The document discusses the Mid-Tudor Crisis from 1540-1558 in England. It examines factors such as Henry VIII's legacy, problems of minority rule under Edward VI, religious changes, economic difficulties, and unrest. Henry VIII's dissolution of the monasteries, high spending on wars, and social and economic reforms disrupted the old order and contributed to problems faced by his successors in this tumultuous period of English history.

1. Mid Tudor Crisis 1540-1558

2. How was Tudor society shaped? Was there a Crisis of Government? How did economic factors cause discontent in Tudor England? To what extent can the problems of the Mid-Tudors be attributed to Henry VIII’s legacy? Why did Edward face unrest early in his reign? How did Northumberland come to power in 1549? How did Northumberland tackle Government? Was there a religious crisis? How successful was Mary I? What were the extent of the Religious changes? To what extent had England become Catholic by 1558?

3. How did the governments of the country work in the 16 th Century? How was Tudor society shaped?

4. Henry VII Elizabeth of York Arthur Henry VIII Catherine of Aragon Mary I Anne Boleyn Elizabeth I Jane Seymour Edward VI Anne of Cleves Margaret James IV Catherine Howard Catherine Parr Mary Married into Tudor family Tudor Monarch Tudor

5. Five Tudor Monarchs Henry VII 1485-1509 Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Mary I 1553-1558 Edward VI 1547-1553 Henry VIII 1509-1547 Mid Tudor Crisis viewed as period 1540-1558 What were their religions?

6. Religious roller coaster of 16th Century Catholic Protestant Term used to describe changes in religion from Catholic to Protestant

7. Henry VII 1485-1509 Elizabeth I 1558-1603 Mary I 1553-1558 Edward VI 1547-1553 Henry VIII 1509-1547 Duke of Somerset 1547-1549 Duke of Northumberland 1549-1553

8. How was Tudor society shaped?

9. Tudor Social Structure Monarch Church Nobility Archbishops Bishops Clergymen Gentry Yeoman Labourers Citizens Vagrants / Beggars

14. Cottagers/Labourers

16. Tudor Social Structure Monarch Church Nobility Archbishops Bishops Clergymen Gentry Yeoman Labourers Citizens Vagrants / Beggars Gentry Commoners Nobilitas major Nobilitas minor

19. How did the governments of the country work in the 16 th Century?

20. Henry VII visiting Parliament 1517

22. Government under Henry VII The King The Royal Household Justices of the Peace The Court Parliament The Privy Council The Privy Chamber The Groom Of the Stool

23. Government under Henry VIII The King The Court Parliament The Privy Council The Privy Chamber Justices of the Peace

25. Government at the end of Henry VIII reign The King The Court Parliament The Privy Council The Privy Chamber Justices of the Peace The Regency Council

30. Was there a crisis in Government? Minority Rule Regency Council Dominated by Somerset Edward – educated/protestant Somerset Too Weak Alienated higher orders Proclamations Chantries Act Treason Act – criticised Act of Uniformity Sheep Tax Anti-enclosure Vagrancy Act Failure in Scotland Widespread disorder 1549 Northumberland Ambitious PC 33 in number – why? Parliament used Enclosure commissions lapsed Devise - LJG Affair Recoinage Ended war in Scotland Crisis only with Edward’s illness? Mary I Restore Catholicism Phillip of Spain Habsburgs Too much religious conflict Use of favourites? War with France and loss of Calais Bloody Mary Elizabeth I 11 PC’s served Mary Act of Supremacy Ended war with France Reform of currency Legacy of Henry VIII Expense of war Frequent changes Factions Minority RC

32. How did economic factors cause discontent in Tudor England?

33. Tudors 1485-1603 (Mid Tudor Crisis?) Henry VII Edward VI Henry VII Mary I Elizabeth I Background Political / Social / Economic Government Ineffectiveness Malthusian Crisis? Enclosure Break Down of Feudalism Population Increase Tudor Govt Social Structure Difficulties in agriculture Difficulties in Industry

38. Crisis? Factors that may suggest there was a crisis Population Increasing Pressure on Food Supplies Moves towards Enclosure Specialised farming Changes in economic climate e.g. Cloth Industry Inflation Lower wages Population did not starve Malthusian Crisis avoided Tudor dynastic survived Rebellion 1549

46. Economic Factors Increased Population Malthusian Crisis Migration/Vagrancy Inflation Lower wages Higher Rents Agricultural Changes Specialise Farming Problems for grain production and distribution Movement towards enclosure Poor Harvests Moves towards industrial economy implications for food production and unemployment

