Sintered Ceramic Materials

Sintered Ceramic Materials
Where Nc= number of molecules per unit cell (Z=8), A= molecular weight of Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4
(236.81 g.mole–1), Vc= unit cell volume (584.172x10–24cm3) and Na=Avogadro's number
(6.023x1023 molecules.mole–1). The measured theoretical density (ρth) was found to be
5.3844g.cm–3. The apparent density of pellet specimens sintered at 850oC and 1050oC was
measured by using Ultrapycnometer 1000 which was varified by Archimedes buoyancy Principle
and was found to be 4.8 g.cm–3 and 5.02 g.cm–3 respectively. These densities were 91.38% and
93.23% of the theoretical values (% relative densities). Percentage porosity [59] of sintered pellet
specimens was found to be 8.2% and 6.8% respectively. It is observed Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 sintered
ceramic composed of uniformly sized grains and is >93% relative density. The high sintered density
can be attributed due to the small degree of agglomeration and fine nature of powder. The properties
of sintered ceramic materials depend upon the sintered density and porosity of ceramic. It is well
known that during sintering of homogeneous materials, the porosity decreases and the
microstructures of the material develop, depending upon the morphology, agglomeration and
sintering conditions. The Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 specimen sintered at 850oC has lower %relative density
as compared to specimen sintered at 1050oC.
Surface morphology
Figure 5 shows the SEM images of Cu0.5Ni0.5Fe2O4 synthesized powder dried at 90oC in vaccum
(Fig.5a) and calcined at 850oC for 4h
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Lindow Man Anthropology
Archaeology is the study of the ancient past, through the recovery and analysis of material culture.
During the development of archaeology, various different kinds of scientific techniques have been
established to aid in archaeological investigation. Recent archaeological techniques and processes
such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Radiocarbon Dating
are utilised to help better understand a civilisation, specifically the site of Lindow Man. These
modern methods have supported in recognizing Lindow Man's identity and important information
regarding his death such as his appearance, his stomach content, what he had eaten prior death and
his age. This information has since helped lead scientists to believe in ... Show more content on
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Encyclopaedia Britannica also states that it is "proved to be a versatile technique of dating fossils
and archaeological specimens from 500 to 50,000 years old" (1998). This method of age
determination is dependent upon the decay of nitrogen and radiocarbon (Carbon–14)
(Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011). Carbon–14 is
continually formed in nature by the interaction of neutrons with nitrogen–14 in the Earth's
atmosphere (Encyclopaediea Britannica, 1998; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating, 2011) and all
living things exchange the gas carbon–14 with the atmosphere surrounding them. The amount of
carbon–14 exchanged into the living organism is perfectly balanced with its surroundings, but when
an organism dies, they stop taking in the gas and that equilibrium is damaged. Because Carbon–14
slowly decays at a known rate called its "half–life" in a dead organism, scientists can figure out how
long ago it had stopped exchanging carbon with its atmosphere. Thus, its age can be determined by
measuring the amount of Carbon–14 in a sample (Hirst, 2017; Opinions of Radiocarbon Dating,
2017; Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Research Laboratory for Archaeology, n.d.; Earthsky,
2017; Cram, 1993). With the utilisation of Radiocarbon Dating, scientists have been able to discover
that Lindow

Graphene Essay
Effect of Point and Line Defects on the Properties of Graphene: A Review
Rajasekaran G, Prarthana Narayanan and Avinash Parashar*
Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee –
247667, India
* Corresponding author: E–Mail: drap1fme@iitr.ac.in, Ph: +91–1332–284801
ABSTRACT
New materials with distinctive properties are arising and attracting the scientific community at
regular intervals. Stiffness and strength are the important factors in determining stability and
lifetime of any technological devices, but defects which are inevitable at the time of production can
alter the structural properties of any engineering materials. Developing graphene with specific
structural properties depends upon controlling these defects, either by removing or deliberately
engineering atomic structure to gain or tailoring specific properties. In the present article, a
comprehensive review of defective graphene sheets with respect to its mechanical and thermal
properties are presented and examined.
Key Words: Graphene; point defects; line defects; molecular dynamics; atomistic modeling; fracture
toughness. Introduction
Graphene is emerging as a potential candidate for developing nanocomposites with desired
mechanical properties, thermal and electrical conductivities. Due to its exceptional mechanical
properties, thermal and electrical conductivities graphene can also be used for more conventional
purposes as compared to carbon nano tubes, which is

Ancient Gilding Methods and Their Chemical Structure Essay
Introduction:
The article seeks to inform the reader not only about ancient gilding methods, but also about their
chemical structures. The article does this by examining gilded artifacts from each gilding
methodology and studying the components in the metal. The article also attempts to explain how the
chemical structures in the object came about, using technology and analysis.
Main points of article:
The first paragraph sets out to explain ancient gilding and why it occurred, as well as go over what
the article will discuss.
The brief history behind analyzing chemical compositions
Talks about methodologies and breakthroughs in finding chemical composition for gilding
The is paragraph explains the reasoning behind gilding and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I enjoyed learning the methodology used in each "age" and how they got more and more complex as
time went on. I was also impressed with how the article went in–depth on the chemical properties of
each method.
Questions raised: What is the exact technology used to examine the objects in the article?
Why did they choose the artifacts in the article specifically?
How were they able to figure out the gilding methods?
Vocabulary list:
1. photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)– measuring the chemical composition of an object by the
energy of electrons freed from the surface by a laser. (Merriam Webster)
2. secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) –A machine uses primary ions to push the ions in the
object to the surface so they can be examined (Fraunhofer–Center Nanoelectronic Technologies)
3. optical emission spectrometry (GDOES)– a machine that uses emissions to examine the surface
of an object. (Analyses and Surfaces)
4. scanning electron microscopy (SEM)– using an electron microscope with beaming electrons.
(Merriam Webster)
5. Raman spectroscopy– a technique used by spectroscopy machines that observes low frequencies
in a system/object. (University of Cambridge)
6. amalgam–a mixture or blend (Merriam Webster)
7. porosity– the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids.(Princeton Word Net)
8. morphology– a study of structure or form (Merriam Webster)

9.atacamite–an oxychloride of copper, chemical product.(Free Dictionary)
10. patina– a

Prodrug Dipivefrin
A prodrug in order to elicit required pharmacological effect, must be converted enzymatically or
chemically to the parent drug in vivo. The prodrug approach was widely used to overcome various
problems associated with absorption, tumor targeting, distribution, pharmacokinetics, premature
metabolism, occurrence of side effects, and patient compliance46–51. The concept of the prodrug
was first applied to steroids in ophthalmology to improve the corneal absorption, aqueous solubility
and patient compliance 52. The first prodrug dipivefrin (a prodrug of epinephrine) for ophthalmic
use was formally introduced in the late 1970s for enhancing ocular bioavailability of epinephrine
53. The success of the prodrug approach greatly depends on the facile ... Show more content on
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The results have indicated that the dipeptide (glycine–valine and tyrosine–valine) monoester
prodrugs of gancyclovir exhibited superior corneal absorption and bioavailability compared with
unmodified gancyclovir 58. These amino acid (valine, tyrosine, and glycine) prodrugs of
gancyclovir have also shown higher permeability values than unmodified gancyclovir, due to their
interaction with oligopeptide transporter present in retina 59. A water soluble prodrug of
cyclosporine A, UNIL088 was developed via an ester linkage which gets converted to parent drug
by enzymatic or chemical hydrolysis of the terminal ester group 60. Recently, a leucyl–histidyl–
hydrazide based dipeptide prodrugs of N–acetylcarnosine were investigated for safety and efficacy
in cataract and diabetic ocular complications. A nine month clinical study revealed that the N–
acetylcarnosine treatment resulted in improved visual acuity of patients with cataract61. Various
prodrugs based on prostaglandins were widely investigated in clinical trials. Prostaglandin prodrugs
like latanoprost, bimatoprost, and travoprost were clinically proven to reduce intraocular pressure.
The prodrugs latanoprost and travoprost have an isopropyl ester group at carbon–1 position of the
alpha chain which gets hydrolyzed by enzymes to their respective biologically active free acid

