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LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT
Sixteenth Edition
Chapter 11
Physical and
Cognitive
Development
in Adolescence
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Chapter Outline
• The nature of adolescence
• Physical changes
• Issues in adolescent health
• Adolescent cognition
• Schools
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Adolescence (1 of 2)
• Adolescents face:
– Biological changes
– New experiences
– New developmental tasks
• Influences on the adolescent
– Ethnic
– Cultural
– Gender
– Socioeconomic
– Age
– Lifestyle differences
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
The Nature of Adolescence (2 of 2)
• Youth benefit when they have caring adults in
their lives in addition to parents or guardians
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Physical Changes (1 of 5)
• Puberty
• The brain
• Adolescent sexuality
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Physical Changes (2 of 5)
• Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation,
occurring primarily in early adolescence, that
involves hormonal and bodily changes
– Sexual maturation, height, and weight
 Marked weight and height gains
 Facial and chest hair growth in males
 Pubic hair growth
 Breast growth in females
 Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Physical Changes (3 of 5)
– Hormonal changes
 Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine
glands and carried throughout the body by the
bloodstream
 Increases in testosterone and estradiol
– Timing and variations in puberty
 Average age of menarche has declined
significantly since mid-19th century
 Improved nutrition and health
 Pubertal sequence begins:
o Boys - 10-13 1/2 years
o Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Physical Changes (4 of 5)
– Body image
 Preoccupation with body image is strong
throughout adolescence
 Girls are less happy with their bodies and have
more negative body images
– Early and late maturation
 Boys
o Early-maturing boys view themselves more
positively and have more successful peer relations
o Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of
identity in their 30s
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Physical Changes (5 of 5)
 Girls
o Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but
less satisfaction later
 More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed
 Have an eating disorder
 Struggle for earlier independence
 Have older friends
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Sexuality (1 of 6)
• Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration and
experimentation
– Deep curiosity
– Concerned with their sexual attractiveness
– May experience vulnerability and confusion
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Sexuality (2 of 6)
• Developing a sexual identity
– Learning to manage sexual feelings
– Developing new forms of intimacy
– Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior
• Sexual identity includes:
– Activities and interests
– Styles of behavior
– Indication of sexual orientation
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Sexuality (3 of 6)
• Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex
attractions
• Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
– Drug use, delinquency, and school-related
problems
– Socioeconomic status
– Family/parenting & peers
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Sexuality (5 of 6)
• Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior
– Family connectedness
– Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality
– Parental monitoring
– Partner connectedness
• Contraceptive use
– Adolescents are increasing use of contraceptives
– Younger adolescents are less likely to take
contraceptive precautions
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Sexuality (6 of 6)
• Sexually transmitted infections (STIs):
Contracted primarily through sexual contact
– Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact
• Adolescent pregnancy
– Creates health risks for baby and mother
– Results in low birth weight, neurological
problems, childhood illness
– Mothers drop out of school and never catch up
economically
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Issues in Adolescent Health (1 of 5)
• Adolescent health
• Substance Use and Abuse
• Eating Disorders
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Issues in Adolescent Health (2 of 5)
• Adolescent health
– Behaviors linked to poor health habits and early
death in adulthood begin during adolescence
– Nutrition and exercise
 21% of 12-19-year-olds are overweight
 Decreased intake of fruits and vegetables and less
exercise
– Sleep patterns
 Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more
hours a night
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Issues in Adolescent Health (3 of 5)
– Leading causes of death in adolescence
 Unintentional injuries
 Homicide
 Suicide
• Substance use and abuse
– United States has one of the highest rates of
adolescent drug use
– Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has
declined in recent years
– Parents, peers, and education in prevention
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Issues in Adolescent Health (4 of 5)
• Eating disorders
– Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness
through starvation
 Main characteristics
o Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal
for a person’s age and height
o An intense fear of gaining weight that does not
decrease with weight loss
o Having a distorted image of their body shape
o Amenorrhea
 10 times more likely to occur in females than
males
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Cognition (1 of 3)
• Piaget’s theory
• Adolescent egocentrism
• Information processing
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Cognition (2 of 3)
• Piaget’s theory
– Formal operational stage
 More abstract than concrete operational thought
