Current Situation Regarding Prisons And Punishment

Current Situation Regarding Prisons and Punishment
Although it may not be at the forefront of our minds, the current situation regarding prisons and
punishment is worth discussing. On the matter of this often overlooked topic, Pope John Paul II said
"Not to promote the interest of prisoners would be to make imprisonment a mere act of vengeance
of the part of society, provoking only hatred in the prisoners themselves." (July, 2000) The prison
system is a global issue that affects the "human potential, free will and innate goodness in man."
(Lyons, 2003) The issue is in regard to how offenders are punished when incarcerated and debates
what theory of punishment offenders should serve their sentence under. There are many forms of
punishment adopted by institutions in order effectively punish prisoners. These methods of
punishment are diverse in both procedures and outcomes; however they all maintain the same
objective – to successfully punish offenders. While Catholics endorse a combination between
reforming and rehabilitating both offenders and victims, Islam prefers a harsh deterrent and
retributive approach using fear of punishment as an incentive to not engage in criminal activity and
from a completely secular perspective both protective punishment and deterrent punishment can be
deemed appropriate. But conflict of theories from different points of views raise the ethical question
of how do we effectively punish offenders without crossing moral and ethical boundaries?
When dealing with the punishment of Prisoners,
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National Council Of Churches In Australia Essay
The National Council of Churches in Australia is a national organisation that works in partnership
with state ecumenical councils around Australia. Forum and Executive While the National Forum of
the Council meets every three years, ongoing oversight of the Council is provided by the Executive,
which is made up of the heads of national churches, their appointed members, and some elected
directly by the Forum. The central administrative body of the NCCA is the General Secretariat,
headed by the General Secretary. Internally there is a Finance and Administration department, which
handles the business needs of the whole organisation. There is also a Finance Committee that
oversees the finances of the entire organisation. Departments The NCCA ... Show more content on
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With the NATSIEC's guidance, the churches are working together for a fair deal for Aboriginal and
Torres Strait Islander Australians, and for the healing of our nation. Act for Peace (previously known
as Christian World Service) Act for Peace is the international aid agency of the NCCA. Its focus is
on assisting the most conflict and disaster–affected communities to be safe. Act for Peace supports
ecumenical partners to do this in, and with communities displaced from, countries such as Syria,
Iraq, Palestine, South Sudan, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Myanmar and Sri Lanka. Act for Peace manages
the annual Christmas Bowl, which has been generously supported by Australian churches since
1948. Faith and Unity The NCCA's Faith and Unity Commission brings together theologians from
the member churches who act in a voluntary capacity. Social Justice Network The Network operates
to bring Churches together on common social justice issues, and drafts material for the Council as a
whole. The Network operates with the support of the Churches on an entirely voluntary basis.
Ecumenical Accompaniment Programme in Palestine and

Poliomyelitis in Nigeria
Introduction For Nigeria, the polio virus is still around in the country because of purely religious
reasons. A section of the country, precisely the northern axis spurned a theory that the polio vaccine
was fertility control tool of the west. Nothing could be further from the truth! But for intervention of
senior clerics and prominent politicians from the area, there would have a standstill in the
eradication efforts. To worsen matters, damage had been done by the time of the intervention as a
case from caused Sudan which had been free to be re–infected again. And the world was back to
square 1 in polio eradication efforts! The world is not resting on its oars and efforts mainly in the
form polio eradication campaigns and conferences. One of such conferences held in the Nigerian
capital, Abuja where stock taking of Nigeria`s polio situation (and by extension polio situation
worldwide since Nigeria is one of last places polio is yet to eradicated) (BBC Focus on Africa
programme, April 28,2014). That conference informed participant and the whole world of the
progress the country was making. It emerged that Nigeria recorded only two cases in the last year
which was an improvement on early figures. Furthermore, the World Health Organisation (WHO)
issued the most radical directive when it imposed travel restrictions on individuals from Pakistan
advising that travellers from the Asian country prove full polio vaccination before they could travel

The Roles of Nigerian Association of Model Islamic Schools...
THE ROLES OF NIGERIAN ASSOCIATION OF MODEL ISLAMIC SCHOOLS (NAMIS) IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF EDUCATION IN OYO STATE: A CASE STUDY OF NAMIS,
EGBEDA LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA CHAPTER.
BY
SHITTU, AFUSAT OMOBONIKE (MRS)
(MATRICULATION NUMBER 04/060854)
BEING A PROJECT REPORT SUBMITTED
TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF ARTS & SOCIAL SCIENCES, EMMANUEL ALAYANDE COLLEGE
OF EDUCATION, OYO.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF NIGERIA
CERTIFICATE IN EDUCATION (N.C.E)
JANUARY, 2009.
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this study was carried out by Shittu, Afusat Omobonike (Matriculation number
04/060854) in the Directorate of Sandwich Programmes of Emmanuel Alayande College of
Education, Oyo, Oyo State. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY Education is generally accepted as a major source of
development of any civilised society. Francis Bacon in his words said "Crafty men condemn studies;
simple men admire them, and wise men use them". The importance of education to the development
of the society has made all concerned stakeholders to be interested in its administration, planning
and dissemination to the entire populace. Religious missionaries, most especially Christian
missionaries were the fore–runners of western education in Nigeria. Education was used by those
organisations as tool for grassroot evangelism as well as public enlightenment. Muslim communities
were faced with challenges of getting their children educated in western way without getting them
converted into Christianity. Various Muslim organisations rose up to this challenge lately by
establishing formal western oriented schools. Muslims are enjoined by Prophet Muhammed to "seek
for knowledge from the cradle to the grave"; and even "go in quest of knowledge even unto china
(edge of the earth) Various Muslim organisations realized this call to tackle the challenges facing

Muslim children in the path of obtaining western (formal) education. For instance, Ansar Ud Deen
Society of Nigeria, Ahmadiyya Muslim Society of Nigeria, and hosts

Terrorism – Is There Any Working Global Frameworks to...
Terrorism – is there any working global frameworks to counter it?
By Zuzanna Sadowska
On the 22nd of September 2003 Kofi Annan, UN Secretary–General, organized a conference
"Fighting Terrorism for Humanity" in New York City. He opened the summit with words:
"Terrorism will only be defeated if we act to solve the political disputes or long–standing conflicts
that generate support for it. (...) If we do not, we should find ourselves acting as recruiting sergeants
for the very terrorists. We have to win hearts and minds." The causes of terrorism may be inter alia
historical, economical, religious or ideological, and there is no way to entirely eliminate it from our
world. Preventing terrorism needs complete understanding of the phenomenon and ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"In spite of this, or just for that reason, all attempts to develop a definition of terrorism that would
meet methodological criteria required in such circumstances and would be acceptable by the
politicians, scientists and lawyers, thus the environments declaring the need for it for many years,
ended up with failure so far. The reason is not an incompetence of people taking these attempts but
excessive politicization and treatment not only manifestations of terrorism, but also "circumstances
surrounding" (in this case: the definition), in terms of political or ideological struggle with real and
even imaginary enemy" – Krzysztof Karolczak notes in his book.
The Polish penal code there is no such a word as "terrorism". The legislature did not want to define
the concept, being afraid of related problems. Instead of that, the description focused on terrorism–
related offenses, which are called the crimes of a terrorist nature. These are prohibited acts
punishable by imprisonment of a maximum of at least five years, committed in order to:
1) serious intimidation a lot of people,
2) compel a public authority of the Republic of Poland or another state or an organ of an
international organization to perform or abstain certain actions,
3) cause serious disturbances in the system or economy of Poland, another state or international
organization – as well as threats to commit such an act.
Article 165a, in turn, refers to the financing of terrorism: "Who

