This document summarizes biosensors and their applications. It defines a biosensor as a device that integrates a biological recognition element with a transducer to provide analytical information. Professor Leland C. Clark Jr. is considered the father of biosensors for inventing the Clark electrode to measure oxygen in blood and liquids. Biosensors are used in medicine, environmental monitoring and industry to detect and quantify materials. Examples discussed include glucose monitoring devices, pregnancy tests, and sensors for tuberculosis, toxicants, and mercury. The document also outlines the basic components and working principles of biosensors.

1. Biosensors & it’s
applications.
Submitted by :-
Kumar virbhadra

2.  Introduction
A biosensor is an independently integrated receptor transducer device,
which is capable of providing selective quantitative or semi-quantitative
analytical information using a biological recognition element.(IUPAC
recommendations 1999)
 Professor Leland c Clark junior (1918-2005) is called the father of biosensor.
The inventor of the Clark electrode, a device used for measuring oxygen in
blood, water and other liquids.
 Biosensors play a part in the field of environmental quality, medicine and
industry mainly by identifying material and the degree of concentration
present.

3.  Schematic representation of a
Biosensor.

4.  Few examples.
Infectious disease(T.B.)
biosensor by RBS(Rapid
Biosensor Systems).
Pregnancy test
(detects hCG
protein in urine.
Glucose
monitoring
device.

5.  Few more examples.
Artificial limb
biosensor.
Toxicant sensing

6.  Few more examples.
A microbial biosensor for
the detection of
bioavailable mercury.
When bioavailable
mercury is present in the
environment of the sensor
cell (blue oval)
it enters the cell and
induces the meR
promoter (green).
When the promoter is
induced it direct the
biosynthesis of the
enzymes
that mediate
bioluminescence and as
a result the biosensor
emits light (stars).

7.  Glucose Biosensor(A review).

8.  Classification of Biosensors :-

9.  Some sensing techniques used in
Biosensors :-
1. Florescence.
2. Chemi-luminescence.
3. Surface Plasmon resonance (SPR) - In principle, when the SPR biosensor is
exposed to any changes, it will induce changes in the refractive index
which used to measure or observed the reaction.
4. Conductometric.(Based on electrolytic conductivity which depends on
ionic concentration)
5. Amperometry- Amperometric sensor are based on the measurement of
current as a function of time resulting from the oxidation and reduction of
an electro active species in a biochemical reaction.

10.  Basic steps involved in working of a
Biosensor :-
1. The analyte (Molecule - Protein, toxin, peptide, vitamin, sugar, metal ion).
2. How to deliver the analyte to the sensitive region?((Micro) fluidics -
Concentration (increase/decrease), Filtration/selection.)
3. Detection/Recognition.(How to specifically recognize the analyte?)
4. Signal generation.(By Transducer)
5. Signal detection.(By detectors)
6. Display of result.(Numerical or Statistical)

11.  Potential applications :-

12.  Conclusion :-
 The past decade has seen great advancements in the field of biosensor
along many fronts.
 This dynamic tool has been applied in many area of life science research,
health care, environmental, food and military application.
 Biochip is a promising candidate for label free, reagent less, real time
monitoring, miniaturization and low cost application.
 For medical application, this cost advantage will allow the development of
extremely low cost, disposable biochips that can be used for in-home
medical diagnostics of diseases without the need of sending samples to a
laboratory for analysis which time consuming.

13.  References:-
 Abdulhalim I, Zourob M, Lakhtakia A. Overview of Optical Biosensing
Techniques. In Marks RS, Lowe CR, Cullen DC, Weetall HH, Karube I (ed):
Handbook of Biosensors and Biochips. Wiley, Weinheim 2007.
 Acha V, Andrews T, Huang Q, Sardar DK, Hornsby PJ. Tissue-Based
Biosensors. In Zourob M (ed): Recognition receptors in biosensors. Springer,
New York 2010, pp. 365382.
 Berdat D, Marin A, Herrera F, Gijs MAM. DNA biosensor using fluorescence
microscopy and impedance spectroscopy. Sens Actuators B Chem. 118:
53–59, 2006.
 Liu CC. Electrochemical Based Biosensors. Biosensors. 2: 269–272, 2012.
 Teles F, Fonseca L. Trends in DNA biosensors. Talanta. 77: 606–623, 2008.

14. Thank you.