 Increased verbal problem-solving ability
 Increased tendency to think about thought itself
 Thoughts of idealism and possibilities
 More logical thought
o Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a
hypothesis and deducing its implications
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Cognition (3 of 3)
– Evaluating Piaget’s theory
 Research indicates:
o There is much more individual variation than Piaget
envisioned
o Culture and education exert stronger influences on
cognitive development than Piaget maintained
 Most developmentalists agree that cognitive
development is not as stage-like as Piaget thought
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Adolescent Egocentrism
• Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents
 Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that
others are as interested in them as they
themselves are
o Attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to
be noticed
 Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and
invincibility
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Information Processing (1 of 2)
• Cognitive control: Effective control of thinking in
a number of areas
– Control attention and reduce interfering thoughts
– Be cognitively flexible
• Decision making
– Dual-process model: View of thinking in which
decision making is influenced by two systems that
compete with each other
 Analytical and experiential systems
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Information Processing (2 of 2)
• Critical thinking - Cognitive changes that allow
improved critical thinking include:
– Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of
information processing
– More breadth of content knowledge in a variety of
domains
– Increased ability to construct new combinations of
knowledge
– A greater range and more spontaneous use of
strategies for applying or obtaining knowledge
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Schools (1 of 2)
• The transition to middle or junior high school
• Effective schools for young adolescents
• High school
• Extracurricular activities
• Service learning
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Schools (2 of 2)
• The transition to middle or junior high school
– Drop in school satisfaction
– Less stressful when students have positive
relationships
– Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position
in elementary school to the lowest position in
middle or junior high school
Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the
prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
Effective Schools for Young Adolescents
• Develop smaller communities that lessen
impersonality of middle schools
• Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1
• Involve parents and community leaders
• Integrate several disciplines in a flexible
curriculum
• Boost students’ health and fitness with more
programs
• Provide public health care

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Adolescent Physical and Cognitive Development

  • 1. LIFE-SPAN DEVELOPMENT Sixteenth Edition Chapter 11 Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education.
  • 2. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Chapter Outline • The nature of adolescence • Physical changes • Issues in adolescent health • Adolescent cognition • Schools
  • 3. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Adolescence (1 of 2) • Adolescents face: – Biological changes – New experiences – New developmental tasks • Influences on the adolescent – Ethnic – Cultural – Gender – Socioeconomic – Age – Lifestyle differences
  • 4. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. The Nature of Adolescence (2 of 2) • Youth benefit when they have caring adults in their lives in addition to parents or guardians
  • 5. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Changes (1 of 5) • Puberty • The brain • Adolescent sexuality
  • 6. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Changes (2 of 5) • Puberty: Period of rapid physical maturation, occurring primarily in early adolescence, that involves hormonal and bodily changes – Sexual maturation, height, and weight  Marked weight and height gains  Facial and chest hair growth in males  Pubic hair growth  Breast growth in females  Menarche: Girl’s first menstruation
  • 7. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Changes (3 of 5) – Hormonal changes  Hormones: Chemicals secreted by the endocrine glands and carried throughout the body by the bloodstream  Increases in testosterone and estradiol – Timing and variations in puberty  Average age of menarche has declined significantly since mid-19th century  Improved nutrition and health  Pubertal sequence begins: o Boys - 10-13 1/2 years o Girls - Between ages of 9 and 15 years
  • 8. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Changes (4 of 5) – Body image  Preoccupation with body image is strong throughout adolescence  Girls are less happy with their bodies and have more negative body images – Early and late maturation  Boys o Early-maturing boys view themselves more positively and have more successful peer relations o Late-maturing boys report a stronger sense of identity in their 30s
  • 9. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Physical Changes (5 of 5)  Girls o Early-maturing girls show greater satisfaction early but less satisfaction later  More likely to smoke, drink, be depressed  Have an eating disorder  Struggle for earlier independence  Have older friends
  • 10. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Sexuality (1 of 6) • Adolescence is a time of sexual exploration and experimentation – Deep curiosity – Concerned with their sexual attractiveness – May experience vulnerability and confusion
  • 11. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Sexuality (2 of 6) • Developing a sexual identity – Learning to manage sexual feelings – Developing new forms of intimacy – Learning skills to regulate sexual behavior • Sexual identity includes: – Activities and interests – Styles of behavior – Indication of sexual orientation