Background Information : Osama Bin Laden
2. Background Information
2.1. Childhood
Osama bin Laden was born in 1957 in Saudi Arabia's capital, Riyadh. He was one of around 50
children fathered by Mohammad bin Laden, a Yemeni immigrant who owned the largest
construction company in Saudi Arabia. (Johnson & Rowen, n.d.)
His mother, Hamida al–Attas, married Mohammad bin Laden when she was twenty–two and
according to many sources she was his eleventh wife. (Zalman, n.d.) His father died in a helicopter
accident in 1969 when Osama bin Laden was eleven and he ended up inheriting a huge sum of
money from the father. (The Telegraph, 2012)
He attended school in Saudi Arabia. In 1970, at the age of 13 he started to attend Al–Thager Model
School which was one of the more prestigious schools in the country. He later went on to study in
the management and economics faculty at the King Abdulaziz University in Jeddah. (Palmer, 2011)
2.2. Exposure to Islamic teachings
His father, Mohammad bin Laden, was a devoted Muslim and his children had to obey the religious
code that was observed by him. Osama bin Laden thus grew up in an environment where Muslim
teachings was a norm. Furthermore, during his time in secondary and university, he joined the
Muslim Brotherhood. The Muslim Brotherhood was seen as a trend by his peers during that period
of time. (Frontline, n.d.)
During his time studying in King Abdulaziz University, whilst undertaking a compulsory subject,
Islamic Studies, he met two teachers, Abdullah Azzam and Mohammed

The Soviet Invasion Of Afghanistan
The Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and Political Ties to the Third World
The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan had dire effects on the international relations between Russia
and the majority of western countries as well as relations between developing countries in both the
Middle East and Africa. More importantly, the developing world suffered an extraordinary change in
opinion with regards to partnership with communist Russia. The focus of this analysis will be the
change in perspective that the developing world experienced during and after the invasion of
Afghanistan. First a summary of events leading up to December 1979, the month of the initial
invasion of Afghanistan, will be provided. Second, an investigation of the actual invasion and
occupation period will demonstrate the reaction of the international community and the effects on
both Afghanistan and Russia. Ultimately, the events leading up to the invasion and the invasion
itself depict a critical change in opinion by the developing world.
It is necessary to understand the policy Russia developed in the Middle East prior to the invasion of
Afghanistan to effectively understand the policy Russia resorted to during the invasion itself. As will
be seen, Russia, in trying to "stabilize" and or force a communist government in Afghanistan
through the use of military force, in fact damaged the possibility of communism. Ironically, Russia
achieved the opposite of its intention. In attempting to support the existing

Essay about Dangerous Work of Doctors Worldwide
Dr Mehmet Güllüoğlu has been appointed as the new Director General by the TRCS Board of
Directors on 8 December 2013. Dr Güllüoğlu was born in 1982 in Konya. He graduated from
Marmara University Medical Faculty. In 2008 Mehmet Güllüoğlu started to work as project
coordinator for Doctors Worldwide. He also worked for Turkish Health Ministry and Health
Directorate of İstanbul. He is continuing to study at the doctoral program in public health at the
Medical Faculty of Istanbul University. He is married and has two kids. It is known that during his
work in Doctors Worldwide he has met PM Erdoğan. Güllüoğlu has accompanied and briefed
Erdoğan during a visit to Somalia 3. Overview of the National Society o Founded in 1868, it is one
of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3. TRCS national activities Regional and local Disaster Response and Logistics Centers (emergency
shelter and feeding capacity for 250'000 persons; psychosocial support, etc). Tent Manufacturing
Center; Blood Centers and Blood Stations ; Medical Centers; Community Centers ; First Aid
Centers ; Soup Kitchen ; Youth Camps ; Student Dormitories ; Nursing Homes ; Afyonkarahisar
Mineral Water Inns. 4. TRCS Strategic Plan 2010–2015 – main aspects 1) to improve and
disseminate the Red Crescent culture (sic), 2) to make perfect the organisational function and
interaction at local, national and international level, 3) to focus on services to provide qualified and
efficient service, 4) to support the sustainability of Turkish Red Crescent humanitarian activities by
carrying out and making efficient income generated and supportive activities compatible with the
mission.Based on the TRCS indicators of these objectives, dissemination of IHL, training of TRCS
staff for international operations, to comply the TRCS international operations with the international
strategies, policies and standards, publishing articles, books, researches on disaster mitigation,
preparedness, response at national and international level could be the areas where ICRC can
cooperate in the future. 5. International Activities – selection In recent years, TRCS has delivered
humanitarian aid to the following contexts : o Pakistan (2005) o

Essay on Cricket World Cup
Charter of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference
1
Charter of the
Organisation of the Islamic Conference
‫‫ا‬
‬
‫ا‬ ‫‫ا‬
‬
In the name of Allah, the most Compassionate, the most Merciful
We the Member States of the Organisation of the Islamic Conference, determined: to acknowledge
the Conference of Kings, Heads of State and Government of the Member States convened in Rabat
from 9 to 12 Rajab, 1389 H, corresponding to 22 to 25 September 1969, as well as the Conference
of Foreign Ministers held in Jeddah from 14 to 18 Muharram 1392 H corresponding to 29 February
to 4 March 1972; to be guided by the noble Islamic values of unity and fraternity, and affirming the
essentiality of promoting and consolidating the unity and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10. 11.

4
12. 13. 14.
To protect and defend the true image of Islam, to combat defamation of Islam and encourage
dialogue among civilisations and religions; To enhance and develop science and technology and
encourage research and cooperation among Member States in these fields; To promote and to protect
human rights and fundamental freedoms including the rights of women, children, youth, elderly and
people with special needs as well as the preservation of Islamic family values; To emphasize, protect
and promote the role of the family as the natural and fundamental unit of society; To safeguard the
rights, dignity and religious and cultural identity of Muslim communities and minorities in non–
Member States; To promote and defend unified position on issues of common interest

Peter Berger ( 1967 )
Introduction As Peter Berger (1967) explained religion, it is a sacred canopy under which the
entirety of life is explained and regulated. Secularization theory as explained by Weber holds that
modernity challenges this sacred canopy through two major ways: increased cultural and structural
pluralism and increased primacy of economic pursuits (Emerson and Hartman, 2006:129). With
globalisation accelerating in the post Cold War era, causing mass migration across borders,
increased interstate interaction and huge growth in the global financial market, it was predicted that
religious influence would be relegated to the private sectors of social life by ripping the sacred
canopy, and leaving people with, at best, sacred umbrellas (Smith 1998). Despite this, what
secularization theory did not anticipate is that the demystification of the world provided within it the
seeds both for the re–mystification of the world and resistance to the demystification (Berger,
1992:1). Hence the world today, with some exceptions, is as furiously religious as it ever was, in
some places more so than ever (Berger, 1999:8). Since the 1970s there has been a particular rise in
religious fundamentalist movements, as signalled by the Iranian Revolution in 1979 led by Ayatollah
Khomeini, which led to the establishment of the first Islamic State. As Almond et al note,
fundamentalist movements have risen to the highest levels of power in Sudan in 1993, Afghanistan
and India in 1996, and in India again

