Studies on Oxadiazole Substituted Metal Phthalocyanines

Nanofiber Research Paper
Frequency dependence of the electromagnetic interference shielding effectiveness (EMI SE) of
carbon fiber
(CF)–epoxy composite laminates have been investigated on the basis of attenuation due to reflection
and absorption measurements in the range of X–band (8.2–12.4 GHz) and Kuband
(12.4–18 GHz). The shielding by absorption is observed to be the dominant mechanism. The use of
nylon–66 nanofiber interleaving for increasing the shielding effectiveness of multilayered quasi–
isotropic composite laminates has been investigated. Further enhancement of EMI SE is achieved by
γ– irradiation of the composites. The results have highlighted the usefulness of the carbon fiber
composites for shielding in the range of microwave frequencies.
Index ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Kunigal Shivakumar is with the Center for Composite Materials Research,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, North
Carolina A & T State University, Greensboro, NC 27411, USA.
J. Sundara Rajan is with the VTU Research Centre, Central Power
Research Institute, Bengaluru–560080, India.
[2] and the ease of processing and manufacturing. A polymer matrix is electrically insulating and
does not contribute to EM shielding on its own. However, polymer composites with conductive
fillers are influenced by the interconnectivity of the conducting fillers within the polymer matrix. A
conducting polymer has many advantages like reduced weight, lower density, flexibility of control
of conductivity and lower manufacturing costs
[3], [4]. In recent years, polymer based carbon filled composites consisting of a sandwich of a
conductive polymer between a conductor and microwave absorber have been used in wideband
microwave shielding [5]. The most frequently used
EM absorbers consist of materials with high dielectric losses and magnetic loss materials. These
materials include carbon filament [6], carbon fiber (CF) [7], carbon nanotubes [8], [9], carbon black
[10], graphite [11], graphene oxide [12], metal fiber [13] and ferrites [14].
Microwave shielding of conducting polymer composites depends on the dielectric and magnetic
properties of the materials used. In these materials, to achieve the benchmark
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Phthalocyanine
STUDIES ON OXADIAZOLE SUBSTITUTED METAL (II) PHTHALOCYANINES
Shoukat Ali R A, J Keshavayya and Maliyappa M R
Department of Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences,
Jnana Sahyadri, Kuvempu University,
Shankaraghatta – 577 451, Shimoga, Karnataka, India. Email:shoukichem@gmail.com, Cell: +91 –
9164113355
Abstract: The present research report describes about the synthesis and studies on 2, 9, 16, 23 – tetra
substituted metal (II) phthalocyanines through oxadiazole bridge. Which are prepared by the one pot
condensation reaction between tetracarboxy metal (II) phthalocyanines with various carbo
hydrazides in suitable optimized experimental conditions. The synthesized title compounds are
amorphous in nature and bottle green ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They have been studied in detail for many years, especially with regard to their properties as
pigments for printing inks and plastics [1]. Structural similarities of these compounds with naturally
occurring biologically important molecules like chlorophyll and hemoglobin, forced the researchers
to study the physicochemical properties of phthalocyanines [2]. Various substituted metal
phthalocyanines have also been reported as conductors, semiconductors [3], photoconductors,
photovoltaic materials, liquid crystals
, catalysts, Photodynamic therapy of tumors (PDT) , corrosion inhibitors, solar cell functioning
materials , gas sensors, nonlinear optical limiting devices etc[4–5]. The researchers from our
laboratory reported many research articles on the synthesis and characterization of various metal
phthalocyanine derivatives and reported in journal of good reputation [6–8]. In continuation of
research work carried by our researcher we made an effort to synthesize and characterize oxadiazole
substituted cobalt (II)

The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century...
The Vinland Map: 15th Century Artifact or 20th Century Forgery?
Throughout history, the discovery of an ancient artifact has always brought with it much excitement.
The idea that we are able to look at something that existed so long ago intrigues us. However, along
with the excitement of new discoveries, there is often much controversy. One such discovery, the
Vinland Map, has been the cause of much debate since 1957.
The Vinland Map, first presented to the public in 1965 in a book written by Skelton, was discovered
in 1957 (Skelton 1965, p.3). In the 1960's the map was bought and donated to Yale University where
it remains today. The Vinland Map was originally thought to be a 15 th century depiction of
medieval Africa, Asia, and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first of these three methods is microscopy, used most notably by Walter C. McCrone. As
defined by McCrone, microscopy is "the use of any tool or technique that allows us to identify
microscopic objects." This includes the use of the light microscope as well as more advanced types
of microscopes such as the electron microscope and x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976, p. 676 A).
McCrone's methods using microscopy were desirable because they allow observations to be made
on small samples so that no visible damage is done to the item being tested. When testing the
Vinland Map, McCrone used a small needle with rubber cement on the tip to pick up ink particles.
Particles were then observed, first using an optical stereo microscope, and then observed more
closely with a series of more advanced microscopic techniques such as the electron microscope and
x–ray diffraction (McCrone 1976).
The second method, used by Donahue, Olin, and Harbottle in their testing of the Vinland Map is
radiocarbon dating (Donahue, Olin, Harbottle, 2000). Radiocarbon dating is based on the decay of a
specific carbon isotope known as 14C. All organisms contain 14C and once an organism dies,
scientists are able to measure how much 14C has decayed in an organism. By measuring this rate of
decay, scientists are able to date the age of an organism (Higham). Since the Vinland Map is drawn
on

Chloroplast Lab Report
In this examination, four tubes of the chloroplast (Dark, 24cm, 30 cm, and 49 cm), buffer solution,
water and DPIP were set in different strengths of light to decide how the light, powerful influences
the reaction rate. The response rate was measured using absorbance values in five–minute
increments. The tubes were put at 24 cm away, 30 cm away, 49 cm away, and totally dull. The tube
nearest the light caused the smallest absorbance value, while the dim tube had the most astounding
absorbance values. As the light power builds, the absorbance esteem and rate of the response
diminished. Introduction: In this lab, DPIP was found as a substitute for NADPH in the electron
transport chain to value the impact of illumination intensity on electron transport ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Each of the solutions and their respective blanks was put through a spectrometer at various
wavelengths– increasing by increments of 50 nm each trial. The wavelengths of 400 nm to 500 nm
had the best absorption rates. Introduction: The Four pigments: Carotene, Chlorophyll a,
Xanthophyll, and Chlorophyll b are necessary when photosynthesis takes place in the stomata. The
aim of this lab was to see how wavelength affected the rate of photosynthesis. My theory was the
four pigments would have higher optical density with a shorter wavelength than the longer
wavelength. While my null hypothesis was the different wavelengths will have no consequence on
the observed levels of the four different pigments. Methods: Four pigments were procured from the
technical assistant with blanks. The spectrophotometer was turned on to 400 nm. Once it was ready
to use, the pigments were passed through to spectrophotometer one by one and recorded. Once the
first trial was done, the spectrophotometer was increased to 450 nm. This process continued in 50
nm increments until the spectrophotometer is at 700 nm. After the 700–nm trial, the
spectrophotometer can be turned

Science Day
National Science Day
Related Links
Introduction
History
Time to celebrate
Introduction:
Rashtriya Vigyan Evam Prodoyogiki Sanchar Parishad (RVPSP) (National Council for Science
& Technology Communication) of the Ministry of Science and Technology celebrates National
Science day (NSD) to popularise the benefits of scientific knowledge and pratical appropriation.
Various activities are organized on the day like debates, quiz competitions, exhibitions, lectures, etc.,
in which college students, school students and teachers too participate.
Every year a different theme is selected and all the forth programmes and activities are based around
that theme.
The day is celebrated to honour Nobel laureate Sir C.V. Raman for his invention of ... Show more
The blue light from the sky would thus be light–scattered to the sides, while the reddish light would
be light that passes through the lower layers of the atmosphere and which has become impoverished
in blue rays owing to scattering. Later, in 1899, Rayleigh threw out the suggestion that the
phenomenon in question might be due to the fact that the molecules of air themselves exercised a
scattering effect on the rays of light.
In 1914 Cabannes succeeded in showing experimentally that pure and dustless gases also have the
capacity of scattering rays of light.
But a closer examination of scattering in different substances in solid, liquid, or gaseous form
showed that the scattered light did not in certain respects exactly follow the laws which, according
to calculation, should hold good for the Tyndall effect. The hypothesis which formed the basis of
this effect would seem to involve, amongst other things, that the rays scattered to the sides were
polarized. This, however, did not prove to be exactly the case.
This divergence from what was to be expected was made the starting point of a searching study of
the nature of scattered light, in which study Raman was one of those who took an active part. Raman
sought to find the explanation of the anomalies in asymmetry observed in the molecules. During
these

