Biblical Archaeological Of Biblical Archaeology

Biblical Archaeological Of Biblical Archaeology
Biblical archaeology is defined as a sect of archeological studies that refers to the study of lands found in the Bible and their history
(biblicalarchaeology.org). The firsthand goal of Biblical archaeology is to prove the authority of scripture through providing concrete evidence that the
Bible lines up with accepted geography and history. TheJerusalem Siege Tower shows the accuracy of what was described as historical events in the
Bible. The Pool of Siloam is found in John 9, and proves that the places that Jesus spoke of while performing miracles really existed, and still do.
Finally, the Dead Sea Scrolls validate the authenticity of the scripture that we read today. Through the analysis of the excavation of the Jerusalem
Siege Tower,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Shanks, 86–87) Two archaeologists, Ronny Reich and Eli Shuckron, were excavating in the area of the Gidhon Valley, at the outset of the tunnel.
While digging in the kings garden, Shuckron noticed two steps in the ground, and after getting clearance from the Israeli Antiquities Authority, they
began to excavate that area, discovering the true location of the Siloam Pool. (Shanks, 88)
The Pool was then identified to be a trapezoid shape and around 225 long, with steps on the at least three of the exteriors. Archaeologists were also
able to identify that the pool went through two phases, and that the stone steps were a part of the second phase. In the first phase, the steps were
actually plastered, not stone. They also found coins inside the plaster, which dated back to the assumed first phase of the pool. The coins were all
dated back to the era of the Jewish king, Alexander Jannaeus, who would be succeeded by Herod the Great. Therefore, archaeologists can conclude
that the pool was developed the late Hasmonean period or early Herodian period. Excavators also found Second Temple pottery, which had all been
finished in the Roman destruction of Jerusalem in 70 AD, and coins from the First Jewish revolt against Rome, which lasted from 66 to 70 AD. With
this knowledge, archaeologists could conclude that the pool was in use until the end of the revolt. The pool eventually disappeared under
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The Bible Is True And Not Myths
Archaeology has verified that the bible is true but how? First, archeology has confirmed the biblical stories are true and not myths, as the world
believed, because of ancient sites and civilizations discovered. Second, manuscripts that were found and translated has shown people today how the
people back in the bible lived and worked. Last but not least, archeology has shown where major events, like battles, have gone on and during what
year, they happened. According to Archeology and the Old Testament, the book of Judges took place around theIron Age period, which was 1200 – 586
BC. Excavations have provided some useful information about daily life in ancient Israel during Judges, including the land, climate and people.
However, before we learn about how people lived their daily lives in Israel during the Iron Ages, we should learn about the geography of Israel.
The land of Israel stretches from Dan in the North to Beersheba in the South and from the Mediterranean Sea in the west to the Transjordan in the
east. Israel 's landscape is divided into five main regions and even though the regions are in the same place they all receive different amounts of rain,
which produce different crops. The first region, the coastal plain, goes along the Mediterranean coast to Rosh HaNiqura, receives about 25 to 16
inches of rain which is a great place to grow grain. The second region, is the central mountain range that goes from Galilee to Negev Highlands; this
region receives from 20 to

The Jezreel Expedition
I am currently a sophomore undergraduate archaeology major at the University of Evansville, who plans to use my degree to pursue museum studies.
When I was young, I discovered that I wanted to be an archaeologist, prompting me to visit many fascinating museums, such as the Smithsonian, the
Metropolitan Museum of Art, and the Louvre. In preparation for this dig, I currently hold a part–time job as a team member, at a local fast–food pizza
establishment. However, this scholarship can also help aid me in participating at my first dig during the 2018 field season at Jezreel, co–directed by
one of my professors at UE. My love of ancient cultures has inspired me to pursue traveling and submerge myself into new cultures. The Jezreel
Expedition is

Catalhuyuk Women Analysis
Part 1: During the 1960's an archeological dig conducted by James Mellaart took place in what is now modern day Turkey. Mellaart was just one
of many archeologists who wanted to understand the civilizations of the Neolithic age, and Catalhuyuk (an early civilization which lived in what
is now modern day Turkey) in particular. The dig led to a discovery of multiple female figurines made from baked clay called Venus figurines.
These figurines were most likely created around 5,000 B.C.E. Part 2: The Venus figurines could have been made to express the way the Catalhuyuk
people viewed women. Considering how plentiful the figurines are, historians can infer that women were most likely worshipped. Women in the
Catalhuyuk civilization could have been worshipped for many reasons. They were capable of pregnancy which people may have thought connected
them to the earth. If they had a direct connection to the earth, they were goddesses or special beings which would have be celebrated and praised.
Because religion played such a huge part in their everyday lives, perhaps the people created the figurines to call upon the earth goddesses for rain,
crops, or protection from illness. Looking... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This change could have been due to the rise of agriculture. The rise of agriculture meant that men didn't have to hunt for food and women didn't have
to gather food. Naturally the men decided that women were too weak to participate in farming so the gender roles began to become imbalanced. The
women, not having to participate in food production were now viewed purely as tools for expanding their population. Because the clock never ticked
back in time, women still remain unequal to men this day. If women could have played a part in the agricultural revolution, would gender roles would
be more

Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management...
The final article is "Negotiation, Game Theory and Cultural Resource Management" presented by K. M. Sullivan in 1986. This paper is about game
theory and negotiation processes. It refers specifically to the New South Wales National Parks and Wildlife Service's approach to cultural resource
management. It has implications for academic researchers in dealings with Aboriginal people. In New South Waleswhere environmental impact
assessment is required, the Service has the right to require archaeological survey to be carried out for Aboriginal sites. Such work is done at the
expense of the developer who engages consultant archaeologists. If sites exist, the developer must either show that they will not be adversely affected,
or must apply for consent to destroy the sites. Such consent is given only after any further detailed archaeological investigation and in consultation with
local Aboriginal people, whose agreement is sought for research, mitigation or destruction. Academic research which in any way damages a site must
be the subject of an application which must meet both academic and conservation standards and requirements, and must have Aboriginal consent.
During these processes, there are many issues which could result in various costs to the developer. Negotiation is required to resolve conflict over
sites, which is essentially land use conflict. The aim of the Service is to protect sites, but in resolving the conflict surrounding any one site, the
long–term general