Andrew Shortland Archeology
Archeology is not as simple as looking at rocks and figuring out the past. Carbon dating and other
methods that can be used were further explained during this lecture. Other aspects of archeology
were also better elaborated during the talk as well.
The speaker, Doctor Andrew Shortland, told us a little story to begin his lecture and it was about a
man named George Green. His story began with George taking something to the museum and that
something was a valuable 1350 B.C. pop style egyptian mini statue. He brought it in and offered it
to the museum so they could display if to the public and of course get some money. As the story
goes the museum payed £440,000, which in U.S. currency would be about $556,903, as time went
by a new director was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Shortland went on he explained methods of finding out if artifacts were of that time, place, and
material the people used at the time. One of the methods he talked about was Carbon Dating, which
is a way of finding out an object's age by using properties of radiocarbon, a radioactive isotope of
carbon. A second way of finding out an artifact's date can be Potassium–argon dating which can be
used to date extremely old artifacts up to 100,000 years old. The last method he explained was
Obsidian hydration dating which is used on artifacts made from volcanic glass. One thing that got
my attention were the machines they used to find their legitimacy, date, and so on and one of them
was a SEM–EDS, scanning electron microscopy with x–ray microanalysis. It is an electron beam
that scans across a sample's surface. After it scans completely it produces an image or a sample's
elemental composition. The 3 signals that provide the most information in the SEM are the
secondary electrons, backscattered electrons, and X–rays. He also talked about an XRF, X–ray
fluorescence, a non destructive analytical technique used to determine the elemental composition of
materials. The XRF analyzers determine the chemistry of a sample by measuring the fluorescent X–
ray emitted from a sample when it is excited by a primary X–ray source. Thirdly he mentioned an
XRD, X–ray powder diffraction, which is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase
identification of a crystalline material and

The Role of the Scanning Probe Microscopy in...
Introduction:
Scanning probe microscopy in nano mechanical testing has started with the invention of the
scanning tunneling microscope in the year 1981. Till then based on the type of principles there are
number of models developed and are in use. Scanning probe microscopy found popularity owing to
its ease in versatility in dealing with a number of issues, typically it is used to identify the material
properties on nano to even pico scales. Scanning probe microscopy techniques such as
atomic/friction force microscopy(AFM/FFM) are increasingly finding applications in tribological
studies of engineering surfaces as well for finding surface texture etc. Atomic and molecular level
details can be assessed using Scanning probe microscopy with ... Show more content on
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The spatial resolution used is far better than the wavelength used to create the image.
Technical overview:
Scanning tunneling microscope is the first of the series of the scanning probe microscopes. The
development of the family of scanning probe microscopes starts with the original invention of the
STM in 1981. Gerd Binning and Heinrich Rohrer developed the first working STM in IBM. The
STM works by scanning a very sharp metal wire tip over a surface. By brining the tip very close to
the surface, and by applying an electrical voltage to the top or sample, we can image the surface at
an extremely small scale–down to resolving individual atoms. The STM is based on several
principles. One is the quantum mechanical effect of tunneling.
It is this effect that allows the viewer to visualize the target surface. Another principle is the piezo
electric effect. It is this effect that allows us to precisely scan the tip with the angstrom– level
control. Lastly a feedback loop is required, which monitors the tunneling current and co–ordinates
the current and the positioning of the tip.
Principle:
Tunneling current occurs when electrons move through a barrier that they classically should not able
to move through. In classical terms if you don't have enough energy to move over a barrier you
won't.

Evolution Of Nanoscale Science And Technology
In the last twenty years Nanoscience and Nanotechnologies have become more significant and have
found a lot of applications in many aspects; the synthesis making nanostructured materials with
helpful and tunable properties is central to the evolution of nanoscale science and technology.
Nanometre scale metal particles exhibit optical, electronic, magnetic and chemical properties which
have wonderful technological and scholar value. Among them silver, copper, and gold nanoparticles
(NP) offer powerful adsorption bands (Localised Surface Plasmon Resonance, LSPR) in the visual
spectrum. The frequency of the LSPR is mightily dependent on various properties of the NP. The
optical properties of metal NP are mightily affected by their composition, shape, size, and
concerning climate, like the closeness of other particles. These nano–particles, in a collective
surround the core, will do a shell. Metal nanoshells have shown formidable troth for systematic
engineering of SPR. These are composite nanoparticles that make of a dielectric core covered with a
few nanometers to a little tens of nanometers of a metal, ordinarily gold or silver. The SPR of these
nanoparticles may be alteration over hundreds of nanometers in wavelength, across the visible and
into the infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum by the relative dimensions of the core and
the shell.
Firstly, the fabricated unclosed nanoshell composite SiO2@ Au–Cu was made by chemical methods
for different cases.

Microscopy Vs. Microscopy : An Example Of Scientific...
Scientific research requires proper understanding of different tools applied in various steps that are
critical to the end results. It is undeniable that scientific work requires the collaboration of various
study fields in order to develop proficient solutions. In line with these arguments, Transmission
Electron Microscopy (TEM) is an example of scientific application, which developed as a result of
combined efforts of scientists from different fields. TEM facilitates visualization of minute cellular
structures, something that provides a platform for further studies. However, with increased
technological advancements and the quest for more discoveries, scientists have improved TEM
significantly. In particular, several sample preparation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Cryo–Electron Microscopy (CEM) on the other hand, is a variation of the original Electron
Microscopy procedure where biologists can observe structures in their native forms at extremely
low temperatures (The Eva Nogales Lab, n.d). It is noteworthy pointing out that the need to observe
cellular components in their native structures at cryogenic temperatures necessitate the introduction
of various sample preparation procedures in order to maintain the native structures while holding
cellular processes. Development of effective sample preparation methods for Cryo–Electron
Microscopy (CEM) is characterized by small advancements made over a long period. Like in many
other scientific discoveries, ultimate products result from a series of efforts by several researchers,
who make small but significant contribution. Dubochet (2011), points out that the initial attempts to
visualize biological specimens in their native forms failed because of crystallization of cellular
components. Ideally, it was argued that lowering temperatures would immobilize cellular activities
and prevent evaporation of cellular water, hence facilitating then visualization in the native state.
Unfortunately, because of the characteristic properties of water, excessive cooling of the biological
samples led to the crystallization of water particles and concentration of cellular inclusions,
something that hindered the observation of native status (Dubochet, 2011). However, the

Optical, Morphological And Photoluminescence Spectroscopic...
Optical, morphological and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of PVA/AgNO3films after γ
irradiation xxxxxxxxx
Abstract
In this paper, PVA–AgNO3 films were prepared by casting method. Then irradiated with different
gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope,
EDX and photoluminescence spectroscope were used to characterize the prepared films. UV–visible
absorption spectra showed a peak at 200 nm for PVA. And a peak at 427 nm for the surface plasmon
resonance of silver nanoparticles. This peak increases with gamma doses until 125 KGy, its decrease
for front surface. And increase continuously with gamma doses on the back surface. SEM images
and EDX spectra showed that the silver appear on the front surface as silver atoms, and with
increasing the gamma doses is disappeared and then appear at the back surface at the highest doses
(125 KGy) as a nanorods.. While PL intensity decrease for front surface and increase for back
surface as the γ doses is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, PL spectroscopy.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructure materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties

Essay about A Study on A. Nigra Seeds for Pharmaceutical...
Introduction Usage of natural antioxidants from plants and the other natural sources has been among
the most important ingredients in food and pharmaceutical industries. Having the ability to defend
against the reactive oxygen stress (ROS),Natural antioxidants can protect the human heath from a
lot of diseaseses, they are Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) and the have less toxicity in
industrial products compared to the artificial synthetic ones. Zingiberaceae is a family in the plant
kingdom that has been highly investigated due to its versatile nature and high medicinal impact. The
largest genus of Zingiberaceae family is Alpinia. In this paper , the antibacterial efficacy of hexane,
ethyl acetate and methanol isolated from Alpinia ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The samples were then dried properly to remove the trace of remaining solvent. The extracts were
subjected for vacuum drying in rotary evaporator. The free radical scavenging activity of seed
extracts of A. nigra were determined using DPPH whereby solution of DPPH in 99.99% ethanol was
prepared and was mixed with ethanolic solutions of n–hexane, ethyl acetate and methanol extracts
from A. nigra seeds at determined concentrations. The mixture was shaken and incubated. Butylated
hydroxyl toluene (BHT) as positive reference ethanol as negative reference were used. The
absorbance was measured using multimode microplate reader. Each sample extract were mixed with
dry KBr powders and their absorption spectra were obtained with a Perkin–Elmer FTIR
spectrophotometer. The 1H spectra were recorded on a Varian 400 MHz FTNMR. Each extract
sample were dissolved in CDCl3 , and the solvent signal was used for spectral calibration. Total
soluble phenolic compound content from three different dilutions of A. nigra seed extracts were
estimated according to the Folin–Ciocalteu colorimetric assay, using gallic acid as standard and the
absorbance was finally measured. To generate the standard curve, different concentrations of gallic
acid were used. Quantification of totall soluble phenolics in each extracts was determined from the
gallic acid standard curve. The antibacterial activities of all the extracts were tested against
Staphylococcus aureus

Lab Report On The Absorption Of Crystals
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The CoCaOxM crystals were grown by single diffusion gel
growth technique and the harvested crystals are analysed by FTIR, XRD, SEM–EDX, UV–Visible
and incubation studied.
3.1 Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy The FTIR spectrum of CoCaOxM crystals were as
shown in Fig 3. In FTIR spectrum, a strong band at 3434cm–1 and 3062cm–1 is due to asymmetric
and symmetric OH stretching while an intense absorptions band at 3261cm–1 show inters molecular
hydrogen bonded OH stretch. Intense absorption band at 1612cm–1 and 1318cm–1 can be assigned
to asymmetric and symmetric C=O stretching bands specific to the Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate.
The sharp band at 885cm–1 is due to C–C stretching vibrations which confirm the existence of
oxalate group in Calcium Oxalate Monohydrate. The sharp peak at 781cm–1 is due to O–C=O and
the wideband at 665cm–1 can be assigned to the bending modes of the water molecule. However,
the peak at 518cm–1 is assigned to the presence of metal–oxygen bond (18–21). Thus FTIR reveals
that the growth of COM crystals was due to the presence of O–H stretching, C=O, C–C, O–C=O
and M=O bonds.
There are some additional peaks formed due to the process of doping some absorption peaks due to
OH vibrations are changed because of the incorporation of dopant in the lattice. In the case of
CoCaOxM crystals additional peaks are found at 1285cm–1 and 1462cm–1 which are attributed to
the C=O stretching. These peaks are found to

Non-Destructive Ultrasonic Testing: A Step Towards Highly...
Accepted In Conventional ultrasonic non–destructive condition monitoring the testing personnel use
his testing experience to interpret defects by analysing the ultrasonic echo. Owing to the coarse
material structure, the ultrasonic waves attenuate more and sometimes it gives a false impression of
defect and provides unreliable results. The conventional inspection method is too subjective and
highly relies on the effectiveness of testing personnel owing to the fact inspection reliability is low.
To overcome these limitations a multi–interrogation ultrasonic technique and correlation of several
parameters such as attenuation, acoustic velocity and grain size with material features is suggested
in this paper. Keywords: Non–Destructive Testing; Ultrasonic Testing; Grain Size 1 Introduction
Non Destructive Testing (NDT) is the testing of materials, for surface or internal flaws or
metallurgical condition, without rendering it unfit for service. There are various NDT methods of
inspecting the internal defects of complex surface parts, e.g. radiography, eddy flow, ultrasonic, etc.
Amongst these testing techniques, ultrasonic testing has an important role due to strong penetration,
good direction, high sensitivity, overall comparative low cost, and being harmless to the human
body and the material of the parts. Ultrasonic [1, 2, 3, 4] is a highly effective non destructive
condition monitoring method that helps in detecting even incipient faults particularly Mean

The Structural Change Of Silver Nannoparticles
Systematic studies on the structural change of silver nanoparticles, which are easy to change shape
and exhibit excellent localized surface plasmon resonance effect, were carried out and the predicted
shape change was compared to the actual nanoparticles. Herein, key information on the alteration of
silver nanoparticles was determined theoretically by a computational method, discrete dipole
approximation (DDA). The galvanic reaction and sulfidation reaction were suggested to improve the
stability of silver nanoprism (AgNP). In addition, the effect of additionally generated spherical
particles, silver nanosphere (AgNS), on the absorbance was studied. Both AgNP and AgNS formed
hollow nanostructure after the galvanic reaction, and these ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The ﬁrst solution for the scattering and absorption properties of a spherical nanoparticle was
provided by Mie et al. [10,11]. Since the initial development of Mie theory, it is now well known
that the strong optical properties of plasmonic nanoparticles result from an induced coherent
oscillation of the free conduction–band electrons within the plasmonic nanoparticle. Thus, in our
previous studies [12,13], bimetallic Au/Ag nanoframes with excellent LSPR feature were prepared
via the galvanic replacement reaction and sulfidation and successfully used as the spectator for
Co2+ ion. However, there is no theoretical interpretation of color changes with structural
transformation of Au/Ag nanoframes from Ag nanoprisms. Therefore, herein, we used a theoretical
approach to determine the key information on the alteration of Ag nanoparticles by using a
computational method, discrete dipole approximation (DDA). It is very adaptive to deal with
various particle shapes, not just limited to highly symmetrical geometries. DDA is used to estimate
the optical properties of plasmonic materials responding to external electrical ﬁeld through dipole
moments of discretized dipoles [14–17]. The absorbance of the particles was calculated by the
Discrete Dipole Scattering (DDSCAT ver. 7.3), which was used to design highly stable
nanoparticles with absorbance in the visible

