Comparison And Analysis Across Theories

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories
Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of the nursing theories is to provide an
interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The defined nursing theories promote
better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and improve the communication
between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and education (Keefe, 2011). Not all
nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the important role of explaining the
key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding way. Dorothy Orem's Self–Care
Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model are considered as grand nursing theories.
The grand nursing theories are a conceptual model, which identifies the ... Show more content on
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However, Orem's Self–Care Deficit Theory is more recommended for the acute–care setting, where
a patient receives active but short–term treatment for a severe injury or episode of illness. Orem
focuses on finding the self–care deficit of the patient and providing the necessary care to promote
his or her well–being. Whereas, Roy is concerned with the different stimuli that forces adaptation in
order to achieve optimal health. Roy's Adaptation Model views the person as an adaptive system
which includes the four adaptive modes. These adaptive modes are: physiological–physical mode,
self–concept–group identity mode, role function mode, and interdependence mode. Although first
two modes can be identified immediately, the assessment of role function mode and interdependence
mode is time consuming. Therefore, Roy's Adaptation Model is not suitable for acute–care setting.
Conclusion Having defined nursing theories promotes better patient care, improve the status of
nursing profession, and improve the communication between the nurses. In addition to guiding the
nurses to provide the best care to the patients, nursing theories are used to promote and guide
baccalaureate programs, administration and nursing research. Many organizations now exist to
support the advancement of nursing profession. Sigma Theta Tau International, the Honor Society of
Nursing, is created to "support the learning, knowledge and professional
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Concept Comparisons and Analysis Theories
Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories UOP Theoretical Foundations of Nursing
NUR/513 Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Nursing theory is relatively new and
as such, it continues to evolve as new knowledge is gained. There are numerous theories of nursing,
each of which took years to develop and most of which continue to evolve and adapt. There are
commonalities between and among the existing theories although each may focus more heavily on
different aspects of responsibilities. It has to do with the philosophical foundations for each theory.
Moore, (Moore, 2008) reported a nursing metaparadigm of four basic concepts: "person, health,
environment, and nursing." Another author suggested the core ... Show more content on
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Exactly where they are on the continuum is determined by the balance found in each of the five
factors in the metaparadigm (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003). For example, how a person reacts to
stressors has a great impact on their health. It is the nurse's responsibility to help the patient restore
balance and stability of the five factors (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003). This is very similar to the
nurse's responsibility according to Orem. It also reflects the metaparadigm on nursing theories as
well as the core concepts as presented by others. Jean Watson's theory of nursing is based on the
ideas of a number of philosophers and psychologists, including Carl Rogers, most specifically on his
"phenomenological psychology and philosophy" (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003, p. 21). Her theory
evolved over at least two decades of diverse experiences. Watson's theory is referred to as
Transpersonal Caring because it emphasizes unity in the world (Tourville and Ingalls, 2003). Watson
proposed that caring is a natural act for humans and it becomes a moral principle at the point when a
patient and a nurse share a caring experience (Watson 2007). According to Watson, the goal of
nursing is to help the patient achieve harmony of mind, body and spirit (Watson, 2007). To apply
Watson's model, a nurse needs to create a shared caring experience with a patient. This shared
experience will lead to better outcomes for the patient as well as a

Nursing Theory Comparison : Margaret Neuman
Nursing Theory Comparison: Margaret Neuman and Katherine Kolcaba Alison Abid West Coast
University Dr Gloria Godvin Comparison of Neuman and Kolcaba Nursing Theories Theories have
been the method by which nurse leaders have defined nursing science. Through the diverse bodies
of information nurses have given the profession its own practice regulation(s) to institute nursing as
a profession. Theories are a set of interrelated concepts that are explanatory and predictive in nature.
The concepts are a way of seeing nursing and human events and how they influence each
individual's personal values (George, 2011). Theories are derived by deduction and inductive
reasoning. Evaluation of nursing theory has yielded four core conceptual metaparadigm; person,
health, environment, and nursing. The comparison of Margaret Newman's Systems Model is based
on the patient's relationship to stress and reaction to it. She was a nurse by nature and realized years
before that she was made for the profession when taking care of her ill mother. Katherine Kolcaba
was raised without a father and lists one of the most influential events of her life was his death when
she was eight years old and her Comfort Theory a middle– range theory and the Systemic Theory a
grand theory which will be the focus of this paper. According to the metaparadigms of nursing
science, person is the target of care and includes not only the patient but also caring for the family as
well. Environment is noted as either

Summary Of Concept Comparison And Analysis Of Nursing Theory
Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories repeat When reading any nursing theory, it is
very easy to be overwhelmed by the expansive language and details used by each theorist. Some
theories appear to contain concepts that are "down to earth" and very logical, while others are very
"theoretical" and abstract. By understanding the basic definitions of the nursing paradigms and how
they applied to each theory, we can use that information to better understand the sometimes–
complex concepts that are being detailed in each nursing theory. We can explore how each theory is
different and alike by using these four (4) nursing paradigms: nursing, health, person, and
environment. These four paradigms are the basis for nursing care but each ... Show more content on
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In each theory, the common thread in the definition of "nursing" is the interaction between the nurse
and the patient with the intent to "do" something. The goal of that interaction may differ but nurses
have to communicate and interact with their patients in order to have nursing. Each theory identifies
"environment" differently; one as the "position of influence" ("enthronement," n.d.) and the other as
the internal energy and external background. Each theory, again, has a different outlook on the
meaning of "health" but each identifies that "health" is determined by the patient and is affected by
not only the mechanical process of life but also the psychological, internal workings of the mind.
Finally, a "person" by definition of both theories is the individual who has some type of health
limitation requiring assistance from an outside party, the nurse, in–order to resolve that identified
limitation. By knowing these similarities and differences, the nurse can identify how each theory can
be used in the clinical

Metaphors And Material, Tying And Training Texts :...
Metaphors are complex comparisons used in American writing. They can be used to compare and
analyze numerous things like expressions, objects, activities, and how we think. In the book, Tuning,
Tying and Training Texts: Metaphors for Revision, Barbara Tomlinson, the author, discusses her
viewpoints on metaphors and how they relate to the process of revision. She talks about how we
come to adopt our writing process which is through, "...metacognitive expressions and culturally
shared information" (Tomlinson 59). Metacognitive expressions are thought to be moments in life
when, "writers...become aware of themselves as thinkers" and" also pause, "to observe themselves
in the act of writing or to reflect on what they are doing" (Tomlinson 59). ... Show more content on
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Through this use of language, we can better understand why the revision process is like sculpting. In
addition to using language like Lakoff and Johnson, we can also use their method of highlighting
and hiding to better comprehend the meaning of the metaphor. What can be clearly seen in the
metaphor is the idea that it is best to get all your thoughts and ides down on paper so you can then
go back and have only minor things that need revising. What can be hidden in this type of revision
process is that there are countless possibilities to making tiny changes, resulting in the writing never
fully being satisfied. It could go on and on and on because there's always ways to improve your
writing and change the meaning, which is why displeasure can be hidden. The comparison of
revising to sculpting relates to how I view my revision process to be. I like to make my rough draft
as complete as I can and then go back to fix little things for my revision. This is like the sculpting
metaphor because in sculpting you start with something as whole, like me making my rough draft as
complete as it can be, then you go back and keep working on it until you have ended up with what
you were looking for, in this case a sculpture or a complete paper. I find this way of revision to be
beneficial because I think it is always best to get everything down the first time so you and your
peers have more to work with later on and