Pros And Cons Of Museum Repatriation Controversy
Museum Repatriation Controversy
Museums are in a showdown with other countries over art, artifacts, and even culture. They are fighting over repatriation,the return of artifacts and
other antiquities. One expert explains, "There are those in favor of repatriation who say it is unethical to keep these artifacts. Others contend that such
artifacts should remain in museums because they are part of a universal human history"(Art and Cultural Repatriation). Having better more fair laws on
cultural property and repatriation could lower looting and increase archeological dig sites to find even more antiquities. The individual country the
artifact comes from, and the museum researching it, should be the only ones that can claim whether the artifact ... Show more content on
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Author Svensson of "On Craft and Art", believes that by giving back artifacts of cultural importance it will mean better environments for it to be in,
and become a tourist attraction for these countries so they could get more money. Svensson also thinks that for the indigenous peoples that now have
museums could finally have something to attract more people and promote sharing of the artifacts between other museums(par. 1). Along with
Svensson's ideas there is also a problem with stopping museums from buying stolen artifacts and refusing to give them back. Henrik Bering noted, "The
traditional museum concept of universalism, the British cultural–policy adviser Munira Mirza points out, is now associated with "imperialistic values"
and the theft of other peoples' identity, for which there is said to be only one remedy: to hand back our ill–gotten gains"(par. 16). Some museums feel
it necessary to keep artifacts because they believe they could provide a better more suitable environment for the ancients works, underestimating the
country of origin. Having a bias towards themselves when the country of origin could do just as good, possibly better. Museums shouldn't hold
antiquities for ransom and instead give them back to share with, and help, the

Archaeology : Modern Infrastructure Projects Threatening...
At first glance, the study of archaeology may be perceived as the study of ancient artifacts, discovering tombs, or even just treasure hunting. However,
archaeology has very large impacts in the world today. Firstly, archaeology is vastly important because it is very relevant to how we understand human
history today. The study of archeology is not just important because it contributes to museums and writes history books. Without the work, projects,
and excavations conducted by archeologists, we would not have the valuable understanding of past humans and their interactions with the objects,
society, and world around them. In addition, many archaeological sites are in developing countries, which could have very positive economic impacts
if valuables are found. However, even though there are various constructive aspects of the work and study of archaeology today, there are many
controversial arguments about what is to be done with archaeological finds; as well as modern infrastructure projects threatening archeological sites.
For several decades now, many museums and archeologists have had feuds on epic archaeological discoveries and how they were collected. The most
famous example of this would be the controversy surrounding the Elgin Marbles. Excavated and collected by Lord Elgin from the Parthenon in Athens,
the Elgin Marbles are a collection of stone sculptures, inscriptions, and ancient Greek architectural features. The sculptures were excavated from the
Parthenon.

Analysis Of Marija Gimbutas 's ' The Living Goddess '
Archeology like any other science is prone to uncertainty and a couple mistakes. However, when an idea is presented as a fact, it is outrageous,
nothing is completely definite and everything is basically a theory. Marija Gimbutas was very passionate about the Goddess, in The Living Goddess,
she says, "The role of the father in prehistoric antiquity was either not fully understood or not as highly valued as that of the mother," (112).
Nevertheless, the way that she presented her argument was not convincing. Gimbutas acted as though she knew the history of a civilization just by
looking at the artifacts she found, she used her own research as her evidence to support her claims, and lastly she is guilty of letting her own ideas
cloud her judgment. Throughout her work, Gimbutas appears to be omniscient claiming to know that there was a civilization in Old Europe that was
matrifocal, peaceful and offered its citizens a higher quality of life. She paves the road for her peaceful utopia by defining the word civilization
through the eyes of an archeologist, "Historians have assumed that civilization implies a hierarchical political and religious organization, warfare, a
class stratification, and a complex division of labor," (Gimbutas, The Civilization viii). Once she introduced the barbaric society that revolved around
males she contrasts this by saying that gynocentric cultures did not revolve around petty superficial things that mattered in a patriarchal society
(Gimbutas, The

The Evolution Of Human Civilization In Ishmael By Daniel...
In the novel Ishmael by Daniel Quinn, an unnamed narrator finds a mentor named Ishmael. Ishmael is a gorilla that teaches through telepathy, how
human civilization has developed to its current state. He explains that human culture can be split into two groups: Takers and Leavers. Takers are the
most dominant culture; they seek to control the world through aggressive agricultural production and development of new technology. The leavers on
the other hand, are people who live in tribal cultures that respect the world and seek to coexist with other species on earth. Ishmael explains that the
world is in danger, as the Taker way of life is destroying the world. The book challenges the idea that humans should rule the world and presents
different views on how human civilisation is destroying the world through its aggressive expansion.
A metaphor Ishmael used in the book (pages 61–63) was that Takers expansion in the world can be viewed like an early airman testing out the first
aircraft with flapping wings, its design based on a mistaken understanding of the laws of flight. As the flight starts out, all is well, as the airman
moving through the air freely. However, he is actually in freefall, as the device is not fit for flying. The man looks at all the abandoned crafts on the
ground and wonders why they didn't strive for flight like him. As he realizes he is falling to the ground, he tries to save himself by pedalling with all
his might, but as the aircraft is fundamentally flawed, this does nothing to save him. This journey can be compared to the journey of human civilization,
which started out based on the misconception that a human dominated earth could be sustainable. It failed to obey the basic laws of nature, which is
currently leading it to its downfall. This metaphor is very applicable to the world today, as we deal with the effects of human activities such as mass
industry, deforestation, and destruction of natural animal habitats for human settlement. These activities may seem to bring many benefits in the short
term, such as economic and technological development, easy access to energy and food, and cheap resources for mass production of goods; however,
in the long term these destructive human