Religion 's Influence On Foreign Policy
Religion's impact on the relations between states is one of the least understood security challenges
of the twenty first century. Religion's role in international politics also offers an intellectual
challenge to academics of international relations and religion and politics (Warner and Walker,
2011). 9/11 attacks on World Trade Center and the Pentagon by Islamic extremists supported by
Afghanistan, which was governed by an Islamic regime increased the interest in religion in
international relations. In this essay, first the relationship between religion and international affairs
will be put into context. Following that, the failure of the main international relations theories to
acknowledge the key role of religion in foreign policy will be explained. What I will I argue is that
religion's influence on foreign policy can be seen if three key areas are observed, which are: leaders'
beliefs, faith based organisations and public opinion. Another area which is a country's religious
identity won't be explained separately because of the fact that it is closely linked to all of the above
mentioned areas.
Foreign policy is generally defined as 'the formal policies of a state which affect various military,
economic, humanitarian, social and cultural dimensions of its relations with other states and non
state actors (Warner and Walker, 2011). However this definition excludes the element of religion,
which cannot be ignored as an 'attribute of individuals and communities, as an

The Conflict Between The Muslims And The North
In 1914, the unification that the British did by colonizing territories from Sahel to the Atlantic coast,
started the main cause of conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. It led to political
disagreement between the two major religions in two separate regions of the country. In the years
1947 to 1959, the Nigerian leaders came together to try to come to an agreement to resolve the
political and religious conflicts between the north (Muslims) and the south (Christians). Christians
believe that if Nigeria is governed by Muslims, they will try to islamize the country to establish
Sharia law into the government. The Muslims are opposed to westernization and find asylum
through religion. While the Muslims tried to extend the Sharia ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
That became a problem to Christian groups in the north of Nigeria identified themselves against the
Muslim Hausa–Fulani majority.
The casualties and suffering that have been caused by the Islamist militant group Boko Haram over
the past five years are mind–boggling. According to estimates, 12,000 people have been killed,
8,000 thousand more have been injured or maimed, and thousands of innocent people have been
displaced by the conflict. Even more worryingly, around half of those deaths have come in just the
past year. Boko Haram rebels aim to make northern Nigeria an Islamic state. Borno, Yobe, and
Adamawa states are the most affected by the Boko Haram insurgency. The entire resident population
of these states of sixteen million people are all affected by the Boko Haram. Half have been killed in
Boko Haram attacks on government institutions, churches, and secular schools. An equal number,
many with no ties to terrorists, have died in government counterattacks. Women and children are
particularly the most vulnerable. Main concerns include targeting of civilians, abductions, sexual
violence, forced recruitment, arbitrary arrests, and extrajudicial killings. At least 3.5 million people
are considered insecure. Households in much of Borno state and parts of Adamawa and Yobe are
facing Crisis and Emergency food security outcomes. About 250,000 people were living in camps or
with relatives and friends after being forced out of their homes. With all of

The Influence Of Ecumenical Movements And Interfaith Dialogue
Ecumenical movements and interfaith dialogue are of great importance as they have had a
significant contribution towards harmony, acceptance and unity between Christian sects, world
religions and society in general. The establishment of both religious movements was due to the
viciousness of the Second World War and the distress, which was present in humanity at the time.
The two religious initiatives hold great value due to the effect they had on Australia post–World War
II; they aim and work towards increasing peace, cooperation, dialogue and mutual understanding
within the world, thus forming an integrated, united, non–discriminatory and multicultural
civilization. Ecumenism is the initiatives taken towards the reconciliation of Christian
denominations; promoting greater cooperation and unity among separate churches. Australia has
contributed significantly to the advancement of ecumenism, mainly through the establishment of
ecumenical organisations, which implement a wide range of initiatives, intended to advocate and
create unity between Christian denominations. In 1977, The Uniting Church in Australia (UCA) was
established; its formation is a prominent and highly effective ecumenical organisation. The Uniting
Church is a union, which has merged three individual variants to form the present–day Uniting
Church in Australia. It integrates on the basis of union, actively supporting the principles of social
justice and advocating the development of a liturgy suitable for

The Indian Independence Movement
The history of the Indian Independence Movement against the British in the 20th Century was
evidently influenced and motivated by the underlying differences and perceptions of communal
identities. The freedom struggle in essence was also an assertion of the interests and aspirations of
the diverse communities of the Indian subcontinent. The Indian National Congress and the Muslim
League were the two big powers that sought to mobilize public sentiments in the quest for
Independence. While the Muslim League (formed in 1906), stood as a symbol of Islamic
nationalism, the INC on the other hand was seen as pro–Hindu (with a strong influence of radical
groups like the Hindu Mahasabha).
Mohammad Ali Jinnah, initially a Congress nationalist, joined the Muslim League in 1913 in order
to align the views of the two communities in their collective struggle for freedom. The result was
The Lucknow Pact which laid down the constitutional framework of seat and power sharing
arrangements for elections to the Provincial Legislative Councils. Muslims were provided with
separate electorates and one third representation in the Central government. Congress that claimed
to fight only for secular goals and considered religion as a private matter of individual granted the
separate electorates for Muslim went against their very own ideologies. This lead to the settlement
of differences between the two parties and immediate goal of both the parties through the pact called
for greater autonomy as a

Freedom of Speech, Comparing Freedom of Expression in the...
University of Westminster
MA in International Journalism
Freedom of Expression
Comparing Freedom of Expression in the Statutory Law and the Sharia Law
(Human Rights Act 1998 of The British law as an exemplar)
Dissertation Submitted for
The MA Degree in International Journalism
University of Westminster
By
Motasem Ahmed Dalloul
Copyright (2012), University of Westminster and Motasem Ahmed Dalloul
Introduction
Getting in touch with media law during the first semester of my Masters gave me a sense of the
importance of law in general because it consists of acts and articles which organise most issues in
the human's life in a way that protects ethics and morals. Regardless of the hypocrisy and double–
standards ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The term is often used synonymously with Sharia."
Therefore, like other contemporary researchers of similar topics, I am going to use the expression
Sharia Law to mean the old word: Fiqh.
Sources of the Sharia Law
There is no difference between any of the Muslim scholars that the main sources of all information,
not only about the details of the life of mankind, but also about the details of the whole universe are
the Holy Qur'an, then, the Holy Sunnah. In addition, it is a matter of a universal belief among
Muslims and many of non–Muslims that the Holy Qur'an in the hands of people is the real book
revealed by Allah (SWT) to his Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) fourteen centuries ago. The same is
the 100% authenticity of certain books of Hadith, i.e. Saheeh Al–Bukhari and Saheeh Muslim.
Sunnah is included in the Hadith books.