Social Comparison Theory Analysis
The Social Comparison theory can be applied to how beauty standards in television have an effect
on how children view themselves and the world. The theory describes that individuals make
judgments about themselves based on the comparison they view on television. In the theory there
are two types of comparisons to be made: upward comparisons and downward comparisons. This
analysis will focus on upward comparisons as it is best applied to how beauty standards in television
affects the way children view the world. In upward comparisons an individual compares him/herself
with others who they feel are better than them. This comparison can only lead to on of two things,
the individuals will try to self–enhance themselves the better conform to the ... Show more content
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There are three main components of this theory: attention, retention, and motivation. A child is
exposed to a crime, an act of violence, or some sort of injustice; this is the attention portion of the
theory. Viewing these acts expands their behavioral options and discover the consequence or reward
for such actions. In the retention portion of this theory, the learned images that a child has viewed is
internalized. The cognitive function of memory enables us to reenact that vivid image of violence.
The theory suggests we can live vicariously through these images; we may never reenact them in
reality, but we have been exposed to them.) This constant exposure and mental reenactment of
violence lead to desensitization to these injustices because they are familiar. In the motivation
portion of the theory we calculate how imitating these violent acts would pan out in reality. The
viewer weighs the rewards or punishments of these actions. Motivation comes from the expectation
of future reward or punishment; both internal and external rewards are played out in the viewer's
mind to

Comparison Of Florence Nightingale And The Great Man Theory
"The Lady with the Lamp" and "The Great Man Theory"
Florence Nightingale was born on May 12, 1820 in Florence Italy. Nightingale became a Nurse
against her parents' wishes, but she was not just any nurse, she was thee Nurse. Florence
Nightingale's actions during and after the Crimean War made a lasting impact on the medical field
including hospital practices, sanitary practices, and wartime practices. She made numerous strides in
the medical field before her death on August 13, 1910. As a result, billions of people owe their very
lives to her. A little over two decades after Nightingale's birth a man by the name of Thomas Carlyle
introduced the notion that history was made due to the intelligence and actions of a few "Great
Men". ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To her horror she was met by deplorable conditions; filth and contamination, contaminated water
supply and hospital, rodent infestation, a depleting supply of medical supplies, and a group of
overworked hospital staff. After their arrival, Nightingale initiated a complete overhaul of the
hospitals sanitary conditions by having the hospital cleaned from top to bottom, revamping the
nutrition and distribution efforts of food for soldiers, and the complete improvement of patient care.
Six month after arriving, a British sanitation crew flushed the sewage system and improved the air
filtration systems. As part of her dedication too patient care Nightingale spent many nights during
the Crimean War wondering the corridors by lamp light checking on wounded soldiers. As a result,
she was dubbed "The Lady with the Lamp". Nightingales families' social and financial status was
both directly and indirectly responsible for Nightingales social connections and her ability to attend
school. More importantly it was her high status and social connections that provided her with the
opportunity to lead a group of nurses to Scutari's British based hospital in early November (1854)
during the Crimean War. Furthermore, if it were not for the Crimean War, her social

Comparison of Theories of Attachment
This essay will firstly explain the different stage that is associated with development of young
people socially in the early years of their life, with examples of Schaffer and Emerson's theory of
stages of attachment. Next the essay will evaluate the theories of attachment between a child and
their parents/guardians, evaluating Bowlby's theory of attachment, and using examples from Freud's
'cupboard love theories' and behavioural and psychoanalytic perspectives in comparison to Bowlby.
Next it will look at any contributing factors that make a difference to individuals during attachment
and looking at way fear and anxiety play a part during separation for children from their primary
carer. After which the essay will respond to Bowlby's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
father, grandparents etc. With the strongest attachment still with the mother, the 'fear of stranger's
response' weakens. A Criticism of 'cupboard love theory', were Harlow's study involving rhesus
monkeys (1959). He separated new born monkeys from their mothers and raised them in a cage each
containing a blanket, he noticed the monkeys became attached to the blanket but were concerned
when the blanket was removed. But to determine whether it was food or close comfort was more
important, Harlow placed a monkey with two 'different mothers', one being a 'mother' made of wire
but with a bottle attached and the other being a 'mother' made of a soft blanket but with no bottle
attached. Harlow found that the monkey spent most time with the clothed mother, and concluded
that monkeys have an unlearned need for 'contact comfort' which is as essential as the need for food.
He also found that the clothed mother served as a secure environment for the monkey. When Harlow
placed a 'fear stimuli' in the cage the monkey would explore it before retreating back to clothed
mother for security, however when the clothed mother was removed the monkey would cower in
fear and freeze. Ainsworth (1967) conducted a 'Ganda project', which looked into the individual
differences in children's attachment to their mothers/primary carer. She used babies ranging from
ages between 15 weeks – 2 years old; they were studied every 2 weeks for 2 hours a time over a
nine months. Ainsworth

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories
Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories "Nursing theory is the term given to the body of
knowledge applied to support nursing practice. Nursing theory is a framework designed to organize
knowledge and explain phenomena in nursing, at a more concrete and specific level. A nursing
theory is a set of concepts, definitions, relationships, and assumptions or propositions derived from
nursing models or from other disciplines and project a purposive, systematic view of phenomena by
designing specific interrelationships among concepts for the purposes of describing, explaining,
predicting, and prescribing" ("Currentnursing.com", 2010). Core concepts embody a theory creating
the basis for the theory or model. In nursing, concepts help ... Show more content on
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The concepts are applicable in different nursing settings because the goals of both concepts are the
same. Virginia Henderson's need theory Applied to Nursing Practice Henderson stated, "The nurse is
temporarily the consciousness of the unconscious, the love of life of the suicidal, the leg of the
amputee, the eyes of the newly blind, a means of locomotion for the newborn, knowledge and
confidence for the young mother, a voice for those too weak to speak, and so on"
("Nursingtheories.info", 2011). The nursing profession is complex because it requires the ability to
identify with, or the understanding of a wide array of people. This concept demands that nurses
understand the fundamental needs of individuals so that they can help the individual provide the
needs that make their lives as normal and productive as possible, even during illness. Nurses, who
practice according to this concept, must know how to assess the individuals daily functions, and
activities such as (Yale University School of Nursing, p. 26, 2006): "breathing, eating, eliminating,
resting, sleeping and moving, keeping the body clean, warm and clothed, and making life more than
a vegetative process by communicating with others, maintaining human relationships, learning,
working and playing, or recreating. The quality of the service is limited only by the imagination, and
the competence of the nurse who interprets it. Any interpretation, however; implies an