Elba Tablets Research Paper
Known as the Elba Tablets, dated from 2500 to 2250BC, consisted of a collection of as many as 1,800 different clay tablets along with 4,700 fragments
as well as many thousand minor chips. Written in two different languages with clay identity tags attached to them with the first language being
Sumerian and the second language being an unknown language but similar to Sumerian which eventually the archaeologists named "Eblaite." Most of
the tablets provided information on Syria and Canaan of the Early Bronze Age, of 3300 to 2100BC. The tablets consisted of economic records and
inventories along with commercial and political relations with other cities that existed in the Levant at this time. At the beginning Giovanni Pettinato
along with others of his group found what they thought was references to the Old Testament. A controversy began concerning
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The monarchy of David and Solomon as described in the Old Testament as a regional power was in reality a small tribal kingdom along with the lack
of evidence that the Temple of Solomon ever existed. Archaeologists have found no historical or archaeological evidence to back the biblical narrative
of the Exodus, the Jews' wandering in Sinai or Joshua's military conquest of Canaan. Concerning the Temple of Solomon, it is the opinion of
archaeologist and historian Israel Finkelstein, currently there is no archaeological evidence to prove the existence of the Temple of

Appropriate Observation
Out of every given site, site E was most likely to have fossils because it has the traits that are needed to find fossils. There is no vegetation, lots of
sedimentary rock, and shows evidence of erosion. In this project, our group evaluated every site to find the most fossils and narrowed it down to site
"E." To start it off, there is an absence of vegetation. This makesfossil finding easier because the paleontologists don't need to dig under trees, roots,
and other assorted plants to get to fossils that may have been hidden under vegetation. This makes digging much harder as opposed to sedimentary
rocks. When vegetation lies on the ground, it is much harder to find fossils as the time spent uncovering the ground of plants will take up more

Excavations at the Pool of Siloam and How It Relates to...
Introduction This report presents information on the excavations at the Pool of Siloam and how it relates to the Scriptures. The Pool of Siloam is the
site according to the Gospel of John, where Jesus healed the blind man. John 9:5–7 states, "As long as I am in the world, I am the light of the world."
Having said these things, he spit on the ground and made mud with the saliva. Then he anointed the man's eyes with the mud and said to him, "Go,
wash in the pool of Siloam" (which means Sent). So he went and washed and came back seeing" The historicity of the site is significant because it
is specifically named in the Scriptures. It is not some random pool of water that Jesus sent the blind man to. The discovery of the Pool of Siloam is
of great significance as it is the site of one of Jesus' signs but it was also mentioned in the Old Testament in Neh. 3:15 "Pool of Shelah" and Isa. 8:6
"waters of Shiloah."
Background of the Pool of Siloam King Hezekiah used this famous tunnel that brought water from the Gihon Spring at the floor of the Kidron Valley
into Jerusalem, the ending point was the Pool of Siloam. Two separate teams built the tunnel, which was 1750 feet long in which both teams met in the
middle. The water that was brought into the Pool of Siloam was an engineering marvel that protected the water of Jerusalem in case of an attack on the
city.
"In the 400's AD, a church was built above a pool attached to Hezekiah's tunnel to commemorate the miracle of Jesus

The Relationship Between Museums And First Nations Peoples...
This paper will attempt to illustrate the relationship between museums and First Nations peoples in regards to the issue of repatriation. Using the
example of the Haida Gwaii First Nations and their successful and on–going campaign towards repatriation within Canada, this paper will address the
discussions and perspectives of both the anthropologists (archaeologists) and First Nations people in the academic and non–academic fields. The
division of views on the issue of repatriation are loosely categorised into three groups: archaeologists, anthropologists and scientists that value scientific
knowledge over the humanity of the remains, the return of ancestors that are believed by First Nations to have been stolen and stripped of their
humanity and therefore should be returned, and finally the middle ground in which there are Indigenous academics and non–Indigenous academics that
strive to return human remains and in cases where it is not possible, treat them in a more respectful and culturally sensitive manner. Looking first to the
complicated relationship between First Nations peoples and the institutions that collect ancestral remains (mainly universities and museums), it is easy
to the that this relationship is based on inequality of power and knowledge. This inequality lays its routes in the colonial history of anthropology and
museums collecting human remains for the "betterment of science and knowledge" (Jenkins 2008, 114). The Eighteenth Century Enlightment ideas in

Time and Chronology in Archeology
Time and Chronology in Archaeology
Why is it important for archaeologists to establish chronologies and what are the strengths and weaknesses of absolute and relative dating methods in
their establishment?
By Liam Cornish
In this essay will discuss what chronologies are and why they are extremely important to archaeology. It will also discuss the different types of
chronologies as well as the varying methods of establishing them. Time can be determined in different ways, absolutely and relatively. There are
strengths and weaknesses to both of these ways of recording and measuring time and both tell archaeologists different information about parts of the
archaeological record. Both are also highly important to the field archaeology.
A chronology is an ordering of events and items from the past which is based on time. In his journal article on the seriation method Robert C.
Dunnell defines chronology as: "The stipulation of the temporal dimension of a body of data" (Dunnell 1970:305). This shows how chronologies are
intrinsically linked to time in archaeology. They are what allows archaeologists to study time and its relation with various parts of the archaeological
record. It also allows times effects on the past of humanity to be observed and measured.
Chronologies are vitally important to the study of the archaeological record. Indeed Erin C. Dempsey, in her journal article which deals with the
construction of valid chronologies, said that "Like time, chronology is of

Kathleen M. Kenyon 's Life
INTRODUCTION Kathleen M. Kenyon is an archeologist of the twentieth century that is well known and highly looked upon in her field. She came
from a family with influence and and connections to many different institutes and colleges. It is because of her family's influence and connections that
she was able to become well known and one of the best excavators in Great Britain. Kathleen Kenyon was born in London, England, on January 5, in
1906 to her parents Fredric and Amy Kenyon after losing two children at birth "due, according to family tradition, to the incompetence of the doctor
where they lived in Harrowon–the–Hill, a suburb of London." She was the older sibling between her and her sister. Her father was a biblical scholar
who also believed in the inspiration of the Word of God and became the Director of the British Museum. Kathleen goes on to say about having her
father as a Director of the British Museum "it was most useful to have the national collection at one's disposal, added to which were the joys of
accompanying my father by the light of an electric torch to select books from the great catalogue in his Reading Room." She enjoyed the access to
material and studying she could do. Kathleen's mother was not a scholar she was more artistic and musically talented. Amy's skills in painting and art
was a "complement to her husband's scholarly detachment." Kathleen's mother was very talented, she sang, sketched, and did different crafts like wood
carving. Although