Pros And Cons Of Net Neucy
Net neutrality is the basis in which all internet providers must treat data on the Internet equally and
not charge differently based on what device , website, application you use, or content you decide to
view. The recent vote in the U.S. to repeal net neutrality's guidelines is unjust because it violates 1st
amendment guidelines, gives the people less freedom, and gives Internet service providers many
ways to meddle with data speeds and how their users use the Internet.
A repeal on net neutrality would affect people and schools with tighter budgets, leaving them little
options to access the web. The repeal would allow "...various carriers will alter their pricing and
what you get for that money", meaning that there will most likely be, "bundling (e.g. social media
package, streaming video package, gaming package) as additions to basic services" (Grenoble).
Additional fees for applications such as Instagram, Twitter, Facebook, Youtube, and et cetera, will
mean that depending on what Internet provider people decide to use, they will have to pay more to
use these applications and websites. People who can't afford to pay extra for these bundles will be
limited to the content they can use and access and won't have the same freedom that people who can
afford the bundles will have. In addition, not only individuals will get affected by the repeal but also
communities, especially schools. Based on there the tight budget, a school in Chattanooga who can't
buy the students scanning electron microscopes for experiments so they, " ...control a scanning
electron microscope digitally – University of Southern California has put a hi–def camera on top of
their scanning electron microscope. And so the students can control...And do these experiments
from Chattanooga, where they would not have access otherwise"(Culatta 1). The only way these
students have access to the this website is, "...because they have access to high–speed Internet
connections"(Culatta 1). Without access to high–speed Internet, many schools with tighter budgets
will not access certain resources online that help teachers with their lesson plans because Internet
will be more expensive, therefore being less accessible. Consequently, affecting the education

What Does Zno Nanoparticles Exhibit High Toxicity Against...
ZnO is an inorganic metal oxide with Wurtzite structure. ZnO nanoparticles have been extensively
studied in the field of catalysis, paints, cosmetics, solar cells, gas sensors and food packaging
materials [1–6]. It is due to their ease of preparation in different morphologies, low cost, UV
shielding properties, large surface to volume ratio, chemically alterable physical properties. The
effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on sex hormones and cholesterol in rat has also been reported [7].
Literature shows that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit high toxicity against bacteria but minimum effect
on human cells [8–9].
Clostridium perfringens is a bacterium that is usually responsible for food poisoning. Because the
toxin–encoding genes can be located on extra chromosomal elements or in variable regions of the
chromosome, several pathovars have arisen, each of which is involved in a specific disease [10]. It
has been estimated by the Centers for Diseases Control and the Food and Drug Administration of
the United States of America that around 30 million people every year fall sick due to the infections
caused by eating food which is contaminated [11,12]. Studies have shown that Salmonella enterica
is one amongst the more prevalent bacterial pathogens that causes food borne infections [11]. It is
estimated that the medical and productivity losses caused by this bacterium were of high order. [11].
The interaction between NPs and microorganisms and biomolecules is an expanding area of

Essay On The Growth Of Gold Nanoclusters
Abstract: In this article, a facile and rapid method was developed to synthesize intensely
photoluminescent catalytic gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) based on etching small citrate–capped gold
nanoparticles using 4,6–dimethyl–2–pyridineselenol–3–caronitrile and 4–Methylquinolineselenol–
3–carbonitrile as models for organoselenium compounds. The size and the catalytic performance of
the prepared fluorescent nanoclusters were characterized using suitable Transmission Electron
Microscope (TEM), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM), Electrospray Ionization–Mass Spectrometry
(ESI–MS) and photoluminescence techniques. It is shown that Au clusters with an average diameter
of gold core 0.78 ± 0.41 nm (in the range of 5–9 atoms), have a catalytic role in the ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
In top–down techniques, clusters are synthesized from larger nanoparticles or bulk metal. Etching of
nanoparticles using ligands (as thiols) is one of the most top–down techniques can be used for the
synthesis of metal clusters. Removing the surface atoms or break the metal nanoparticles into
smaller clusters by using the etching capacity of such ligands will lead to synthesize stable quantum
clusters. For example, Habib et al. has used the etching of mercaptosuccinic acid protected gold
nanoparticles with excess glutathione to yield small photoluminescent gold clusters either with 8 or
25 gold atoms [16]. Polyethylenimine as multivalent coordinating polymers can also be used to etch
preformed colloidal gold nanocrystals producing highly fluorescent nanoclusters [17]. it is well
confirmed that small noble metal nanoclusters display excellent catalytic activities such as aerobic
oxidation of thiophenol [18], propene epoxidation[19], oxidation of styrene [20], p–nitrophenol
reduction with NaBH4 [21] and the reduction of methylene blue with hydrazine [22].
Organoselenium compounds are of considerable interest due to their wide efficiency and
applicability with numerous therapeutic applications [23]. In addition, the presence of a heterocyclic
ring in these compounds upgrades their properties to a great

Methods And Analysis
CHAPTER THREE
MATERIALS AND METHODS
3.1 Equipments
The equipment used were FAAS (AA 6300 Shimadzu), XRD (D2 Phaser Model– Bruker),
centrifuge (Eppendorf 5810), Fisher brand test sieve aperture 250 microns (ISO3310/ 1.mill), XRD
mccrone micronizing mill (Glen creston company), EDX spectrometer (800HS), XRF model (S1
titan), electric shaker model SHR–2D and model D–3162, electric weighing balance (ATY224
Shimadzu), muffle furnace Eisklo type LN 120, aspirator pump (model 7049–05), water still (model
WSB/4), grinding mill model Reutsch SR 200, FTIR (model IRTracer– 100), fabricated ball mill,
UV–VIS model (Specord 200 plus), pH meter (Starter 2000) and scanning electron microscope
(SEM) model (Zeiss Evo LS 15).
3.2 Chemicals
Pb (NO3)2, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alumina, silica and other constituent components in the ashes were analysed in situ using the
method described by (Küpper et al., 2000).
3.5 Synthesis, functionalization and characterization of geopolymer
3.5.1 Synthesis of geopolymer samples
The procedure was adopted from López et al. (2014) but with slight modifications. 20 g of rice husk
ash (RHA) was weighed and placed in three different 250 mL Erlenmeyer conical flasks. Alkaline
activating solution of sodium hydroxide was prepared 24 hours prior to mixing with calcined clays
(Ferone et al., 2013). 100 mL of 8.0M NaOH was added in each conical flask and the mixture
stirred using a magnetic stirrer for 15 minutes. 50 g of calcined clays (CC) was weighed and added
to each of the three Erlenmeyer conical flasks labeled GP–1, GP–2 and GP–3 respectively. The
mixtures were then transferred to 250 mL plastic bottles and shaken in a ball mill for 5 hours (López
et al., 2014). The fluid matrix was then poured into ceramic crucibles and cured in an oven at a
temperature of 80 °C for 12 hours. The temperature conditions was then adjusted to 200 °C for
another 12 hours to facilitate complete polycondensation (López et al., 2014). The ultimate
geopolymer materials obtained were washed with distilled water severally to a pH of 7.0 ± 0.5.
Filtration was then done using aspirator pump model 7049–05. The residues were

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy ( Ftir )
In vitro dissolution studies Relative in vitro dissolution behaviour of pure docetaxel and optimized
SNEP was assessed in simulated gastric fluid without enzyme (500 mL; pH 1.2; 37±0.5°C) as
dissolution medium using USP type II paddle apparatus (Electrolab, India) at a paddle rotation
speed of 50 rpm. At predetermined time points, an aliquot of 5 mL was withdrawn and equal volume
of the fresh dissolution medium was replaced to maintain the medium volume constant. All the
samples were filtered using Millipore membrane filter (0.45 µm, Millipore, USA), diluted and the
concentration of docetaxel was assayed by HPLC. Various dissolution parameters such as
dissolution efficiency (DE), mean dissolution time (MDT), initial dissolution rate (IDR), and mean
dissolution rate (MDR) were calculated to assess the dissolution profiles [29,30]. Solid state
characterization Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) FTIR spectrum of the samples was
recorded by KBr disc method using Perkin Elmer FT–IR Spectrometer (Paragon 1000, PerkinElmer,
Waltham, Massachusetts, USA) to illustrate the promising interactions among components used in
the formulation. Powder sample (4 mg) and IR grade dry potassium bromide (KBr; 200 mg) were
mixed gently in a glass mortar, compacted to form the disk by applying a force of 5.5 metric tons
using a hydraulic press. The corresponding disks were scanned over the wave number range of
4000–400 cm–1 at a scanning speed of 4 scans /s with a resolution of 1 cm–1

