which is probably the caddy shack on
the fourth green of that famous golf course –– joke). The couple went on a religious pilgrimage to
Rome where, the chroniclers said, "they sowed money like seed." (Many of us when we go on
vacation do the same thing.) That's all we know for certain about the real Macbeth. Now the fact
that Macbeth killed the previous king was not a big deal. Of the eight Scottish kings who ruled
during this time, seven had died unnatural deaths, including several who burned to death until
suspicious circumstances. It was highly unusual for a Scottish

The ' The Souls Of White Folks '
India was under imperialistic rule by the British Empire or the "Bristish Raj" from 1858 to 1947.The
region under British control–commonly called "India" in the British period included areas directly
administered by the United Kingdom as well as the "princely states" ruled by individual rulers under
the paramount of the British throne. In my recent visit to London precious jewels and Indian made
goods are displaced in Windsor castle under high security. Most of the goods accumulated from
India were under Queen Victoria's reign; the other monarchs who were reigning during this
imperialistic time were Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, and George VI. W.E.B Dubois writes
in "the Souls of White Folks," "We see Europe's greatest sin precisely where we found Africa's and
Asia's,–in human hatred, the despising of men; with this difference, however: Europe has the awful
lesson of the past before her, has the splendid results of widened areas of tolerance, sympathy, and
love among men, and she faces a greater, an infinitely greater, world of men than any preceding
civilization ever faced." England took advantage of its darker counterparts by showing superiority
through color, religion, and technological advances. In the Photograph Album of Cashmere&
Ladakh,1886, H.W.B depicts the age of imperialism through his photography of the 1st Batallion
East Surrey Regiment of Great Britain. The photos allow one to make observations without any
biased inputs such as writings. Using one's own

Analysis Of The Book ' The Guns Of August ' Essay
Kira Redmond
December 4, 2016
History of Western Civilization II
The Guns of August, by Barbara W. Tuchman. London: England. Macmillan. 1962.
The Great War, more known as World war 1 is perhaps the most famous war in American history.
Most people only know that the Great war was the first world war that caused catastrophe through
the worlds alliances. The Guns of August also known as August 1914 is a historical work of
nonfiction written about the beginning of World War I. The Guns of August is an interesting book
that goes through the first couple of months of the war. This book explains in great detail of the
causes of the war like the death of Arch duke Franz Ferdinand. His death was the start of a series of
stories and journals about the plans and strategies that led to war. Every detail throughout the story
expressed the significance of the war and its effect on the world. Written by Barbara W. Tuchman
who had been planning on writing a book on 1914 was shocked when her assistant told her about a
publisher who wanted to meet with her about a novel on the great war. Barbara had become famous
from of previous historical books, so much so, publishers were drawn to her. After she wrote the
guns of August she then went on to write several other historical books pertaining to after the war
and the effects and severity about war in general. Many years after writing the novel she had been
notified that the current president had read the book and complimented her on her

Personal Narrative: How Sevenoaks Changed My Life
Sevenoaks is set in the leafy, green countryside of Kent, England. This is where my Mother and
Father, Charlotte and Martin raised my younger sister, Isabella and I. From the age of three until I
was eleven, I attended an English preparatory school, which was strict and focused on education and
manners, but was also nurturing. I was taught to be respectful of others and I thoroughly enjoyed my
time here. At aged eleven I sat and passed my "11+" exams and attended an all boys academically
selective grammar school in Tunbridge Wells, Kent. I spent just over a year at The Skinners' School,
before moving halfway across the world to Los Gatos, California where my father's work took us
for a one–year posting. Leaving behind family and friends and everything I was familiar with, was
going to be an "adventure" but leaving behind everyone and everything I had known filled me with
an incredible sense of excitement and an equal sense of dread. I joined an American Junior High
school and found it very different from the Boys English Grammar School I had attended. I was use
to being in a grade of one hundred boys and being an active soccer, rugby and cricket player, I knew
everyone by name and most of them well. Now, all of a sudden I was thrown out of my comfort
zone in a school with over four hundred students in each grade and a school system that ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I discovered that I thoroughly enjoyed the American school system and the ability to be allowed to
participate in free discussion, I was allowed to give my point of view and debate with others which
was so very different to what I had been used to in an English school system, where for the majority
of the time the "Master" would lecture you without class participation. I felt as if Los Gatos and
California were beginning to feel like home, but the year was up and we headed back to