Comparison Of Two Investment Theories Applied Within...
The comparison of two investment theories applied within financial markets
Over time there have been many different theories applied to financial markets which attempt to
explain the changes of stock prices and the different trends over time. Investors would often debate
whether or not the market is efficient. Put simply, whether or not the market is a reflection of the
information made available to the investor at any time. One such theory that attempts to explain the
movements and trends of a market is the Efficient Market Hypothesis (EMH). This particular theory
was advocated by Professor Eugene Fama back in 1970 and is regarded as the most widely used
investment theory. The EMH states that the stock market is informationally efficient where all
stocks are accurately priced based on their investment properties and all investors equally possess
the knowledge of these properties. The EMH also states that no investor within the market is able to
achieve incredible market returns due to the fact that stocks are always priced at their fair value.
However, considering the likes of Warren Buffet and his success, this idea doesn't seem to be true.
Therefore, the EMH is considered by many to be fairly inaccurate theory that shouldn't be applied to
financial markets. There can be a lot more said about the EMH however, this article, as I hope you
have noticed by now, is to do with fractals. So now let's look at an alternative theory that investors
may prefer to utilize. This theory

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Paper
Concept Comparison and Analysis across Theories Paper NUR 513 August 6, 2012 Comparison and
Analysis Theories Paper The heart of nursing has always been caring. Since the start of professional
nursing with Florence Nightingale, theorists have been writing about caring. This paper highlights
three caring theories Madeleine Leininger, Jean Watson, and the combine theory of Patricia Benner
and Judith Wrubel these theorists each has developed a theory of caring. This paper will examine
each by comparing and contrasting on how each looks at caring. Leininger Madeline Leininger
developed her first theories in the mid–1950s. Her main ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Transpersonal caring has a spiritual element or union, the patient and the nurse who transcends self,
time, space and the life history of each other. The transcendence allows both patient and the nurse to
enter the phenomenal field of the other (Cohen, 1991). Benner and Wrubel In 1988, Patricia Benner
and Judith Wrubel published their theory The Primacy of Caring, Stress and Coping in Health and
Illness. Their theory that caring is primary meaning that to a person event, projects, and things
matter. Benner and Wrubel theory presented ontological care, which is different for intentional care.
Voluntary and deliberate caring actions on the part of human beings are examples of intentional
caring (Edwards, 2001). Ontological care refers to the way all humans 'existence a daily depending
member participant status, in particular, human life world (Benner, 2003). Ontological care has been
misunderstood it is primary in ways in the ways' perception, and existence are primary caused by
life stress, competitive individualism, and independence, along with interpersonal concern's
structure around being alone or separate, complete and detached. In times when a social normal
breakdown one predominates, interaction with the world may be anger, distrust or avoidance in
areas where wars and violence prevail and

Social And Social Impact On Social Media
It has been suggested that people use social media sites, consciously or unconsciously, (Haferkamp
& Kramer, 2011) as a basis for social comparative functions, such as self–evaluation (Festinger,
1954). Individuals usually compare themselves with others on various characteristics such as
popularity, appearance, and success (Feinstein, Hershenberg, Bhatia, Latack, Meuwly, & Davila,
2013). When information is acquired of others, people will compare themselves to others
(Mussweiler, Ruter, & Epstude, 2006). According to Wood (1989), social comparison is not in itself
problematic. However, little research has been found that examines the social comparison behavior
on social media (Lee, 2014). Facebook is an important place and tool for social life among college
students (Boyd, 2007). On average, college students have a minimum of 358 friends, with most
spending their time reading the content of other people's pages (Pempek, Yermolayeva, & Calvert,
2009). The frequent use among Facebook users that are college students implies that they are likely
to engage in social comparison on Facebook (Lee, 2014). There have been few studies that have
examined a person's psychological characteristics (e.g. self–esteem, depression, and self–
consciousness) and Facebook use (citations). In a previous study conducted by Lee (2014) on how
college students compare themselves with others on Facebook, there was a negative relationship
between social comparison frequency and self–esteem. However,

Comparison of International Relations Theory
Contemporary international relations is a complex field. Understanding events and attempting to
make sense of them can be a daunting task. There are, however, tools available, which can assist in
providing clarity to these complex issues. The first of these tools is historic knowledge. Without
historic background of an issue, it is nearly impossible to understand the events driving that issue in
modern times. A second tool, the one which will be the focus of this paper, is international relations
theory. Theory can be defined as "a belief, policy, or procedure proposed or followed as the basis of
action," (Merriam–Webster) and can be used "in many cases as a basis of prediction." (Mingst 56)
There are three major theories which we ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While liberalism believes war to be avoidable through education, reformation of social institutions,
and shared interests with other nations, realism finds war to be an unavoidable consequence of the
self–preservation of the state. Liberalism sees the potential for and desires change, while realism
finds change unlikely. Both theories agree on the principle that the international system is anarchic
in nature. However, whereas realism relies on a balance of power to keep the system in check,
liberalism does so through cooperation of international institutions and mutual interest of various
states. In understanding international relations and world events, understanding the theories and
principles through which to view these events is a good start. However, it is also important to ask
yourself how you intend to use the theory. These theories can be applied to contemporary situations
in order to understand the actions and reactions of various parties relevant to a specific issue. The
theories can also be used to look at current events and attempt to predict future events. Another use
for the theories is to apply them to past events, in an attempt to explain and understand why the
events happened, and why various parties, or states, executed certain decisions. For an example of
applying theory to a past event, we can look to the Gulf War of 1991. From the historic record, we

'How To Stop Comparing Yourself To Others And Start Thriving'
In the new age of social media, people are constantly getting bombarded with multiple expectations
on how one should live their life. With the infinite scrolling of exciting status updates on new jobs,
more money, new travel destinations, relationship goals, etcetera; it can be rather easy for someone
to feel inadequate at times about how less exciting their life might be compared to the next. In an
article written by James Berges and posted on Shine titled, "How to Stop Comparing Yourself to
Others and Start Thriving," goes more in–depth on this idea of "comparison overload." Berges is a
freelance writer with a Bachelors degree in Psychology, and in his article he uses studies, statistics,
and anecdotal examples to help engage the reader on his stance on social media and the negative
effects it has on the brain. In the beginning of the article, Berges ... Show more content on
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He gives examples on how it's just not social media that causes people to compare themselves, but
society and the global economy in general. He emphasizes to the reader that there is always going to
be someone more richer, attractive, or smarter than them. And although that is a harsh realization, it
puts the reader in check and remind them that oneself to everyone is always going to be a never
ending, losing battle. He also mentions an important point that social media is filled with highlight
reels. Berges is essentially reminding the reader that no one is going to post their bad days on social
media, so comparing one's "behind the scenes" to a highlight reel is a disservice. In the article he
also attaches a YouTube video titled, "What's on your mind?" The video provided a great
enhancement and visual aid to the point he was trying to make. He knew that just writing about the
issue wasn't enough, so providing the video allowed the reader to visually see and relate to the
effects social media can have on a