Absorbance Spectra For Different Gamma Doses Of PVA / Ag...
Fig. (1), shows the absorbance spectra for different gamma doses of PVA/Ag nanocomposite films
(b to b4). In the UV region, all the samples showed absorption band at 200 nm, which is mainly
assigned as transition between the Ag nanoparticles and poly(vinyl alcohol)[17]. No absorption in
the wavelength range 350–800 nm was observed for both samples (b and b1) exposed to 0 KGy and
25 KGy. This is due to the time of reaction and the gamma irradiation energy is not sufficient to
reduce all the AgNO3 particles to Ag nanoparticles. However, for the spectra of the samples (b2–b4)
exposed to (50, 75 and 100 KGy) clearly indicate, a peak starts emerging at 427 nm. In addition, this
peak intensity increases with increasing the γ irradiation ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This means that with increasing the γ irradiation doses lead to increase the density of Ag
nanoparticles in the nanocomposite films. Optical band gap (Eg) In order to determine the optical
energy gap (Eg) for the irradiated ﬁlms. The term (αhν)0.5 as a function of photon energy (hν) is
plotted using the Tauc´s relation [21]. Such plots for PVA/Ag nanocomposite ﬁlms without and with
γ irradiation are presented in Fig. (4). From the figure we observed that the values of Eg were found
to be 4.44, 4.10, 3.80, 3.70 and 3.67 eV corresponding to the samples b, b1, b2, b3 and b4,
respectively. It is clear that the value of Eg is 4.44 eV for sample b. This value of the optical band
gap on doping PVA with Ag nanoparticles may be attributed due to the formation of chemical
bonding between poly(vinyl alcohol) chains and Ag nanoparticles responsible for the generation of
localized states (charge transfer complexes (CTCs) between (HOMO) High Occupied Molecular
Orbital and (LUMO) Lower Unoccupied Molecular Orbital energy bands making the lower energy
transitions feasible [17,22]. A further change in the value of Eg for PVA/Ag nanocomposites has
been showed with increasing γ irradiation dose and approaches to 3.67 eV at the dose of 100 kGy.
This is attributed to γ irradiation stimulates the reduction of Ag ions embedded

Filo Lab Report
As a prevailing spectroscopic characterization, fourier transform infrared spectra help us to verify
the existence of addition of sodium based second phase in CuO:Na+ nanoparticles . The bands of
pristine CuO and pristine Na2O are located at 459, 502, 591 cm–1 and 890 cm–1, 1430 cm–1
respectively was reported by kim et. al and khufu et at. [177, 271]. As seen from figure 7, three
characteristic strong peaks located at 429, 502, 591 cm–1, associated with the Cu–O vibrations of
monoclinic CuO. The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1
shows blue shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of
Na. The observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It demonstrated that Na doping had a widen effect for the band gap of CuO, which was the first
report here. Interestingly, the band gap shifts from 1.49eV to 1.46eV with the increase in Na doping
from 0.0 to 3.0%, with was due to the band gap tailoring effect. The Na content was further
increased when the secondary phase formed and the band gap shift to the higher energy 1.51eV,
1.53eV for 5.0% and 7.0% Na–doped CuO nanostructures. In contrast, the formation of the Na2O
secondary phase caused an enhancement of the Eg value. Hence, to summarize the Eg value of the
Na doped CuO nanoparticles depends upon a variety of parameters such as the size and presence of
the Na dopant in different forms. These unique characteristics were influenced by the quality and
physical properties of the Na–doped CuO nanoparticles and these were strongly related to the
preparation method.
3.4.2. Diffuse photoluminescence spectroscopy
The photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy was used to investigate the electronic and optical
properties of nanoparticles as well as to elucidate the energy levels within the band gap region
corresponding to the defect sites. Fig. 9 shows room temperature PL spectra of the as–prepared
pristine and Na–doped CuO samples. The samples were excited using the excitation wavelength of
390 nm. The emission spectra of pristine and CuO:Na+ nanoparticles revealed intense sharp peak at
470 nm, 503 nm and 605 nm. The

Cuo Nanoparticle Lab Report
The morphology of pristine CuO nanoparticles are determined by TEM micrograph as shown in
figure 3 (a), the exhibits stacking of small flakes broken of CuO nanostructures giving leafy profile
which had agglomeration. The leaf–like flakes have small width with an average size of the flakes is
500–600nm and thickness ~20–30nm. The corresponding SAED pattern (Fig. 3b) clearly shows that
the CuO flakes are polycrystalline. Similar observation has obtained by SEM results (Fig. 3c),
which demonstrates that the particles have rough surface and possesses flakes like morphology.
EDX spectrum of confirms the presence of Cu and O elements alone (Fig. 3d).
SEM images of Na–doped CuO nanostructures in 20,000X magnification are given in Figure 4a–d
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The peaks centered at 502 cm–1, demonstrate red shift and the peak at 591 cm–1 shows the blue
shift compared with the pristine CuO values (429, 502, 591 cm–1). with the doping of Na. The
observed red and blue shifts due to Na–doping may be related to the surface defects. The broad peak
at about 3450 cm–1 is related to the O–H stretching of hydroxyl group present on the surface of the
samples, which is further confirmed by the band at about 1628 cm–1. Notably, in CuO:Na5mole%
and CuO:Na7mole% samples, low feature band of pristine Na2O were found. Furthermore, the
stretching vibrations were clearly different from the value of Na–O in pristine sodium oxides. It
might be attributed to the presence of the Na–Cu–O stretching vibrations. Conclusively, we
successfully prepared CuO:Na+ nanostructures with different Na doping concentration.
3.4. Optical properties
3.4.1. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS)
The optical properties are very important to select the materials for use in a particular application.
The band gaps were determined from diffused reflectance spectroscopic, Figure 8 exhibits the
typical UV–vis–DRS spectra of CuO:Na+ nanoparticles compared with pristine CuO nanoparticles.
The spectra were recorded between 700 and 1100 nm wavelength region at room temperature. The
Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory was used to convert reflectance data to absorption mode

The Transferrin Bioinorganic System Using Concepts Such As...
Objective
The purpose of the experiment is to understand the transferrin bioinorganic system using concepts
such as chelation, complexation, and Hard–Soft Acid–Base Theory. Specifically, the unloading of
iron(III) from bovine transferrin was done by the iron chelator, Deferiprone, and was illustrated by
UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Introduction
Iron is an essential element for almost all living organisms because of its role in several metabolic
process including electron transport, oxygen transport, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
synthesis.1 However, iron needs to be tightly regulated because it can form free radicals and lead to
tissue damage. Non–protein bound iron causes the release of a hydroxyl radical by superoxide and
hydrogen ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This experiment aims to monitor iron loading into transferrin and study the kinetics of iron removal
by Deferiprone using UV–Vis spectroscopy.
Experimental Procedure
Materials and instrumentation
All of the materials were obtained from the Indiana University laboratory preparatory room and
were used without further purification. The UV–Vis spectra were obtained from the VERNIER UV–
Vis Spectrometer and were recorded from 350 nm to 800 nm for the complexes. Tris buffer was
used as the reference solution for all the spectra.
Preparation of the Fe(NTA)2 solution
FeCl3H2O (45 mol) and nitrilotiracetic acid (90 mol) was dissolved in hydrochloric acid (2 mL, 1
M). The pH of the solution was adjusted to 3.5 with sodium hydroxide (18 drops, 1 M) and was
diluted to 10 mL. No precipitate was observed when adjusting the pH.
Iron loading of transferrin
Bovine apotransferrin (21 mg) was dissolved in Tris buffer (3 mL) and 0.2 mL of this solution was
diluted by a factor of 10. The diluted solution was used to obtain a UV–Vis spectrum. Fe(NTA)2
solution (0.4 equivalents of iron per transferrin protein) was added to 2700 L of the undiluted
apotransferrin solution. After five minutes, a UV–Vis spectrum was obtained. This process of iron

addition and acquisition was repeated every five minutes until no further changes in the UV–Vis
spectra were observed. Unbound iron