Tetrafluoro Phthalate Crystalss And Their Types Of Crystals
Semi–organic nonlinear optical materials are receiving a great deal of attention, as they have large
optical susceptibilities, inherent ultra fast response times and high optical thresholds for laser power
compared with inorganic materials. In the present investigation, a systematic study has been carried
out on the growth of pure and doped Tetrafluoro Phthalate crystals. The lattice parameters find
through Powder X–ray diffraction analysis for the grown pure and doped crystals. The functional
groups, stretching are found through FT–IR analysis, optical, absorption studies through UV–Vis
analysis, Thermal studies under TG/DTA analysis, through Vickers test and LCR metre the
microhardness and dielectric studies were also carried out for ... Show more content on
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Since, for the past three decades, one could see that there are lot of developments in science and
technology– especially, in the fields of electronics, fibre–optic communication and lasers [12]. The
scientific community achieving this development in functional materials through the single crystals
of Si, Ge and GaAs with NLO properties [13]. To enable a material to be potentially useful for NLO
applications the material should be available in bulk Tetrafluoro Phthalate crystals (TFP). Also
research into the growth of large single crystals TFP of from aqueous solution is currently serving as
the important avenue to general progress in understanding many fundamental concepts of
crystallization [14]. The effect of seed of different orientations on the habit of c and the change of
morphology while doping with dyes have been investigated [15]. Experimental The TFP
(C6H2F4O4) in Millipore water, the saturated solution TFP was prepared. The prepared solution
was kept in the dust free atmosphere used clean– room. The prepared saturated solution of TFP was
carefully filtered and poured in to the beaker, and controls the nucleation near the surface region.
The possible morphology of the TFP crystal of commonly growth face (001). TFP crystal cleavage
faces find application as substrates in epitaxial techniques [16]. The TFP crystal was cleaving
perpendicular to the (001) direction, this face and plane of crystal in this study [17]. Under
optimized condition highly

Powder: Oral Water Soluble Drugs
About 70% of the new chemcial ntities are recognized as poorly water–soluble about 40% of
commercially available immediate–release oral formulations are recognized as practically insoluble
in water (Kawabata et al., 2001). Therefore, several potentially promising drug candidtates were
rejected as pharmaceutical products due to ther poor solubilitty in GI fluid, poor dissolution in GI
tract, low systemic absorption and thus poor oral bioavailability (therapeutically ineffective) (Hörter
and Dressman, 2001). Therefore, enhancing the aqueous solubility and dissolution rate of poorly
water–soluble drugs is one of the major challenges in pharmaceutical industry.
The study was performed to improve the compactibility and the biopharmaceutical performance of
xylitol by improving its physicomechanical properties to make it better suited for tableting using
direct compression. To this end, antisolvent crystallization technique was employed in the presence
of various additives, i.e., polyethylene glycol (PEG), polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) and polyvinyl
alcohol with a molecular weight (PVA22000) or 16000 (PVA16000) at varying concentrations
(0.06%, 0.3%, 0.6% and 1.2%, w/v). The size and morphological changes induced by crystallization
the in presence of the additives were studied. The dissolution performance of crystallized xylitols
formulated with a model poorly water–soluble drug, i.e. indomethacin, in comparison to commercial
xylitol were also evaluated.
Materials and Methods

Drug Content Of Spray Dried Powder Samples
Drug content estimation
Spray dried powder samples (5 mg) were weighed accurately and dissolved using a mixture of
water/ methanol (80:20% v/v) in a 100 mL volumetric flask. The flasks were shaken at room
temperature for 60 min on an orbital mixer incubator (Ratek Instruments Pty. Ltd., Victoria,
Australia) at a speed of 200 rpm followed by bath sonication using an ultrasonic cleaner (Misonix
Inc., NY, USA) for 15 min. The solutions were filtered, and the drug content of filtrates was
quantified by HPLC analysis.
Surface morphology and particle size analysis by scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
Morphological features were visualized using JEOL 6700F FE–SEM (SEM, JEOL Ltd., Tokyo,
Japan) at an acceleration voltage of 5 kV. Powder samples were loaded by light dusting onto a metal
stub with a double–sided adhesive carbon tape. All samples were made conductive by gold–
palladium alloy coating (10 nm) under high vacuum using the Emitech K575X Peltier–cooled high–
resolution sputter coater (EM Technologies Ltd., Kent, England). Microscopic images were captured
randomly at various magnifications. The geometric mean diameter (dg; n > 300 particle count; mean
± SD) of the spray dried powders was measured from their SEM images (×2000 magnification)
using ImageJ 1.48 software (National Institutes of Health, Maryland, USA).
X–ray diffraction (XRD)
Crystallinity was investigated by XRD analysis using X'Pert PRO MPD X–ray diffractometer
(PANalytical, Auckland, New Zealand). Powder samples

Journal Article Summary And Analysis
Journal Article Summary and Analysis:
Ji Su Chae, Nam–Su Heo et al. A biocompatible implant electrode capable of operating in body
fluids for energy storage devices. Nano Energy, 34 (2017) 86–92.
Q1)
The authors propose a new form of energy storage in implantable electronic medical devices
(IEMDs). Chae et. al. solution involves "using [the] body fluids as unpackaged electrolytes" in a
superconductor with a shared solar cell for energy storage and recharge capabilities. This
proposition provides numerous benefits over current passivation encapsulation methods such as its
biocompatible and natural approach with an extended longevity. The solution suggests a suitable
composite material and a means to power an IEMD in vivo. This article ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The positive electrode is a composite of MnO2 nanoparticles inside multi–walled carbon nanotubes.
This aims to reduce toxicity and minimise capacitance loss with power transmitted by stable and
reversible Faradaic reaction.
Q4)
Various characterisation techniques are used throughout the article to identify and quantify materials
and processes to further understand what is occurring. One such method used is transmission
electron microscopy (TEM). TEM uses electrons to form an image at a significantly higher
resolution and magnification than optical microscopes due to the smaller wavelength and stronger
interaction. Furthermore, TEM's are versatile as diffraction patterns are also obtainable within the
same tool.
A TEM instrument is designed with an electron gun positioned at the top of the device as the source
of electron generation. These electrons are then accelerated to high voltage values to minimise
divergence and then are focused into a continuous electron beam with magnetic lenses and
apertures. The chamber is in vacuum to protect the beam from scattering along with maintaining a
clean working environment. This tool requires very small and thin specimens for analysis such that
electrons are able to penetrate through the material lattice without scattering at an angle. These
transmitted electrons that go through the sample can form an image at the

Creative Writing: Hi I M Danielle The Dinoflagellates
Hi I'm Danielle the dinoflagellates. I am the largest Noctiluca, and may be as large as 2 mm in
diameter! Or I could be as small as 15 to 40 microns. Now you may thinking what is this, well I'm
going to tell you. For one I am photosynthetic which means that I can create my own food from the
sun and provide food for other organisms. I live in freshwater with other really cool and crazy
creatures. I am basically algae or plankton. I am usually red,green, or multicolored. Now I'm going
to start telling you about some of my friends. My best friend of all time is Pam the pediastrum. Pam
is so pretty she looks like a star. Pam is green and is a plant. Some people also say that she is algae
or plankton. She cannot live without nitrogen, which she