47. Tudors 1485-1603 (Mid Tudor Crisis?) Henry VII Edward VI Henry VII Mary I Elizabeth I Background Political / Social / Economic Government Ineffectiveness Malthusian Crisis? Enclosure Break Down of Feudalism Population Increase Tudor Govt Social Structure Difficulties in agriculture Difficulties in Industry

48. How did economic factors cause a potential crisis in Tudor England? Part 2

49. Mind Map crisis? Pressures of population growth Changes in agriculture Changes in industry Increase in demand Increase in prices, lower wages Increase in rents due To demand. Hardship Discontent Specialised Farming Increase in enclosure Profitable farming Failure of governments People forced off land Key industry Cloth Trade Less land for arable Slumps in demand Unemployment Migration to towns Lack of policy Increase in vagrants

51. Issues in finance and taxation

53. Methods of raising revenue? Revenue Options Taxation Debasement Loans Crown Lands Sell and rent Reform and cut expenditure Potential problems Inflation

60. Recap Crisis? Pressures of population growth Changes in agriculture Changes in industry Finance and Taxation Inflation

61. How did commerce and overseas trade cause a possible economic crisis?

65. Recap Crisis? Pressures of population growth Changes in agriculture Changes in industry Finance and Inflation Foreign Trade Slump

66. To what extent can the problems of the Mid-Tudors be attributed to Henry VIII’s legacy?

74. To what extent can the problems of the Mid-Tudors be attributed to Henry VIII’s legacy?

77. Separate Reformation 1517 onwards Break from Rome Divorce

79. Causes of the break from Rome Break from Rome Anne Boleyn Reformist ideas Henry’s desire for power and revenue Henry’s conscience Desire for a male heir State of the Church

83. Causes of the break from Rome Break from Rome Anne Boleyn Reformist ideas Henry’s desire for power and revenue Henry’s conscience Desire for a male heir State of the Church

86. Causes of the break from Rome Break from Rome Anne Boleyn Divorce Reformist ideas Reformation Henry’s desire for power and Revenue War/France/Scotland Henry’s Conscience Religious Desire for a male heir Dynasty State of the Church Support for break

89. Causes of the break from Rome Break from Rome Anne Boleyn Divorce Reformist ideas Reformation Henry’s desire for power and Revenue War/France/Scotland Henry’s Conscience Religious Desire for a male heir Dynasty State of the Church Support for break

91. Why did Edward VI face unrest in the early years of his reign?

93. Henry VII 1485-1509 Henry VIII 1509-1547 Edward VI 1547-1553

94. Problems for Edward VI Legacy of Henry VIII Minor Religion Social Pop Increase Enclosure Inflation Unemployment

104. Problems for Edward VI Legacy of Henry VIII Minor Religion Social Social and Economic Change Pop increase / Moves towards enclosure Inflation / Unemployment / Static wages Western Rebellion 1549 Ket’s Rebellion 1549

105. Western Rebellion 1549

116. Western 1549 Background to 1549 Edward VI Minority Legacy of Henry VIII Events Causes Demands Threat Impact

117. The year of the many headed monster – how dangerous were the rebellions of 1549 for Edward’s government?

118. Problems for Edward VI Legacy of Henry VIII Minor Religion Social Social and Economic Change Pop increase / Moves towards enclosure Inflation / Unemployment / Static wages Western Rebellion 1549 May/June Ket’s Rebellion 1549

119. To what extent was the government threatened by the Ket rebellion 1549?

122. Source Analysis Compare source A, B and C as explanations for the cause of the Ket Rebellion of 1549 (20 Marks)

127. To what extent did the rebellions of 1549 impact on Tudor government policy?

129. How did Northumberland come to power in 1549?

134. How did Northumberland tackle government?

140. Was there a religious crisis?

152. How successful was Mary I?

156. Aims and problems? Religious divisions foreign policy System of government Succession heir Social order Finance Economy Problems

158. Simon Renard – Imperial Ambassador William Paget Philip of Spain Stephen Gardiner

164. What were the extent of the religious and ecclesiastical changes in the period 1542-1558? What were the results of these changes?

166. Religion may not have been the crisis area as certain level of compromise was achieved across England. However it had a considerable influence directly or indirectly on potential crises such as political, social and economic changes that occurred e.g. Western or Northumberland in 1553.

177. ‘ The Pendulum swings back a successful counter reformation – ‘By 1558 England had become a Catholic country once again’