Determining The Unknown Concentration Of Cobalt (II) Solution
The goal of the experiment was to determine the unknown concentration of the provided Cobalt (II)
solution by using a spectrophotometer/colorimeter. The spectrophotometer was used on the
unknown solution to find the concentration of Cobalt (II). The concepts used from Beer–Lambert's
Law are the absorbance and concentration of the tested solution. The equation is A=EbC. A equals
absorbance, E is the constant when identifying the species measuring the wavelength, b is the
thickness of the solution, and C is the concentration of the solution. E and b are both constant, which
makes the concentration and the absorbance directly proportional. Results resembled the standard
curve and the connection of absorbance and concentration was used to estimate ... Show more
Then we got then unknown Cobalt (II) solution and placed it in a cuvette to measure the light
transmittance recording it to three decimal places. Next, the unknown solution of Cobalt (II) was
placed in a 100 mL beaker and the DI water was placed in a smaller beaker to make transferring the
solutions easier. For the process of transferring each solution smoothly, a pipette will be used to
place the unknown solution and DI water into the 10 mL graduated cylinder. First, 100% of the
unknown concentration should be placed in a test tube ready to be put in the spectroscopy. Then,
using a clean pipette fill the graduated cylinder with 9 mL of the unknown solution and fill the rest
with DI water using a different clean pipette until 10 mL is reached. The concentration solution is
90%, and 10% is the DI water which makes the new mixture. The mixture that was just made will
then be poured into a test tube that is beside the 100% concentration of the unknown solution. The
process will then be continued by pouring 8 mL unknown solution and 2 mL of DI water into the 10
mL graduated cylinder to get 80% concentration solution; which is poured in the test tube that will
be placed by the 90% concentration test tube. Again, 7 mL of the unknown solution will be placed in
the graduated cylinder along with 3 mL of DI water, which makes 70% concentration solution and
30% DI water. The solution will then be poured into a test tube and placed by the 80%
concentration. Then, 6 mL of Cobalt (II) unknown solution was placed with a pipette into the 10 mL
graduated cylinder with 4 mL of DI water. Which makes 60% of concentration solution and 40% DI
water, and pour the new mixture into a test tube and place it next to the 70% concentration solution.
Take 50% of the unknown solution and place it in the 10 mL graduated cylinder along with 50% DI
water making the new

Lab Report Of The Copper Acetate Monohydrate
Based on the above mentioned structural and morphological results, the sample SP0.10 has high
degree of crystallinity with narrower particles size distribution, Therefor this value was selected as
optimum degree and checked the effect of gel making agent on it. Experiments SP0.10, SP0.10A
and SP0.10B were an optimization set for the citric acid (CA) and ethylene glycol (EG) as gel
making agent shown in table–1. The common small organic molecules used in sol–gel chemistry are
citric acid. Citric acid is a weak triprotic acid (equation.2), three carboxylic acid moieties that are
able to dissociate with in. A. E. Danks et al. 2016. While being readily available and cheap it is also
an effective chelating agent affected the process which makes ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
As mention above citric acid act to neutralize the solution through reaction (2) as a result, the pH of
the reaction solution decreases with increasing concentration of citric acid. If the concentration of
citric acid citrate exceeds 1:2, the solution pH is lower than 8 and citrate anions also inhibit the
nucleation and growth of CuO crystals. It was concluded that the gel specifications were changed by
varying the amount of citric acid and as an optimum value, 1:2 ratio of EG:CA was used to
synthesize homogeneous CuO nanoflower (figure 4 b). The selected area electron diffraction
(SAED) patterns of SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B, confirming the monoclinic structure of as
prepared materials. It evidence of crystalline CuO is found in the SAED patterns, consistent with
XRD results (see figure 5). Distinct diffraction bright spots are clearly visible in the SAED pattern
of SP0.10B due to a lesser diffraction area.
The complete structural and microstructural parameters further confirmed by the Rietveld
refinement analysis. The characteristic XRD plots of sample SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B along
with the crystal structure was extracted by Rietveld analysis and is represented in figure 5(a–c). It
reveals that diffraction peaks are assigned to CuO as reported in JCPDS file No. 48–1548, indicates
that the synthesized samples are monophasic CuO with a monoclinic structure. From the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Raman Spectroscopy
Raman spectroscopy (RS) as a powerful analytical method have widely been employed in
characterization of different kinds of chemical species. Discovery of RS dates back to previous
century which first proposed by C.V. Raman and his colleague K.S. Krishnan. This scattering
technique involves electromagnetic interaction of an incident monochromatic laser beam with
molecules of a matter. Each of different vibrational, rotational and other modes of molecular
motions in target molecule can alter both the frequency (as wavelength shift) and intensity of the
laser beam (called inelastic scattering) which gives a specific fingerprint through which a molecule
can be identified. Typical RS spectra involves a diagram of intensity vs wavelength shift. ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Beta2–adrenergic agonist (βAA) drugs including clenbuterol (CB), salbutamol (SB), and terbutaline
(TB) causes a βAA effect and can be illegally used by athletes to increase their performance. For
this reason, WADA regulates (SB, TB) and even prohibits (CB) consumption to control their abuse.
In this regard, Lorenzo et al. investigate the adsorption of βAA drugs (CB, SB and TB) on noble
metal surface with the aim of establishing of SERS as an alternative antidoping test method. Their
results indicates that the Au substrates and also acidic pH are optimal conditions for accurate and
effective detection of these drugs. Beside, their corresponding LOD is calculated based on Langmuir
adsorption and given in table 3. Although the major therapeutic uses of probenecid (p–
(dipropylsulphamyl) benzoic acid (PB) are reduction of renal excretion antibiotics and treatment of
gout, due to its masking effect in urine (especially βAA) and interference in antidoping tests is
banned by WADA. PB for the first time is studied by Lorenzo et al. through spectroscopic specially
SERS technique. They create a detection protocol for PB considering different factor such as metal
reduction method and pH of media and also study adsorption mechanism in detail. They reported
LOD of PB by SERS at concentration as low as 1.2

The Importance Of The Conversion Of Lower Energy Light
Upconversion is a term that characterizes the conversion of lower–energy light, particularly in the
near–infrared region, into higher–energy light within the visible spectrum. This occurs through a
process in which the sequential absorption of multi–photon near–infrared light yields the emission
of light that is of shorter wavelength[1]. This process is represented in Figure 1, which shows the
emissions of light within the visible spectrum after excitation of various dopant ions by near–
infrared light[1]. The upconversion effect has been observed primarily in the rare–earth metals of
the lanthanides as well as yttrium, and scandium; however, some transition metals and actinides can
also display this effect[2]. Lanthanide ions display special inner–shell arrangements of 4fn 5d0–1,
which allow for unique energy levels and provide shielding from the outer shells[2]. Due to their
various f–orbital configurations, lanthanide ions are able to display very sharp luminescence
emissions via intra–4f or 4f–4d transitions[2,3]. The importance of the lanthanide ions is evident in
several applications including applications in lasers, bioprobe applications, optical imaging, and
photodynamic therapy [2,3]. This is due to their fluorescent properties, which include: resistance to
photobleaching, monochromaticity, large Stokes shifts, narrow bandwidth, and long emission
lifetime[2,3]. The direct excitation of the lanthanide ions is not very effective because they are
limited by low

Electronic State Transition From Bulk Metal / Semiconductor
1.Introduction: Figure (a) :Size quantization effect. Electronic state transition from bulk
metal/semiconductor to small cluster. "Nanocrystalline particles represent a state of matter in the
transition region between bulk solid and single molecule. As a consequence, their physical and
chemical properties gradually change from solid state to molecular behaviour with decreasing
particle size. The reasons for this behaviour can be summarised as two basic phenomena: First
owing to their small dimensions, the surface–to–volume ratio increases, and the number of surface
atoms may be similar to or higher than those located in the crystalline lattice core, and the surface
properties are no longer negligible. When no other molecules are adsorbed onto the nanocrystallites,
the surface atoms are highly unsaturated and their electronic contribution to the behaviour of the
particles is totally different from that of the inner atoms. These effects may be even more marked
when the surface atoms are ligated.This leads to different electronic transport and catalytic
properties of the nanocrystalline particles. The second phenomenon, which occurs in metal and
semiconductor nanoparticles, is totally an electronic effect. The band structure gradually evolves
with increasing particle size i.e, molecular orbital convert into delocalised band states.The above
figure depicts the size quantization effect responsible for the transition between a bulk metal or
semiconductor, and cluster

