College Age Smokers Beliefs And Attitudes

Research Study On College Age Smokers
Qualitative Study Review
Ayalon Mauda
Bellevue University
Beti Thompson, Anne L. Thompson, Jennifer Hymer, and Susan Zbikowsi conducted and wrote the study "A Qualitative Study of Attitudes, Beliefs,
and Practices Among 40 Undergraduate Smokers" published in the Journal of American College Healthy, 2007. This study had aimed discern more
information about the perspectives of college–age smokers. Studies are done in subjugation of smokers to understand what may influence this
unhealthy behavior, as in all psychology: understanding the root and trigger of a problem may bring the solution. This study has specifically focused on
the college–age population of smokers in an aim to understand the cause and cessation of smoking cigarettes. In result, the study has concluded that
college–age smokers are in their prime to be influenced by their environment into either picking up smoking as a habit or putting it down. The study
had strong uses of qualitative questioning in the interviews, which allowed for adequate descriptive responses to be taken. However, one of the
weakness of this study would be the limited sample size. The subjects in question of this study is the smoking habit of 40 undergraduates in American
universities. This is the observation of addiction to nicotine, a widely reported phenomenon that affects the health of one billion people daily. (1) This
study plans to provide more light into an area of research that does not have a lot of
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Outline For Qualitative Research Essay
Qualitative Research is a systematic process by which we attempt to answer a question or resolve a problem of a phenomenon. Qualitative research is
non–experimental in its approach to conducting research. Qualitative research stays within the phenomenological paradigm meaning it is subjective in
nature, uses inductive analysis method. Its purpose is to explore, explain, and describe a problem and uses multiple strategies of inquiry to collect data.
Also, Qualitative research is concerned with finding the answers to questions that begin with why? How? In what way? For example; 1) Why people
behave the way they do 2) How opinions and attitudes are formed 3) How people are affected by the events that go on around them.
The three purposes/types ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Explanatory – to explain the patterns related to the phenomenon in question. Identify any plausible relationships shaping the phenomenon. It explain
the following general research questions: a) What events, briefs, attitudes, or policies shape the phenomenon? b) How do these forces interact to result
in the phenomenon?
3. Descriptive – to document and describe the phenomenon of interest. It describe the following general research questions a) What are the most
important actions, events, beliefs, attitudes, and social structures and processes occurring in this phenomenon?
The three qualitative research design is the blueprint for the collection, measurement, and analysis of data.
1.Qualitative (Phenomenological – is the study of subjective experiences which are personal experiences, interpretation, points of views, emotions and
judgments. Exploring and understanding the meaning of individuals or groups ascribe to as a social or human problem. It involves emerging questions
and procedures, data is collected in the participants setting, data analysis inductively building from particular to general themes, researcher makes
interpretation of the meaning of the data. Qualitative is a non–experimental data collection

Qualitative Research Analysis Of Irritable Bowel Syndrome...
Qualitative Research Critical Appraisal The qualitative research is a subjective approach that used to describe life experiences and give them
meaning. This assignment is a critical appraisal of the qualitative research article written by Dainty, Allcock and Cooper (2014) entitled: "Study of
Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Co–Existing Psychological Illness". The hermeneutic phenomenology design used throughout the study to understand
the individual's personal experience, the meaning of those experiences, and multiple realities in people's minds. The researchers used unstructured
methods for data collection and thematic analysis to answer the specific research question. As a result, this article may be trustworthy due to... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Literature Review Although the researchers reviewed the various literature to develop practice guidelines, draw conclusions, create the research
question, develop a study design, and find ways to control bias. In fact, it presented key terms, such as hermeneutics, phenomenology, and interview
methods (Dainty et al., 2014). Descriptive style helps to 'bracket' any preconceptions, since hermeneutic methods acknowledge that an experience could
influence its interpretation. The hermeneutic phenomenological design linked to the study question, which based on the experience of multiple
realities (Dainty et al., 2014). Overall, the literature reviews adequately linked the interview question and design through interpretative phenomenology
theory. Research Design The naturalistic design focuses on the reality that is not fixed, it lies in human minds; thus, the least distance between
researchers and participants can maximize understanding. The researchers and participants actively involved in the conversation (Loiselle et al., 2011).
The study used a specific hermeneutic phenomenological design to gain a deeper understanding of the nature of the research question (Dainty et al.,
2014). Hence, the hermeneutic phenomenology design is an appropriate design for the study because of the nature of the questions. Description of the
Target Population Sampling Plan

Essay on Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Qualitative and Quantitative study designs both can be beneficial in research design. They both provide valuable options for researchers in the field.
These techniques can either be used separately in a research study or they can be combined to achieve maximum information. This paper will define the
terms qualitative and quantitative; describe the similarities and differences between each; discuss how qualitative and/or quantitative research designs or
techniques could be used in the evaluation of my proposed research; and discuss why linking analysis to study design is important. Quantitative studies
are primarily numbers based. They deal with large cohort groups as well as analyze large amounts of data. "A quantitative ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
When both research designs are used together, more information can be gathered. Mixed methodology uses the numerical portion of the quantitative
study design in combination with the descriptive aspect of the qualitative study. There are many similarities between these two designs, which make
them compatible with each other. "Whilst quantitative research may be mostly used for testing theory it can also be used for exploring an area and
generating hypotheses and theory. Similarly qualitative research can be used for testing hypotheses and theories even though it is mostly used for theory
generation" (Hughes, 2006). Both of these designs may be similar with testing theory, they are also similar in the tools that they use and how the data is
analyzed. "Qualitative data often includes quantification (eg statements such as more than, less than, most as well as specific numbers). Quantitative
(ie questionnaire) approaches can collect qualitative data through open ended questions" (Hughes, 2006). These similarities are what make these two
study designs compatible for each other. There are also some differences between these study designs, which may cause some problems for the
inexperienced researcher. "Quantitative research is objective; qualitative research is subjective. Quantitative research seeks explanatory laws;
qualitative research aims at

Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods
Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Ravi Teja Mora
Dr. Jimi Peters
Research Methods
Stratford University Qualitative and Quantitative Research
Introduction
There has been a widespread of debate in recent years regarding the quantitative and qualitative research methods, wether one or the other has to be
emerged as superior. Although there have been so many theories and conclusions, this paper intends to discuss on the similarities and differences
between the qualitative and quantitative research methods. Also the effect of foundational belief system, sampling approaches, data collection strategies
and which data analysis procedure is suitable for qualitative and quantitative research method is discussed. Finally the paper is concluded by discussing
the analysed data.
Theory
Qualitative research concerns with the collecting and analysing information in as many forms, mainly non–numeric form. It focuses on exploring in as
much detail as possible, small number of examples or occurrences which are seen as being intriguing or illuminating, and aims to achieve 'depth'
instead of 'breadth'. On the other hand, Quantitative research as the term suggests concerns with the collection of data in numerical form. It tends to
stress generally vast scale and delegate sets of information, and is frequently, dishonestly in our perspective, introduced or saw as being about the
social event of `facts '. (Blaxter, Hughes and Tight, 1996:61)
Similarities
Quantitative research may

Continuum Of Caregivers
A nonsystematic study reviewed previous research and noted the importance of assisting caregivers as there are nearly four million adult caregivers
nationwide.7 Researchers from the School of Nursing in Michigan gave insight about the issues faced by caregivers, and how to better meet their
caregiving needs. Legislation review and five meta–analyses were conducted in order to see the many implications caregivers face as well offer ways
to help them. National data showed these caregivers estimate an average of 8.3 hours a day providing care near 13.7 months. 5 Along with
innumerable physical changes, sleep disturbances, and changes financial well–being, psychological impairment and moods disturbance were a great
topic of research. In several... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Researchers from the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer (MASCC) conducted a study to review the psychosocial care and needs
within the cancer continuum of caregivers. With multidimensional approaches, the guidelines and models for psychosocial evaluations were
produced.10 Researchers proposed that community based sectors with a variety of services could improve by including nurse and clinicians within the
psychosocial care and stressor treatment. Meanwhile, researchers in China conducted theoretic framework for a smartphone app that was constructed
for providing better managing the psychological needs and stressors for patient's parents. Interviews, focus groups, and discussions with both health
professionals as well as caregivers lead to what the app would focus on. 12 Modules were designed for the caregiver to walk through that included
numerous subjects. This app was administered through a web–based portal and included both systematic and qualitative approaches for data
collection.12 A huge issue of concern did arise with money and transmitting health information online and the privacy of individuals. To decrease future
gaps in treatment and find improvements, researchers also suggested professional training, strategic and assistance videos, and improved involvement
from health systems. An intended focus would be to better design and implement online programs and propose work throughout communities to
include more time, involvement, and information between caregivers and professionals such that this intervention will hope to better solve. Findings
from the planned intervention will hope to coincide with these focuses in suggestions for future research of caregivers

Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research
Phenomenology used in Qualitative Research Many phenomenological methodologies have been developed and used by qualitative researchers to
review individuals' experiences. Phenomenology for organizational research, descriptive phenomenological method, hermeneutic phenomenology,
interpretive phenomenology, and interpretative phenomenological analysis are the five popular phenomenological methodologies in qualitative inquiry.
Phenomenology for organizational research. Phenomenology for organizational research was presented by Patricia Sanders in 1982. It is one of the
most popular phenomenological approaches to organize quality research. Sanders (1982) pointed out that phenomenology for organizational research
was a research technique that sought to ''make explicit the implicit structure and meaning of human experiences'' (p. 354). Kram and Isabella (1985)
used phenomenology for organizational research in their pioneering research: "Mentoring Alternatives: The Role of Peer Relationships in Career
Development" to inform their data analysis. Descriptive phenomenological method. As a thoroughly developed phenomenology, the descriptive
phenomenological method was first presented by Amedeo Giorgi in 1985. On the basis of Husserl's phenomenological philosophy, Giorgi (1997)
created the descriptive phenomenological method, which is a psychological phenomenology to provide rigorous guidelines for quality research. To
found a particular psychological phenomenon was the aim of

Research Is A Critical Part Of Becoming A Practitioner
While it may not seem important, research is a critical part of becoming a practitioner. Understanding statistics will help you become a more
compassionate and helpful counselor because it will help guide your choice of interventions. Evidence based knowledge is ethical and helps guide
your effectiveness along with helping you to avoid being misled by those who are marshalling support for their own agenda. Research encompasses a
large range of activities which can be incorporated into everyday professional practice. Research data and methods can be put into two categories –
quantitative and qualitative. The social sciences have been a quantitative field since its conception but a qualitative approach to psychological research
has gained... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Finally, the last step involves using math to analyze the information and this is done with statistics. There are four types of quantitative research:
survey, correlational, causal–comparative and experimental. Survey research is extremely common and uses sampling polls, interviews and
questionnaires to get a feel for the behavior. It can be conducted with a single group or a comparison of several but it is important to question
people at random to obtain more accurate findings across a greater span. Correlational research is the measure of which two variables are related. If
one variables increase tends to be associated with an increase in the other variable then this is known as a positive correlation. An example would be
height and weight. Taller people tend to be heavier. (McLeod, 2008). If an increase tends to be associated with a decrease in the other then this is
known as a negative correlation. An example would be height above sea level and temperature. As you climb the mountain (increase in height) it gets
colder (decrease in temperature) (McLeod, 2008). When there is no relationship between the two variables there is a zero correlation.
Causal–comparative research involves comparison research and exposes the cause and effect of a given relationship between two variables. The study
of two or more groups does not focus on their relationship. Instead, it tries to identify how the different groups in the same circumstance are

The Effect Of Relaxation And Guided Imagery On Knee...
Page (2012) stated that the importance and purpose of research is to answer an enquiry or define a phenomenon in a scientific practice, and
building new knowledge. A specific research design also provides validity and reliability to the findings. Evidence based practice is important to
sport therapy as it allows therapists to analyse and interpret research when performing or evaluating studies for clinical practice (Page, 2012). For
example, clinical observations are often diagnosed in order to make clear knowledgeable decisions, in order to help a therapist maximize and optimize
a patient's recovery and overall well–being. This essay will discuss 4 sources of research: –Imagery use by injured athletes (Driediger et al., 2005)
–Effect of Relaxation and Guided Imagery on Knee Strength, Rein jury Anxiety and Pain Following Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction (Cupal
and Brewer, 2001) –Psychological interventions to improve recovery (Forsdyke, 2014) –How to manage the fear and anxiety of re–injury (Walker,
2006) Research Design In 2006, Drierdiger et al published an article in the Journal of Sports Science on how imagery is used by injured athletes. In
their research 10 injured athletes representing seven different sports received physiotherapy, and were interviewed on what kind of imagery they used.
The interview guide consisted of three sections. The first section examined the injured athletes about their use of imagery in training and competition,
the second