Definition of the Holy Qur'an
Nooriddin Antar says: "Qur'an is the Speech of Allah (SWT) which was descended to His Prophet
Mohammad (PBUH), written in the Mos'haf, reported from generation to another generation by

Iran's Foreign Policy since the Early 1990's
1 INTRODUCTION
This essay will broadly discuss Iran's foreign policy since the early 1990's. First in order to
understand the foreign policy of Iran, the historical background of Iran's foreign policy will be
discussed. Followed by the foreign policy principles, foreign policy principles assist in shaping the
country's foreign policy and its relationship with other countries. After the post–Iraq invasion Iran
saw the security void as an opportunity to reshape Iraq in order to prevent it from re–emerging as a
strategic threat, although its operation of Iraq's freedom resulted to high levels of insecurity mainly
because other countries failed to see Iraq as a regionally powerful country. Iran's foreign policy aims
and roots are not only mainly pragmatic; they are defensive and based on state–orientated strategic
issues.
The research continues to broadly discuss Iran's Foreign policy through the following heading which
is Iran's foreign policy principles, Iran's first revolution, the second revolution, approaches of the
Islamic Revolution, Iran's foreign policy in the light of the Arab revolts and lastly Iran's foreign
policy towards United States. It concludes that despite the fact that Iran has been playing a major
role, it has only accomplished mixed results at best. The following two keys have been limiting
Iran's foreign policy which is because of its contradictory strategies that substantially contributed.
Firstly Iraq's bitterness towards Tehran's interference and

Banking Scenario in Bangladesh
Bismillahir Rahmanir Rahim
An Empirical Study of Performance of
Islamic Banks in Bangladesh with special reference to Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd
By
Shah Abdul Hannan,
Former Secretary, Ministry of Finance, Government of Bangladesh and M. Fariduddin Ahmad
Deputy Executive President
Islami Bank Bangladesh Limited
________________________________________________
SECTION – I
Banking Scenario in Bangladesh
When Bangladesh came into existence on the 16th December, 1971, the banking sector of
Bangladesh was in a total disarray. With the exception of two local banks incorporated in then East
Pakistan, all the bigger local banks became inoperational.. Starting with such a humble condition,
the Banking Sector of Bangladesh has grown to a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
their share in total deposits of the Banking system is 11.98%. A detail analysis of deposits of all
Banks vis–a–vis deposits of Islamic Banks by Type of Accounts is given in the following Table:
Table – I
Deposits distributed by Types of Accounts
Amount in Million Taka
(US $ 1=Taka 67.50)
|Sl. No. |Types of Accounts |All Banks |Islamic Banks |Share of Islamic banks (%) |
| | |Nos. of Accounts |Amount |
| | |Nos. of Accounts |% of total |
| | |Nos. of Accounts |
| |a) Long Term |91,664 |1.11 |

Anti-Muslim Rape Cases
Washington, DC – Police have found what are believed to be the remains of a 17–year–old Muslim
female who was abducted overnight after leaving her local mosque in Sterling, Virginia, near
Washington, DC.
The All Dulles Area Muslim Society (ADAMS) in Sterling on Monday identified the missing girl as
Nabra. Her last name is currently being withheld.
Local media reports that Nabra was a student who just finished her second year of high school.
"We are devastated and heartbroken as our community undergoes and processes this traumatic
event," ADAMS said in a statement. "It is a time for us to come together to pray and care for our
youth."
Nabra was last seen with a group of Muslim teens in the early hours of Sunday after having a meal
at a local ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All others in the group managed to flee.
Police arrested and charged Darwin Martinez Torres, 22, with her murder on Sunday evening.
At a press conference on Sunday, TJ Wright, Fairfax county police public information officer, said
there "doesn't seem to be any indication" that the murder was a hate crime, but more information
would come out as the investigation proceeds.
Anti–Muslim hate crimes have surged in recent years.
According to a report by the Council on American–Islamic Affairs (CAIR), an Islamic civil rights
organisation, released in May, there was a "57 percent increase in anti–Muslim bias incidents" from
2015 to 2016.
"This was accompanied by a 44 percent increase in anti–Muslim hate crimes in the same period,"
the report found.
President Donald Trump's campaign rhetoric and moves to institute a "Muslim ban", or halt to
immigration from six predominately Muslim nations, has attributed to this rise, critics say.

The community has rallied to support Sterling's Islamic community during its time of need.
Two separate fundraisers – one through GoFundMe, another with Muslim crowdsourcing page
LaunchGood – started after news broke of Nabra's murder have raised over

The Federal Republic of Nigeria Essay
The Federal Republic of Nigeria
The Federal Republic of Nigeria, known as Nigeria, is located on the African continent and borders
on the south the Gulf of Guinea, on the east Cameroon, on the northeast Chad, Niger on the north,
and Benin on the west. Nigeria is divided into four sections: the north, south, east, and west. The
Hausa kingom is located in the north, the Yoruba in the south and the west, and Ibo in south and the
east. The Hausa, Ibo, and Yoruba are the major ethnic group of Nigeria, but also refer to the
kingom's name and the culture and language of the area. There are many similarities between these
kingdoms but also many recongnizable differences. For example, the Ibo's have lighter skin than the
Hausa and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There was also a sizeable Muslim population in the South. In addition, traditional religions,
characterized by worship of primordial spirits, dead ancestors, and spirits of places, is practiced,
especially in rural areas (Metz, 1991)
With a population of more than 100 million people, there are 250 to 400 or more recognized ethnic
groups, many of which are divided into subgroups of considerable social and political importance.
There are a huge number of languages spoken in Nigeria, estimated at between 350 and 400. Most
important are Hausa, Yoruba, and Igbo. English is the official language used in government, large–
scale business, mass media, and education beyond primary school" (Metz, 1991).
The state and local governments are responsible for the primary education (six–year program). The
responsibility for secondary education is shared by the federal and state governments. There are also
some private schools of Muslim and Christian faith. "In 1990 between 150,000 and 200,000 were
enrolled in thirty–five colleges, universities, and higher technical schools" (Metz, 1991, section 1 of
1). Approximity 61 percent of the female adult population is illiterate in Nigeria compared to 37.7
percent of the male adult population (Oduaran & Okukpon, 1997).
The major health problems reported in 1991 to effect Nigerians included cerebrospinal meningitis,
yellow fever, Lassa fever, AIDS, malaria, guinea worm, schistosomiasis,

Domestic Violence Against Women Essay
The United Nations Declaration on the Elimination of Violence against Women (1993) defines
violence against women as "any act of gender–based violence that results in, or is likely to result in,
physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, including threats of such acts,
coercion or arbitrary deprivation of liberty, whether occurring in public or in private life." (UN
General Assembly 1993).
It is violence in private life that comprises domestic violence against women. Also called Intimate
Partner Abuse and Family Violence, it is a global issue that cuts across all geographic, social,
cultural and ethnic boundaries. But it was only in the last decade of the 20th century that it got
recognition as a serious public health ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The life expectancy at birth for the population is 66 years, infant mortality is 62 per 1000 live births
and the maternal mortality is 260 deaths per 100,000 live births ( UNDP 2011).
In addition to the globally prevalent forms of domestic violence , women in Pakistan also suffer
from forms of violence carried out in the name of tradition, culture and religion.
Honour killing is an old tradition which involves a male member of the family killing a female
relative if she is suspected of tarnishing the family's honour. In most cases the executor is the
husband, the father or a brother( Minallah and Durrani, 2009).
Stove burning is a form of dowry killing prevalent in the province of Punjab, mostly in the urban
areas. Married women are burned by the husband or his family as a punishment for not providing a
rich dowry, not producing a son, not allowing the husband another wife or as a result of long
running disputes. Acid throwing, particularly on the face, may be committed to avenge refusal of
sexual advances and alleged disloyalty by a wife or female partner. It is done to punish the wife for
bringing dishonor to the husband.
Marriage( Nikaah) to Koran( The holy Book of Muslims) is an old custom where a girl is forced into
celibacy to keep the family wealth intact. It is more prevalent in the Sindh province among the
wealthy feudal lords ( waderas).