Electromagnetic Radiation Theory : The Classical Theory Of...
The classical theory of Raman Effect was developed by G. Placzek in 1934.
According to the classical theory of electromagnetic radiation, electric and magnetic fields
oscillating at a given frequency are able to give out electromagnetic radiation of the same frequency.
Electromagnetic radiation theory can explain light scattering phenomena.
When deriving the Raman Effect, it is generally easiest to start with the classical interpretation by
considering a simple diatomic molecule as a mass on a spring where m represents the atomic mass,
x represents the displacement and K represents the bond strength.
Figure 7.5. Diatomic molecule as a mass on a spring When using this approximation, the
displacement of the molecule can be expressed by using Hooke's law as,
By replacing the reduced mass (m1m2/ [m1+m2]) with μ and the total displacement (x1+x2) with q,
the equation can be simplified to,
By solving this equation for q we get,
where νm is the molecular vibration and is defined as,
The above equation shows that the molecule vibrates in a cosine pattern with a frequency
proportional to the bond strength and inversely proportional to the reduced mass. Through the
Raman Effect, these vibrational frequencies can be measured due to the fact that the polarizability of
a molecule, α, is a function of displacement, q.
Effect of vibration
If a molecule undergoes vibratory motion, this changes the polarisibility periodically and then the
oscillating dipole will

Experimental Study On Different Flavourings Cat Medicine...
Proposal for experimental study on different flavourings cat medicine by Raman spectroscopy
from
Mengxin Huang
2411550
CHEM 464
Supervisor: Keith C. Gordon
University of Otago, Department of Chemistry
2015
Content
Abstract
Introduction
Raman spectroscopy Principle of Raman spectroscopy Basic Raman scattering process Raman
imaging Literature survey: limitations and considerations Effect of refraction Relative Raman
scattering intensity Processing of data: multivariate analysis
Aims and Objectives
Plan of action for proposed research
References
Abstract
Tablet that contains a core covered with coatings is the most common form of medicine. In order to
determine the distribution of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) in this heterogenetic system,
Raman techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, Raman microscopy, Raman depth profiling and
Raman imaging are utilized as well suitable tools because many drugs' molecular structures are
Raman active.
Introduction
Raman spectroscopy and Raman microscopy will be utilized as major experimental methods
throughout this project. Films with different flavors (multi–layered) will be divided into different
parts and will be tested and imaged to see if there is any flavoring component on each cell part of

the film. The contents of the aqueous dispersion used for film formation are: dibutyl sebacate,
poloxamer 407, magnesium stearate, water with or without different flavorings include 2–
acetylpyridine,

CM2191 A0111185R Expt3
Name: Chen Yao Le Lab Group: Tues Email: A0111185@nus.edu.sg Matriculation Number:
A0111185R Date of Experiment: 17 February 2015 Experiment 6: Synthesis, Electronic Spectra,
Structural Isomerism: Octahedral Co(III) complexes with Chloride and Ethylenediamine Ligands
Abstract: In this experiment, Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O was synthesized and the absorbance in UV–
vis spectrum was recorded. Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3∙4H2O has an εmax of 197.33 mol–1dm3cm at
466.00nm and 210.39mol–1dm3cm–1 at 338.00nm. and the colour of the crystals obtained were
orange. The crude product was then reacted with L–(+)–tartaric acid and 0.59g of the ... Show more
Subsequently, 10mL of 3.5% H2O2 were added dropwise to the reaction mixture and was stirred for
20 minutes before heating to boiling at 80°C for 5 minutes. The reaction mixture was then taken off
heat and allowed to cool undisturbed in an ice–bath for 30 minutes. Suction filtration was performed
after to collect the crystals from the chilled solution The product was then washed with chilled 95%
ethanol (2 x 15mL) and followed by diethyl ether (2 x 10mL). The crude product was then left to
dry before recording the yield. 20mg of the crude product is then accurately weighed out and
dissolved in deionized water in a 25mL volumetric flask. Deionized water was added to the
volumetric flask to the mark and the UV–vis absorption spectrum of the crude product was
recorded. Part 2: Resolution of Racemic Δ/Λ–[Co(en)3]Cl3 complexes 1.3g of crude product
obtained from part 1, 0.81g of L–(+)–Tartaric acid and a magnetic stirrer bar were placed in a 50–
mL beaker containing 2mL of deionized water. 5mL of 10% NaOH stock solution were then added
dropwise to the reaction mixture. The mixture was gently stirred on a hotplate until the solids were
observed to be completely dissolved. A piece of aluminum foil was then used to seal the beaker and
kept in the fumehood for a week. After a week, the crystals of [Λ–Co(en)3][(+)–tart]Cl∙5H2O were
collected by suction filtration using a Hirsch funnel. The crystals were subsequently washed with 3
×

Animal Physiology And Anatomy : The Skin Structure Of...
Animal Biology Research Paper
It is apparent that chameleons are remarkable animals due to the fact that they possess various
abilities which many other animals do not. The one ability that outstands the most from the rest is
the ability to change color. Ever since the discovery of chameleons, many scientists have elaborated
hypotheses as to how they are able to change color. The theory that has been adopted by many
researchers and animal enthusiasts has been that chameleons change color due to the expansion of
small pigment–filled sacs called chromatophores. This mechanism/technic is seen in various animals
such as those within the Mollusca phylum (e.g. squid, cuttlefish, octopi). This research experiment
gives rise to the truth as to how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The symmetrically triangular s–iridophores, hence the name, were found to be in the superficial part
of the chameleons' skin; male chameleons showed to possess a more developed layer of this crystal,
whereas female and juvenile chameleons possessed an underdeveloped form of these crystals. The
more asymmetric rectangular d–iridophores were found to be located in the deeper part of all
female, male, and juvenile chameleons' skin.
The drive to fully understand how these guanine nanocrystals influence color change in chameleons
lead the researchers to extend their research. It was addressed that the s–iridophores were able to
relatively change the distance between one another, whereas, for the d–iridophores, were more fixed
when compared to the s–iridophores. It was observed that s–iridophores that appeared to be
positioned at closer proximities to each other expressed the color blue, and sections of the skin
where the iridophores were positioned further apart expressed the color red (usually when males are
excited). After disproving the initial hypothesis, the experimenters quickly formulated another cause
and effect relationship between the role of the s–iridophores and color change. The researchers
hypothesized, for a second time, that chameleons modify/move their guanine reflective crystals to a

Nannocrystalline Zno Film Analysis
The formation of nanocrystalline ZnO films was confirmed by using X–ray diffraction. XRD
patterns of simple glass substrate and ZnO coated glass substrates were shown in figure 3(a) and (b–
d), respectively. The amorphous behavior of glass substrate with a continuous curve ~20˚ to 35˚ in
2θ range was depicted in 'figure 3(a)' and was clearly evidenced in ZnO coated substrates. A
comparatively low intensity and broadness in diffraction peaks was observed in single layer
deposited ZnO thin film 'figure 3(b)', which revealed that film consist of coarse fine grains with
nanocrystallinity. It was observed that the peak intensities gradually increased from triple 'figure
2(c)' to five layers 'figure 2(d)' deposited ZnO thin film and hence ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However in Rietveld refinement the peaks profile is fitted using Pseudo–Voight functions, which is
linear combination of Gaussian and Lorentzian functions. The internal strain (ε) may arise from the
chemical reaction involved in the growth process of ZnO films and having negligible effect on peak
broadening. The microstructural (crystallite size and lattice strain) and structural (lattice cell
constants, atomic positions and occupancies) parameters refinement was performed using the space
group P63mc. The values of the crystallite size, strain, and lattice parameter obtained from the
Rietveld refinement and Scherrer methods are shown in Table 1. In table 1 the microstructural
analysis shows the lattice parameters are well–matched lattice constants for the standard values of
the hexagonal wurtzite structure of ZnO. Furthermore, the variation of single to five layer coated
ZnO film lattice parameters a and c is remarkable, when compared with the standard ZnO, due to
the complexity of the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO and anisotropic variation in the
crystal lattice. As seen in Table 1, the ratio of the lattice parameters a/c is slightly affected by
deposition cycles. However, the unit cell volume of as prepared ZnO film is decreased from 47.598
to 47.501 Å3 with increasing the deposition cycle from single to five cycles. The similar
performance was observed for the Zn–O bond length (l) which decreases from 2.09 to 2.03A with
increasing