Narrative Of A Mother Daughter
A tired mother reclines before a long mirror, beginning to prepare her ten–year–old daughter for
bed. As she works out the last few tangles from her hair, the woman's gaze turns to her reflection–
the dulling of her once youthful body palpable in the company of her youthful daughter. Author
Sharon Olds uses the narrative of a mother–daughter relationship to address issues of aging, death
and replacement, juxtaposing the youth of a ten–year–old with the maturity of the thirty–five–year–
old. "35/10" takes readers on one woman's journey of sorrow as she copes with the loss of her youth,
but deeper than that, her confrontation with grief as she realizes her daughter will one day replace
her. The woman feels as though she is beginning her life's decline just as her daughter begins her
ascent into womanhood, inquiring, "...Why is it / just as we begin to go / they begin to arrive..."
(lines 4–6). Olds takes on the voice of this despondent woman in her poem "35/10," using rich,
honest language and metaphoric comparisons to communicate observations about the cycle of life
and the pattern of replacement. In the main body of her poem, Olds lists a sequence of three key
metaphoric comparisons between the woman and her daughter's changing bodies. Both characters
are experiencing small "previews" of their futures through developmental transformations, the
younger a preview of womanhood and the older a preview of aging and ultimately future
replacement. The comparison is made in the same

Lewin's Comparison of Change Theories Essay
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCHOLARLY ACADEMIC INTELLECTUAL DIVERSITY
VOLUME 8 NUMBER 1 2004–2005
Comparison of Change Theories
Alicia Kritsonis MBA Graduate Student California State University, Dominquez Hills
ABSTRACT The purpose of this article is to summarize several change theories and assumptions
about the nature of change. The author shows how successful change can be encouraged and
facilitated for long–term success. The article compares the characteristics of Lewin's Three–Step
Change Theory, Lippitt's Phases of Change Theory, Prochaska and DiClemente's Change Theory,
Social Cognitive Theory, and the Theory of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior to one another.
Leading industry experts will need to continually review and ... Show more content on
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Therefore, Lewin's model illustrates the effects of forces that either promote or inhibit change.
Specifically, driving forces promote change while restraining forces oppose change. Hence, change
will occur when the combined strength of one force is greater than the combined strength of the
opposing set of forces (Robbins 564–65).
Lippitt's Phases of Change Theory Lippitt, Watson, and Westley (1958) extend Lewin's Three–Step
Change Theory. Lippitt, Watson, and Westley created a seven–step theory that focuses more on the
role and responsibility of the change agent than on the evolution of the change itself. Information is
continuously exchanged throughout the process. The seven steps are:
ALICIA KRITSONIS ____________________________________________________________
_________________________3
1. Diagnose the problem. 2. Assess the motivation and capacity for change. 3. Assess the resources
and motivation of the change agent. This includes the change agent's commitment to change, power,
and stamina. 4. Choose progressive change objects. In this step, action plans are developed and
strategies are established. 5. The role of the change agents should be selected and clearly understood
by all parties so that expectations are clear. Examples of roles are: cheerleader, facilitator, and
expert. 6. Maintain the change. Communication, feedback, and group coordination are essential
elements in this step

Comparison Of Marxism In International Relations Theory
Comparison in Definition
Marxism in international relations was a reaction to liberal economic theories advanced by thinkers
such as Adam Smith. Smith argued that free market capitalism, without any role of government or
backstage actor would be the most efficient. For him, the notion of the "invisible hand" summed up
this idea that a free market without government controls will be the most optimal outcomes. Much
of Smith's ideas of a free market economy are based on the rules of supply and demand, and also the
importance of competition. In this economic system, businesses will compete with one another in
their products and consumers as a result of this competition, will benefit since it will lead businesses
to make the best product at the lowest costs. Then, the price of this product will be reflected in the
supply and demand which is the more of a product that is available, the less demand that there will
be, and vice versa.
Meanwhile in realism, for which international relations are driven by the states' security and
material interests defined in terms of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Namely, they study how those in economic control use and exploit the worker, and then it is the
economic elites who get the vast majority of the financial benefits from the sale of that product.
Furthermore, this is not a new phenomenon in the 1800s, but rather, Marxists believe that there have
been numerous cases, throughout the centuries of imbalances of economic power between the
workers, and the economic elites who run production.
For Marx, this economic exploitation could be in the private sector or and as later Marxists in the
field of international relations focus on, it could be the ways that the state is using economic power
to exploit others. Marx viewed the state as a vehicle for the economically wealthy and powerful in
the country to further exploit the power and to make them

Comparison Of Erikson And Kohlberg's Theory
Erik Erikson and Lawrence Kohlberg are famous theorist who have contributed a lot to the nursing
profession. Erikson's theory is about psychosocial development whereas Kohlberg's theory is about
moral development. Erikson has eight stages, that he believed were accomplished at different
periods of life, in his theory of psychosocial development starting with; trust versus mistrust during
infancy; autonomy versus shame or doubt experienced at a toddler age; initiative versus inferiority
during preschool and school–aged period; identity versus identity confusion during adolescence;
intimacy versus isolation experienced as a young adult; generativity versus stagnation experienced
as a middle–aged adult; and lastly integrity versus despair ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Another stage of Erikson's theory that is similar to stages of Kohlberg's theory is identity versus
identity confusion where the adolescent learns the essence of what makes them who they are from
bringing together everything they have learnt and what kind of person they will be. Kohlberg's
stages that are similar is the conventional stage of good boy/ nice girl morality where the school–
aged child follows rules to be accepted by those around them, and the postconventional stage of
social contract orientation where the adolescent will follow society customs for the benefit of others.
These three stages are closely associated as someone's identity is usually shaped by the customs of
society. People will do what is expected of them to be accepted which in turn contributes to their
identity. The last similarity between the two theories is Erikson's stage of generativity versus
stagnation where the middle–aged adult broadens their concern from themselves to the community
and world, and Kohlberg's postconventional stage of universal ethical principles where the adult's
actions are determined by their own ethical principles and standards of behaviour. These two stages
complement each other as a person cannot have concerns for the community and world if they do
not have a sense of their own beliefs and values as a foundation. A person needs to know what they
value to then go on and have concerns that

Social Networking Sites A Way Of Life And A Prominent Form...
Social Networking Sites Social networking sites (SNS) have become a way of life and a prominent
form of communication. They provide a platform for users to professionally network, to socialize, to
share personal adventures and achievements, and to express emotions and feelings. SNS allow users
to observe family members, friends, acquaintances, or even strangers and learn what activities they
are participating in or how they might be feeling at any given moment. With access to an abundance
of information about others at the tap of a finger, lives have been consumed and overwhelmed with
this new form of technology. From 2005 to 2015, nearly two–thirds of American adults report they
use SNS and 90% of young adults, age 18 to 29, are involved with social media (Perrin, 2015).
Social networking sites have changed the way people live their everyday life. Sherry Turkle, a
clinical psychologist, stated, People love their new technologies of connection. They have made
parents feel more secure and have revolutionized business, education, scholarship, and
medicine...They have changed how we date and how we travel. The global reach of connectivity can
make the most isolated outpost into a center of learning and economic activity...Beyond all of this,
connectivity offers new possibilities for experimenting with identity... (2011). SNS have created a
portal for individuals to create a profile to share with others, whether it is to expand their social
circle or to remain in contact with

