Recommended
More Related Content
What's hot
What's hot (20)
Viewers also liked
Viewers also liked (19)
Similar to ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALA CHEBULA
Similar to ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALA CHEBULA (20)
More from konatham teja kumar reddy
More from konatham teja kumar reddy (20)
Recently uploaded
Recently uploaded (20)
ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALA CHEBULA
- 1. ANTIMICROBIAL AND ANTIHELMENTHIC ACTIVITY OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA Under the guidance of Mr. P. KISHORE KUMAR (Assistant Professor) Presented by M. ANUSUJA 13GD1R0028 IV-I B. Pharmacy
- 2. INTRODUCTION • Haritaki is widely used as medicinal plant in Ayurveda • Natural cleanser of digestive system • Digestive tonic. • Increases the motility of GIT. • Used to prepare formulation of triphala
- 3. SYNONYMS: Haritaki, Abhaya, Haimavati, Chetaki, Shiva, Rohini, Pathya, Putana.
- 4. TAXONOMICAL DESCRIPTIONTAXONOMICAL DESCRIPTION Botanical name : Terminalia Chebula Family: Combretaceae Kingdom: Plantae Division: Phanerogam Subkingdom: Angiosperms Class: Monocotyledons Subclass: Epigynae Order: Scytaminiales Genus: Terminalia Species: Chebula
- 5. Botanical Description: – A tree, 15-24 m high – Leaves ovate or elliptic with a pair of large glands at the top of the petiole. – Flowers yellowish white, in terminal spikes – Drupes ellipsoidal, obovoid or ovoid, yellow to orange- brown – Seeds hard, pale yellow.
- 6. Propagation and Cultivation: It grows on variety of soils but thrives best in clay and sandy soils. The fruits ripen from November to March depending upon the locality. Mostly fallen fruits are collected in first half of January, they are dried and the seeds can be stored for one year. The germination of seeds is low because of hard cover and seed requires pre-sowing treatment The general growth of the plant is slow.
- 7. Macroscopic Studies: • Fruit yellowish – brown, ovoid, generally 20-35 mm long, 13-25mm wide, wrinkled and ribbed longitudinally. Pericarp is fibrous, 3- 4 mm thick, non-adherent to the seed. • Taste astringent.
- 8. Biological activity study: The ethanolic extract of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) was investigated for the cardioprotective activity against isoproterenol (200mg/Kg sub-cutaneously) induced myocardial damage in rats. Triphala, a combination of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula), Vibhitaki (Terminalia bellerica) and Amalaki (Emblica officinalis) in equal parts is evaluated for anti-inflammatory activity in adjuvant induced right hind paw oedema in Swiss albino mice.
- 9. Substitutes and Adulterants: • Terminalia citrineTerminalia citrine RoxbRoxb. ex Flem., found in the foothills of Himalayas from Nepal east words to Assam is also called Haritaki in Bengali language Terminalia chebulaTerminalia chebula and they are also used medicinally as those of T. chebulla .
- 10. AYURVEDIC PROPERTIES: Rasa: Madhura, Amla, Katu, Tikta. Guna: Laghu, Ruksha. Virya: Ushna. Vipaka: Madhura. Prabhava: Tridoshahara.
- 11. ACTION OF HARITAKI ACCORDING TO AYURVEDA: o Deepaniya: Increases appetite. o Brimhana: Nourishing. o Grahi: Absorbs fluids from the intestine. o Stanya shodhana: Purifies breast milk. o Rechana: Purgative. o Medhya: lmproves intellect.
- 12. Test plant and its extraction: The dried powder of Terminalia chebula was collected from Holy Drugs, a local pharmaceutical company for indigenous medicine. After chloroform extraction, the solid residue was dried at 40ºC overnight to remove residual chloroform. The solid powder was resuspended in 40 ml ethyl acetate and kept at 25ºC for 12 h. Ethyl acetate extract was recovered following the same procedure as stated for chloroform ex-tract. ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHEBULAANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF CHEBULA
- 13. DETERMINATION OF ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY • Bacterial susceptibility to antimicrobial agent was determined in vitro by using the stan-dardized agar-disc diffusion method known as the Kirby Bauer. • Four bacterial species, viz. E. coli, Salmonella sp, Shigella sp and Vibrio cholerae, collected from a local diagnostic centre were employed as test organisms together with Saccharomyces cerevisiae. • The cells were allowed to grow until they obtain the McFarland standard 0.5 (approximately 108 CFU/ml). For S. cerevisiae, sabaurouds dextrose broth (SDB) was used.