Organizational Psychology Paper Psy 428
Organizational Psychology Paper
Shanna Brookins
PSY/428
12/12/2011
Organizational Psychology Paper
Introduction
Organizational psychology is the study of a formal organization and how individuals and groups act within that organization; in other words, the
scientific study of the workplace. The goal of organizational psychology is to help organizations function the best way possible. This is achieved by
helping people understand their interactions with each other and create an environment where everyone can work together to accomplish important
goals. When an organization is successful, the employees have better job satisfaction. In turn, this creates better productivity which allows products and
services to be produced at a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The organizational side of I/O psychology focuses on making the most of organizational performance. This focuses on interpersonal relationships at
work, how individual differences affect an organization, leadership, motivation, team and group dynamics, and organizational change and development.
In addition, the organization side concentrates on job satisfaction, attitudes, and dealing with job stress such as balancing work and family (McCarthy,
1999).
The Use of Research Research methods are used in I/O psychology to answer question about why employees behave the way they do. "Analyses of
behavior in qualitative studies involve discussions of how people experience and feel events in their lives and can be a good means of generating
hypotheses and theories of what happens in organizational settings "(Ehigie, 2005, p. 621). Qualitative methods of research are used by I/O
psychologist in organizational studies. I/O psychological may use methods such as test, questionnaires, rating scales, observation, ethnography and
physiological measures to answer questions about behavior (Ehigie, 2005) Observation is a research method used in I/O psychology to understand
employee's culture and behavior. There are three observational methods that may be used, simple observation, participant observation, and archival data
sources .The observational technique is best

Qualitative Study Summary
The qualitative study by Coverdale and Long (2015) on the exploration of emotional well–being in young people and perspectives of parents is a
small–scale study that utilizes qualitative methods to search for the meaning of emotional well–being as experienced by the young person and to
address the divide from crisis intervention to the promotion of well–being. The proposed research question is broad and subjectively defined. The
weaknesses of the study are the limited sample size and role conflict between the researcher and some of the participants. Strengths of the study
illustrate the importance of further research and the need for available support for parents and young people to promote emotional wellbeing.
Keywords: emotional wellbeing;... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Anonymity and confidentiality were provided so that response bias would not be introduced into the study. The participants were subdivided into
three small focus groups. The questions were asked to facilitate conversation and topics regarding EWB were broad and proposed to evoke
discussion. The responses from participants interview were analyzed in the form of transcripts for thematic content and identification of keywords and
phrases. It is possible for bias to occur in this subjective analysis of the data by selecting some emerging themes over

Quantitative And Qualitative
With qualitative and quantitative most psychological researchers use both types of methods. In particular, qualitative methods are widely used as
exploratory methods; then the results of qualitative analysis are used to design quantitative research. What is the difference between quantitative and
qualitative research? In this essay I will go into more detail on these two forms of research looking at the definition, strengths, limitations and key
features of each research method.
Qualitative research focuses on gathering of mainly verbal data rather than measurements. The gathered information is then analyzed in an
interpretative or subjective manner. The primary aim of a qualitative research is to provide a complete, detailed description of the research topic. It is
usually more exploratory in nature.
Qualitative research is multi method in focus, involving an interpretive, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows the researcher to find issues that are often missed (such as subtleties and complexities) by the scientific, more positivistic enquiries.
Qualitative descriptions can play the important role of suggesting possible relationships, causes, effects and dynamic processes. Qualitative analysis
allows for ambiguities and also contradictions in the data, which is a reflection of social reality. Qualitative research uses a descriptive, narrative style,
this research might be of particular benefit to the practitioner as she or he could turn to qualitative reports in order to examine forms of knowledge that
might otherwise be unavailable, thereby gaining new insight. Qualitative research see's people as individuals, attempting to gather their subjective
experience of an event. This can provide a unique insider view of the research question through the qualitative approach, which is less structured than a
quantitative approach, unexpected results and insights, can

qualitative and quantitative research methods
Psychological Research Methods: Exploring Qualitative and Quantitative Research
In psychology, answers to our questions are not as succinct as in other types of sciences, and the findings essentially depend upon the underlying
epistemology used. This essay seeks to define and examine the fields of qualitative and quantitative research. It will address the different
epistemologies and methodologies of each paradigm, and aim to give you a brief overview of the two main research methods underlying scientific
knowledge.
Qualitative research is often only defined in contrast to Quantitative research; That is, it does not involve statistics, nor does it depend on the level of
objectivity that characterises the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ponterotto (2005) further states that the aim of quantitative research is the prediction, and control of variables that can be expressed as mathematical
formulas to determine functional relationships.
These differing ontological approaches bring to pass differing methodological approaches. Methodology refers to the processes and procedures of the
research. Research methods used include observation, interviews, focus groups, surveys, case studies, questionnaires and analysis of text (Ponterotto,
2005, p.132).
Observational research is non–experimental research where a researcher observes ongoing behaviour. It can be unstructured, semi–structured,
structured, participant or non–participant (Wellington& Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80). Some limitations to this type of research are language and cultural
barriers as well as the risk of observer bias, with one of the advantages being that the researcher gains access to information they normally wouldn't
have. Observation is typically used in qualitative research, but can be used in quantitative research prior to designing questionnaires (Wellington&
Szczerbinski, 2007, p.80).
As with observation, interviews and focus groups can be structured, semi–structured and unstructured, and can use photographs, notes, videos and tape
recordings to improve data quality. Interviewing allows the researcher to guide and

A Brief Note On Patients With Diabetic Lower Leg Ulcers...
Wounds related to Diabetic Neuropathy Patients with diabetic neuropathy generally ended up with wounds, since they have reduced ability to feel pain
and temperature. The problem that the guideline addresses is "patients with lower–extremity neuropathic disease (LEND) with or at risk for wounds"
(National Guideline Clearinghouse, 2012, para. 1). The purpose of the guideline is to "support clinical practice by providing consistent, research–based
information with the goal of improved cost–effective patient outcomes as well as to stimulate increased wound research" (National Guideline
Clearinghouse, 2012, para. 9). This paper will present a summary of the quantitative and the qualitative article, gaps between guideline and practice;
also,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In the final analysis, the APC treatment was concluded that it is a safe medication for leg ulcers, and provides evidences for larger clinical trial.
"Overall, the results show that APC treatment of lower leg ulcers in patients with diabetes improves wound healing, with a subsequent improvement in
patient quality of life and no deleterious effect on patient safety" (Kaley et al., 2013, p.5).
Qualitative Article Living with leg ulceration: a synthesis of qualitative research is a study that analyzes twelve research studies about patients'
experience of living with a leg ulcer. The authors used a method called Qualitative Assessment and Review Instrument (QARI). "This tool is designed to
assist researchers to manage, appraise, analyze and synthesize textual data and provides a structure for the synthesis" (Briggs & Flemming, 2007,
p.320). Additionally, they used different database to gather the records and ended up with twelve studies that met the criteria. In summary, the topic
that was most mentioned, with the most volume of data, was physical effects like pain, odor, itch, leakage and infection. Also, the least mentioned was
psychological impact (Briggs & Flemming, 2007). Even though psychological impact was the least theme mentioned, that does not mean that it is not
as important. Reasons could be that physical effects overwhelmed the psychological ones.
The authors described the problem as the leg ulcer journey. It explains as two routes,