The Comparison and Contrast of Developmental Theories...
The Comparison and Contrast of Developmental Theories
Nichole Spiller
PSY 104: Child and Adolescent Development
Instructor: Sonja Bethune
Monday, May 21, 2012
Throughout time the development of psychology has had many different theorists but I would like to
explore these three particular theories. * Erik Erikson's – Stages of Psychosocial Development * Lev
Vygotsky's – Sociocultural Theory * Jean Piagets's – Stage of Cognitive Development
The three theories I have chosen to discuss are all extremely relevant ideas; although I prefer Erik
Erikson's stage of psychosocial development. Erik Erikson's theory covers a person's entire lifespan
showing the many different stages throughout one's life. A person is always ... Show more content
During this time the explorations are being done and they are basing their possibilities on them.
When this is discouraged it causes confusion of themselves and their role in society. * Intimacy
Versus Isolation (18–40 years) – Courting, early parenthood.
During this stage one is still exploring into young adulthood and beginning to be more intimate with
others. Individuals begin to have relationships with longer commitment with others besides family
members. When this stage is successful a person feels a sense of safety and ability to commit in a
relationship. If this stage is not accomplished they tend to fear commitment which can lead to
loneliness, isolation or depression. * Generativity Versus Stagnation (30–65 years) – Middle age,
parenting.
During this stage of life one establishes their place in the workplace, makes a commitment in a
relationship, start families of their own and can now see the bigger picture of life. We continue the
cycle of life by raising our children, working in our community and being involved in activities and
organizations. When one fails this stage they become depressed and feel like their unproductive
within their society. * Ego Integrity Versus Despair (50+ years) – Old age, grandparents.
As our age moves up in years and we become senior citizens we slowdown in productivity and
begin to re–explore life as

Comparison Of Attachment And Psychosocial Development Theory
Not one theory is more important than the next, each theory holds importance and are commonly
used to describe supported evidence acquired throughout the scientific method. A theory may
possibly rationalize how one interacts with others, human behaviors, or even how one may respond
to a specific stimuli. Social work practice models shows how social workers can carry out theories.
The practice models provides social workers with a blue print of how to be of assistance to others
based on supportive social work theory. (Simmons 2016) "While a theory explains why something
happens, a practice model shows how to use a theory to create an image." (Simmons 2016)
The two social work human behavior theories I chose to talk about today is the Attachment theory
and psychosocial development theory. I though these two theories would be the best to talk about
because, they has always been of interest to me. Attachment theory is a state of having a strong
emotional and physical attachment to at least one primary caregiver. This theory also attempts to
explain the changing aspects long term and short term interaction between individuals. According to
Simmons Staff Psychosocial development theory is an eight–stage theory of identity and
psychosocial developments articulated by Erik Erickson. Erickson believed that each person must
undergo eight ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The key concept of this theory is, that a strong emotional and physical attachment to at least one
primary caregiver is critical to personal development (Psychologist World 2016). Bowlby proposed
that each child is born biologically pre– programmed form attachment to people. Attachment theory
does not have to be mutual. One may have an attachment to another person who may not share that
same attachment. In children, behaviors like seeking closeness with attachment figure when
unhappy or vulnerable, is characterized as

Upward Similarities At The Gym
Judging one's worth in the world through social comparisons is central not only to human
psychological functioning, but also critical to the survival of individual animals in many species
(O'Brien) I have caught myself on many occasions making comparisons at the gym. I hate that I do
it, but it is natural. I do both though, I compare downward and upward. If I see a girl that is skinny at
the gym I am automatically making those upward comparisons thinking that she is better than I am.
I also catch myself looking at someone that is bigger than me to make myself feel better about how I
look. In contrast to upward comparisons, downward comparison theory (Wills, 1981) predicts that
people experiencing negative feelings or cognitions about themselves

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Julie McKay NUR/513 Theoretical Foundations
of Practice December 06, 2014 Stephanie Vaughn Ph.D. R.N. CCRN A concept is a term that
theoretically describes and names a fact or phenomenon, thus providing it with a separate identity or
meaning. Nurses use theories to clarify the events through nursing practice. A concept analysis
provides insight to nursing knowledge and understanding of the concepts allows nurses to determine
nursing actions (George, 2011). Quality of Life Quality of life (QOL) is a contemporary phrase
which was first heard after the Second World War and, since then, has been frequently used but not
well explained (Meeberg, 1993). Most theorists have at least an ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Mostly, older adults who were able to meet the 14 basic needs identified by Henderson claimed a
high QOL on the Index. QOL is also individualized depending on the person's level of independence
in performing the essential needs. Research suggests Henderson's concept is similar to Maslow's
human needs hierarchy, and attaining her primary care needs can achieve QOL for older people
(Hargrove–Huttel, 1988). The higher a patient's perspective in performing Henderson's 14 needs
independently, the greater the patient's perception of a QOL. Nurses can apply Henderson's Needs
Theory to practice as a way to set goals based on the 14 components of human basic needs in order
to assist the older population to reach better QOL (Hargrove–Huttel, 1988). One example of nursing
practice in meeting patient's basic needs is a patient who is unable to breathe on his/her own. The
nurse will serve as patient's temporary breath by providing CPR because breathing is one of the
human needs. Parse's Human–Becoming Theory Theory of human–becoming presented by
Rosemarie Parse in1992 suggests that QOL is determined from individual's perspective (Morris
2006). Henderson's theory proposed an individual achieves QOL by meeting his or her basic needs.
Parse believes QOL is subjective, and human conduct are defined by the person, his or her family
and community. Human–becoming theory guides

Leon Festinger's Social Comparison Theory
Social comparison theory was proposed by Leon Festinger his theory said that people have a desire
to compare themselves to others and from the comparison they make many judgements about
themselves. He said there are two types of social comparison one of which is upward this is when
we compare ourselves with people we believe are better than us and downward is when we compare
ourselves to people that are worse off to make us feel good. This links to Laura because she had a
desire to lose weight because she was the only girl in the class which made her feel self–conscious
also the unrealistic images shown in the media of celebrities can affect people as they think that they
should look like that too this may have led to Laura believing that if she lost ... Show more content
Obedience means complying with an order, request, or law or submission to another's authority.
Stanley Milgram carried out participants were given the role of a teacher who had to ask learner
(researcher) multiple choice questions the teacher was told that if the learner got a question wrong
then they would receive an electric shock (electric shocks were not actually given) every time they
got a question wrong then the voltage of the shock was increased. The learner would then pretend
that they were in pain and shout for the experiment to stop but the researcher that was observing told
the participants to carry on the results that participants did as they were told and carried on with the
experiment even though they didn't agree with what was happening. Obedience links to Laura's