The Issue Of Today 's Society
Seminar Paper (Entangled) Introduction There is no denying consumerism has become an issue of today's society. People are consuming more
than they ever have before. Because of it material culture has become an increasing area of study. Material culture is described as the relationship
between people and their material things. People are owning more stuff which is leading to major problems. The mass consumptions of these
goods has a negative impact on the planet. It takes lots of energy and resources to produce a product, thus takes a negative toll on the planet.
Rainforest are cut down, habits are destroyed, global warming increases, waste and toxic gases have increased, animals are killed, and people are
displaced. The people in marginalized communities and third world countries are the ones that are affected the most. People are employed in
horrible conditions, and paid horrendous salaries by these huge corporations profiting on the exploitation of these people, while profiting
tremendously from the boom in consumer goods. Not only have people of western societies but people around the world are craving and desiring
consumer goods. What is being consumed at an alarming rate is technology. With the technological boom and technological advances at an alarming
rate has led to people purchasing such products. Because technology has become so globalize and so easy to acquire at a price that is accessible by
most, it has led to an increase in sales and production

Summary Of Accuracy In Island Of The Blue Dolphinss
Accuracy in Island of the Blue Dolphins Accuracy varies depending on the purpose by which an author writes a story. Some authors may choose to
base their story purely on facts, some may stick to being entirely fictional, and the rest pick and choose facts and fiction. Island of the Blue Dolphins
entails the journey of a young native girl, Karana, who becomes stranded on her home island until her eventual rescue. This story in particular is based
on that of a Nicoleno woman, the Lone Woman. However, facts were left out regarding what happened in real life. InIsland of the Blue Dolphins, the
author, O'Dell, inaccurately depicts the Lone Woman's situational, historical, and archaeological relevance. O'Dell undermines the Lone Woman's
relevance in terms of the situations Karana, the main character, faces throughout Island of the Blue Dolphins. Karana watches her father die ,
which is an aspect O'Dell created to develop his story and is not historically evident. O'Dell's personal views of what a mother should be affected
the accuracy of his story because he felt that a mother should not forget her child . This explains why his book shows how Karana returned to the
island for her brother instead of being like the Lone Woman who returned for her child. O'Dell even makes up the concept of public and secret names
, which furthers his inaccuracy because this shows that he added the names as an element to build on the symbolism. Even more so, Captain Baranov's
offer of trade goods

History : History And History
Introduction For many years people lived without knowing what archaeology would reveal, the many discoveries that would be giving a picture to
history. "The world of the past was largely forgotten except for the historical parade of ancient names of people and places, but there was no
physical evidence to prove they really existed." If it wasn't for many of the archaeologist who have dedicated their life to finding these historical
pieces we would not know visually how people lived many years ago or be able to prove history. Although, some archaeologists have looked for ways
to prove the Bible through their findings, archaeology findings should only be used as a way to backup history. "Even when we discard our old
presuppositions and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This was one of the best schools at the time. Although, this was a school that made a great impact on his education, Sir Henry did not remain long in
this school.
"Henry Creswicke Rawlinson was only under the influence of these teachers for less than two years and a half–from August 1824 to May 1826. But he
was at an impressionable time of life, and he always attributed to this period of his education the firm hold which he obtained on the classical
languages and the facility with which he could master the contents of almost any Latin or Greek prose book."
Sir Henry at the age of sixteen was appointed as a cadet, with the East India Company. By 1827, he was headed to Bombay in a sailing vessel. After
many months of sailing, boredom began to take over, not much was left to do in their voyage. It wasn't until Henry Rawlinson asked for permission
to begin his own newspaper among the many men traveling with him. He got permission and many of his companions began to offer articles for this
newspaper. He then became the editor of the newspaper for the remainder of the trip. They landed in Bombay by that same year of his departure, as
they drew closer and their destination became clear, he wrote, "I cannot be melancholy now, but Oh! How I wish you were here to enjoy my pleasure
with me–the picture is beautiful–islands, mountains, boats, ships, tents, blacks, whites, browns, greens, Oh it is lovely after 4 months of sea and sky."
Two years later

Sanisera Research Paper
Sanisera (Menorca) Sanitja bay, located on the northern coast of the island of Menorca, is home to a Roman fort and Sanisera. The bay was
originally only open to the Roman military but later opened to trades around the time Sanisera was established. Unlike Pollentia, Sanisera was one of
the only Roman sites not constructed on top of an indigenous site. The lack of modern construction over Sanisera has made it possible to undertake
an extensive excavation of both sites. The first phase of excavations focused primarily on the fort with some surveys of the city, the current phase of
the excavation of Sanitja began in 1992 (Sa Nitja 1996). Throughout both excavation phases, there has also been a lot of focus on the various
shipwrecks in the bay.

Time Capsule Research Paper
A time capsule represents a culture in a bottle. And so, in order to create a relevant time capsule, this class must ask the question; "What three facets of
a society clearly represent its culture?" Because archeology specializes in the deciphering of long–dead cultures, a look at archeology's perspective is
most beneficial in answering this question. A review of the archeological literature reveals three topics consistently dominating the conversation. The
technology, belief system, and pastimes peculiar to a nation define its culture to observers viewing it from a future date. Therefore, a time capsule to be
opened in the year 2115 must include an artifact specific to the area of innovation, a relic representative of America's dominant religion and the main
contender, and something to present a picture of popular entertainment. The smartphone presents itself as the obvious choice for an artifact to represent
technology. However, it seems the only constant in computer science is that no constants exist. Technology grows at such a rapid rate that merely...
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As the main religion, a relic of unembellished, mainstream Christianity deserves a spot in any time capsule. Also, since America in form and function
is now primarily secular, secular humanism should provide part of this item. Audio recordings of a Southern Baptist minister and a vocal atheist, such
as Richard Dawkins, would supply the perfect relic. Because of the difficulty of acquiring a playback mechanism for vocal mediums found in time
capsules, the smartphones should carry them as files. This raises another problem, however, a charging cable attached to a hand cranked generator or
similar method is necessary to preserve the information should the future lose today's technology. In conclusion, the smartphones ought to include files
which represent the current religious landscape, and a method for perpetuating the files' life put in