Psychological Distress During Cancer Survivorship Essay
There are numerous factors contributing to psychological distress in cancer survivorship. Each factor or group of factors influence the cancer survivor
individualistically, and the family collectively. The focus of the PICO is the cancer survivor and their family transitioning back to primary care. For
this project, the family can be a patient, spouse or significant other, and family unit as the research focus. The emphasis on cancer survivorship and the
psychological distress after treatment regimen, occurs when patients and their family unit must modify into a "new normal" of daily life. The NCCN's
validity of the DT instrument is rich in research however, this screening instrument is not in use when the patient shifts back to primary care contrary
to research discussions expressing the need for continuity of use after transition. The significance of the key words in the PICOT question of: In cancer
survivors and their families residing in a Minnesota rural population (P), how does the initiation of the Distress Thermometer screening instrument to
monitor psychological distress (I) compared to patient self–report (C) soften the impact of transitioning to primary care after oncology care (O) during a
three–month period (T) facilitates the exploration of the research in the psychological distress after cancer survivorship.
Database Search Description. Review of the databases from the Minnesota State University library system displayed two search engines with strong
nursing

Qualitative And Mixed Methods
In research, there are mainly three approaches i.e. Qualitative, Quantitative and Mixed methods. The importance of qualitative inquiry established first
in Sociology (the work of Chicago school) and Anthropology (fieldwork of Malinowski and Radcliffe–Brown) in 1920s and 1930s. Qualitative
research is primarily exploratory in nature and involves a variety of different approaches. It gives us understanding of underlying reasons, opinions and
motivation. Qualitative research is a field of inquiry in which the observer studies a foreign setting other than his own culture, customs and habits. The
existence of qualitative research was an issue in 1970s and 1980s. The paradigm war started for social justice that delegitimizes the assumptions of
positivists. Critical and feminist theories were emerging which throws light upon poor, non–whites, marginalized and women. This paradigm war
incapacitates the quantitative research in education. Qualitative research avoids or downplays quantitative methods.
Qualitative research has two faces. First, qualitative researchers are assumed to be competent observers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It emphasizes on the qualities of entities and processes which are not possible to study experimentally or in terms of numbers. In contrast, quantitative
research tries to establish causal relationship between the variables under study using statistical analysis and work is mainly done from value free
framework. Both qualitative and quantitative researcher deals with individuals. Qualitative investigators tend to study individual's perspective through
detailed interviews and observation, which quantitative researchers do not consider objective. In quantitative researches, individual is studied by using
numbers, statistical tables and graphs. Qualitative researchers believe in rich descriptions of the everyday social practices whereas a quantitative
researcher thinks rich descriptions hampers the process of

Fundamentals of Research Methodology
Fundamentals of Research Methodology Paper
Psychology is a discipline which seeks to study the thoughts and actions of men in a scientific way. Science is a marvelous development in the history
of human thought. The American Heritage Dictionary defines psychology as the science dealing with the mind, mental and emotional processes, and
the science of human behavior. It defines science as systemized knowledge derived from observations and study. Scientific study is a way of
understanding life and developing theories based on what is observed (Simonton, 2009). Psychologists develop theories and conduct psychological
research to answer questions about behavior and mental processes that impact individuals and society. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although quantitative research is an integral part of doing research; qualitative research explores the processes that underlie human behavior using
interviews, surveys, case studies, and other personal techniques (Salkind, 2009). Its general purpose is to examine human behavior in the social,
cultural, and political contexts in which they occur. Qualitative research can be powerful and appropriate non–experimental way to explore an
academic question rigorously, as when additional context is needed to explain phenomenon missed by quantitative research methods. When properly
performed, qualitative research projects add to the body of knowledge on their subjects and make the researcher well informed (Salkind, 2009).
Qualitative research deals with descriptions and data that can be observed, but not measured. It explores items such as textures, colors, smells, tastes,
and appearances and is obsessed with the quality of the item. Its goal is to describe the meaning, rather than drawing statistical inferences. What these
experiments lose in reliability, they gain in terms of validity; providing a more in–depth and rich description. Quantitative research deals with numbers
and data that can be measured. The length, height, speed, time, humidity, cost, age, weight, area and volume are the items quantitative research
methods deal with. The quantity of the item is

Rorschach Measures Of Cognition And Social Functioning Essay
Introduction An estimated 62.7$ billion per year is paid by society for the care and treatment of people with schizophrenia even though they only make
up .4% of the population leading to the need for further study of schizophrenia (Moore et al., 2013). Three researchers from Alliant International
University and two researchers from University of California San Diego; Moore, Viglione, Rosenfarb, Patterson and Mausbach, decided to look at the
relationships between "thought disorder, psychological complexity, and interpersonal representations with daily and social functioning in people with
schizophrenia" (2013). Moore et. Al. (2013) start their article, "Rorschach measures of cognition relate to everyday and social functioning in
schizophrenia" by explaining why their investigation into thought disorder is warranted using previous findings and what they hope to get out of this
qualitative study.
Moore et al (2013) had four hypothesis; that thought higher levels of thought disorder would correlate with lower levels of functioning. Second, the
greater functioning the person the higher psychology complexity the subject would have. Third, patients with the lowest daily levels of function would
have the highest thought disorder in combination with the lowest psychological complexity. Lastly, and the most interesting was that healthy
relationships would be positively correlated with a higher social skills function ability. Newman (2011) explains the differences between