Social Comparison Theory
The social comparison theory offers some level of explanation for how media images actually come
to impact the way women feel about their bodies. It examines how individuals evaluate themselves
in relation to peers, groups, and/or social categories (Milkie, 1999). The main argument is that
people compare themselves on many different dimensions with other individuals who are similar to
them. Depending on the target of comparison, a person will usually judge themselves as being either
or better or worse on some dimension. An upward comparison occurs when an individual compares
himself or herself to someone who fares better than they do on a particular construct. In contrast,
downward comparisons involve a person comparing himself or herself to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Television, advertisements, magazines, and other forms of popular media provide a plethora of
references for upward social comparison. Images in the media generally project a standard to which
women are expected to aspire, yet that standard is almost completely impossible for most women to
achieve (Schooler et al., 2004; Thompson & Coovert, 1999). Women almost always fall short of
standards that are expected of them regarding physical appearance. Particularly for women, it is
difficult to go through a day without viewing images that send the message, "you're not good
enough." The pervasiveness of the media makes it very challenging for most women to avoid
evaluating themselves against the sociocultural standard of beauty (Milkie, 1999). Most companies
that target women in the media actually attempt to foster social comparison with idealized images,
in order to motivate women to buy products that will bring them closer to the ideal (e.g. diet
products, makeup, hair products). If women see a discrepancy between themselves and the images
they view in advertisements (which the almost definitely will), they will be more inclined to buy the
products that are advertised (Thompson & Coovert,

Comparison Of Nursing Theories Of Benner And Myra Levine
Comparison of Nursing Theorists Patricia Benner and Myra Levine Many professions have theorists
associated with it that can help guide the people that work within that profession. The nursing
profession has a wide range of theorists associated with it and each theorist brings a unique
perspective to the nursing practice. Although Patricia Benner and Myra Levine are respected nursing
theorists, their theories on nursing differ greatly. While Benner maintains her focus of nursing on the
nurse's individual development, Levine focuses her attention on specific nursing interactions. Both
of these theorists contributed significant theories to nursing
Background and Influences on Theory
Patricia Benner Patricia Benner is high middle range nursing theorist whose clinical experience
includes: acute medical–surgical nursing, home health nursing, and critical care nursing (Tomey &
Alligood, 2011). In 1982, Benner received her Doctor of Philosophy (Ph. D.) during this same year
she became a professor at the University of California (Tomey & Alligood, 2011). Two years after
completing her Ph. D. she created the Skill Acquisition Model (Benner, 2001). Her major influences
on her theory were Hubert and Stuart Dreyfus; these two individuals created a ... Show more content
Benner explains health as not just the absence of disease. She claims that a person may have a
disease and not experience illness because illness is a subjective matter, in contrast disease can be
physically assessed (Tomey & Alligood, 2002).
According to Benner, situation is a better word than environment for the metaparadigm. The
situation makes up a variety of environmental settings and it considers the social environment as
well (Tomey & Alligood, 2002). Nurses need to consider a client's overall situation and take into
account their past, present, and future to be able to provide the client with overall comprehensive
care.
Myra

Societal Standards of Feminine Beauty Essay
While women have made historical strides in the past decades, the culture at large is bound to the
narcissistic constraints about how women should look. These unattainable beauty standards, largely
proliferated through the media, have drastic impacts on women and their body image. Societal
standards of feminine beauty are presented in all forms of popular and alternative media,
bombarding women with images that portray the ideal body. Such standards of beauty are almost
completely far–fetched for most women. A majority of the celebrities and models seen on television
and in advertisements are well below what is considered normal for American women. "The average
American woman is 5'4" tall and weighs 140 pounds, while the average American ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
"More than half of teenage girls are, or think they should be, on diets. They want to lose some or all
of the 40 pounds that females naturally gain between ages 8 and 14. About 3% of these teens go too
far, becoming anorexic or bulimic" (Being Truly Beautiful). Mainstream magazines and
advertisements are another potent source of idealized images of women. "Findings of one study
indicate that 83% of teenage girls reported reading fashion magazines for about 4.3 hours each
week" (Thompson & Heinberg, 1999). Female's motivation behind reading these magazines and
advertisements are to obtain information about beauty, fitness, grooming and style. Magazine and
advertisements are marketed to help women better themselves by providing information and
products that are supposed to make them look and feel better. "Women read these magazines with
the hope that is they follow the advice given, they will be more acceptable and attractive" (Serder,
Female Body Image and the Mass Media: Perspectives on How Women Internalize the Ideal Beauty
standard). Marketing strategies lure women into purchasing these forms of media, and most have the
potential to be a powerful influence on women's sense of self–satisfaction with their appearance.
The social comparison theory offers some level of explanation for how media images actually come
to impact the way women feel about their bodies. "Social comparison theory examines how
individuals evaluate themselves in relation to peers,

The Social Comparison Theory: Being a Zero
The Social Comparison Theory: Being a Zero Just a few years ago, being referred to as a "zero" was
something that everyone wanted to avoid. Someone that was a "zero" was laughed at and ridiculed
for being worthless and unpopular. It has not been until recently that being a "zero" could be a good
thing. In today's advertising and entertainment world, not only are women superior if they are a size
zero, but size zero and size two body frames seem to have become the only body type acceptable for
a woman to be. The Social Comparison theory offers an explanation as to why women are beginning
to feel immense pressure to live up to the "ideal body type" presented to them on nearly every
medium. Leon Festinger (1954) was the first to explore the Social Comparison theory and give it a
definition. He tested several hypotheses and concluded that human beings experience a socio–
psychological process which drives the necessity for them self evaluate and to do so by comparing
themselves to others (Festinger, 1954). George R. Goethals and John M. Darley (1987) later defined
the theory as an interpersonal process in that "one person evaluates his or her own opinion or ability
by comparing it with the opinions expressed or abilities displayed by other people" (p. 21). They
also noted that when a person is going to compare his or herself to another, he or she will often
choose a person who is similar is such categories as gender and age (Goethals & Darley, 1987).
Many studies have

Keller’s Theory vs. Wlodkowski’s Theory: Comparison and...
It is important at any level of teaching and/or training that whoever being taught is not only
motivated to learn but they are motivated to retain what has been taught. In this paper the definition
of motivational design concept will be discussed as well as John Keller's A.R.C.S. (ARCS) Model of
Motivational Design and Raymond J. Wlodkowski's Motivational Framework for Culturally
Responsive Teaching. The similarities between both theories in addition to the differences will also
be discussed.
What is a motivational design concept? It is the process of orchestrating procedures and/or resources
that causes a change in ones enthusiasm, drive and/or motivation. These motivational design
concepts can be used in many different ways such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using this step of one teaches through the understanding of how the subject matter can be
beneficial to the learner today and what it can do for them in the future. This step also teaches
through the prospective of accomplishment, success, power and relationship motivating students to
take risks by using the topic being instructed. The step of Relevance encourages a demonstration of
behavior and/or how the information being instruction can be useful in a students everyday life by
the instructor setting the example before the students, by having guest speakers come to talk to the
students that have been through the teaching that is being instructed to encourage them to see the
advantages of using the information being learned. Lastly allow the students to choose of what
method under this step to understand and organize their thoughts to retain and complete their work
during the their course of study.
The next step is Confidence gives the students and/or trainees the understanding and assurance that
they can be successful in learning the topic being instructed. If the students and/or trainees feel that
they cannot achieve the objectives of the topic then their interest will be diminished.