Statistical Analysis Of Variance ( Anova ) And Scott Knott...
2.5.3 Statistical analysis
Two tests were made: analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Scott–Knott multiple comparison test.
ANOVA was made with Microsoft Excel® software. Scott–Knott was conducted with Sisvar®
software to compare means (treatments statistically different). Both tests were made with a 95%
confidence limit.
2.5.3 Air permeability
Air permeability of the mortars was evaluated according to Thenoz method (Pereira and Camarini,
2011). Cylindrical specimens (50 mm diameter and 100 mm height) were prepared and cured at
room temperature for 28 days (average temperature of 25 °C ± 2 °C and relative humidity of 60%).
Before testing, the specimens were cut into three parts and the central part (50 mm height) was used
in the test. The slices were oven–dried at 50 °C ± 2 °C for 48 h and after cooling they had their
lateral surfaces sealed to guarantee the flow was uniaxial and perpendicular to the cross–sectional
area. The test was made in a varying charge apparatus. The average values of three specimens of
each mortar composition were reported. Air permeability was calculated by the Equation 1, which is
based on Darcy's law (Camarini et al., 2008).
k = (μ/ρ.g).(s/S).ln(h0/h1).1/t Equation 1
Where: k = air permeability coefficient (m²); μ = air viscosity at the test temperature (Pa.s); ρ =
density of water (kg/m³); g = specific gravity (m/s²); S = cross–sectional area of the sample (m²); s =
cross–sectional area of capillary tube (m²); h0 = start water level (m); h1 =

Microscopy allows one to view samples and objects that...
Microscopy allows one to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the human eye. With
all the modern techniques used in the biology field today, microscopy is one of the most important
one that allows us to see a world beyond what our eyes limits us too. The majority of both
organisms that are helpful and harmful are too small to be seen with the human eye, and without the
microscope we would have not understood the mechanism behind the major diseases we know
today. Microscopy has helped scientists produce antibiotics and antiviral drugs to treat the diseases
that once were in a world beyond our vision. There are three types of microscopy mainly used:
optical (light), electron, and scanning probe microscopy. Optical ... Show more content on
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Fluorescence microscopy uses ultraviolet light as its light source that allows the resolution of the
object to increase. Fluorescence microscopy contains a barrier filter that reduces any undesired stray
of light other than the emission wavelength that might reach the observers eye. Light emitted by the
specimen's fluorophore for viewing is focused and magnified by the objective lens.
Electron microscopy uses an electron beam with a far smaller wavelength than Optical microscopy
that results in better resolution one can achieve. This is due to the fact that as wavelength increases,
resolution decreases. Electron microscopy allows for a resolution on the order of 1000 times greater
than can be achieved with light microscopy. There are two types of Electron microscopy:
Transmission and Scanning electron microscopy. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) is
similar to light microscopy by sending an electron beam through a very slice thin of specimen. TEM
uses an electromagnet, a condenser lens, to focus a stream of electrons onto a specimen that
produces images of internal structures in 2–D slices of a specimen. Scanning electron microscopy
(SEM) produces 3–D image of the external structure of a specimen by observing the surface of
unsectioned samples. This is possible through the specimen being lightly coated with a heavy metal
that is constantly scanned by a stream of electrons to produce the image

Nanotechnology Essay
Nanotechnology is the creation of functional materials, devices and systems through control of
matter at the scale of 1–100 nanometers, and the exploitation of novel properties and phenomena at
the same scale; nanotechnology is also called molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology is a result
of the combination of different scientific fields such as physics, biology, engineering chemistry, and
computer science in addition to many more. The foundation of nanotechnology is that atoms make
up all things in our world; which can be manipulated to produce almost anything.
Nanotechnology, as it is understood today, was introduced by a man named Eric Drexler. He
presented his ideas in a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the practical applications of nanotechnology today are to fabricate smaller faster computer
chips for more efficient computers, mobile phones, or navigation systems. Nanotechnology also
brought about the quantum dot laser, which enables faster communication. Nanotechnology could
be utilized by today's society in countless ways and will revolutionize our lives. The advances in
medicine would be mind–boggling. Tiny robots could detect diseases when they've just barely
begun to form, repair injuries more completely than ever before, and even body parts with new
ones. Microscopic cameras and other recording devices would change the intelligence and security
industry by enabling them to watch and monitor like never before. We would have the luxury of
carrying around huge amounts of information; thousands of music albums and movies–on tiny
devices that fit in our pocket. Nanotechnology will totally change our lives. We'll expect much more
from the products we buy–expect, for example, a wrench we buy at the hardware store will be 100
times as strong as steel. Our concept of size will change drastically; the devices we use today will
seem large and clunky. With nanotechnology, we'll expect the devices we use every day to be tiny,
light, and very efficient. If scientists are able to actually make molecular sized machines, we would
no longer have resource problems of any kind. Oil, food, wood, and any other raw materials could
be broken down

The Torus Shaped Vessel
2.3 Diverter Applications
The diverter is located at the bottom of the torus shaped vessel and is designed to extract heat from
the plasma as well as the 'exhaust fumes' of the reaction occurring which are helium and any
impurities from the first wall of the reactor. The basic concept of a diverter used within a tokamak
design can be understood better by looking at figure x which is a diagram of JET after it had a
divertor fitted. The separatrix is the last field line which contains the plasma. The magnetic field
transports the plasma to the diverters at the bottom as shown where the heat energy strikes the
diverter target plates and conducted to pipes where it is then removed through either a water or
helium cooling system and the 'exhaust gases' are extracted by a vacuum.
The diverter itself is made up of several components shown in figure x. The plasma facing
components are the two vertical targets and dome. A closer look at one of the vertical target in figure
x shows how the cooling system works with a pipe with cooling fluid flowing through it is fitted
through blocks of armour material which make up the targets.
Looking to the future as projects grow in size towards DEMO, which will be a functioning fusion
power plant, the demands on materials especially PFC's are going to increase. For ITER the plasma
facing components for the divertor are to be made of carbon fibre–reinforced carbon composite's
(CFC) and some sections tungsten armour materials but for DEMO

Electrospinning Essay
Electrospinning is a convenient method for fabricating various nanofibrous scaffolds for biomedical
applications. In electrospinning process, a conductive collector device plays a critical role in
determining the shape and the structure of the nanofibrous scaffold; however, the preparation of the
collector is often complex. In this study, a novel, flexible, and inexpensive approach based on
pencil–on–paper method was developed for preparing collectors used in electrospinning. Graphite is
a conductive material widely used as a component in the pencil core. A series of collectors were
prepared through drawing different patterns on folded and unfolded paper using a pencil, followed
by successfully fabricating two–dimensional (2D) nanofibrous ... Show more content on
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We believe that the method developed in this study would provide a convenient approach to
fabricate complex collectors for producing ordered 2D or 3D nanofibrous structures.
2. Materials and methods
2.1. Electrospinning
The collector was fabricated using a common 5B pencil and A4 paper. Paper was tailored to suitable
size, and different patterns were drawn using a pencil. Subsequently, the paper was folded in
different shapes as collectors. Poly (ε–caprolactone) (PCL, MW = 60,000) was dissolved in
dichloromethane/ethanol (v:v =3:1) to form a homogeneous solution with a concentration of 15
wt%, and polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP, MW = 1,300,000) was dissolved in ethanol at a concentration
of 8 wt%. After that, the solution was transferred to a syringe fastened on an infusion pump. The
solution was pumped at a rate of 0.5 mL/h. 8 kV voltage was applied between the needle and the
collecter placed 10 cm away to form an electrospinning jet. The collectors and fibers were observed
using a camera (Nikon, Japan) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) (JSM–7011F, Japan).
2.2. Cell experiment
Murine calvarial preosteoblasts (MC3T3–E1) were selected as the model cell to evaluate the
cytotoxicity of the electrospun fibers. The nanofibrous membranes and films after sterilization under
UV radiation were cut into small pieces, placed in a cell culture plate, and soaked in the culture
medium (DMEM/F–12