Difference Between Quantitative And Qualitative Research
For many who are new to research, there is little difference between quantitative and qualitative research. Key words to define quantitative research
include empirical and statistics, while words to denote qualitative include subjective and naturalistic. However, for many research scholars, the
differences between the models are vast. Much of the debate centers around validity that surrounds the heterogeneous methods used to determine
outcomes in qualitative research (Madill & Gough, 2008). Opposing views see use of a variety of methods in qualitative research as a context driven,
useful approach, that contributes unique ideas to science (Madill & Gough, 2008). For those who keep the debate alive, Walsh (2012) makes the point
that perhaps, the debate lies within the realm of ego or, "who is "right" and who is "wrong" (p. 10). Regardless, in truth the past twenty years has seen
the convergence of research using both quantitative and qualitative data. All one needs to do is explore a database using the two methods as the search
term; results abound showing integration. Integration has been allowed through the rigorous pursuit of empiricism through more standardized data
collection and analysis in qualitative research (Madill & Gough, 2008). Qualitative research has come a long way toward understanding the need for
standards of practice in methodology. Thus, combining each method toward a comprehensive approach is a more pragmatic way of studying
phenomenon.
Socrates said,

Essay on Qualitative Analysis Critique
Qualitative Research Critique
There are many differences between quantitative and qualitative research. Such things like: quantitative research provides only variables that can
predict specific results but it does not tell us very much about how the variables affect an individual's life course. Qualitative research adversely
provides an enriched understanding of characteristics, qualities, attributes, and environmental factors affecting life events. Qualitative analysis can give
understanding to the meaning of a specific characteristic, entity, or phenomenon within a context, instead of only measuring how much is present.
"The purpose of this qualitative analysis is five–fold: To explore ways the qualitative data support and/or... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All the information available from the 10–year study was reviewed which included: background information, public records, current testing data,
relatives and other contacts, informant contacts, and of course the transcripts of the interviews with the participants. There were no significant
differences between the 10–year study patient's background variables or measures of life stressors and the 20–year study patients. There were
conversely significant differences in the measures of success. There were three variables found to influence a matrix analysis and a factor analysis: a
composite score on the success attributes, IQ, and academic achievement.
Goals of the Present Study The qualitative methodology was used to discover five main goals. The first goal is to discover the ways in which the
qualitative findings will support and validate the earlier quantitative findings. The second is to gain a better understanding of the success attributes. The
third is to identify the components of each of the successful attributes that will discriminate successful from unsuccessful groups. The fourth is to
discover themes other than the success attributes. The final goal is to identify any changes over time of the qualitative nature that has occurred from
year 10 to year 20.
Method
Only eighty–two percent, or 41 out of 50, of the original participants partook in the 20–year

The Predictors Of Postpartum Depression
PREDICTORS OF POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Predictors of Postpartum Depression
Angela Woods
NR439 Evidence Based Practice
Professor Jeanie Bachand
Chamberlain College of Nursing
October, 08,2017
Introduction
In today's society some women are reluctant about starting a family. These women aren't just looking at the financial obligations that accompany
parenting but many are looking at the physical and emotional changes that some women endure during the postpartum period. There is reluctance
among some women because one cannot predict if such changes will affect their life. Women of all ages, economic statuses, and ethnic backgrounds
are at risk. This is due to the hormonal shift that women face during and after childbirth. Such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This research was aimed at identifying women that have predisposing factors that can lead to postpartum –depression and comparing them with
samples that had lower risk factors. My observation in reference to this question is that no one is exempt. There are many physical and emotional
issues that can affect women during their postpartum period because of the different hormonal changes in her body. Events that could have affected
this question is dishonest from the participants in reference to demographic, health and mental status, etc. The author states " factors to be associated
with moderate to high risk of PPD include depression, anxiety during pregnancy, stressful life events, low levels of social support, and the personality
factor of neuroticism. ( Katon, Russo & Gavin, 2014)
Research Design
The type of research design that is used during this research is known as qualitative research. According to CIRT, "qualitative research studies can
provide you with details about human behavior, emotions, and personality characteristic. "In this type of research method, emphasis is placed on
natural settings and the participants

The Importance Of Quantitative Research Designs
Qualitative and quantitative designs are to methods used to conduct research studies and analyze data obtained in these studies. Qualitative research
designs involve gaining understanding the causal reasons and motivations of an issue. A qualitative design offers insights into the background of an
issue and produces concepts and hypotheses for future quantitative research. Qualitative research reveals widespread trends in thoughts and opinions of
the topic being analyzed (Stangor, 2013). Quantitative designs focus on quantifying data and generalizing results from a sample to the population of
interest. Quantitative research measures the occurrence of several views and opinions in a selected sample and is sometimes followed by qualitative
research that may be used to explore findings further (Stangor, 2013). For the purposes of this paper two research studies were selected, one focusing
on qualitative research designs and the other focusing on quantitative research designs. The qualitative study selected was conducted to help surge an
understanding regarding the complication of family relationships and support for mothers. The study used a sample of 19 participants, 8 mothers and
11 mental health service providers, the findings of this qualitative study is useful for future services of mothers with mental illness to support their
overall recovery (citation). The 11 mental health providers volunteered for the study which took place at the adult public mental health service

Qualitative Research Critique II 2
QUALITATIVE RESEARCH CRITIQUE II 1
Qualitative Research Critique II
Vanda McCray
Liberty University
Qualitative Research Critique II 2 The authors of this article method of data collection was based on a five–focus group and three individual interviews
on the clients that participated in the MBSR training. They analyzed and constantly compared methods to develop a grounded theory (Schellenkens &
Jansen, 2015, pg. 1813). They determined that their focus group involved participants that were open for ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
If the client participated in MBSR for breast cancer only, they were invited for a focus group interview one week after completion of the training. If the
participant participated with their partners in MBSR, they were invited for an individual interview after completion of their training (Schellenkens &
Jansen, 2015, pg. 1814).
Qualitative Research Critique II 3 The data were analyzed with the constant comparative method to develop a grounded theory. The two authors, M.
Schellenkens & E. Jansen, coded their transcripts individually. After they completed the three focus groups, they then compared their codes and
discussed them until a consensus was reached. They continued with several more focus groups before coming to conclusion of grouping all codes
together. This is where their hypotheses data was formed. The results from this study formed three themes which included anticipatory fear for
suffering of others, feeling unconnected or connected, and learning from others. (Schellenkens & Jansen, 2015, pg. 1815–1818). What was discovered
was that the participants went through a stage where they feared facing other clients dealing with the same disease before the study began. Throughout
the study, the participants felt more connected with and supported by other which resulted in learning from each other