Influential Kings in British History
There are many influential kings in British history, one being Henry VII. Founder of the Tudor
dynasty, he was a somewhat shadowy figure; cold, cautious, rigid man who paid constant attention
to the administration and the filling of the royal funds. Henry was an accomplished politician who
restored peace and stability to England. He was more of a dry, spiritless count that enjoyed the chase
and other athletic activities but also music, dancing, and cards. With the death of Prince Edward,
and the murder shortly afterwards of his father Henry VI, the fourteen year old Henry Tudor became
the leading Lancastrian claimant to the throne. This wouldn't have been so bad if Edward IV's
brother, the Duke of Gloucester, declared his sons illegitimate and took the throne for himself as
Richard III. The disappearance and presumed murder of the young princes turned many of Richard's
subjects against him and rallied around exiled Henry Tudor. Henry was now the leading claimant to
the throne as Richard was now an illegal leader. Henry reinforced his promised marriage to
Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV. This brought Houses of Lancaster and York, which
brought dissident Yorkists to Henry's side. ("Crofton," 2006) After the death of the last two Yorkists
claimants, Henry's position on the throne was much more secured. He had isolated Warbeck from
foreign allies by securing peace with France, the emperor, and Scotland. He married his daughter
Margaret to the Scotland king, James VI.

The Hundred Years's War: The Causes Of The Hundred Years War
One of the longest conflicts in the history of warfare, the Hundred Years' War was a time that
defined history for both England and France. The war lasted from 1337 until 1453 passing over one
hundred years and reached a total of one hundred and sixteen years. It began in May 1337 when
King Philip VI of France tried to confiscate English territories located in Southwestern France and it
then ended in July 1453 when the French finally expelled the English from the continent. In the one
hundred and sixteen years' time span, there were about sixty–eight years of peace, and forty–four
years of a series of battles full with raids, sieges, and naval battles. It was a war with unforgettable
results, marking the start of early modern times for England ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In 1420, he forced the French to sign the Treaty of Troyes. This treaty said that Henry would keep
most of northern France, and would marry Charles VI's daughter. Once they had an heir, their
offspring would be crowned the king of England and France. In 1422, Henry V and Charles VI died.
The son of Henry came to throne as Henry VI for both England and France, while Charles VI's son
continued to rule a portion of southern France. Although Henry VI became king, England continued
to attack under the Duke of Bedford, Henry V's brother. With the help of the Burgundians, the
English dominated the northern half of France and were able to attack a major city in central

The Hundred Years War: A Struggle In Western Europe
The Hundred Years' War was an intermittent struggle between England and France in the 14th–15th
century over a series of disputes, including the question of the legitimate succession to the French
crown. The struggle involved several generations of English and French claimants to the crown and
actually occupied a period of more than 100 years. The Hundred Years' War demonstrated many
things to the Western European nations. "The war had four phases. The first three saw the
progressive weakening of the French power, the strengthening of England, and the creation of a new
kingdom, Burgundy, which for a crucial time allied itself with England. The fourth phase, which
began when King Henry V of England invaded France and achieved a great victory at the battle of
Agincourt in 1415, ended in a complete reversal and the ousting of the English from the continent
for good" (Hunt 392). It demonstrated that massed heavy cavalry charges did not work anymore.
Therefore, knights started to decline, and since the knights were an important part of the feudal
system, feudalism started to decline as well. Armies controlled by the state saw their first return in
Europe since Roman times. During the Hundred Years' War, the emphasis on the feudal system
declined, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
English efforts to sustain the war were hampered by Henry VI's bouts of insanity along with a power
struggle between the Duke of York and Earl of Somerset. In 1451, Charles VII captured Bordeaux
and Bayonne. Forced to act, Henry dispatched an army to the region but it was defeated at Castillon
in 1453. With this defeat, Henry was compelled to abandon the war in order to deal with issues in
England which would ultimately result in the Wars of the Roses. The Hundred Years' War saw
English territory on the Continent reduced to the Pale of Calais, while France moved toward being a
united and centralized