High Performance Teams
In today's business world, more and more organizations are moving away from the use of individual
work assignments to a combination of manager–led and self–directing teams. These businesses are
relying on groups of unique individuals to come together and work on a common goal with a shared
purpose. The ultimate goal for these teams are to produce more than what the individuals could do
separately. In order for those teams to accomplish this, they must become high performance teams.
High performance teams consist of a small number of individuals with complementary skills, who
are committed to a specific goal and mutually agree to hold each other accountable for their results.
Those teams who make it to this level experience autonomy, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
If it is a known fact that individuals tend to compare themselves to each other, then why are leaders
in organizations so surprised that conflict, rivalry, or competition amongst team members occurs?
Part of the reason is because while organizations have changed their thinking from an individualistic
form of production to a collectivist form of teams, they have failed to change their form of
recognition, incentives, motives, and culture to match. Organizations are promoting the idea of
teams and working together for a common goal and purpose, all while offering incentives that are
unchanged from the original idea of individual motivation and it is creating competition rather than
the cooperation that they need for high performance teams (Beersma, Hollenbeck, Humphrey,
Moon, Conlon, & Ilgen, 2003). Unfortunately, there has been considerable controversy over the idea
of competition and cooperation in teams. Some research shows that competition is beneficial, while
others show that it creates the conflict organizations are trying to avoid. Therefore, it is important to
examine the idea of competition and cooperation and seek to decide which is better to pursue.
According to Scarborough (2012) one of the best qualities of business leaders or entrepreneurs is a
competitive nature. So, if

A Comparison Between Piaget 's Theory And Vygotsky Theory
A Comparison Between Piaget 's Theory and Vygotsky 's Theory
Tracey Moore
William Carey University
Child psychology is an important part of the process of teaching a child, knowing child psychology
in teaching is a characteristic every teacher should have. Using child psychology in everyday
teaching will improve a teacher 's ability to teach as well as improve a student 's ability to learn.
When incorporating psychology into everyday teaching, two very intelligent men of the past and
their theories should be kept in mind: Piaget and Vygotsky. Each of their theories have had an
impact on education like no others. (Fernyhough, 1999) Going into the theories one quickly realizes
that the men had two very different ideas about how a child learns. Even though the men had very
different ideas, they were very similar in some ways in their thoughts and in their lives. One of the
ways being that they were born in the same year of 1896. They also were both very apparently
interested in the field of developmental and child psychology, each of them were respectively
enthralled by their own ideas of how a child learns and how those ideas could be incorporated int a
child 's learning process. Both believed learning is essential to being able to achieve a level of
higher thinking, it 's how the children got there that they disagreed on. This is definitely where the
two began to differ drastically. Piaget was determined to focus on the

Essay on Self-esteem and Impression Management
Mod 2 Assignment – Personal Examples
Regina G. Carpenter
Grand Canyon University: PSY–530
November 5, 2013
Mod 2 Assignment – Personal Examples – Self Esteem and Impression Management Consideration
of a person's perspective "self" and the processes used to determine behaviors is one element of
social psychology. Some of the processes and theories are: impression management, social tuning,
social comparisons, mindsets, and intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. This work will examine the
basic premises of each of these along with personal examples provided by the author.
Impression Management
Impression management is the use of conscious or subconscious behaviors by a person to
manipulate the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Then, my excitement incited something that would be my demise. Instead of simply presenting the
perfectly lovely piece of costume jewelry, my mind began to create a much more elaborate scenario
that snowballed to catastrophe. When we got to our first hour study hall, I made a big deal of
making certain that several people saw my ring. As they asked, I told them that my maternal
grandfather was a full–blooded Native American (he actually was), and that he had given me this
gorgeous piece of turquoise jewelry which I wanted to give to Laura Beth as thanks for her help and
welcoming manner. As I had hoped, the class was impressed and I knew my status was immediately
elevated in this new social group. All was well until one of the boys asked to see the ring. As he
examined it, I heard an ominous snicker before he loudly announced, "Hey, Gina, is your grandpa's
name Chief Avon?" Naturally, I was mortified and began to cry and repent about fabricating the
story. What is interesting is that from that time forward, the students were much more helpful and
welcoming. That was the day that I learned a valuable lesson about lying and trying to impress other
people. According to Segev, Shoham, and Ruvio (2013) found that being self–conscious can be
positively related with gift giving in adolescence. Adolescents value peer relationships and may give
gifts as a way to ensure that they have friends.
Social Tuning Social

Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Ryan Velasco University of Phoenix NUR/513
March 13, 2012 Noura Kassis Ed.D., R.N. Concept Comparison and Analysis Across Theories
Nursing as a profession has evolved through the contributions of practicing nurse theorists who have
worked rigorously toward improving the way nurses approach the art and science of nursing.
Through theory development, nursing models, and their conceptual frameworks, they have provided
a foundation for nurses and their practice. Nursing theories have developed from the choices and
assumptions about the nature of what a particular theorist believes about nursing, what the basis of
nursing knowledge is, and nurses do or how they practice in ... Show more content on
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According to George (2011), "the individual starts to feel as though he or she is an integral part of
the helping environment and begins to take control of the situation by extracting help from the
services offered" (p. 69). Nurses need to be aware the clients degree of independence aiding them
toward the next and final phase. Termination Phase At times difficult for both nurse and client this
phase marks the conclusion of the relationship. The patient's needs have already been met by the
collaborative efforts between the patient and nurse. The patient and nurse need to terminate their
therapeutic relationship and dissolve the links between them (George, 2011). At the conclusion of
this phase, both nurse, and client gain independence as he or she individually mature from his or her
relationship. Human–to–Human Relationship Model Joyce Travelbee was an open–minded thinker
who established the Human–to–Human Relationship model, which she introduced in her published
book Interpersonal Aspects of Nursing in 1966 and revised in 1971. Travelbee (1971) defines
nursing as, "an interpersonal process whereby the professional nurse practitioner assists an
individual, family, or community to prevent, or cope with the experience of illness and suffering
and, if necessary, to find meaning

Learning Theories : A Comparison Of Behavioral And...
Learning Theories: A Comparison of Behavioral and Cognitive Views
Cognitive and behavioral learning theories tend to dominate modern discussions of learning
theories. Employed in both educational and clinical settings, both have important contributions to
understanding how and why individuals learn. Is one approach statistically better than the other, or
do they each have their own place where one approach may be more effective under specific
circumstances? Each theory has supporters who claim the efficacy of their theory is superior.
Comparison of the theories is necessary to determine if one is significantly better than the other, or
even if one theory may be slightly more effective than the other. Determining if one competing
theory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although Watson was not the first to suggest an empirical and objective approach to psychological
research he was the first to offer a coherent and organized program, and is often viewed as the
catalyst for behaviorism, especially among American psychologists (Bewsbury, 2013). Perhaps the
most famous behaviorist is B.F. Skinner (b.1904–d.1990). Skinner's approach almost completely
disregarded anything outside of observable behaviors, and his strict approach to looking at anything
other than observable behaviors resulted in the development of the term radical behaviorism (Feist
et al., 2013).
There is no single theorist or group that the cognitive theory of learning was built upon, it is a
multifaceted approach built upon information presented by numerous contributions of many
theorists (Yilmaz, 2011). However, it is generally accepted that cognitive learning theory was
pioneered by Jean Piaget and further expounded upon by Lev Vygotsky in the 1920's (Ormrod,
2012; Yilmaz, 2011). Cognitivism was birthed as a result of behaviorists failing to explain how and
why individuals process information and make sense of the information that has been processed
(Yilmaz, 2011).
Concepts
Behaviorism is rooted in the belief that behavior should be studied scientifically, and