Retirement Is An Important Life Transition
Retirement is recognised as being an important life transition (Szinovacz, 1980), associated with a number of adjustments including social roles,
income and daily routine adaption's (Pinquart & Schindler, 2007). Although there is no single definition of what retirement is within existing literature
(Denton & Spencer, 2009), it can arguably be best understood as an subjective journey involving a psychosocial transition rather than a single event of
exiting work or an objective life transition (Matour & Prout, 2007, Kim & Moen, 2002). Future retirees consider retirement to be a huge decision where
they envisage what their daily life would be after exiting the work force, as well as the physical and emotional effort to make the transition ... Show
However, due to the limited qualitative research, quantitative research has been supplemented to provide an understanding of the retirement transition.
Even though quantitative literature will be reviewed, a critical stance is taken due to the different assumptions and philosophical underpinnings which
are highlighted throughout.
Firstly, retiree's can experience some losses during the retirement transition. It can be suggested that work is more than just bringing home an income
(Kleiber & Linde, 2014). For example, many individuals significantly identify with a work role which may have implications when adjusting to
retirement life. Osborne (2012) suggests during the retirement transition, individuals can experience partial identity disruption. Identity refers to
"cognitive and effective meanings that an individual attributes to one's self in a role" (Reitzes & Mutran, 2006, p. 336). One explanation of this
disruption is provided by role theory (George, 1993) which suggests individuals' former roles within employment may form an integral part of their
identity (Price, 2003). Therefore, it is suggested that psychological distress can occur due to the loss in retiree's previous work role which may disrupt
their identity (Kim & Moen, 2002). However,

Qualitative And Quantitative Research Methods
Qualitative and quantitative research methods are two alternative applications for research methods. Both are very different in how data is collected,
what data is collected, and how data is measured. Both of these research methods are utilized amongst the major areas of psychology and the social
sciences. This paper will provide a brief description of qualitative and quantitative methods, provide the differences between the two approaches along
with the terminology used for both; I will also refer to my article of choice from week one and specify which research method is used in that particular
study; and finally, I will determine whether that same research study is non–experimental or experimental. First off, how is qualitative and... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
With this method, a phenomenon is explained without much emphasis on what caused the event to occur. This process examines a situation as it
exists in its current state (Bhawna & Gobind, 2015, p. 49). Then there is experimental research. This method is the opposite of descriptive research.
The goal here is to explain a phenomenon. Thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are described, and a causal statement is made (Newman, 2016). The
experimental research employs the use of control groups and experimental groups; as well as independent and dependent variables. The control group
is the baseline for the comparison while the experimental group serves to test the hypothesis (Newman, 2016). Independent variables are manipulated
during an experiment, while the dependent variable is what is measured by the outcome of the independent variable (Newman, 2016). Then there is
causal research. Bhawna and Gobind (2015) state, "In causal research, the researcher examines how the independent variables reflected by the
dependent variables and involve cause and effect relationships between the variables (p. 50)." Qualitative and quantitative research methods are
frequently used when conducting psychological research. However, each has a different objective and involve a different procedure. When an
individual or researcher attempts to test their hypothesis, it is imperative that they know the difference in the two. Knowing the difference will help
scientists

Cross-Cultural Psychology
Running head: CROSS–CULTURAL PSYCHOLOGY
Cross–Cultural Psychology
Charlene Marasco
PSY/450
Sally Fleming
March 28, 2011
Cross–cultural psychology Cultural psychology is an interdisciplinary program of research that explores the relationship between individual minds and
the complex environments in which they are deployed. The approach focuses on the contribution that content–rich, complex environments – ranging
from workplaces to cultural traditions to nation states – make in shaping basic cognitive processes. The comparative approach, or cross–cultural
approach, uses experimental methods ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
the knowledge and principles established earlier on to consider how cross–cultural psychology can contribute ... and work, communication and training,
health behaviour, and the role of psychology (Berry W. J., Poortinga H. Y., Segall H.M., & Dasen R.P., 2002).
Methodology
Methodology in cross–cultural psychology can be divided into two categories: quantitative and qualitative. Methodology in cross–cultural
psychological studies are the popular methods used by cross–cultural psychologists and offers critical proposals about the process of gathering facts
and interpreting data in comparative studies(Shiraev & Levy, 2010, p.,28). Qualitative research is carrying out mainly in a natural setting, where
the research participants carry out their daily activities in a non–research atmosphere. Qualitative studies are also conducted when there are difficulties
in measuring variables, in situations when the subjects cannot read or use answer scales or when there are no standardized measurement instruments
available. Qualitative research is also useful in situations in which variables are not completely conceptualized or operationally defined. The qualitative
method can be useful when the experiences and priorities of the research participants heavily influence the research (Shiraev & Levy, 2010, p.,
29). Quantitative methodology is a measure of correlation in research conducted in

Quantitative Article Summary
In this article, the researchers used the quantitative method by distributing a structural clinical interview and life events checklist to one hundred and
fifty–nine women who had dealt with assault trauma in their lifetime. With this in mind, the researchers were able to gather statistics from the data
these women provided for them.
Moreover, the quantitative method is used by researches who want to discover statistics and facts by analyzing data in a numerical way. Unlike this
article, the qualitative method is used by researches who want to gather data through observations and interviews based on what the participants say or
do. The qualitative method seeks to explore and collect opinions and motivations on the research topic instead of collecting numerical data.
There were a few ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the article suggests that there needs be continued research over a long period of time to clarify the factors that could affect resilience in
women exposed to PTE's. After that research is performed, we could potentially help women in clinical interventions by knowing what factors could
help and encourage recovery.
In the group collaboration, we did have a discussion about qualitative vs. quantitative research and how the article could be difficult in some sections to
asses which method the researches performed. Other than that, hypothetically, an opposing view could come up from someone questioning the results
based on how data was accumulated since the study could not determine how supportive relationships could affect the outcome of the diagnosis of each
woman.
This research was performed to help identify psychological factors that affect the outcome of women who are exposed to assault–related PTE's. In
return, those findings could enhance clinical professionals and others in understanding how to help women who need assistance to recover from such a
traumatic