Was Henry Vii an Innovator? Essay
'Was Henry VII an Innovator? Henry VII born on the 28th of January of 1457 and died on the 21st
of April of 1509 was the first of five Tudor kings and queens that ruled England for around 120
years, quite short for that time, but they become one of the most famous dynasties of Europe's
history. Henry VII took the throne after a battle against the former king Richard III whose forces
outnumbered Henrys by two to one. Henry VII had a couple of big problems, one of them was that
there were people that had a stronger claim to the throne than he did, his only claim was that god let
him win the battle, therefore the nobility didn't respect him at the beginning of his reign. Another of
the problems he faced was the fact that he feared a lot ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another of the things Henry changed in order to increase the countries income was recognizances.
Recognizances were a source of income that, quoting on the photocopy, "...which Henry developed
to a fine art." They were a tool used by Henry so all the nobles obeyed the law. If a noblemen or
noblewomen did something that offended the king or if they had a public misconduct they would be
forced to pay a fine, or also called recognizance which was an definite amount of money. It was all
controlled by the Council Learned, which also took care of the kings debts. Henry was also lucky to
have a small family to give money to, unlike Edward, who gave great amounts of money to his
family. With all this explained above, "At the end of the century, revenue from royal estates was in
excess of £100,000 a year". This quota was found on a website that mainly talks about henry and his
money. Its value is that it s a fact that happened during the reign of Henry VII. Its purpose is to show
how Henry increased the income of the crown and its limitation, is that it's a secondary source so we
don't know how accurate it is. Most of the money he made, though, was thanks to the recognizances,
so to the nobles. Some of the nobles didn't necessarily like him for many reasons, that was one of
them. Just after Henry VII came to power, he called all the lords that helped him win the battle
against Richard III to the tower of London, where he lived. The

Outline: The Renaissance In Italy
Michael Wall
AP European History
Chapter 10 Outline: Renaissance and Discovery
: The Renaissance in Italy Some Scholars agree that the Renaissance (1375–1527)was a transition
from medieval to the dawn of modern times
Different from the feudal differences of medieval times, Renaissance Europe was shaped by
growing national and political centralization, an urban economy based on organized commerce and
capitalism, and growing lay control of secular thought and cultureThe Italian City State
2. Growth of City–States
When commerce revived in the eleventh century, Italian merchants mastered the organizational
skills needed for trade: book–keeping, scouting new markets, securing new markets, and banking
During the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Early humanists
Francesco Petrarch–the father of humanism
Wrote personal letters to Cicero, Livy, Virgil, and Horace
Wrote a Latin Epic poem, Africa, a tribute to a Roman general, and biographies of famous Roman
men
Sonnets to Laura remains his most famous work
Classical and Christian values coexist in his works b. Dante Alighieri
Wrote Vita Nuova and Divine Comedy which were far less secular than Petrarch's works c.
Giovanni Boccaccio
Wrote Decameron, a collection of one hundred tales told by three men and seven women in a
country retreat away from plague–ravaged Florence; it is a social commentary about sexual and
economic misconduct as well as a sympathetic look at human nature
8. Educational Reforms and

The Guns Of August, By Barbara W. Tuchman
Although many common citizens have often had several preconceived ideas behind the causes of the
first and second world war, historians believe in one main cause of the first world war, also called
the Great War, and that is the assassination of the archduke of Austria named Franz Ferdinand in
Sarajevo. Several novels have been written regarding this Great War but one book that sparks the
attention of the public some years after this war occurred is entitled The Guns of August. Its title
describes the insurmountable events regarding the first month of the first World War.
The Guns of August was written by Barbara W. Tuchman and was published in 1962 , forty–four
years after the end of the Great War. This book elaborates on the events of World War I in a manner
where the author emphasizes rather more on the causes of the war in contrast to the events following
the first world war. Tuchman begins the novel with a detailed personal view of the death of the King
of the United Kingdom at the time, King Edward VII. Concerning the people present in the novel,
several faces are described by Tuchman such as great nobles and great kings that attended this
funeral. Although all nobles and kings mourned the death of such great king, the King of Germany
himself was joyous for the fact that he would finally show the power of Germany towards the
modern world that they knew. Throughout the novel, the author uses imagery several times in order
to portray the views of someone that was in the