Types Of Silver Imolices At C-Nannowires
Fig. 1a shows the UV–vis absorption spectrum of the as–prepared Ag@C–nanowires suspended in
deionized water, exhibiting a main peak at 386 nm and a shoulder peak at 360 nm, corresponding to
the optical finger print of silver nanowires. The absorption peak at 360 nm is attributed to the
longitudinal plasmon mode of silver nanowires and is similar to that of the bulk silver, and the
absorption peak at 386 nm is attributed to the transverse plasmon mode of silver nanowires. These
two absorption peaks suggest that pure Ag@C–nanowires were successfully synthesized, and the
Ag@C–nanowires had a sheath thickness of ~10 nm, consistent with our electron microscopic
studies shown in Fig. 2c. Fig. 1b shows the typical X–ray diffraction (XRD) pattern ... Show more
1c). A few functional groups such as C–O, C=C, and –OH were present on the surface of Ag@C–
nanowires and would be useful for linking other organic molecules with diverse functions and thus
can provide good compatibility between the Ag@C–nanowires and the PVDF matrix. Raman
spectroscopy and X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) were used for further confirming the
surface composition of the Ag@C–nanowires. Fig. 1d shows the Raman spectrum of the as–
prepared Ag@C–nanowires, in which the two strong peaks at 1378 and 1597 cm–1 can be attributed
to the in–plane vibrations of disordered amorphous carbon and crystalline graphite, respectively,
indicating the formation of a carbonized layer. This carbon–based layer might have originated from
polymerization, aromatization, and carbonization of glucose, based on previous studies
demonstrating that the hydrothermal process enables glucose to carbonize in the temperature rage
140–160 °C. Besides the two peaks corresponding to amorphous and graphic carbon, the curve
showed one broad peak at 2935 cm–1, attributed to the asymmetric stretching vibration of –CH– in
the skeletal chain of glucose. A minor peak at 230 cm–1 attributed to the Ag–O stretching vibrations,
confirming the coordination of glucose molecule to the Ag surface through nonbonding electrons of
the oxygen atom in the carbonyl functionality. These results unambiguously show that glucose is
carbonized and closely

Measuring Reaction Rate Using Volume of Gas Produced
Chemistry 12 Formal Report Measuring Reaction Rate using Volume of Gas Produced By John Doe
23th October 2012 Introduction An essential element of chemistry is finding reaction rates. This is
because chemists need to know how long a reaction should take. In addition to needing to know the
rate of a reaction at any point in time to monitor how the reaction is proceeding. Many factors effect
reaction rates, two shown above include temperature and concentration. Concentration affects the
rate of reactions because the more concentrated a solution the more likely collisions between
particles will be. This is simply because there are more particles present to collide with each other.
When the temperature is higher, particles will ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In next reaction which took place at a temperature 10˚ higher than that had a rate of 39.5 mL/minute.
Next was the reaction which took place at 10˚ below room temperature which resulted in a rate of
26.8 mL/minute. In the reaction that 20 mL of distilled water was added to the bleach solution and
the temperature was kept constant, the reaction rate dropped to 16.2 mL/minute. Finally the slowest
reaction occurred when 60 mL of distilled water was added to the bleach causing a rate of 10.8
mL/minute. The rate value changes as the temperature is changed. When the temperature increases
by 10˚, the rate of the reaction increases by a factor of 0.12 (12%). This is again changed when the
temperature is changed to 10˚ below room temperature. This results in a rate of production of
oxygen, which is decreased by a factor of 0.25 (25%). When the concentrations were changed so did
the rate of reaction. When the concentration was changed to 0.265M the rate of reaction dropped by
a factor of 0.5 (50%) below the control value. Furthermore when 60mL of water was added to the
bleach dropping the concentration too 0.132M the rate dropped by a factor of 0.7 (70%). Bleach
should never be mixed with any acid based cleaners because it results in the formation of toxic Cl–
gas. If bleach is mixed with an acid based cleaner in a small room it will result in a toxic build up of
chlorine gas, which can be fatal to anyone spending

Nitro vs nitrito linkage isomers Essay
Abstract
In this experiment, the nature of linkage isomers will be observed on the example of
nitritopentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride and nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride. Their relative
stability will be compared on standard conditions and the infrared spectroscopy of both the isomers
will be obtained to analyze the characteristic absorption bands for the nitro and nitrito group. Yield
for nitritopentamminecobalt(III) Chloride was obtained to be = 1.9221 g(73.24 %) and yield for
nitropentamminecobalt(III) Chloride = 0.76 g(76 %)
Introduction
Linkage isomers may arise when one or more of the ligands can coordinate to the metal ion in more
than one way. The first reported example of linkage ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A portion of the nitrito complex was placed in the oven at 110 degrees Celsius and was left for a
week. The product was observed to have dark green color and the infrared spectrum was obtained
for this compound as well using KBr pellets.
Results
Theoretical yield calculations
For [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2
[CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaNO2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 + NaCl (eqn 1.4) n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) =
2.518 g / 250.4456 = 0.010054 mol n(NaNO2) = 2.5 g / 68.99 = 0.03624 mol
Thus, [CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2 is the limiting agent. n([CoCl(NH3)5]Cl2) = n([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) =
0.010054 mol m([Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2) = 0.010054 mol * 260.998 = 2.62407 g
%Yield = 1.9221 g / 2.62407 g = 73.24 %
For [Co(NO2)(NH3)5Cl2
[Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 = [Co(ONO)(NH3)5]Cl2 (eqn 1.5)
Their molecular weight is same so
% Yield = 0.76 g / 1 g = 76 %
Infrared spectrum table
Table : Absorption bands of the products synthesized
Compound name
Peak(cm–1)
Peak assignment
Literature reference (cm–1)
Chloropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride

3300.42 (s)
Vas(NH3)
3267 1
3171.33(s)
Vs(NH3)
3174 1
1588.97(m)
Vas(NH3) degenerate
1589 1
1308.34(s)
Vs(NH3) angle deformation
1309 1
859.46(s) ρr(NH3) 850 1
499.027
Vs(Co–N)
485 1
Nitropentaamminecobalt(III) Chloride
3214.3(s)
Vas(NH3)
3200 1
1617(s)
V(as(NH3) degenerate
1615 1
1435.7(s)
Vas(NO2) scissoring

Explosive Traces and Forensic Analysis
Explosives are used for a variety of applications from military operations to mining. However, these
materials can also be used in criminal investigations such as terrorists who threaten harm or cause
death and destruction. Explosives can be categorised into two main forms: high explosives and low
explosives. High explosives are explosive materials that detonate. This means that the explosive
shock passes through the material at a speed, faster than the speed of sound. High explosives
generally detonate with an explosive velocity ranging from 3 to 9 km/s. Low explosive are
compounds where the rate of decomposition proceeds through the material at a speed less than the
speed of sound. The decomposition is spread by a flame. This is known as deflagration. Under
normal conditions, low explosives undergo deflagration at rates varying from a few centimetres per
second to roughly 400 metre per second. It is possible for low explosives to deflagrate extremely
quickly producing an effect which is similar to detonation of high explosives. This usually occurs
when ignited in a confined space and can happen due to high pressure or high temperatures. The
detection and/or identification of trace amounts of explosives is an important aspect of forensic
investigations. Some methods of detection can also identify the explosives, some cannot for
example the use of canine detection, and the dog can smell the explosive but cannot say what it is.
Techniques for detection and identification