Archaeology and Ethics
Michelle Heatherly
Archaeology and Ethics
11/15/12
Student Id: 5920 mheathe3@utk.edu Anth 120– 004
There are many similarities in the ethical statements/codes of the SAA, SHA, AIA, and RPA. The ones that pertain to this case are as follows: it is
the responsibility of archaeologists to work for the long–term conservation and protection of the archaeological record (SAA 1, AIA 1, RPA 1.1
–e). The
buying and selling of objects out of archaeological context is contributing to the destruction of the archaeological record around the world, and these
items should not be traded, sold, bought, or bartered as commercial goods (SAA 3, SHA 6, AIA 2, RPA 1.2
–e). Within reasonable time, the knowledge
archaeologists gain ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Also they are to be careful to preserve and protect the archaeological site when publishing and distributing information about their nature and location
(SAA6 and SHA3).
Finally, the last ethical dilemma to be discussed is the importance of archaeologists to inform the proper authorities when illegal trading, or selling,
of artifacts is discovered. In the text it states, "The two project directors reply that they will not purchase the pots themselves, nor will they
guarantee that authorities will not be notified. They do, however, loan the men some gasoline and a video camera for a day, to record the pots and
their location." It is questionable that the two directors would only imply that they could not promise the authorities would not be notified. It is
their duty to do so, according to the statements and ethical codes of many archaeological organizations. They also give the local employees
gasoline and a video camera for a day leads the reader to believe that they are okay with this sort of behavior and have no intention of notifying the
proper authorities. It also says that because of the video camera, many of the villagers now know where the cave is, and will likely know what ends
up happening to the pots. Because the villagers now know where the cave is, it is even more important that the authorities are notified so that similar
situations do not arise with villagers scavenging the cave and finding more

Cultural Appropriation, By The Kylie Jenner Lip Challenge
Anyone who knows me, knows me knows that I love to watch reruns of "What not to wear" on TLC, As it teaches me something I clearly know
nothing about, fashion. However anyone who is in my Spanish class known that I not only care about my culture but others as well. This school year
has been interesting both fashion–wise and politically, from the Kylie Jenner Lip challenge, to Donald Trump running for president. It has been such
a weird school year however, that it has pointed out a sad fact about the current fashion world, that is prevalent through the politics we discuss in our
everyday lives, and that is cultural appropriation. As cultural appropriation according to the Oxford Dictionary is "A term used to describe the taking
over of creative or artistic forms, themes, or practices by one cultural group from another. It is in general used to describe Western appropriations of
nonвЂђWestern or nonвЂђwhite forms, and carries connotations of exploitation and dominance." And despite how much we would like to believe
that this issue doesn't exist in our present day society, if one looks In clothing stores, fashion magazines, and even Halloween parties, cultural theft is
occurring. This can be seen especially with indigenous cultures as: elements of indigenous cultures are morphed into fashion trends and costumes for
those who will never understand their significance. "Navajo print" leggings, "tribal" jewelry, and "Indian princess" Halloween costumes are examples
of gross

Archaeology : The Field Of Archaeology
Archaeologists:
The field of archaeology is a sub–discipline of anthropology. People, who study archaeology, are called archaeologists. What they do in this field is
that they find and study the artifacts of past civilizations like tools and weapons, pottery, jewelry, and clothing (if it survived that passage of time).
From analyzing artifacts, archaeologists are able to form hypothesizes of how that ancient culture would have lived and behaved, even if there is no
written record.
The field of archaeology helps, especially, with decoding the unknown history of the Native Americans before European contact. From the
archaeological sites to the different dates of artifacts collected over the decades, archaeologists have grouped pre–European contact in Native American
history four periods of time, Paleo (Prehistory) (more than 10,000 years ago), Archaic (roughly 10,000–2,500 years ago), Woodland (roughly 3,000
years ago– early 1600s), and then Euro–American (1600s to present)*. *These time frames are a rough estimate, which means that there is potential
overlapping, and it is theorized that there is not a distinct beginning and end, just one continuous growth of culture throughout time. Most Native
American communities will accept western time periods of their culture, however, there are some that refuse to acknowledge them because they are
western times about their life.
Paleo: Post–Glacial Native Americans:
When did Paleo–Indians arrive?
Archaeologists believe that

Yigael Yadins Archaeological Contributions
Yigael Yadin's Archaeological Contributions
Introduction
Biblical Archeology has helped in supporting the historicity of the Bible. Not that archaeology proves or disapproves the Bible – this it does not, it
only supports the history of the Bible. One of the discoveries that support the biblical historicity is the Dead Sea Scrolls. The Dead Sea Scrolls came
from eleven caves, mined over the course of seven years, over 15,000 documents supporting biblical historicity have been unearthed at Qumran. One of
the archeologist that played an important part in this discovery was Yigael Yadin ofIsrael. Yadin, not only contributed to the discovery and research of
the Dead Sea Scrolls more than any other archeologist, but he also ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Not only did he contribute to the discovery and research of the Dead Sea Scrolls but he also was responsible for unearthing many mysteries that
surrounded the history of Israel at places like Masada, Hazor and Tel Megiddo. In this paper I will briefly talk about Yadin's life, his archeological
achievements and major contributions to biblical archeology and in doing so will show that Yadin was no ordinary archeologist but truly was a one of
the most influential archeologists concerning the discoveries as it relates to the history of Israel.
Early Life Yigael Yadin's original name was Yigael Sukenik and he was born March 21, 1917 in Jerusalem. His mother was Chassiya Sukenik and his
father was Lipa Sukenik. Even as a child people remarked how exceptionally beautiful he was and how remarkable he was at a young age. This would
prove to be true later in life. He was considered as growing up in a middle–class Jewish society in far–off Lithuania. His mother, Chassiya had the
opportunity to become a respectable businessman's wife in Bialystok but she had no desire to do so. Chassiya had as far back as her teenage years
intended to become a teacher of Jewish pioneers' children among the palm trees of Eretz Israel. Yadin's father, Lipa