How Did Monarchs Influence The Tudor Period
From nine days to forty–five years, the reigns of the monarchs during the Tudor period were
different and impactful. This period in England between 1485 and 1603 was home to many of the
great monarchs, nobles, and civilians of the world. The monarchs in Tudor England shaped the
period that is known so well today for its culture and power. They controlled the religion, military,
and culture in a way that was unrivaled by anyone in their time. The monarchs shaped the Tudor
period into a time remembered for culture, war, and religion in a way that nobles and civilians could
not match. The Tudor period of England was home to many monarchs that each changed England in
very different ways. The first monarch of this period was King Henry VII. He ... Show more content
She was the eldest daughter of Henry Grey and Lady Frances Brandon, a great–granddaughter of
Henry VII. She was very well educated and raised a devout Protestant so that she could marry
someone of power. John Dudley, one of Edward VI's most trusted advisors, wed his son Guildford
to Lady Jane Grey. He convinced Edward to make her his heir so when he died she would take over
the throne. As a devout Protestant, Lady Jane Grey wanted to keep the Church of England and not
let Mary gain power. When Edward VI died, Lady Jane Grey was only queen for nine days before
the popular Mary took the throne and imprisoned her in the Tower of London. Under Mary's rule,
England was changed back to Catholic. Lady Jane Grey was executed on February 12, 1554. Her
life story has influenced many cultural novels, plays, painting, and films. She is recalled for her
resilience and courage to step up to one of the most intimidating women in England. Lady Jane
Grey's successor, Mary I, would attempt to change the English Empire into a religious, cultural, and
military

Elizabeth I
ELIZABETH I – SPEECH TO THE TROOPS AT TILBURY (1588)
HISTORICAL ANALYSIS
The text. This text is a political speech delivered on 9 August Old Style, 19 August New Style 1588
by Queen Elizabeth I of England to the land forces earlier assembled at Tilbury in Essex in
preparation of repelling the expected invasion by the Spanish Armada.
Queen Elizabeth supported pirates due to the serious economical crisis that England was facing to
(at that time, England have been at war against France for several years; this war had entailed huge
expenses to the coffers of England). Pirates supported royal finances back.
The main problem of Queen Elizabeth was Mary I, Queen of Scots. She was deposed and came to
England in order to take refuge; ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Queen Elizabeth was born in Greenwich Palace on September 7, 1533. She died on March 24, 1603,
of natural causes. Her father was Henry VII. His second wife, Anne Boleyn was Elizabeth's mother.
King Henry wanted a son, but received a daughter, instead, from his second wife. Before Elizabeth's
third birthday, Henry had her mother beheaded in charges of adultery and treason.
Elizabeth was brought up in a separate household at Hatfield (not known). King Henry's third wife
gave birth to a son. This boy was named Edward. Edward was declared first in line for King Henry's
throne, while Mary (Daughter of Henry's first wife) was declared second, and Elizabeth was
declared third and last in line for the throne.
Elizabeth received a thorough education that was normally reserved for men. She was taught by
special tutors of whom, the most known, was a Cambridge humanist by the name of Roger Ascham.
Roger Ascham wrote about Elizabeth, "Her mind has no womanly weakness. Her perseverance is
equal to that of a man and her memory long keeps what it quickly picks up. With the help of these
tutors, she was not only fluent in two languages, but in four languages. She was fluent in the
languages of Greek, Latin, French, and Italian.
When Henry died in 1547, her brother, Edward, took over the throne at ten years of age. Edward,
with a short reign on the throne, died in 1553, and Elizabeth's half, older sister, Mary took the
throne. Mary, like Edward, died on November 17, 1558, after

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