Spectrophotometric Determination of Equilibrium Constant...
DATE PERFORMED: JULY 20, 2007
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF EQUILIBRIUM CONSTANT FOR A
REACTION
ABSTRACT
UV–VIS spectrophotometry is one of the most widely–used methods for determining and
identifying many inorganic species. During this experiment, this spectrophotometry was used to
determine the equilibrium constant, Keq, of the Fe3+(aq)+SCN–(aq)↔ FeSCN2+(aq) reaction. By
determining the amount of light absorbed, the concentration of the colored FeSCN2+ solution was
also quantitatively determined. From that data, the concentrations of the reagents at equilibrium may
also be determined. This experiment should thus provide a Keq value without computing for the
concentration of each of the species in the reaction. This ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Beer's Law states that absorbance is directly proportional to the concentration c of the absorbing
species, and to the path length b of the absorbing medium by a proportionality constant called the
absorptivity a. In our experiment, we expressed the concentration of the absorbing species in terms
of mol/L and the path length in centimetres. Thus, the proportionality constant becomes the molar
absorptivity ε. We set the wavelength of the spectrophotometer to 447 nm so we could achieve
maximum sensitivity. At this point, the change in absorbance per unit of concentration is greatest
and there is greater adherence to Beer's Law.
Table I. Absorbance of Unknown Solutions
|Solution |Absorbance |[Fe3+]init |[SCN–]init |
|Unknown 1 |0.158 |0.001 |2.00 x 10–4 |
|Unknown 2 |0.308 |0.001 |4.00 x 10–4 |
|Unknown 3 |0.457 |0.001 |6.00 x 10–4 |
|Unknown 4 |0.604 |0.001 |8.00 x 10–4 |
|Unknown 5 |0.743 |0.001 |1.00 x 10–3 |
Table II. Determination of the Equilibrium Constant, Keq

|Solution |[Fe3+] |[SCN–] |[[Fe(SCN)]2+] |Keq |
|Unknown 1 |9.57 x 10–4 |1.57 x 10–4 |4.34 x 10–5

Ancient Gilding Methods and Their Chemical Structure Essay
Introduction:
The article seeks to inform the reader not only about ancient gilding methods, but also about their
chemical structures. The article does this by examining gilded artifacts from each gilding
methodology and studying the components in the metal. The article also attempts to explain how the
chemical structures in the object came about, using technology and analysis.
Main points of article:
The first paragraph sets out to explain ancient gilding and why it occurred, as well as go over what
the article will discuss.
The brief history behind analyzing chemical compositions
Talks about methodologies and breakthroughs in finding chemical composition for gilding
The is paragraph explains the reasoning behind gilding and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
I enjoyed learning the methodology used in each "age" and how they got more and more complex as
time went on. I was also impressed with how the article went in–depth on the chemical properties of
each method.
Questions raised: What is the exact technology used to examine the objects in the article?
Why did they choose the artifacts in the article specifically?
How were they able to figure out the gilding methods?
Vocabulary list:
1. photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS)– measuring the chemical composition of an object by the
energy of electrons freed from the surface by a laser. (Merriam Webster)
2. secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) –A machine uses primary ions to push the ions in the
object to the surface so they can be examined (Fraunhofer–Center Nanoelectronic Technologies)
3. optical emission spectrometry (GDOES)– a machine that uses emissions to examine the surface
of an object. (Analyses and Surfaces)
4. scanning electron microscopy (SEM)– using an electron microscope with beaming electrons.
(Merriam Webster)
5. Raman spectroscopy– a technique used by spectroscopy machines that observes low frequencies
in a system/object. (University of Cambridge)
6. amalgam–a mixture or blend (Merriam Webster)
7. porosity– the property of being porous; being able to absorb fluids.(Princeton Word Net)
8. morphology– a study of structure or form (Merriam Webster)

9.atacamite–an oxychloride of copper, chemical product.(Free Dictionary)
10. patina– a

Unknown Permanganate Solution Lab Report
In this experiment, the concentration of an unknown permanganate solution will be determined.
Spectroscopic techniques will be used to measure various known concentrations of permanganate
solutions to create a calibration curve for the absorbance of light vs. the concentration and will be
used to determine the unknown concentration1.
Introduction
In order to perform this experiment, proficiency with using spectrometers, burettes, volumetric
flasks, weighing by difference, and making a hot–water bath are essential1.
By using a spectrometer's function to analyze the absorbance of light of each of the known
solutions, the resulting linear correlation will provide an equation similar to the Beer's Law equation
required for calculations1.
The linear ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Procedure
1. Obtained required materials and prepared necessary setup to complete the experiment.
2. Prepared unknown solution by using a hot–water bath to heat the 100mL volumetric flask
containing 35mL of the unknown Mn2+ solution, 5mL of the provided phosphoric acid and between
0.3 to 0.5g of potassium periodate1.
3. While the unknown solution was being made, five cuvettes were prepared, one containing
distilled water to calibrate the spectrometer and the other four, separately containing one of the four
known permanganate solutions1.
4. After calibration, the most concentrated (known) solution was used to obtain max. The
significance of this step is to set the spectrometer to measure at that particular wavelength1.
5. Manipulated with settings on the program to display a graph showing absorbance vs.
concentration. Collected absorbance data for the three remaining known solutions to obtain a linear
fit1.
6. Returned to the unknown cooked solution and collected absorbance data for the solution using a
cuvette. Recorded results and used mathematics to ultimately determine the concentration of the
unknown

Cancer : A Leading Cause Death Worldwide
B.1. English Abstract
According to the World Health Organization, cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, and has
the most devastating economic impact of any cause of death in the world. One of the leading causes
of cancer–related mortality is gastric cancer, and that is due to the low rate of its diagnosis in its'
early stages as unfortunately, even the methods available for early detection of gastric cancer such as
tumor biomarkers, are not very sensitive or efficient. Therefore, this proposal aims at non–invasive
early detection of gastric cancer by firstly separating the blood plasma proteins albumin and
globulin from mice with gastric cancer and healthy mice using chromatography, then enhancing
them with biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles, and finally performing spectral analysis
using surface–enhanced Raman spectroscopy, which is expected to provide information–filled,
unique signatures of the biochemical components of whole proteins and clear non–overlapping
peaks and clusters where the gastric cancer group can be explicitly distinguished from the normal
group with 100% diagnostic sensitivity and specificity.
B.2. Arabic Abstract
‫من‬ .‫ًا‬‫أيض‬ ‫المادية‬ ‫الناحية‬ ‫من‬ ‫ًا‬‫تأثير‬ ‫األكثر‬ ‫و‬ ‫ًا‬‫عالمي‬ ‫للوفاه‬ ‫الرئيسية‬ ‫المسببات‬ ‫من‬ ‫هو‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫مرض‬ ،‫للصحة‬ ‫العالمية‬ ‫للمؤسسة‬ ‫ًا‬‫وفق‬
،‫الشديد‬ ‫لألسف‬ . ‫مبكرة‬ ‫مرحلة‬ ‫في‬ ‫إكتشافه‬ ‫في‬ ‫القليلة‬ ‫النسبة‬ ‫على‬ ‫يعود‬ ‫وذلك‬ .‫المعدة‬ ‫سرطان‬ ‫هي‬ ‫للوفاه‬ ‫المسببة‬ ‫السرطان‬ ‫أنواع‬ ‫أكثر‬
‫للورم‬ ‫الحيوية‬ ‫المؤشرات‬ ‫إختبار‬ ‫مثل‬ ‫المعدة‬ ‫سرطان‬ ‫عن‬ ‫للكشف‬ ‫المتاحة‬ ‫الطرق‬ ‫حتى‬

Raman Spectroscopy Essay
Enrollment no: A4450014069
Name: RAVINA KUNDU
TOPIC: APPLICATIONS OF RAMAN SPECTROSCOPY
An introduction to Raman Spectroscopy (basic theory)
EXCITING (RAYLEIGH) LINE
ANTI–STOKES LINE STOKES LINE ROTATIONAL SPECTRUM ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Now we will see the application to Raman spectroscopy. Raman spectroscopy has a wide range of
uses. There are various applications of Raman spectroscopy. The most important and widely used
are its medical applications. Other than medical applications Raman spectroscopy also provides
applications to nanotechnology, nano medicine, pharmaceutical etc. Raman spectroscopy can also be
used to analyze gas mixtures or detect explosives. In solid–state physics, Raman spectroscopy is
used to characterize materials, measure temperature, or get the information about crystal orientation.
As this technique can distinguish between molecules, it has become popular in the field of
biomedicine, especially in tissue diagnosis. Here we shall discuss Raman spectroscopy used in
medical diagnostics for detection of diseases like skin cancer and breast cancer. If certain tissues
start to transform, we see that there is a change in its chemical composition. And if we are able to
detect this change in its chemical composition using Raman spectroscopy, we can diagnose the
disease in its early