Comparative Evaluation On Surface Quality Of Gfrp Composites
Comparative Evaluation on Surface Quality of GFRP Composites by Different End mill Tools
I.S.N.V.R.Prasanth
Associate Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, St Mary's integrated campus,
Hyderabad, India, prasanth5109@gmail.com
D.V. Ravishankar
Professor and Principal T.K.R.CET, Hyderabad, Telangana, India, shankardasari@rediffmail.com
M. Manzoor Hussain
Professor and Principal, J.N.T.U Sultanpur, India, manzoorjntuh@gmail.com
Abstract
Utilization of fiber reinforced composites for engineering applications is gaining importance to
derive many advantages such as manufacturing process flexibility, high strength to weight ratio. The
machining of composites is always not preferred because of the structural disturbances generally
occur due to damages caused by machining forces to the fiber matrix interfaces, which in turn leads
to the reduction in the mechanical properties of composite as a whole. However machining is
necessary in special situations where the dimensional tolerances are to be maintained very close in
the case of the composites mating with the other components.
The present work aims at identifying the better milling process parameters to obtain better finish
across the machined surface with minimum damage. This paper indeed comparison discussions
about the machined surface generated by milling operation for a given tool signatures of two fluted
specially designed carbide tipped end mill cutter and four fluted solid carbide end mill tools by the

The Effect Of Polymer Membrane On The Engineering And...
Imaging proposal Introduction: Polymer membranes are gaining an ever growing attention in the
engineering and science disciplines [P.D.Chapman, T.Oliveira, A.G.Livingston, K.Li, Membranes
for the dehydration of solvents by pervaporation, J.Membr.Sci.318 (2008)5–37.]. They have been
conventionally used for size exclusion applications for instance micro–filtration (MF),ultrafiltration
(UF),nanofiltration (NF),and reverse osmosis (RO). Membranes are used as support matrices for
immobilization in the fields of biosensors and enzyme based bioreactors [K. Gabrovska, J.Ivanov,
I.Vasileva, N.Dimova, T.Godjevargova, Immobilization of urease on nanostructured polymer
membrane and preparation of urea amperometric biosensor, Int.J.Biol.Macromol. 48(2011)620–
626.]. Furthermore, affinity and ion–exchange chromatography with functionalized membranes is
increasingly applied in the pharmaceutical and biotechnology industry [P.Ghosh, K.Vahedipour,
M.Lin, J.H.Vogel, C.A.Haynes, E.vonLieres, Zonal rate model for axial and radial flow membrane
chromatography. PartI: Knowledge transfer across operating conditions and scales, Biotechnol.
Bioeng. 110(2013)1129–1141.]. As a result for much demands of membrane applications, the
characterization of membrane properties is becoming essentially needed to expect the membrane
performance in a given application. In fact, these characterizations techniques should involve both
bulk and surface properties as well as the chemical as well as pore structure at

Reaction Paper On Punarnava
Punarnava (Boerhaavia diffusa L.) is a promising drug to rejuvenate new cells in body. It is well
known in Ayurvedic medicine and locally called Tambadivasu. Superficially it is similar to other
species of Boerhaavia and species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. Due to the minute morphological
differences, above plants are erroneously used in medicine as Punarnava, and at times on purpose as
an adulterant. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight the anatomical features of Punarnava for proper
identification of the medicinal plant species for local people and for scientific research. Due to the
ambiguity in local names and similar apparent appearance, market samples of Punarnava are often
adulterated with various species of Trianthema and Sesuvium. These adulterated samples contain
neither the Punarnavine alkaloid, nor does it possess anisocytic stomata. Comparative study of stem
anatomy showed two main characteristic differences. First, plenty of starch grains can be seen in
both the ground tissues and xylem parenchyma of Punarnava which is not observed in species of
Trianthema, and second, the phloem around the xylem of Punarnava root has semi–circular or ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It consisted of stomata and trichomes on both, upper and lower surface. SEM study of leaves
showed anisocytic stomata with uniseriate or multicellular trichome with enlarged globose or
elongated terminal cell in Boerhaavia diffusa, while paracytic stomata was observed in Trianthema
and Sesuvium (Figures 2A–D). Epidermis was followed by mesophyll tissue. It revealed
dorsiventral organization, comprising one–two stratum of palisade and about 3–4 layers of spongy
tissue (Figures 2E, F; 3A–D). Length and width of the palisade varied in different plant species.
They were measured from 50–72 mm length and 24–38 mm width in B. diffusa, and 33–48 mm
length and 24–26 mm width in T.

The Causes And Cons Of Chemistry In Chemistry
After completion of the transesterification reaction employed at the optimal conditions, the catalyst
was collected from the reactant mixture by filtration; the catalyst was washed with hexane several
times to remove the adhered oil particles, and then dried at 110°C for 2 hr. The catalyst was reused
several times without further treatment to obtain FAME from WCSO.
To evaluate catalyst stability, the optimum amount of CaO that was obtained by examining the
operating condition was stirred with 38ml methanol at the optimum conditions obtained. After the
catalyst was separated, methanol was mixed with 30 ml WCSO and the reaction was carried out
under the optimum conditions, 65°C, methanol: oil ratio 30:1, 3 hr. and 300 rpm.
3. Results and discussion
3.1 Catalyst characterization
The synthesized CaO catalyst was subjected to different temperatures and times of calcination. The
calcination time and temperature change the catalyst structure; consequently, this affects catalyst
activity and the concentration of FAMEs produced. The impact of different calcination
temperatures, 700 °C, 750 °C, 800 °C, 850 °C, and 900 °C, and durations, 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 hr, were
tested for the transesterification of WCSO to produce biodiesel. The eggshell powder showed an
apparent color different from the color before calcination as shown in Figure 1. Table 3 shows that
exposing egg shell powder to a longer time and higher temperature of calcination results in a lighter
white color. Being whiter

And Differences: Similaristics Of Zooplankton
1)
All copepods live or are suspended in water environments or lakes. They're very small organisms
that are major components of fresh zooplanktons.
2)
Similarities:
They're both of the same size, 1 mm.
They're both marine organisms/animals that live in water environments like oceans or lakes.
Differences:
The color of the zooplankton contains red, blue, and a kind of white/transparent color, while the
copepod pairs are entirely yellow.
The body parts of the zooplankton appear almost transparent in the areas of no color, and major
body components that help organisms move like legs, aren't clear here. However, the body parts,
like the legs, of the copepod pairs are clear and can be seen through the image.
3)
This red bread mold is considered a model organism by scientists.
This organism is easy to grow, has a sequenced entire gamete, it also has a haploid life cycle (n),
which makes it easier for scientists to perform genetic analysis on the organism.
4)
The dissecting scope has a lower magnification ability than the compound and electron
microscopes. It can magnify up ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, the dissecting microscope has resolution and magnification, although not as high or as
great as the other microscopes, it is needed by samples or subjects like the one above. The live
earthworm is an organism that can be seen by the simple eye with no aid, but sometimes, if you

want detailed 3D imagery of the subject, without having limitations in size, the dissecting
microscope is the best choice. Here, the dissecting microscope would provide a more detail, higher
resolution than the simple eye, and greater magnification than the simple eye, also, a 3D image. The
image might not be very clear, but it provides details that cannot be seen by the naked