  • 12. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Sexuality (3 of 6) • Gay males and lesbians struggle with same-sex attractions • Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior – Drug use, delinquency, and school-related problems – Socioeconomic status – Family/parenting & peers
  • 13. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Sexuality (5 of 6) • Risk factors in adolescent sexual behavior – Family connectedness – Parent-adolescent communication about sexuality – Parental monitoring – Partner connectedness • Contraceptive use – Adolescents are increasing use of contraceptives – Younger adolescents are less likely to take contraceptive precautions
  • 14. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Sexuality (6 of 6) • Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Contracted primarily through sexual contact – Including oral-genital and anal-genital contact • Adolescent pregnancy – Creates health risks for baby and mother – Results in low birth weight, neurological problems, childhood illness – Mothers drop out of school and never catch up economically
  • 15. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Issues in Adolescent Health (1 of 5) • Adolescent health • Substance Use and Abuse • Eating Disorders
  • 16. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Issues in Adolescent Health (2 of 5) • Adolescent health – Behaviors linked to poor health habits and early death in adulthood begin during adolescence – Nutrition and exercise  21% of 12-19-year-olds are overweight  Decreased intake of fruits and vegetables and less exercise – Sleep patterns  Only 31% of U.S. adolescents sleep 8 or more hours a night
  • 17. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Issues in Adolescent Health (3 of 5) – Leading causes of death in adolescence  Unintentional injuries  Homicide  Suicide • Substance use and abuse – United States has one of the highest rates of adolescent drug use – Adolescent alcohol and cigarette consumption has declined in recent years – Parents, peers, and education in prevention
  • 18. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Issues in Adolescent Health (4 of 5) • Eating disorders – Anorexia nervosa: Relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation  Main characteristics o Weight less than 85% of what is considered normal for a person’s age and height o An intense fear of gaining weight that does not decrease with weight loss o Having a distorted image of their body shape o Amenorrhea  10 times more likely to occur in females than males
  • 19. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Cognition (1 of 3) • Piaget’s theory • Adolescent egocentrism • Information processing
  • 20. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Cognition (2 of 3) • Piaget’s theory – Formal operational stage  More abstract than concrete operational thought  Increased verbal problem-solving ability  Increased tendency to think about thought itself  Thoughts of idealism and possibilities  More logical thought o Hypothetical-deductive reasoning: Creating a hypothesis and deducing its implications
  • 21. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Cognition (3 of 3) – Evaluating Piaget’s theory  Research indicates: o There is much more individual variation than Piaget envisioned o Culture and education exert stronger influences on cognitive development than Piaget maintained  Most developmentalists agree that cognitive development is not as stage-like as Piaget thought
  • 22. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Adolescent Egocentrism • Heightened self-consciousness of adolescents  Imaginary audience: Adolescents’ belief that others are as interested in them as they themselves are o Attention-getting behavior motivated by a desire to be noticed  Personal fable: Involves a sense of uniqueness and invincibility
  • 23. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Information Processing (1 of 2) • Cognitive control: Effective control of thinking in a number of areas – Control attention and reduce interfering thoughts – Be cognitively flexible • Decision making – Dual-process model: View of thinking in which decision making is influenced by two systems that compete with each other  Analytical and experiential systems
  • 24. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Information Processing (2 of 2) • Critical thinking - Cognitive changes that allow improved critical thinking include: – Increased speed, automaticity, and capacity of information processing – More breadth of content knowledge in a variety of domains – Increased ability to construct new combinations of knowledge – A greater range and more spontaneous use of strategies for applying or obtaining knowledge
  • 25. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Schools (1 of 2) • The transition to middle or junior high school • Effective schools for young adolescents • High school • Extracurricular activities • Service learning
  • 26. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Schools (2 of 2) • The transition to middle or junior high school – Drop in school satisfaction – Less stressful when students have positive relationships – Top-dog phenomenon: Move from the top position in elementary school to the lowest position in middle or junior high school
  • 27. Copyright © 2017 McGraw-Hill Education. All rights reserved. No reproduction or distribution without the prior written consent of McGraw-Hill Education. Effective Schools for Young Adolescents • Develop smaller communities that lessen impersonality of middle schools • Lower student-counselor ratios to 10-to-1 • Involve parents and community leaders • Integrate several disciplines in a flexible curriculum • Boost students’ health and fitness with more programs • Provide public health care