Quantitative Research : Qualitative Research
Points of Consideration for this Qualitative Research
Skinner, Tagg, and Holloway (2000) stressed that engaging in qualitative research demands an understanding of some of the drawbacks associated
with doing this type of research. A number of common concerns related to qualitative research are found in the literature. The time and resources
involved in collecting and analyzing qualitative data are mentioned frequently (e.g., Creswell, 1998; Skinner, Tagg, & Holloway, 2000). A related
concern involves depending on others for access to documents such as diaries, logs, and other records.
Training for qualitative research is also a concern, especially when working in an environment where quantitative research is the norm and where
qualitative research is not understood or appreciated. A lack of training in or understanding of qualitative methodologies leads to other issues. One is
applying quantitative methods in analysis of qualitative analysis, and another is approaching qualitative research with a quantitative mind set (Skinner,
Tagg, & Holloway, 2000).
Brooks (1998) suggests that "most qualitative studies are still based on the same realist and objectivist assumptions as quantitative studies" (p. 276). As
an example, she cites a study of organizational learning that she analyzed from two different qualitative perspectives at different points in time. The
first analysis was conducted from an empirical perspective even though she was looking for interpretive results. After

Importance Of Qualitative Research
1. Session: Introduction to Qualitative Research in Psychology
Qualitative research not only refers to the techniques used to collect and analyse certain data but also to a field of research in itself. The different
philosophical positions have in turn informed the varied approaches to qualitative research.
As an exploratory type of research, it seeks to gather the in–depth understanding of the behaviour of a sample group. The personal opinion, values and
experiences of them. It affords the opportunity to observe the participants behaviour as well as allowing the researcher to delve into the participants
beliefs and really probe to obtain a greater detailed understanding of the issue.
Qualitative research techniques are flexible and normally conducted in naturalistic settings using semi structured data collection methods as this
accommodates the deviation to obtain that greater depth of answer. There are different types of analysis used for example, Interpretive
Phenomenological Analysis, grounded theory, narrative, thematic and pattern based discourse analysis.
Unlike quantitative research that use numbers as data and statistics, qualitative methods rely on words and meaning. It seeks to understand the problem
rather than quantifying it placing more emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity.
Qualitative methods tend to use smaller sample sizes due to the personal form of research putting the persons perspective at the centre of the work. The
results are

Factors That Impacted Effective Diabetes Management Within...
Type Two Diabetes
Both quantitative and qualitative research studies provide healthcare professionals with valuable information, albeit from different perspectives. While
quantitative studies emphasize numerical and statistical measurements, qualitative studies focus on themes and concepts related to a phenomenon. The
following discussion contrasts these two types of research approaches as they relate to the topic of type 2 diabetes mellitus and considers the value of
qualitative research within the body of science.
Comparison of Two Articles Some differences existed between two articles in the literature that addressed the topic of type 2 diabetes, each one from a
different approach. Fuller, et al. (2015) conducted a quantitative ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, qualitative data is rich in detail, unlike quantitative data, which involves discrete data points. The data collection methods also differed between
these two articles. Fuller, et al. (2015) conducted physical assessments, including the measurement of cholesterol levels in blood and vital signs,
nutritional analysis, and several different questionnaires. The questions on these surveys were closed–ended and yielded numerical findings. In
contrast, Shaw, et al. (2013) conducted individual interviews using open–ended questions. These interviews yielded a narrative, rather than numbers.
The data analysis methods reflected the types of data collected. Fuller, et al. (2015) used statistical tests, such as linear regression and ANOVA, to
analyze the numerical data. Shaw, et al. (2013), on the other hand, analyzed transcribed narratives for the presence of recurring themes. The analysis
procedures for the quantitative study were conducted using computer software, but the analysis of the qualitative study conducted by careful reading
and manual coding of narrative data.
Advantages and Disadvantages of Quantitative and Qualitative Studies Quantitative studies possess some of advantages and disadvantages when
compared with other approaches. Advantages of qualitative studies include a large sample size, objectivity, less time–consuming data collection, and the

Importance Of Qualitative And Quantitative Research Design
Good Evening Dr. L and Class,
Quantitative and qualitative research approaches are used to answer questions in nursing. The research question determines the research design that
could best answer the question. A quantitative research is measurable and uses deductive reasoning to analyze data. It tests theories, while aqualitative
research is subjective, and it generates theories or uses inductive reasoning to analyze data (Creswell, Klassen, Clark & Smith as cited in The
University of Tennessee at Martin, 2017). Control is one of the characteristics of an experimental quantitative research design. It allows the researcher to
manipulate the variables to provide the most convincing evidence about the effectiveness of the variable or intervention being tested (Polit and Beck,
2018). When trying to prove the causality of a phenomenon, it is necessary to have a control group to ascertain that the independent variable is indeed
causing the effect on the dependent variable. The control group helps the researcher weed out extraneous factors affecting the outcome. For example, in
an experiment that's trying to determine if adding Metformin to chemotherapy is more effective than chemotherapy alone in preventing endometrial
cancer recurrence, most often the researcher will randomize the subjects to minimize bias, uses a placebo and blinds the subject and the investigator, to
take away the psychological effect or factor of knowing that one is taking the actual drug and the other is

Qualitative Interview
The article titled learning to interview in the social sciences makes a valid point that as interviewers we can never ensure what will happen during an
interview. To some degree interviewing for the social sciences and the purpose of research resembles clinical intake interviews. Both processes are in
fact "reality constructing, meaning–making occasions". In my opinion the qualitative interview while it may develop a different ebb and flow than
research specific qualitative interview, as they tend to have more targeted overall research questions, they both have the same aim in mind; to collect,
interpret, and analysis "data" on some level. The findings obtained by the researchers in this study while valid they are not necessarily inclusive... Show
This article at times left me frustrated at its negative depiction of the qualitative interview and that of the research experience for both interviews and
interviewees. I don't think I agree with every assumption stated by the authors but it did pin point how at times researchers are merely using their
interviewees but I know the same could be said for quantitative research; but as mentioned in a previous articles, interviewees also benefit from this
experience. As interviewers and researchers it is true that we are making some private details public, we do so in hoping to benefit other individuals in
similar situations. While I understand the perspective on manipulation, every situation or circumstance could be manipulated, as researchers we can at
times be the manipulator or the ones being manipulated. As the author stated this article was one–sided and bias I believe further evidence or
experience is warranted to understand their point of