A Comparison Of Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory
A Comparison of Hirschi's Social Bonding Theory Introduction In 1969, Hirschi identified four
social bonds, which were attachments, commitment, involvement, and belief. According to Hirschi
(1969), these social bonds is what prevent the majority of people from engaging in illegal acts.
Attachment is often defined as an emotional connection to other individuals such as parents,
teachers, and friends. Hirschi's second social bond is defined as commitment. This bond states that if
an individual is dedicated and concerned about their investment in conventional activates they are
less likely to engage in illegal acts (Hirschi, 1969). Furthermore, involvement is Hirschi's third
social bond that prevents individuals from engaging in illegal acts. ... Show more content on
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In Ozbay and Ozcan (2006), they had a sample size of 1,710 high school students from ages 13 to
19 years old. Hart and Mueller (2012) sample was much larger, but they only analyzed one group of
high school students. In their sample the had 11,758 10 grade students, which makes their findings
more specific to sophomores in high school not all high school students like Ozbay and Ozcan
(2006) research. Having different age groups within the sample allowed Ozbay and Ozcan (2006) to
analyze any relationship between the participant's age, social bonds, and deviant

Comparison and Analysis Across Theories
Comparison and Analysis Across Theories Comparison and Analysis across Theories The purpose of
the nursing theories is to provide an interrelating framework focusing on the nursing practice. The
defined nursing theories promote better patient care, improve the status of nursing profession, and
improve the communication between the nurses, and provide guidance to the researches and
education (Keefe, 2011). Not all nursing theories have the same meanings; however, they play the
important role of explaining the key concepts and principles of nursing practice in understanding
way. Dorothy Orem's Self–Care Deficit Theory and Sister Callista Roy's Adaptation Model are
considered as grand nursing theories. The grand nursing theories are a ... Show more content on
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Since 1970s, person, nursing, health, and environment are considered as the core concepts of
nursing theories by many nursing theorists. Person According to Orem, a person is made of a
physical, psychological, and social character with variable degrees of self–care ability ("Dorothea
Orem 's Self," 2011.) Roy views a person as "an adaptive system that responds to internal and
external stimuli in their environments" (Alligood & Tomey, 2006.) Nursing Orem and Roy have the
different attitude toward the concept of nursing. Orem sees nursing as an intervention to meet the
daily needs for self–care and medical–care patients need ("Dorothea Orem 's Self," 2011.) Roy
believes nursing as a key player to help patients to develop coping mechanism and positive outcome
from the constant stimuli exposure. Roy's goal is for the patient to achieve adaptation leading to
optimum health, well–being, quality of life, death with dignity, and finding in life by participating in
their own care (Roy & Andrews, 1999.) Health Orem defines health as "physical, mental and social
well being" ("Dorothea Orem 's Self," 2011.) Roy views health as a method used by patients to
obtain their utmost possible health regardless of the presence or absence of disease. Environment
Orem and Roy both state the individual exists

Social Comparison In The Classroom
Most of us are guilty of comparing ourselves to other people. It happens all the time in so many
different situations and environments. Social comparisons take place in the workplace, at school,
within friend groups and many other areas. The social comparison theory may give us more
knowledge about why and how we perform these comparisons. Leon Festinger was the psychologist
who first brought up the idea of the social comparison theory. According to the theory, there exists
two types of comparisons– upward and downward. The upward comparisons involve comparing
ourselves to other people who we believe hold an advantage in some way. Upward comparisons may
cause people to want to change themselves to be on par with those of their comparisons. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example, students may look upward to students who are performing better and then try to
increase their own performance to match the others. Social comparisons may hold negative or
positive effects on self esteem for students. Upward comparisons generally hold a negative effect,
while downward comparisons often have a positive effect. This is not true all the time.
Environmental context plays a huge role in the social comparisons of the classroom. The
environment of the classroom creates a very competitive atmosphere unlike any other. Everything
including the grade system, participation, presentations causes students to compare themselves to
others. Students, all the time, ask each other "what grade did you get on that?" in order to see where
they stand. Social comparison can be seen all the time and even has a major presence in movies,
television and mass media. The movie Pursuit of Happiness includes a major example of the upward
comparison. Will Smith 's character, Chris Gardner is in deep financial trouble after a bad
investment in medical technology equipment. One day, while walking on the streets of San
Francisco, he notices a Ferrari pull up to the curb, and starts a very friendly conversation with the
owner. Chris finds out that the owner is a stockbroker. After the ferrari's owner walks away, Chris
takes a look around the Pacific stock exchange and notices the smiles on everyone 's faces. He then
says

Comparison Of Leininger's Culture Care Diversity And...
As we progress through the different theories, it seems that the theorists are finding their way back
to the roots of nursing in different ways. During its origination, Nightingale, based the filed off the
notion of providing adequate care. This care focused on the patient, their immediate environment,
and community considering all aspects that can affect the patient's health. However, over time
nursing began to focus more on disease processes and appropriate treatments, slowly moving away
from its core. With a new push to direct nursing back to its origin, these new theories are allowing
nurses different routes to form a nurse–client interaction.
Currently I still believe my nursing practice more closely mirrors Neuman's system model. ... Show
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I realize the importance for nurses and other healthcare professionals be educated on the different
global cultures, as America is a global melting pot. Smith and Parker (2015) state the culture care
theory "desires to discover unknown or little–known knowledge about cultures and their core
values, beliefs, and needs" (p. 304). Within this theory fifteen orientational definitions have been
defined. These definitions allow the nurse to break down the patient and nurse interaction regarding
each person's cultural differences, diversities, environment, worldview, and social structure.
However, a disconnect often occurs between the professional (etic) and generic (emic) care
definition. The professional care definition takes what we learned throughout our years of education
to improve a patient's health. The generic care definition uses the patient's indigenous, traditional,
and local folk knowledge to provide adequate assistance and support for healing. With the
appropriate combination of the orientational definitions, patient's will receive optimal

High Standard Of Beauty In The Media
As we evolve to become a more online base society, the standard of beauty being portrayed in the
media today is influencing many aspects of our generation. Research has concluded that females
concerned with weight and body image has reached epidemic proportions and this concern is now
considered a normal part of female life. This affects the self–esteem of today's youth and adults as
models are setting unrealistic standards which no one can realistically achieve. This is a topic which
is becoming more recognized and talked about but who is at blame? What are specific aspects that
are being affected during critical teen development and how is this changing how teens think? How
does the high standard of beauty currently found in the media harm today's generation? Who is at
blame? Women today are being socially constructed to look a certain way. The theories and concepts
of the mass media approach to socialization, social comparison theory, stigma, race, and ethnicity
can be used to analyze this ongoing phenomenon.
The Harm of Today's Beauty Standards and The Facts In today's society, there is an increasing
pressure being put on young adolescents, young adults, and even adults to look a certain way in
order to be considered "beautiful". Recent research has shown that the stress to look just like these
unrealistic beauty standards that are being portrayed in the media are causing image disturbance
among women (Posava, Posavac & Weigel, 2001). The article "Reducing

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