Pompeii And Herculaneum: Archaeology Analysis
The different methods used by archaeologists over time to investigate the sites of Pompeii and
Herculaneum proved to be beneficial and assisted in the conservation, protection and reconstruction of the sites.
In source 5, Steven Ellis stated that 'Pompeii as an archaeological site is the longest continually excavated site in the world ... the development in the
science of archaeology was tested out in Pompeii – with mixed results' indicates that scientific methods used in Pompeii revealed details that were
either conclusive or inconclusive.This method changed and challenged archaeologists as some viewed it as positive in the sense that it could provide
insight about the site or it could be negative as the method could impact the artefacts ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In relation to source 10, The House of the Gladiators collapsed in 2010 (this may not link to source 10), however it is one of the major buildings in
Pompeii that have collapsed.This brought worldwide attention and made radical reforms and outlined the corrupt nature of conserving the sites of
Pompeii and Herculaneum.The cause was due to heavy rain, the decaying restored concrete roof, management incompetence and political neglect.
Tsao Cevoli, president of Italy's National Association of Archaeologists, called the collapse 'an irreparable wound to the world's most important
archaeological site
Yet again, in source 9 Hadrill quoted "The greatest challenge is to understand why this happens, and to set up procedures and practices to ensure it does
not happen again future"
The impact of tourism
'Today the biggest danger for the old town is the increasing number of visitors ...' Dr Salvatore Nappo
Pompeii attracts around 2 million people every

Ian Hodder's Reading The Past
W Welliver
Reading the Past In Reading the Past, Ian Hodder argues that Processual, or New, Archaeology is flawed and that we must look at approaches used
before its adoption and integrate parts of those approaches into the study of archaeology. He points out that Symbols in Action helped him to develop
three ideas regarding how to do this. First, we must consider that material culture has meaning. Second, that the individual is important to the
development of theory in archaeology; and finally that archaeology is most closely related to history and should consider that in its approach. In looking
at meaning in material culture Hodder brings up how ethnographic work showed that, contrary to previous belief, interaction between cultures could
actually lead to a more marked difference in their pottery styles. He also referenced burial practices and refuse buildup, and how they differ based on
cultural beliefs of death and dirt, respectively. He also goes on ton argue that the material culture is not solely an adaptation to the environment, but also
depended upon the culture that produces it. To attempt to properly interpret the material culture requires context. Here Hodder asks three questions
concerning context: what is it, is the meaning we construct the same that was in people's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Hodder argues that through the actions of individuals and the material culture society is created. However Processual archaeology rejected the
individual and chose to look at the socio–cultural system and its long–term development. Ethnographic information shows this as a flawed approach. In
some cases variations in ceramic styles were to denote social differences, as opposed to the craftsman's education or the ceramics use, something a
processual archaeologist may not even consider. He does point out that the focus on the individual has nothing to do with the role of free will in
change, but rather to add meaning to the material

Heinrich Schliemann Essay
"We could describe (Heinrich) Schliemann's excavations on the hill of Hissarlik and consider their results without speaking of Troy or even
alluding to it," Georges Perrot wrote in 1891 in his Journal des Savants. "Even then, they would have added a whole new chapter to the
history of civilization, the history of art" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne 87). Heinrich Schliemann's life is the stuff fairy tales are made of. A poor,
uneducated, and motherless boy rises through his hard work and parsimonious lifestyle to the heights of wealth (Burg 1,2). He travels the world and
learns its languages ("Heinrich Schliemann"), takes a beautiful Greek bride, and together they unearth the treasures of Troy and the citadel
of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Schliemann himself once wrote, "If my memoirs now and then contain contradictions, I hope that these may be pardoned when it is considered
that I have revealed a new world of archaeology. The objects which I brought to light by thousands are of a kind hitherto never or but rarely found. It
was an entirely new world for me; I had to learn everything by myself and only by and by could I attain the insight" (qtd. in Duch&ecirc;ne
45). Even Traill comes to the defense of Schliemann's contributions; "The greatness of his achievements and their enduring significance are
beyond dispute" (Traill 97). Schliemann rediscovered an important site occupied from the Early Bronze Age until Roman times that whose levels
of strata most likely contain the Homeric city of Troy ("Homeric Questions Part III –Archaeology– 9/06/98"). He put the science of
stratigraphy to practice and innovated archaeology by building off of the processes of his predecessors. His digs at Mycenae led to Sir Arthur Evans's
discovery of the city of Knossos and the lost civilization of the Minoans, precursors to the Myceneans ("The Minoan Costume"). Neither the
Minoans nor the Myceneans had existed in anything

The Body As A Metaphor For Society
In Andean society many societies and cultures generally believed that all things, such as mountains, rivers, and waterfalls had life (Benson 2001: 1).
The Andean individuals believed that all inanimate objects were thus animated. This ideology not only influenced the way they thought about the
world, but also the way they treated and viewed the body. The body is a very important and useful theme in archeology as the body acts as a metaphor
for society, the way a society/culture treats the body provides vital important regarding their worldview. In addition, the body is a tool of lived
experience which can indicate how individuals lived, what was sacred or important to them and also shedding light on who they were. In other words,
by understanding how bodies were conceptualized in Andean societies archeologist can indicate the significance of certain ritual practices. It is
important to deconstruct the body as it provides social truths regarding a specific culture within the Andean region. Furthermore, people do things to
their bodies which may help archeologists understand their belief system, the practices/work they may have been doing. For example, if an individual
spends their whole life grinding corn the body would reflect this activity and thus would be able provide information regarding that culture. This theme
concerning 'the body' pushes us to consider distinct ontologies as different cultures and societies developed differently and thus has diverse beliefs,

Kathleen Kenyon Essay
Liberty University
Kathleen Kenyon
A research paper submitted to professor franklin castello
In Partial Fulfillment of the requirements For
BIBL – 471
Liberty University Online
By
Esther Lucas–Robinson
october 10, 2010
Esther Lucas–Robinson
BIBL – 471 – Biblical Archaeology
'Kathleen Kenyon'
Introduction
Some of the more remarkable archaeological discoveries in the 20th century were made by Dame Kathleen Kenyon. Kathleen Kenyon was born into
the heart of the English scholarly community and with all the help that influence and connections could provide became one of the foremost excavators
in Great Britain. Even though Miss Kenyon was purported to be a Christian, she did not argue for the biblical account ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This appointment was influenced by the obvious fact that her father was the Director of the British Museum and co–president of the Somerville
College Archaeological Society. At this point in her matriculation, the principal of Somerville College became more vested in Kathleen's future.
Margaret Fry would steer Kathleen away from the traditional female calling of becoming a teacher and would influence Kathleen to pursue

archaeology as a career.
Pursuing Archaeology
Kathleen's first archaeological experience was in the Great Zimbabwe in Southern Rhodesia as a photographer where she was joined by Gertrude
Caton–Thomson. This expedition had been made possible by her father's facilitation and connections along with Margaret Fry's persuasion. As she
would prove useful on this excavation, being both industrious and reliable, her duties would expand beyond taking pictures to overseeing the workers
assisting at the site. After she returned to England, at the completion of the Zimbabwe expedition, Kathleen joined Sir Mortimer Wheeler's staff at his
excavation at Roman Verulamiun (St. Albans), north of London. While there she would study Wheeler's method of stratigraphic excavation. Wheeler's
findings were based on the concept developed by geologist William Smith where materials accumulate on a site through a sequence of layers that
explain the historical timeline