The Organization of Islamic Conference
The Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) is the second largest inter–governmental
organization after the United Nations which has membership of 57 states spread over four
continents. The Organization is the collective voice of the Muslim world and ensuring to safeguard
and protect the interests of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and
harmony among various people of the world. The Organization was established upon a decision of
the historical summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of Morocco on 12th Rajab 1389 Hijra
(25 September 1969) as a result of criminal arson of Al–Aqsa Mosque in occupied Jerusalem.
In 1970 the first ever meeting of Islamic Conference of Foreign Minister (ICFM) was held in ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Organization is composed of the following main bodies:
The Islamic Summit, composed of Kings and Heads of State and Government of Member States, is
the supreme authority of the Organization. It convenes once every three years to deliberate, take
policy decisions and provide guidance on all issues pertaining to the realization of the objectives and
consider other issues of concern to the Member States and the Ummah.
The Council of Foreign Ministers, which meets once a year, considers the means for the
implementation of the general policy of the Organization by, inter alia:
a. Adopting decisions and resolutions on matters of common interest in the implementation of

Examine the Boko Haram Saga in Nigeria and Provide a...
UNIVERSITY OF PORT HARCOURT
DEPARTMENT OF RELIGIOUS AND CULTURAL STUDIES (GRADUATE STUDIES)
EXAMINE THE BOKO HARAM SAGA IN NIGERIAAND PROVIDE A SOLUTION TO
POLICY MAKERS.
BY
NAME: BABALOLA OLUBUKOLA
COURSE TITLE: RELIGION AND MODERN CHANGE IN AFRICA
COURSE CODE: RCS 502.2
According to the Wikipedia Boko Haram refers to People Committed to the Propagation of the
Prophet's Teachings and Jihad. Better known by its Hausa name Boko Haram, it is a Salafist jihadist
terrorist organization based in the northeast of Nigeria. It is an Islamist movement which strongly
opposes man–made laws. Founded by Mohammed Yusuf in 2001 or 2002, the organisation is a
Muslim sect that seeks to abolish the secular system of government and establish a Sharia ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The centre had ulterior political goals and soon it was also working as a recruiting ground for future
jihadists to fight the state. The group includes members who come from neighbouring Chad and
Niger and speak only Arabic.
In 2004 the complex was relocated to Yusuf's home state of Yobe in the village Kanamma near the
Niger border.
The group conducted its operations more or less peacefully during the first seven years of its
existence. That changed in 2009 when the Nigerian government launched an investigation into the
group's activities following reports that its members were arming themselves. Prior to that the
government reportedly repeatedly ignored warnings about the increasingly militant character of the
organisation, including that of a military officer.
When the government came into action, several members of the group were arrested in Bauchi,
sparking deadly clashes with Nigerian security forces which led to the deaths of an estimated 700
people. During the fighting with the security forces Boko Haram "fighters reportedly "used fuel–
laden motorcycles" and "bows with poison arrows" to attack a police station. The group's founder
and then leader Mohammed Yusuf was also killed during this

An Alaysis of the Importance of Cross Cultural Awareness...
BUSINESS MANAGEMENT ISSUES IN GLOBALISATION
AN ALAYSIS OF THE IMPORTANCE OF CROSS CULTURAL AWARENESS FOR
MANAGERS WORKING IN THE BANKING INDUSTRY IN SAUDI ARABIA
Rashed Alzhrany
Due Date: 07/ 01 / 2013
Abstract
introduction
Now days, the world becomes a one village. Although, there are different kinds of management
styles and cultures impact on business management in the world, employees needs to increase their
awareness to achieve the organisation targets. Awareness of cross–cultural management includes
procedures and policies that are relate to the management of any organisation or workforce with
different cultural and background. According ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The second type of banking in Saudi Arabia is commercial or conventional banks as any country
which is rely on non participation of risk. In fact, conventional banks in Saudi Arabia are more
likely to produce products that are acceptable and suitable of Islamic banking or Islamic products
because it is attracted the majority of customers (International Business Publication 2011).
2 Impact of globalisation in banking in Saudi Arabia
Globalisation will help bank managers in Saudi Arabia to present both high quality service and
efficient management styles by using internet and high technologies. Research shows that weather
of using internet is more likely in banking sector which is facilitating business for both employees
and consumer. Indeed, over than 50% of population in Saudi Arabia is under 25 years old. Thus, this
segmentation will be more interest using new–technology in bank services; as well as, competition
will be brought a new demands by foreign banks which are established high quality e–banking,
facilities and developed products ( The Middle–East 2003).
cross cultural awareness
According to Soderberg &Holden (2002) cross management studies the behaviour of people who are

working in an organisation; in addition, it is encouraged employees to get the benefit from people
around the world. Furthermore, Cross cultural

The Historical Area Of Israel And Palestine
The history of the geographical area substituting Israel and Palestine is one of war and bloodshed.
For nearly three millennia people have been fighting over the 'Holy Land' in wars that were religious
in their essence. An understanding of the historic background of the area is important to comprehend
the present–day reasons for the complexity of the task of conflict resolution. The simplified timeline
provided below is an attempt to summarise the most important events. Since the Israelites' conquest
in approximately 1250BC, rule over the Holy Land went from hand to hand, including Israelite,
Babylonian, Greek, Roman, Byzantine, and Muslim control. This early history is tightly linked to
the Jewish people and their displacement which ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The public would not know of this agreement until the end of 1917, only three weeks after the
Balfour Declaration, a letter granting royal British support for the creation of a Jewish state in
Palestine, was issued. Suspicion grew between Arabs, Jews, and the British. In 1920, two years after
the end of WWI, the area which used to be the Ottoman empire was split into mandates, giving the
British control over Palestine. During the 1930s the Nazis gained power in Germany, leading to big
waves of Jewish immigration to Palestine, especially during times of Jewish persecution between
1933 and 1945. This period was marked by Palestinian uprisings against the British Mandate, and
after the Second World War had commenced in 1939 also by Jewish resistance to the British. In
1947, two years after the Nazis had been defeated and WWII had ended, the British government
handed the issue of the Palestinian future, which had seen Jewish mass migration during and after
the war, to the United Nations, which voted the partition of Palestine into a Jewish and an Arab
state. Despite Israeli attacks on Palestinian villages in early 1948, the British ended their mandate
over Palestine on May 14th, now celebrated by Israelis as Independence Day, by Palestinians
lamented as 'Nakba' (catastrophe). On May 15, the first Israeli–Arab war began, including several
members of the Arab League. The following year over 700,000 Palestinians had