The Use Of Glycerol Residue
ABSTRACT: The use of glycerol residue, a palm oil waste from Oleochemical industries as a raw
material for the production of succinic acid with immobilized cell fermentation process was
investigated. In this work, the raw material, immobilized cells to produced succinic acid were
characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry (FTIR) and Scanning Electron
Microscope instruments. Based on the results, the functional group appearing for treated and
commercial glycerol is the hydroxyl, aromatic methoxyl, alkenes, soap, carbonyl and alcohol group.
The hydroxyl group which is O–H appeared at a spectra value of 3394.2700 cm–1for the treated
glycerol and 3299.9600 cm–1 for the commercial group. Respectively. From the analysis of SEM
for bead, it was found that majority of pores fall within range and the shapes was ellipsoid and a
thick skin around strains was detectable, therefore indicating that immobilized cell prepared for
fermnatation process is an attractive source for succinic acid applications. . Key words: succinic
acid, immobilized cell, glycerol residue, characterization 1. INTRODUCTION Over the last decade,
succinic acid have been attracted a great deal of world attention with its excellent organic compound
and key compound in producing more than 30 commercially important product which lead to many
promising applications. (Agarwal et al., 2005). Succinic acid mostly produced by chemical
processes which is using liquefield petroleum gas or petroleum

Morphologies Of The As-Formed Zeolite Nannostructures...
3.2. SEM and TEM studies
Morphologies of the as–prepared zeolite nanostructures products (ZF, ZM, ZS, and ZT) have been
examined using both of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy
(TEM), as shown in Figs. 3 and 4, respectively. The images taken by SEM demonstrated that ZM
and ZT are made up of aggregates of a sphere like structures with an average size of ca.3.54 and
3.07 μm, respectively. In addition, ZF and ZS samples were found to consist of aggregates of a
(sphere and sheet) and (sphere and cubic) like structures with an average size of ca. 10.33 and 8.65
μm, respectively. Moreover, TEM images, exhibits that the samples; ZF, ZM, ZS, and ZT, are
composed of (spherical), (spherical and irregular), ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(13)). log (Qe–Qt) = log Qe–K1t/2.303 (8) t/Qt = (1/K2Qe2) + (1/Qe) t (9)
Qt = Kint t 0.5 +C (10) ln Ct = ln Co–Kextt (11) ln (1–F) = – Kextt (12) log R = log [Ko m/ 2.303V]
+ α log t (13) where, Qe (mg/g) is the amount of the adsorbed dye at equilibrium, Qt (mg/g) is the
amount of the adsorbed dye at time t (min), k1 (1/min) is the pseudo– first–order rate constant, k2
(g/mg.min) is the pseudo–second–order rate constant, C (mg/g) is the thickness of boundary layer,
kint (mg/(g.min0.5)) is internal diffusion constant, Kext (1/min) is external diffusion constant, Ct
(mg/L) is the concentration of dye at time t, F is fraction attainment of equilibrium or extent of
conversion and it was calculated using Eq. (14), α (mg/g.min) <1) and Ko (g/mg.min) are the
Bangham constants. In addition, R can be calculated using Eq. (15)
F = Qt/Qe (14)
R = log [Co/ (Co–Qtm)] (15)
Figure 7 (A–F) represents all of the above six kinetic models, respectively. Moreover, all of the
constants and correlation coefficients for the above six kinetic models were calculated in Table 3.
The data exhibited that the adsorption process of malachite green dye follows the pseudo–second–
order model more than pseudo–first–order, because the correlation coefficients of the first model is
greater than

Optical Properties Of Thick Metal Nanohole Arrays
2. Optical properties of thick metal nanohole arrays fabricated by electron–beam and nanosphere
lithography.
INTRODUCTION
Extraordinary optical transmission (EOT) through nanohole arrays has been concentrated broadly in
several aspects, including the hypothesis and confirmation of its origin parameters influencing its
intensity, the optical properties, for example like its transmission spectra and divergence. Several
parameters including the refractive index of the medium on the metal film surface, the wavelength
and condition of polarization of the incident light, the holes shape and periodicity of the structures
change the spectral behavior in term of intensity and position of the transmitted peaks. The
structures that support EOT have discovered their applications in numerous fields including visible
spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, sub–wavelength optics, nonlinear optics, and photolithography.
As the EOT is influenced by parameters like the shape and periodicity of the holes, devices made in
light of this marvel will be more sensitive and supports larger selectivity. Regardless of these
advantages a large portion of existing use of EOT has been acknowledged on the structures with
limited region of coverage. Because of the constrained techniques and choices for fabrication of
such structures, the EOT–based devices were fabricated with finite array sizes. This paper deals
with two methods that deals with two methods to produce arrays of nanoholes with sizes of

Scanning Electron Microscopy And Microscopy
1. SCANNING ELECTRON MICROSCOPY
Scanning electron microscopy uses a focused beam of electrons to develop an image of the surface.
Signal is generated by the interaction of electrons with the surface, which are then detected and
perceived to obtain image and desired information related to the characteristics and topography.
1.1. WHY SEM USES ELECTRONS?
The resolution power of an eye is about 0.2 mm. However, utilizing a microscope magnify this
resolution power. The modern light microscope has a magnifying power of 1000x. The wavelength
of the light used can alter the resolving power of the microscope. Visible light as compared to an
electronic beam can focus the minute details of the surface. The signals that are derived from
electron ample interaction displays information about the physico chemical structure, crystalline
morphology and orientation of the arrays of molecules that make up the sample. A dimensional
image is generated showing spatial changes in properties (1) .
Areas of around 1 to 5 microns can be imaged by using conventional SEM techniques with a
magnifying range from 20x to 30,000x. SEM precision to view can be analyzed by keeping in view
a fact that it is cable of analyzing a particular sample point. This methodology can be employed for
quantitative determination. SEM is advantageous over traditional microscopic technique. SEM has
more deep investigational details as compared to the conventional characterization techniques. SEM
has much higher resolution

The And Measurement Of Microbiology Essay
Unit:8035 Visualisation&Measurement of Microbiology
Bright Field Brightfield" magnifying instruments are the established magnifying lens in which the
example is lit up from the back and the picture is framed because of the retaining properties of the
imaged objects. Brightfield light has been a standout amongst the most generally utilized perception
modes as a part of optical microscopy for as long as 300 years. The system is most appropriate for
use with settled, recolored examples or different sorts of tests that normally ingest critical measures
of noticeable light. Pictures created with brightfield brightening seem dim and/or profoundly shaded
against a brilliant, frequently light dim or white, foundation.
Confocal Microscope
A Confocal magnifying lens is one kind of 3D Fluorescence Microscope in which determination is
expanded by dismissing out–of–concentrate light. This is finished by utilizing pinholes with a
particular Pinhole Radius and makes it to be an inborn 3D magnifying lens: because of the centering
way of the confocal magnifying instrument, it is exceptionally appropriate for acquiring 3D pictures
as an accumulation of intensities at various purposes of the space.
Dark field
Dark field microscopy (dark ground microscopy) portrays microscopy techniques, in both light and
electron microscopy, which prohibit the unscattered bar from the picture. Accordingly, the field
around the specimen (i.e., where there is no specimen to disseminate the pillar)

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