Archaeology : Museum Of Archaeology Script
Museum of Archaeology Script
Introduction
Good Morning year 11s and welcome to the Museum of Archaeology. On today 's excursion I will be taking you on a tour of the museum and help
you acquire the knowledge of what archaeology is, what archaeologist do, learn about one of the most outstanding archaeologist from the past 200
years, get to observe 2 artefacts from the Pandora and discover how they teach us about the everyday life of an 18th century soldier.
Definition
Archaeology is not just 'digging', although the excavation of artefacts is important, there are many more aspects of archaeology involved that are all as
significant. Archaeology can best be described as the study of extinct human cultures meaning that it is not just ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The final type of archaeologist are university archaeologist who both teach and train students in the study of archaeology (Zarmati & Cremin, 2004).
In actual fact almost everyone that you see working here today, including myself, come under the category of Museum archaeologist as we are
preserving and presenting artefacts but not digging for them. Just behind this glass window you will see some of our staff working to conserve the
artefacts that have been given to us by field archaeologist.
Effects, interest and arguments
Although archaeology is important in society today, without it there can still be authentic historical scholarship.If you look behind me you will notice
an artefact from the Egyptian tombs and next to it is an image of an archaeologist and historian working together to find it's location.
Both archaeologists and historians study past human activity, however they are not the same profession. The difference between the two according to
the reliable source provided by Richard Woodbury is that historians study and write about our past whilst archaeologist study recovering and
interpreting both artefacts and remains of past civilizations (Woodbury, 2008). Historians on the other hand focus more on studying cultures that have
already developed systems of writing. This is one of the key reasons why archaeology is not a major factor when it comes to authentic historical

Difference Between Prehistory And Pre History
First Long Exam
1.History vs Prehistory
a.What is prehistory and how is this concept or term defined?
Prehistory is a discipline where it composed of series of events happened during the time where writing was not yet used to record those events. The
word itself means "before history" for it is associated with the prefix "pre–" which means before yet it was really the combination of the Latin word
"prae" that means before and the Greek word О№ПѓП„ОїПЃОЇО± which means history. These are the events that happened in times where in writing
was not yet used to record these events. Events are just based on either being told, predicted or believed by the people from long time ago and
evidences of this events came from excavation of fossils and discovery of materials in places believed to be the place inhibited by the prehistoric
people. It is a discipline where in trained and knowledgeable people in this field are the ones who can interpret, analyze and predict ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Opinion Section
At present, how good are we in knowing and understanding our country's history? What is lacking in the study of Philippine history and what should
be done to improve our grasp of our own history? Who or what is/are at fault in the continuous failure of the Philippines in correcting many of the
errors in the writing of its history?
Honestly speaking, most of us do not pay attention to the history of our country resulting to less understanding about it. Philippine History need to be
understood and should be thought by the ones who understands it. Our failure is that we just let anybody tell the history of the Philippines without
fully understanding the History. This results to passing the wrong information about the history of the Philippines to others and a lot of versions of
history that made the History of the Philippines complicated.
2.On Historiography
a.How did Zeus Salasar differentiate the Western definition of history and our "indigenous" perception of what history or Kasaysayan

The Physics Of Egyptian Archaeology
From the start of the Carter's article, it is made known that clearing the objects from the antechamber is a delicate and difficult process. Each object
needs to be handled carefully, or they can crumble. The process was slow and, and put significant amount of pressure on archaeologists. One wrong
move, and evidence and knowledge from the past could be gone. Additionally, not all excavations are carried out properly, and because of this
knowledge of Egyptian Archaeology is fifty percent less than what it should be. Carter mentions there were many things that could have gone wrong,
one of these things being theft. Since everyone was excited about the tomb and because of the valuables, guards and security were needed to minimize
the chance of theft. Furthermore, the condition of the objects careful treatment was of concern and, and also visitors.
The first step of the process is photography. For this, movable electric standard lighting was required to take pictures of the chamber before anything
else. The photos were developed in an empty tomb used as a dark room. Next, they made a registering system with numbers so later they know where
the object came from in the tomb. Then, Carter describes, it was important to find a seclude storage and private space for the objects once removed,
which they found in the tomb of Seti II. This tomb was protected from the sun and open, although there were some space issues and distance problems
from the scene. Moreover, Carter also notes

Forensic Analysis
Purpose: The main goal of this article is to raise awareness about how forensic archeology and anthropology can be used to improve the outcome of
cases in the advocacy for human rights. It is mainly intended to prove how the material remains can be used to address violations of human rights in
the past, by allowing the families of the victims to honor their memories. A way to do that is to provide the deceased with appropriate burials, as well
as to provide their families with enough knowledge to seek justice. This article proves the efficiency of archeological techniques to illustrate how
human rights have been compromised in the past by providing objective evidence of violations committed during the Civil War in Spain. This article
demonstrates... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of these are the study of stratification through the analysis of color variations, and components of the ground. Moreover, historical and archival
researches were detrimental to the process of data recollection. Other techniques included the recording of human remains before and after the
excavations by taking photographs in situ (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Features and other non–organic remains were equally analyzed and
recorded for further analysis. Other useful techniques included geographical information based on the location and position of the graves, as well as
drawing scales of the corpses' positions in them (Congram, Flavel and Maeyama 2014). Furthermore, anthropological analysis was paramount. Through
anthropological studies conducted in the lab, as well as at the field, forensic anthropologists and archeologists were able to recreate a complete
compilation of oral histories based on municipal records and official documents. Also, testimonies of the victims' family members, and interviews with
former prisoners gave a profound insight that advanced the investigation. Other methods worth mentioning were DNA analysis, but due to its
limitations and time constraints, DNA analysis was not conducted on every exhumed body. This research method was carried out at the expense of
family members with economic means who set up to identify their dead relatives; it was not sufficiently plausible during the investigation as a result of
time constraints. Significant qualitative and quantitative data were collected during this investigation, and these became extremely relevant to
determine causes of death of the corpses found in mass burial grounds. All the data collected and the methods used during the research, provided a solid
understanding of the circumstances of the deaths of the victims, along with concise evidence that supports the