An Evaluation Of The Course Review
An evaluation of the course review reveals that there is an ethical ridge that many run along when attempting to conduct qualitative research. The IRB
(Institutional Review Board) was ordained into federal law to maintain the sanctity and protection of research involving human research subjects. The
rules prescribe that an evaluation must realize any potential, hazards, risks both physical and psychological that can occur during the study. The IRB
review board (OHRP) *see references, must review all human research and give approval before the actual research can commence to the next levels.
This process also includes any surveys, questionnaires etc... That may exist. All researchers are expected to be held responsible for ensuring that all...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Typically, this approach is derived from problem formulation as to the generation of conclusions supporting said theories. This application however is
not indicative to a sound qualitative research study which fall short of adequately addressing the logic, reasoning and process involving a qualitative
course of research. Qualitative studies should focus on a "research design that should be a reflexive process operating through every stage of a project"
(Hammersley & Atkinson, 1995). Additionally, (Kaplan , 1964) intimated that a variation between "logic–in–use" of a certain study focus along with
"reconstructed logic" involving research can be interpreted as a design–in–use type scenario as related by (Maxwell & Loomis, 2002).
The research model formulated under this process generally is composed of five characteristics as follows; validity, methods, research questions,
conceptual framework and Goals. The ethical relation to the course of research according to (Maxwell & Loomis, 2002) is not specifically
categorized as an individual element to the aforementioned above characterizations as they felt that it should be considered automatically adhered to
each and every facet involving the research in its entirety. There is no doubt that the ethical standards involving research should be expected as
purveyed by authors such as (Christians, 2000; Fien, Weis, Weseen, & Wong, 2000; Denzin & Lincoln, 2000). In conclusion it is evident that the most

Qualitative Studies
Qualitative Research
One of the two articles reviews by me was a quantitative study to find out the incidence of sports injuries occurring in adolescents (6–18yrs) playing
ball games: soccer, handball and basketball by Yde et al, where the number of sports injuries, their pattern and mechanism were quantified into
numerical values to support a hypothesis. Other was to find the psychosocial status of injured players during their injury–rehabilitation phase: a
qualitative research by Clement et al where the psychological state viz. cognitive appraisal, behavioral responses and emotional responses during the
three main phases viz. injury, rehabilitation and returning to sports. The key difference between the researchers of the two studies was that the
qualitative researchers wanted to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
My research question would be "Life at a fire station". An ethnographic study design here would enable me to go to a fire station and be around
fire–fighters to have a closer look at the overall working process. I would be able to observe and get a first–hand experience of various situations
occurring at the fire station. Data collection in form of audiotaped, semi–structured interviews of fire–fighters and the fire chief in their natural setting
will form a major chunk of information. These interviews would be transcribed for more specific and correct interpretation of data collected.
Photographs and other documents about the fire station would also be valuable resources to gain additional information. Data collection would stop
when saturation is reached i.e. when no new observations or inferences are found from the fresh data collected (Creswell, 2014 p.189). Data thus
collected would be analysed and patterns would be generated which later would be rechecked and told to other colleagues so as to test its reliability
and correlation with the data (Nicholls Qualitative research: Part three – Methods,

The Three Methods Of Research
My journal this week focuses on the three methods of research to include qualitative, quantitative and mixed, (Creswell, 2014). Qualitative research
provides the life story through narration, so we are able to identify and understand the human and social situation, (Creswell, 2014). Quantitative
research focuses on the statistics, to include analyzing experimental data or survey outcomes, (Creswell, 2014). This method establishes the numeric
aspects of research. According to the author, Creswell, (2014), Quantitative was the predominant method of research conducted in the 19th and 20th
century. The mixed method incorporates both the quantitative and qualitative approaches to research, (Creswell, 2014). This method provides the story
along with the statistical data to formulate a more complete method of research. The framework for research established by the author, Creswell,
(2014), consists of design, research methods, philosophical worldviews and research approaches. The worldviews noted in the author's framework
encompasses post positivist, constructivist, transformative and pragmatic, (Creswell, 2014). Each worldview has a different focus regarding
philosophy of research methods. The post positivist follows a more traditional approach, with emphasis on quantitative research methods that are based
on scientific backing, (Creswell, 2014). Constructivist tells the story; therefore, emphasis is placed on qualitative approach to research, (Creswell, 2014).

Compare And Contrast Research Paradigm
Description of Two Contrasting Research Paradigms
Qualitative Research Paradigm
A paradigm is essentially what guides the research conducted by a researcher. Qualitative and quantitative are the main two research paradigms that
guide a researcher. These are basically beliefs about reality or ontology. This is called relativism and in this paradigm, the researcher believes that
there are many qualitative perspectives of reality. Generally this type of research is subjective. Qualitative research analysis is generally inductive and
focuses on experiences and perceptions of research participants. Research design methods for this paradigm include phenomenology (lived experience),
ethnography (influence of culture) and grounded theory (social process) (NurseKillam, 2017).
In an article written by Locke, she discusses interpretivist (or constructivist) (Qualitative) paradigm. The interpretivist (or constructivist) believes that
individuals or groups construct reality based on interactions with the social environment. This paradigm is distinguished by an interest in
understanding the world of lived experience from the point of view of those who live it. The researcher is concerned with subjective reality.
Researchers working in this paradigm focus on particular situated actors who they construe as composing meaning out of events and phenomena
though prolonged processes of interaction that involve history, language and action.
Quantitative Research Paradigm
The ontology within

2.A) Evaluate Personal Motivations For Pursuing The...
2.a) Evaluate Personal Motivations for Pursuing the Discipline The evidence I have chosen to prove this outcome is from a paper I wrote in PSY
32153: Social Psychology, which I took in spring 2016, for outcome 2. A) I have chosen my paper about two different subjects which are, the way I
see myself and the feedback that was received about myself in the experiment, and gender role stereotyping. When it comes to the way I see myself,
there are two ways that I present myself, professional and non–professional. For instance, I will focus on the way I present myself in professional
instances, this being one of my personal motivations when it comes to the discipline in the psychology field. Being a psychology student at Ottawa
University ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Having personal motivations in life are extremely important because being motivated brings positive feedback to the lives of everyone. So overall,
this all shows that I have proved this outcome because I described personal aspects of my life and my motivations and showed how having personal
motivations in the psychology field is important. When it comes to the psychology discipline, us college students strive to achieve this everyday and
all throughout our college career. 2.b) Analyze the Psychological, Sociocultural, and Biological Factors that Contribute to Individual Behaviors The
evidence I have chosen to prove I have achieved this outcome is from a test I took in PSY 32153: Social Psychology, which I took in the spring of
2016, for outcome 2b. I have chosen to use my first exam that includes chapters one through five. It touches on many aspects such as: the first topic,
psychological includes, self–esteem, self–efficacy, and self–handicapping, then the second topic, social cultural includes, judging, explaining, false
memories, last there is biological which includes, the brain, the way we move, our decisions. I am going to use this exam to help show that I can
analyze the three main topics, psychological, sociocultural, and biological factors that contribute to individual behaviors. When it comes to these three
aspects of an individual's behaviors there are many different components that can be brought

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