Raman Spectra Of SP0. 7 Lab Report
Figure 6 shows the peak fitted curves Raman spectra of SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B in the range
200–800 cm–1 wavenumber. It is well known that the CuO is p–type semiconductor which typically
crystallizes into monoclinic structures and is defined by C26h (C2/c) space group. Three Raman
active (Ag + 2Bg) and six IR active (3Au + 3Bu) optical modes are predicted by group theory for
CuO. These normal lattice vibrations at the Γ point of the Brillouin zone are given on the basis of
group theory by the equation (Siddiqui et al 2016 c): Γ= 4Au+5Bu+Ag+2Bg. Based on the reported
zone–center optical phonon frequencies in CuO observed vibrational spectra were assigning to the
Raman active modes (Ag+2Bg) which peaks are located at 283.3cm–1, 329.8cm−1 ... Show more
From the help of Kubelka–Munk (K–M) theory reflectance data was convert absorption mode [27].
As shown in figure 7 the as–prepared CuO nanostructures with different ratio of citric acid exhibit
different sensitivities to visible light, the absorption edge is shifted to shorter wavelength with
compact size and altered morphology. Our results point out not only the size but also the
morphology of the CuO nanocrystals affects the bandgap. It is quite observable from the figure 7b
that SP0.10A exhibits the hogher absorption properties in the visible region. Bhaumik, et al 2016
[28] reported the increase in absorption is highly desirable for better efficiency of a solar cell.
Therefore the SP0.10A sample exhibits the strongest absorbance and has a uniform flower–shaped
CuO crystal thus; we can say that the sample may be ideal solar absorbers. Figure 7: Kubelka–Munk
absorption spectra and Tauc's plot for the calculation of band gap of SP0.10, SP0.10A and SP0.10B.
Photoluminescence spectroscopy is an important tool to study the optical properties of a
semiconductor. Photoluminescence intensity may be directly correlated with the defect density in a
fluorescent material. However, the CuO has low emission efficiency (CuO is not a fluorescent
material) so there is a lack of luminescence data for copper oxide. Furthermore, recent theoretical
calculations indicate that although Cu vacancies are the most stable defects in CuO, they do not
introduce new states within the

Optical, Morphological And Photoluminescence Spectroscopic...
Optical, morphological and photoluminescence spectroscopic studies of PVA/AgNO3films after γ
irradiation xxxxxxxxx
Abstract
In this paper, PVA–AgNO3 films were prepared by casting method. Then irradiated with different
gamma doses (25, 50, 75, 100, 125 KGy). UV–visible spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope,
EDX and photoluminescence spectroscope were used to characterize the prepared films. UV–visible
absorption spectra showed a peak at 200 nm for PVA. And a peak at 427 nm for the surface plasmon
resonance of silver nanoparticles. This peak increases with gamma doses until 125 KGy, its decrease
for front surface. And increase continuously with gamma doses on the back surface. SEM images
and EDX spectra showed that the silver appear on the front surface as silver atoms, and with
increasing the gamma doses is disappeared and then appear at the back surface at the highest doses
(125 KGy) as a nanorods.. While PL intensity decrease for front surface and increase for back
surface as the γ doses is increased.
Keywords: UV–Vis spectroscopy, SEM, EDX, PL spectroscopy.
1– Introduction.
Preparation, characterization, and physical properties of a nanostructure materials of silver
(nanoparticles and nanocomposites) have been the subject of various researcher in many scientific
laboratories during the past years for many studies and it has been also established that size,
stability, color, shape, and properties

Imidazoline Essay
Present there is an enormous deal of scientific attention in the field of Imidazoline derivatives.
Imidazoline is a Nitrogen compound and it can be utilized in organic dyes as nitrogenous electron
donors since it introduces additional electron donors at position 2. Because of high molar extinction
coefficient Imidazoline and other molecular structures containing nitrogen developed as metal free
organic dyes. Usually, metal–free organic dyes have the apparent molecular structure of the electron
donor element and the acceptor element connected by the conjugated chain (D– π–A). 2–
imidazoline is a one of the isomer derived from the imidazole. Imidazoline derivatives are
pharmaceutically and biologically very significant. Imidazolines exhibit major pharmacological and
biological activities such as antidepressive [1], antihyperglycemic [2] , antihypercholesterolemic[3],
anti–inflammatory[4] and antihypertensive[5].The drug clonidine containing Imidazoline is used
independently ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Imidazoline and its derivatives are important sort of inhibitors which could effectively inhibit
corrosion of carbon steel against CO2 and H2S [6, 7]. Recently C.D Contreras [8] was reported the
structural and vibrational analyses of 2–(2–benzofuranyl)–2–imidazoline. The purpose of this study
is to obtain the theoretical information about the molecular structure and electronic parameters of 2–
phenyl–2–imidazoline.Density functional theory has been adopted for the precise study of the
molecular geometry and electronic distribution. Here we study the experimental and theoretical
study of the 2–phenyl–2–imidazoline for the first

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Oxide Nanoparticle
Nowadays, in adsorptive separation and purification, activated carbon, zeolites, activated alumina,
and silica gels, as existing commercial sorbents, have important roles. However, innovative
technological developments are needed in the new economy and under the stringent environmental
regulations. Despite very promising features of the newly developed nanostructured sorbent
materials, basically exploring and systematic investigations are needed on both synthesis methods
and adsorption characteristic studies (Deng 2006).
The goal of nanotechnology is to make nanostructures or nano arrays with special properties, which
do not exist in their bulk or single particle types. Oxide nanoparticles can present unique physical
and chemical properties, because of their limited size and a high density in their corner or edge
surface sites (Fernandez–Garcia & Rodriguez 2009; Bhattacharjee et al. 2011). ... Show more
2011; Li et al. 2012), metal oxides (Yuan et al. 2011; Dou et al. 2011), and bimetals (Shirsath et al.
2011; Ai et al. 2011). A composite of montmorillonite–ZnO prepared by Fatimah and Huda activity
test was evaluated in methanol dehydration reaction (Fatimah & Huda 2012). Zn immobilized
montmorillonite was evaluated as photocatalyst in a photocatalytic antibacteria of Eschericia coli
and Staphylococcus aureussystem and showed the significant activity of material as photocatalyst
(Fatimah

Laboratory Techniques Used For Forensic Anthropology
Laboratory techniques used in forensic anthropology to identify questionable remains as bone
include histology, protein analysis, and DNA analysis. The problem with these techniques is that
they can be destructive, lengthy, and expensive. Additionally, these methods may not be able to
identify bone when it is highly fragmented or altered. Therefore, chemical analysis techniques such
as HHXRF, XRF, SEM/EDS, PIXE, and Raman Spectroscopy have been proposed for
differentiating bone and teeth from non–skeletal material and human from nonhuman skeletal
material. Although their use is sporadic and dependent on instrument availability, these chemical
techniques have proven valuable to the field of forensic anthropology and to the task of identifying
human remains.
Depending on the bone or location on the bone, there will be a difference in trace elements present.
Zn, V, Ni, Cr, Pb, Mn, Co, and Sn are found in higher concentrations in bone epiphyses while Ca, Sr,
Na, and K are found more often in the central portion of the diaphysis. This could potentially tell
what bone the anthropologist has obtained if it is a fragmented piece. Diet and growth environment
also have an impact on the distribution of trace elements within bone. While this is useful in
identification, research is also being conducted to establish past dietary habits by using isotope
analysis to detect specific trace element ratios associated with dietary patterns to gain a better
understanding of the past. There are

Reaction Paper On Rutin
Abstract: Rutin (R) is a citrus flavonoid glycoside found in many plants having biological and
pharmacological effects such as anti–oxidative, anti–inflammatory, anti–carcinogenic, and
antimicrobial, etc. In this work we have analysed the interactions of rutin with normal human
hemoglobin (HbA) using UV–Visible spectroscopy, steady state fluorescence spectroscopy, time–
resolved fluorescence spectroscopy, synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular
modeling studies. Specific interactions of the flavonoid, Rutin, with human hemoglobin has been
confirmed from flavonoid–induced static quenching which is evident from steady–state fluorescence
as well as lifetime data. Molecular docking study reveals that apart from hydrogen bonding and ...
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Docking simulation techniques were performed using Glide module (Schrödinger software suite)
with HbA (PDB ID: 2D60) obtained from Protein Data Bank and a plant flavonoid rutin 3,3',4',5,7–
pentahydroxyflavone–3–rutinoside). For validating the software the protein was redocked with a
already bound ligand. The docking score ( or G score) of rutin was found to be –6.251, as the best
G–score is obtained as the most negative value, thus we can say –6.251 is a a very good docking