Principal Teachings On Peace
How have the principal teachings on peace in two religious traditions guided their contribution to
the achievement of both inner and world peace?
Christianity and Islam have a common origin as religions of peace and each has peace as a
foundational element of its beliefs. In the sacred text of each, peace is regarded as a virtue. Both
teach peace as key parts of their principal beliefs. Peace can be defined as a period of harmony
between different social groups that is distinguished by a lack of violence or conflict, and the
freedom from fear of violence. For Islam and Christianity however, peace is more than this, as it
refers also to an overall sense of wellbeing and understanding. The sacred texts of Islam and
Christianity, the Qur'an and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, there are also teachings which permit the use of force in certain situations. Jihad is a
central teaching of Islam that means to strive or to struggle and in its proper usage refers mostly to
the essential struggle in overcoming obstacles to submission to Allah. It can also refer to the military
struggle to achieve religious freedom for Muslims, however, a war of aggression is not permitted in
Islam. For Muslims, true peace can only exist where there is justice. Therefore, Islam justifies war
against oppression which prevent people from living in freedom. It does not, however, justify war
against non–Muslim people in order to forcefully spread Islam. In the early years of Islam, under
persistent threats of persecution and harassment Muslims adopted a pacifist stance in Mecca. Even
when this pacifism was abandoned during the time in Madinah, force was only used in response to
those who attacked the Muslims. This permission to use force is expressed in the Qur'an "to those
against whom war is made, permission to fight is given" (22:39). In Madinah, the Muslims remained
at peace with the Jews who lived in the city. Muhammad forged an alliance of cooperation and
friendship with the Jews which assured them of their freedom of religion as well as their security in
the Muslim world. This shows how central peace

Overview
An Overview of Malaysia 's Foreign Policy As an extension of domestic policy, foreign policy is
designed with the purpose in mind of defending and promoting the country 's national security,
economic and other vital interests. Despite the diversity of views regarding the perception and
explanation of foreign policy, no foreign policy can be formulated in a vacuum. It must serve to
function in a dynamic environment. Malaysia 's foreign policy is no exception. Various
geographical, historical, social and political determinants contribute to shaping the nature of
Malaysia 's foreign policy and the conduct of the country 's international relations. Added to this is
the external environment, or what may be termed as the systemic determinant, ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
Malaysia in turn becomes the target for being "too vocal". But this is something that we need to take
in our own stride if Malaysia is to be proactive at the global level. As a small developing–country
player in the international arena, Malaysia needs to firmly uphold the principles of the UN charter as
a defence of last resort. Certain fundamental principles governing interstate relations would continue
to guide Malaysia 's relations with other countries. These refer to sovereign equality and mutual
respect for territorial
2
integrity, mutual non–aggression, non–interference in each other 's internal affairs, peaceful
settlement of disputes as well as mutual benefit in relations and peaceful coexistence. These
principles have stood the test of time. Indeed, our steadfast adherence to these principles, supported
by a consistent foreign policy, has established for Malaysia certain credibility in the eyes of the
international community. Malaysia has repeatedly stressed the importance of adhering to the
especially important principle of non–interference in internal affairs, particularly in the context of
regional relations. The so–called "constructive intervention" policy advocated by some, involving
loud criticism, adversarial posturing and grand standing would only bring more harm than good to
the promotion of neighbourly relations. We do make exceptions to the policy of non–interference in
certain

Christianity And Islam : Sacred Texts Are Vital Sources Of...
In both Christianity and Islam, sacred texts are vital sources of information on all aspects of peace.
They demonstrate principal teachings about peace, and teachings on inner peace as well as
supporting the ultimate aim of world peace.
In the Christian sacred text, the bible, Jesus' 'Golden Rule' is "do unto others as you would have
done unto you"; which in relation to peace infers that one must act peacefully to receive peaceful
treatment in return. One of the key teachings regarding peace is to respect all humans; as everyone is
equal, this includes one's enemies. As stated in Matthew 5 "love your enemies and pray for your
prosecutors". The core belief of Christianity is the belief in one God, the creator. As the instigator of
creation, God commands humanity to live in peace. This also leads to living peacefully within the
environment, as stated in Genesis; as stewards of the earth it's our duty to respect and care for the
earth and all aspects of creation. Another principal belief is that the peace of God is beyond this
world and will be achieved in heaven; hence, it is imperative for one to live peaceably to achieve
peace in heaven. The principal teaching to live in peace is again outlined in 2 Corinthians; "live in
peace and the God of love and peace will be with you". The bible outlines the most prominent
principal teachings regarding peace.
The bible also offers guidance on the importance of inner peace and how to achieve it. Jesus taught
to seek reconciliation

Essay Software and Hardware Companies: Oracle NZ Ltd
Oracle NZ Ltd
The company specializes in developing and marketing computer hardware systems and enterprise
software products – particularly its own brands of database management systems.
The company also builds tools for database development and systems of middle–tier software,
enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, customer relationship management (CRM) software
and supply chain management (SCM) software.
Oracle is the largest business software and hardware company in the world, with more than 3lakh
customers and supports these customers in more than 145 countries. Oracle is the unchallenged
leader in Financial Services, with an integrated, best in class, end – to – end solution of intelligent
software and powerful hardware ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Liability:
Oracle Financial Services Asset Liability Management (ALM) helps in financial services institutions
measures and monitor in interest rate risk, liquidity risk, and foreign currency risk. This solution
measures and models every type of loan, deposit, investment, and portfolio's individually, using
deterministic method. Oracle Financial Services ALM is a next–generation solution fully integrated
with services and linked with oracle's financial services analytical applications and shares.
Overview:
Provides robust technology and highly scalable analytical risk engines.
Includes good customer relationship level of data model.
Offers you full integration with Oracle Business Intelligence.
Integrates risks, performance management,

Western Powers And Human Rights
Human rights have been described as a 'gift of the West to the rest. ' Discuss with reference to the
politics of multiculturalism.
The oxford dictionary describes human rights as "a right which is believed to belong to every
person" (Oxford Dictionary, 2016). Until the late 1940s, human rights were simply an ideal or
concept, but the newly formed United Nations declaration of human rights clearly set out in statute a
human beings rights. The late 1940s was a time of political turbulence, with Western powers
wielding huge amounts of control in organisations such as the United Nations. In this essay I will
argue that although Western powers may have attempted to deliver human rights to the wider world,
they have for the most part failed. Instead, most notably America and Britain have been involved in
endless human rights violations. The United Nations doctrine set out in 1948 has failed to convince
countries with strict religious doctrine to embrace human rights for all individuals. Even the
European Court of human rights has been accused of making decisions which many view as
stripping religious minorities of certain human rights. The West may have attempted to create a
global community who cherishes human rights, however this cannot occur until Western powers
themselves honour human rights. They must also attempt to understand that certain non–Western
countries with differing religious and political beliefs do not share the Western notion of 'human
rights' so vehemently

The Lybian Crisis of 2011
The Libyan crisis erupted in January 2011 when the rebel movement prepared and armed itself,
united with the previous governments loyalists and previous army members, to fight against
Gaddafi's regime. Gaddafi's reaction was violent. At first, the rebels rapidly achieved some victories
and were able to take control over the cities of Tobruk and Benghazi. Two months later, though, the
regime's troops re–conquered most of the territories and were ready to regain the rebels refuge,
Benghazi (home to 1 million people). Gaddafi threatened to clear out the city.
The United Nations Security Council sentenced Gaddafi's regime for the violence being used on the
territory and assigned the case to the International Criminal Court for examination.
Meanwhile, the United Nations imposed a no–fly zone over Libya, authorized financial sanctions
and an arms embargo and provided NATO with a mandate to go on the ground and protect civilians
at any cost (UN, 2011c; 2011e). The action was rapid, strong, and in theory prevented the killing of
many civilians. Although NATO had no order for a regime transition, Gaddafi was killed in October
2011.
Compared to the Rwanda Genocide and the Humanitarian crises in Darfur, the United Nations
reaction to Libya's case was powerful and significant. For the first time all the pillars of the
Responsibility to Protect were put into practice. Meaning that, if the troubled State is incapable or
not disposed to protect its citizens, "the State and the