The Boston University Archaeology Department Essay
On May 9th, 2016, the Boston University Archaeology Department held a public outreach event called, "Eating Archaeology", where guests were
served foods from four different time periods and places: Bronze–age Mycenae, Bronze–age China, Pre–Columbian Mesoamerica, specifically the
Aztecs, and mid–19th century Boston. The creation of these dishes was made possible through analyzing archaeological sites through the lens of the
newly popularized sub–field, archaeology of the senses, which studies how the materiality of the world contributes to and is influenced by how humans
use their senses (Hamilakis 4). Through analyzing the bodily senses, archaeologists can create a more detailed interpretation of the experiences of
ancient humans (Hamilakis i). This new interest in the sensory aspect of human culture brings a fascination with the types of foods that people
consumed in the past. With this in mind, a group of graduate students in the fields of archaeology, food history, and gastronomy, at Boston University,
collaborated to test if material remains can be used to recreate ancient recipes. Through eating these foods, one can glimpse a part of the culture that ate
the dish, illustrating the power of taste, and demonstrating that archaeology can be used to create something tangible for the public. This paper will
focus on the research process for the mid–19th century brothel site, located in Boston, and how the materials gathered during excavation were used to
reconstruct the

Book Review Barbarians to Angels Essay
Wells, Peter. Barbarians to Angel: The Dark Ages Reconsidered. New York, NY: W.W. Norton & Company, Inc., 2008
Barbarians to Angels written by Peter Wells is an enlightening read that sheds light on to what really went on during "The Dark Ages". The written
word during 400–800 AD came from educated citizens of the Roman Empire and their recount could be judgmental. Many historians are led to believe
that Barbarians destroyed Roman and everyone suffered from acts of violence, a mass migration, disease, starvation, and this was the way of life for
hundreds of years. But Peter Wells goes beyond the information in the written accounts and looks at the actual archaeological evidence. He uses this
information to help visualize life that went ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
But over time some of these building would be torn down to make room for other uses and the some of the larger stones would be reused. Wells see's
this as another example of how life didn't stop just continued on differently. The studies of these cities reveal that there was continuity from one
generation to the next and not abrupt declines followed brilliant discoveries.
Wells points out several times throughout the book and he even uses a whole chapter to talk about Religion. The way Wells stresses that even though
the declared religion is Christianity people still used or practiced their beliefs from before. Wells does use archaeological evidence to back this up
from the burial sites, burial practices in Christian literature, artwork, and mythological themes hidden with Christian imagery. This evidence shows that
the general public was very slow to accept proper Christian practice, and even those converted rulers held to traditions too. The book makes one think
about how long and how many of these traditions survived. Wells even states in the book on pages 184–185, "Wearing or carrying charms, saying
prayer before meals, decorating Christmas trees, coloring eggs at Easter, and tossing coins into fountains are parts of practices that were carried out by
the prehistoric Peoples of Europe. What people think today when they toss their pennies, dimes, and quarters into the water may not be very different
from what

Cortical Bone Loss In The Neolithic Community
Unlike Greece where the majority of the research has been the team has also started to look and do research in the Neolithic settlement of
Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk. One of the research projects that occurred in that location is the investigation of cortical bone loss and fracture patterns in the Neolithic
community using radiogrammetry. The main focus of this study is an examination of the widely used calculation that expresses second metacarpal
cortical bone values, followed by an examination of age and sex–related patterns of cortical bone loss and skeletal fragility fracture in a Neolithic
archaeological skeletal sample from Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk, Turkey. This study is particularly unique because there have been very few works in the bio
archaeological... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While it is argued that the influence of bone/body size is removed from MWI and CTI and can be demonstrated algebraically, statistically and
graphically, analogous CI values in this analysis did not differ noticeably or influence statistical outcomes. We do suggest however, that the relationship
between size variables and measurement variables are explored prior to the application of ratios. Bone quantity and quality of the human skeleton is the
cumulative product of health, diet and nutrition, physical activity and lifestyle over the life course. Further, while nutrition plays a key role in skeletal
growth and maintenance during all developmental stages, diet and nutrition are intricately woven with other biological, social, and cultural influences
on the skeleton. Bone tissue is a dynamic medium that is capable of recording many life history events, allowing us to reconstruct some of the key
influences on bone loss and fragility in past populations. While our work, on cortical bone loss at Г‡atalhГ¶yГјk remains preliminary, and will benefit
with the addition of biomechanical analyses in other long bones of the skeleton, the patterns revealed in this study do provide some insight on bone
health across different life stages, particularly in those individuals from the later Neolithic phases of mound occupation. Adult cortical bone loss
measured in the metacarpals shows some of the expected age–related patterns but

Verification of the Dead Sea Scrolls
This was arguably Professor Albright's greatest achievement in verifying the authenticity of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Professor Albright, "There is no
doubt in my mind that the script is more archaic than that of the Nash papyrus (a very small portion of the Old Testament dated between the second
century b.c. and first century a.d.)... I would prefer a date around 100 b.c...." Inside the archaeological community and the general public, Albright
received critical acclaim. Although, Professor Albright's most noteworthy work was working with the Dead Sea Scrolls, it was his innovative work in
the field of biblical archaeology that had the biggest impact. Professor Albright, "More than any other scholar Albright's astounding corpus of books,
articles, and public lectures defined a new relationship between archaeology and biblical studies." Professor Albright one states "Discovery after
discovery has established the accuracy of innumerable details, and has brought increased recognition of the Bible as a source of history." He did not
believe in the inerrancy of the Bible. Randall Price wrote, "While a biblical conservative and, as one scholarly acquaintance has reported, probably a
Christian believer, Albright used archaeology to interpret the Bible, and not vice versa."
Professor Albright's bibliography's "contains over a thousand titles, including more than a dozen books of his own and still others on which he
collaborated." Professor Albright, also debated

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