Personality Of C. Raman
PERSONALITIES AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION – 31102015–05
Title: Facts On Great Personalities – C V Raman
Description:
C V Raman was one of the India's greatest scientists. Recognized internationally, he is famous for
his discovery of Raman Effect and Raman Scattering.
Keywords:
Great Indian Personalities, scientists, C V Raman, Raman Effect, Raman Scattering, kids, kids world
fun
Text:
Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman or C V Raman was a famous Indian scientist. He is known for
his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the Raman Effect. He received the 1930
Nobel Prize in Physics for his work and contribution to Physics.
Raman was born in Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu on 7 November 1888. His father's name was
Chandrasekhar Iyer and his mother's name was Parvathi Ammal. His father was a lecturer of Physics
and Mathematics.
After completing his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
He won many prestigious awards, such as the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, followed by the
Bharat Ratna in 1954. He also was the recipient of the Lenin Peace Prize in 1957.
Sir C.V. Raman continued his work at the Raman Research Institute, until his sudden death in 21
November 1970.
Thanks to the invention of the laser, the 'Raman Effect' has proved to be a very useful tool for
scientists.
Raman's attractiveness as a person was rooted in his aesthetic approach to science, with his choice
of subjects for investigation. Some of his other interests were the optics of colloids, physiology of
human vision, and the electrical and magnetic anisotropy. Raman also worked on the acoustics of
musical instruments.
His sincere advice to aspiring scientists was that scientific research was not based on equipment and
facilities, but hard work and independent thinking.
Twenty Eighth February has been declared as National Science Day by the Indian Government to
commemorate Sir C V Raman and his

Characterization Of Photo Catalysts : Raman Spectroscopy
Results & Discussions: Characterization of photo–catalysts: Raman Spectroscopy:
Figure (2) shows the Raman spectrum of prepared activated carbon (AC). The sample shows the
characteristic D and G carbon peaks at 1380 cm−1 and 1585 cm−1, respectively. In simple terms,
for carbon materials, the D peak intensity correlates with defects in the carbon lattice and is linked
to the extent of sp3 hybridization while the G peak arises from the graphitic network and extent of
sp2 hybridization. ID/IG = 0 .663, it is smaller than 1, so the structures are considered to show a
higher concentration of sp2 hybridization (i.e. extended graphitic character). Moreover, the ratio is
close to 1 then the material is considered to have a more amorphous structure with a mixture of sp2
and sp3 hybridization. In this case, where ID/IG is close to 1, the presence of a 2D peak, further
associated to interactions between graphene–like planes, suggests a strong graphitic component.
Figure (2): The Raman spectrum of AC. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE–SEM):
The activated carbon was scanned by scanning electron microscopy .Figure (3) showed that the
prepared activated carbon had an irregular spherical and porous surface, which indicated high
surface area.
Figure (3): FE–SEM of AC.
Figure (4) showed the FE–SEM images of neat TiO2 (a) and 70TiO2–AC (b, c). Titania in TiO2–AC
composite has distributed in carbon framework along the entire and external surface of the carbon

Investigating The Investigation Minerals Show Raman Bands...
3. Results The investigated minerals show Raman bands between 375 and 50 cm–1 (Figs. 1–4, Table
1), where the cut–off value of the employed Raman notch and edge filters determine the low–energy
limit. The Raman bands in the boulangerite spectra occur in the vibrational region between 375 and
50 cm–1 (Fig. 1, Table 1), with no additional bands in higher or lower wavenumber regions.
Boulangerite spectra are characterized by a very strong band at 335 cm–1 and reveal thirteen strong,
medium, weak to very weak bands (Fig. 1). For jamesonite spectra (Figs. 2, Table 1), the bands
occur in the spectral region between 375 and 50 cm–1 with no additional bands at higher
wavenumber regions. Jamesonite Raman spectra are characterized by a very intense band at 326
cm–1 and strong bands at 277, 236 and 173 cm–1 (Fig. 2). Band fitting of the jamesonite spectra
reveals eighteen very strong to very weak bands and shoulders (Fig. 2). In robinsonite, the bands
occur between 350 and 50 cm–1 with no additional bands in lower or higher vibrational regions
(Figs. 3, Table 1). The robinsonite spectra are characterized by a very strong band at 209 cm–1. Two
wavenumber regions can be easily distinguished in the robinsonite spectra. In the first region (350 –
275 cm–1), five sharp distinct strong to weak bands are readily observed (Fig. 3). In the region
below 275 cm–1, eleven very strong to weak bands occur (Fig. 3). A band fitting reveals all together
16 bands (Table 1). Figure 4 shows the Raman

Photosynthesis Lab
During this lab, spectroscopy and chromatography was used to determine the various properties and
characteristics of fast green solution, chloroplasts and an unknown solution. The spectrometer
helped determine the absorbance levels of each substance which was used in this experiment. The
levels which were determined were used to find the concentration curve of the concentrated solution
of fast green solution and the concentration of the given unknown 215. The chlorophyll solution
presented a varied distribution in the absorbance levels which would eventually help us determine
what wavelengths are absorbed by chlorophyll. Chromatography was used to separate the
components of the chlorophyll (spinach) solution which revealed ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The chloroplast contains the pigment chlorophyll which traps light energy (Yablonski, 16).
Chloroplasts give leaves their green color by the pigments chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, carotene and
xanthophyll found in chlorophyll; the pigments chlorophyll a and b are separated from the other two
pigments through chromatography to determine their absorbance levels (Griffith, 438). These
pigments absorb and reflect certain wavelength of the visible spectrum which gives the leaf its green
color; it absorbs wavelengths which are red and blue but reflect the yellow and green wavelengths of
the spectrum making the leaf appear green in color to the human eye (Glover, et al, 505). Therefore
the wavelengths which were reflected make up the colour of the leaves (Glover, et al, 505). This
chromatographic separation was conducted to extract the different pigment in the chloroplast extract
and to separate each of the different components (Quach, et al, 385). The wavelengths which are
absorbed by each chlorophyll pigment are different and are based on the visible spectrum.
Chlorophyll a obtains most of its energy from the violet blue, reddish orange and a low amount of
the green–yellow–orange wavelengths regions of the visible spectrum compared to chlorophyll b
which absorbs all the wavelengths not absorbed by chlorophyll a (Shibghatallah, et al, 3). From the
results in the lab, it can be seen that the absorbance values determined fluctuate a lot, which resulted
in a graph with more than one peak and downfalls. The highest peak determined by this experiment
occurred at 660 nm for both chlorophylls. This can be confirmed by Schmid and his team who
determined that the wavelength of chlorophyll a occurs between 660–680 nm whereas chlorophyll b
absorbs wavelengths between 645–660 nm (Schmid, et al, 30). Thus, we can conclude by saying the
spectroscopy helped us determine accurate

A Study Of Non Invasive Measurement Techniques
Abstract–Diabetes is considered to be one of the major health care epidemics of modern era. The
determination of blood glucose concentration using the self–monitoring blood glucose devices
involves the chemical analysis of blood samples taken by pricking the finger or extracting blood
from forearm. The pain, discomfort and inconvenience in the current invasive method have led to
the feasibility study of non–invasive measurement techniques.
In this paper, an optical method using NIR technique based on occlusion spectroscopy is used which
shows that it can be possible to measure glucose concentration in blood non–invasively.
Keywords: Non–invasive, spectroscopy, euglycemia, hypoglycaemia.
By using the Monte Carlo method, Katsuhiko et al. (2003) has developed a non–invasive system
using near infrared [4]. To detect the glucose level, fibre optic probes was developed that consist of
a source and detector optical fibres. Both source and detector are separated by 0.65 mm, placed on
the skin surface. They reported that the correlation coefficient of blood glucose predicted by near
infrared and finger prick was 0.928 with a standard error of prediction of 32.2 mg/dL [4]. Another
research based on near infrared has been done by Ilan Gabriely, MD et al. (1999) [5].
They were using transcutaneous near infrared spectroscopy system to monitor blood glucose levels
during euglycemia and hypoglycaemia. The results proved that near infrared can be used to predict
the glucose levels in

Studies on Oxadiazole Substituted Metal Phthalocyanines

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