Essay Functional Areas of M&S and KFH
I will talk about functional areas of M&S and KFH. through Comparison and contrast of how they
contribute and operate their functions, as will as the structures, also my task is, to evaluate the
benefit and disadvantages of their functions, finally, try to explain my opinion about how well the
two companies run there business.
In 1884–1907 Michael Marks formed a partnership with Tom Spencer,in 1908–1931 The St Michael
trademark was registered, in 1956–1979 The first stores in Continental Europe opened in Paris and
Brussels, in 1980–2001 launched the first website
M&S are one of the UK's leading retailers of clothes, food, home products and financial services.
Some 10 million people shop with us each week in over 375 ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is the standard pyramid with top management at the top of the chart and middle and lower
management spreading out down the pyramid. The organization is usually broken down into
different functional units, such as "HRM, accounting, and Marketing." M&S Structure takes account
of the two factors the management hierarchy and the span of control. The organizational structure of
Marks and Spencer is very important. M&S Structure have a clear and effective structure which
enable them to meet their objectives for example increasing sales. The organizational structure for
Marks and Spencer is tall; this business has 303 branches in the U.K. The company also has 125
franchise stores in 26 countries. Marks and Spencer also has a tall hierarchy, the hierarchy of this
business is the levels of management, and this can be done from the lowest to highest rank. As of the
chart above, its obvious that The M&S structure is divided into six divisions, each of them contain
subdivided to sectors.
The Marketing department contain two

The Environment And The Culture Of A Country
The environment and the culture of another country can greatly affect a business that is operating
internationally in many ways. Since every country has its own culture and values that differ from
country to country, it will affect any business that is attempting to expand internationally, as there
won't only be one culture that ought to be considered before expanding internationally, but quite a
few, and also what might be considered as acceptable in one country, it may not be in another.
Every country has environmental factors that affect it, factors that include political, economic,
social, and technological.
The political factors will affect any businesses that will be trying to expand internationally, as they
mainly revolve around the legislations that apply in that country. In the chance that a country
prohibits a business from making more than 35% gas emissions, the business that is operating in that
country will have to abide to that. Other political factors that the business will have to abide is the
way that the country operates with the employment. A business cannot treat the employees of that
country working for them to suit their needs, but they will have to consider how the country operates
politically. Every country will have their consumer rights, environmental issues and government
taxes and subsidies which will all need to be taken into account, and if the businesses do not abide
then they can get heavily fined.
The economic factors that they will have to

Managing Tensions Inherent Of Business
Managing Tensions Inherent in Business (For–profit) and Social (Non–profit) Entrepreneurial
Activities
Introduction
Over the past several decades, entrepreneurship has attracted considerable attention of scholars from
various disciplines. However, the majority of studies conducted on this emerging field have placed
special emphasis on business entrepreneurship in which profit–oriented logic is dominant (e.g.,
Erikson, 2001; Dejardin, 2011; Campbell & Mitchell, 2012). On the other hand, social
entrepreneurship, which focuses on fulfilling unmet socio–economic needs rather than individual
profit seeking, has started to gain importance in recent years (e.g., Mair & Martí, 2006; Schorr,
2006; Nicholls, 2006; Dacin, Dacin, & Tracey; 2011). Surprisingly, the vast majority of research
conducted on these two research streams has addressed business– and social entrepreneurship
separately. This separation has led to a lack of studies on the contexts in which some entrepreneurs,
who engage in both for–profit and non–profit entrepreneurial activities at the same time. Since these
two entrepreneurial activities have their own characteristics and logics, I propose that they result in
tensions and conflicts that the particular entrepreneur should try to manage. Following this
proposition, this study takes a step toward filling the aforementioned void. Reviewing the extant
literature on both business– and social entrepreneurship has led me to develop my research question
as follows: How

Australian Foreign Policy In The 1930's
S00188277
The general aim of a foreign policy is to aid the guidance of international relations and enhance
foreign relations. Internal and External affairs may impact the policies created at any point in time
for example, Australia as a young nation suffered from tyranny of distance, it was still under
imperial control however was on the other side of the world to Britain. Australia had the right to
formulate its own foreign policies but did not do so until 1942. Prior to seeking its own
independence and creating its own foreign policies the main theme of Australian foreign policy in
the 1930's was appeasement, due to its geographical location and fear of invasion. Although a part
of the commonwealth Australia was fairly detached from imperial ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the 15th of February 1942 Singapore surrendered to the Japanese, this began a catalyst for the
change of Australian policy as Singapore was seen as a beacon of Britain imperialism and the fall of
this iconic imperial state was troublesome for Australia. British was under the impression that the
Japanese would be easily defeated in Singapore post their surrender Australia was in a panic (Walker
and Sobocinska 2012). The Australian Prime minster from 1941 – 1945 was John Curtin, he is 1942
requested assistance from the United States to ensure Australian protection from the Japanese, this
was the genial move away from Imperial protection (Curtin John "Foreign Policy" 2016). Curtin
stated 27 December 1941 in his the task ahead speech 'without any inhibitions of any kind.... I make
quite clear that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links of kinship
with the United Kingdom' (Curtain John, "The task ahead" 1941). American and Australian soldiers
fought side by side in New Guinea and Indonesia, the alliance made between the soldiers
strengthened the relationship between the US and Australia. Up until 1945 Australian foreign policy
was dictated by fear by impending threat of invasion by Japan. Between April – June of 1945 the
deputy prime

5- Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; & world peace).
5.Short Notes: Each in two pages: Islamic Civilization (fall; a force; & world peace).
Islamic Civilization fall; a force
Review of "Muslim Civilisation: The Causes of Decline and the Need for Reform" by M. Umer
Chapra
4 June 2011
Within 100 years of the death of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh) Muslim armies had conquered most
of the Middle East, North Africa and Spain, and ventured into France. For approximately the next
600 years Islamic civilisation was far ahead of Europe in its intellectual development, military
prowess and legal organisation. However starting around 1700 Europeans progressively colonised
virtually all Muslim majority countries which did not gain their independence until the mid–20th
century. Today most ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He spends several pages discussing Ibn Khaldun 's model of dynastic rise and decline before
proceeding to apply it to the problem in hand.
In my view this need to depend upon a thinker who died 500 years ago epitomises the intellectual
stagnation of Muslim thought during the intervening period.
Ibn Khaldun 's theory of development and decline
In this chapter the author explains Ibn Khaldun 's concepts of statecraft which are condensed into
eight points:
The strength of the sovereign does not materialise except through the implementation of the Shariah.
The Shariah cannot be implemented except by the sovereign. The sovereign cannot gain strength
except through the people. The people cannot be sustained except by wealth. Wealth cannot be
acquired except through development. Development cannot be attained except through justice.
Justice is the criterion by which God will evaluate mankind. The sovereign is charged with the
responsibility of actualising justice.
The author points out that this is a cyclical model where each part impact upon every other part. In
view of the interdependence, the failure of any part of the system can cause society to decline. He
writes:

"This implies that the trigger mechanism for the decline of the society may not necessarily be the
same in all societies. In Muslim societies, with which Ibn Khaldun was concerned, the trigger

North-west Frontier Province and British Broadcasting...
Malala Yousafzai (Pashto: ‫یوسفزۍ‬ ‫مالله‬‎
; Urdu: ‫زئی‬ ‫یوسف‬ ‫ماللہ‬‎Malālah Yūsafzay, born 12 July 1997)
[1] is a Pakistani school pupil and education activist from the town of Mingora in the Swat District
of Pakistan's northwestern Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province. She is known for her education
andwomen's rights activism in the Swat Valley, where the Taliban had at times banned girls from
attending school. In early 2009, at the age of 11–12, Yousafzai wrote a blog under a pseudonym for
the BBC detailing her life under Taliban rule, their attempts to take control of the valley, and her
views on promoting education for girls. The following summer, a New York Times documentary
was filmed about her life as the Pakistani military intervened in the ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The New York Times saw the stories and were given permission by the British Broadcasting
Corporation to film a documentary with Malala, to further raise awareness of the situation to the
world. In 2011 and 2012, she secretly wrote articles for the British Broadcasting Corporation
detailing life in an area which was constantly a daily battle between the Taliban and the Pakistani
army, specifically how difficult life was for women just to get education because of the Taliban. The
New York Times saw the stories and were given permission by the British Broadcasting Corporation
to film a documentary with Malala, to further raise awareness of the situation to the world. By this
time, the British government decided to intervene. The British Prime Minister offered and ordered a
military medical evacuation of Malala from Pakistan to the United Kingdom, so she can receive
proper medical treatment for her injuries. The United Arab Emirates also helped by clearing their
runway at Dubai Airport and invited the British convoy to a priority landing there, so they could
refuel fully for a quicker home journey. When she fully recovered, the Taliban said that they would
still target her until they were successful. So, the British government offered her asylum in the
United Kingdom, where she remained under protection of the British government to complete her
education. Completing her education was her strongest wish. She has now founded an organisation
called District

Essay The Taliban and Afghanistan
The Taliban and Afghanistan
Afghanistan followed the same fate as dozens of formerly Soviet–occupied countries after the
collapse of Moscow's Marxist government in 1991. Islamic factions, which had united to expel the
Russian occupiers in 1992, began to fight among themselves when it became apparent that post–
communist coalition governments could not overcome the deep–rooted ethnic and religious
differences of the members. It was in this atmosphere of economic strife and civil war that a
fundamentalist band of religious students emerged victorious. By 1996, this group, the
Taliban, ruled 90% of the country with a controversial holy iron hand. The other 10% of the country
is tenaciously held by minority opposition groups led by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Women must stay at home.
If necessary, women who do leave the house must be accompanied by a male relative and cover
themselves with a burqa (an ankle–length veil with a mesh–like opening in front of the eyes).
Non–religious music, cassette tapes, TV and movies are all banned. Multi–colored signs are
prohibited. White socks are forbidden (either because they are considered a sexual lure or because
they resemble Afghanistan's flag). Children cannot fly kites, play chess or play with the pigeons
since it distracts them from their religious studies. Men must wear beards or face prison until their
shaven whiskers grow back. Paper bags are banned since the paper might have been recycled from
old Korans and lower level windows must be blackened to prevent males from inadvertently
catching women in compromising states. In order to guarantee that men and women observe the new
rules, the Taliban have employed a moral police force (Agents for the
Preservation of Virtue and Elimination of Vice) to search for violators. The purported brutal
treatment of offenders by the moral police has led Amnesty International to classify the conduct a
"reign of terror." Prior to the Civil War and Taliban control, especially in Kabul, the capital, women
in
Afghanistan were educated and employed: 50% of the students and 60% of the teachers at
Kabul University were women, and 70% of school teachers, 50% of civilian government

The Impact of the Islamic Religion on the Harmonisation of...
The Impact of the Islamic Religion on the Harmonisation of International Accounting Standards
Justin Lingard – S200990
October 2010
Table of Contents Introduction 4 User requirements of financial reports 5 IFRS Compliance Issues
with Shari 'a law 6 Riba 6 Gharar 7 Zakat 7 Conclusion 8 References 10
Introduction
Islam is the world's second largest religion with over 1.65 billion followers, which constitutes 24%
of the world's population (Kettani, 2010). Islam is a religion that encompasses all aspects of a
Muslim's life, from issues of an ethical, social and civil nature to economic and legal matters. In this
way it is quite different to the secular view normally held in the West, which separates business
decisions ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The basis behind using the VAS, which is essentially just a reshuffle of the income statement, was to
focus on the value added to the community rather than the value to the owners. This reflects Islam's
focus towards public/social accountability rather than the individual accountability of the West
(Baydoun and Willett, 2000). The VAS highlights the beneficiaries of the organisation's activities,
for example payments to employees, charities and of the zakat. The zakat is basically a tax that is
payable above a certain threshold to the poor, sick or needy. It is one of the five pillars of Islam and
is viewed by Muslims as an obligation to god.
The amount of the zakat is generally accepted as being 2.5% of all assets held for a full year (Lewis,
2001). It is also generally accepted that assets should be valued at the current market value for the
calculation of the zakat (Vinnicombe and Park, 2007). For this reason Baydoun and Willett (2000)
recommend the CVBS be included in addition to the traditional balance sheet so that users can see
how the zakat is calculated and assess its compliance.
Baydoun and Willett (2000) are not alone in suggesting the use of current cost accounting (for
example Gambling and Karim, 1986, Abdel Salam, 1982 and Sulaiman, 2001). It seems logical that
given the vast differences between Islamic principles and those embedded in Western accounting,
that Islamic

Economics
OPEC
Presented By Ashok, Vinod and Prashant
AGENDA
 Introduction to OPEC  OPEC Important Events
 Present and Future
 Feedback
Introduction
What is OPEC?
 The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) is a permanent,
intergovernmental Organization, created at the Baghdad Conference on September 10–14, 1960, by
Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Venezuela.  Members Qatar (1961) Indonesia (1962) –
suspended from January 2009 Libya (1962) United Arab Emirates (1967) Algeria (1969) Nigeria
(1971) Ecuador (1973) – suspended (1992– 2007) Angola (2007) and Gabon (1975–1994) Having
Headquarters in Vienna Austria Since Sep1, 1965.
World proven reserves for India country (million barrels) 2007 2008 2009 2010 ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
 Ten days after the outbreak of the war, the "Gulf Six" (Iran, Iraq, Abu Dhabi, Kuwait, SAU and
Qatar) decided to raise oil process by 17 % from $3.12 to $3.65 per barrel and also announced cuts
in production.  The first country that was embargoed by Saudi Arabia and other countries was the
US on October 19, 1973.  On November 5, more cut in production of 25 % below the September
level. The embargo was also extended to Portugal, Rhodesia and South Africa.  The next
significant price increase after a meeting of the OPEC Gulf Six in December 1973 : $5.12 per barrel
to $11.65.
OPEC – Important Events
OPEC – Oil Crises : 1973 – Frist Oil shock  In order to cope with the enormous oil price increases
and their economic impact, the United States held an energy conference in Washington in February
1974.
 Attended by 13 industrial and oil–producing countries. After a common agreement, the Arab oil
ministers in March announced the end of the embargo against the United States (excluding Libya).

 In June and July the embargoes against all the other states were lifted.
OPEC – Important Events
OPEC – Oil Crises : 1973 : Short and Long term effects  Impact on Worldwide growth rate,
International trade and Foreign Direct Investment – FDI  In terms of world economy growth rate
of 6.9% in 1973, fell to 2.1% in 1974 and 1.4% in 1975. Only in 1976, after three years of

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