- 14. In vitro Antibacterial Activity: • Plant material • Preparation of extract • Bacterial culture • Bacterial susceptibility testing
- 15. ANTHELMINTIC ACTIVITY OF ALCOHOLIC AND AQUEOUS EXTRACT OF FRUITS OF TERMINALIA CHEBULA. • Terminalia chebula Retz. (Harra) Is a plant of the family combertaceae, commonly called the king of medicine and is always listed in the Ayurveda (Anonymous, 2002). • The tree is abundantly grown in North India at an altitude of 1000-3000 ft. It is used to treat digestive disease, urinary disease, heart disease, parasitic infection, fevers, flatulence, constipation, etc., and is an important constituent of triphala formulation (Dwivedi, 2004 and Dwivedi S et. al., 2007). • The present study was undertaken to screen the antihelmintic activity of the fruits extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz.
- 16. MATERIALS & METHODS • Collection of Plant Materials • Preparation of Extract • Experimental Model • Standard Drug • Antihelmenthic Investigation
- 17. CONCLUSION: This is strongly concluded that it is possible to identify anti-microbial and anti-helmenthic activity of hartaki churna at their generic level and future it will show a new pathway to identify the new anti-microbial activity under herbal medicine category .
- 18. REFERENCE : 1. Singh A.K. et al, Anti microbial and anti helminthic activity of haritaki, Journal of Research in Ayurveda and Siddha, Vol. XXII,No.3-4 : 208-215. 2. Anonymous, Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, New Delhi, published by Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt. of India, Part – I, Vol – I : 47 3. Bhaumik T. et al, Chemical investigation of Terminalia chebula Retz., Bulletin of Medico Ethno-botanical Research, 1989; 10 : 190-192. 4. Anonymous, Database of Medicinal Plants used in Ayurveda, New Delhi, published by Central Council for Research in Ayurvedic Sciences(CCRAS),2008, Vol – III : 282. 5. Dahanukar SA. et al, Cyto protective effect of Terminalia chebula and Asparagus racemosus on gastric mucosa, Indian Drugs, 1983;20 : 442 – 445.
- 19. THANK YOU
Editor's Notes
- Drugs used to fight infection are called either antimicrobials or anti-infectives. What was the first effective antimicrobial? Penicillin. We know that with the advent of these drugs morbidity and mortality have been greatly reduced.
- Antimicrobals all work in different ways. In addition antibiotics may be classified as Bacteriocidal- kills bacteria or bacteriostatic inhibit bacteria, but doesn’t actually kill them. it can be reversible unless the host itself has destroyed the organism. Sulfonomides, erythromycin and tetracyclines are examples of bacteriostatic drugs. Penicillins and the cephalosporins weaken the cell wall bybinding with certain proteins to to decrese synthesis of the cell wall. These antibiotics are also called autolytic in that they also destroy the cell wall by destroying such as with vancomycin. Inhibition of protein synthesis: there are drugs that are able to disrupt bacterial protein synthesis9ribosomes0. examples are erthromycin and clindamycin. Inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis inhibit DNa synthesis that is used for bacterial repliation such as the fluorquinolones. Inhibition of metabolic pathways(antimetabolites). Nucleic acid synthesis is dependent on folic acid for productionthere are certin drugs that prevent this process from occurringsuch as the sulfonomides. Destruc of cell membrane permeability: the antifungal drugs acta to alter the cell wall permeabilitythey act as inhibitors of enzymes involved in the synthesis of sterols which are essential components of the fungalsmembranes. Lastly, we have inhibition of viral enzymesthese drugs inhibit essential enzymes for replication. Acyclovir is an example of this type of drug
- From your studies in Microbiology you understand that it is important ti identify the pathogenHow do we do this? By the gram stain which is the gold standard. If the pt is pretreated before the organism is identified it will be more difficult. What does the gram stain identify ( + & -) Gram pos- aeorbic, ( staph, strep) gram neg- anaerobic( E-colikleibsiella, pseudomonas, gram-neg (gonorrhea)no oxygen required.
- What is the normal WBC count( 5-10,000)
- Remember organism should be culutres to find right organism. Culture and sensitivity test. Sometimes can be drug resistant. Culutre determines what bug while the sensitivity determines the drug. Narrow spectrum: treat limited oragnisms-have Identified organisms- less likely to disrupt normal flora. Broad-spectrum treat multiple organisms- more likelt to dusrupt normal flora.. Used when a specific causative organism is unknown.
- Narrow spectrum drug treats limited organisms while the broad spectrum treats a greater array of organisms. However the broader spectrum drugs can disrupt the normal flora, while the narrow spectrum has less of an effect.
- What is antimicrobial resistance? The microbe becomes resistant to the drug. Specifically, the the beta-lactam antibiotics are affected by the microbes ability to produce the beta-lactamase enyzymes which can inactivate the particular drug.. Many of these have developed enzymes to inactivate the effects of penicilli Stap aureus is almost entirely penicilln resistant. MRSA- methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus- in MRSA this pathogen is widely resistant to to almost al the penicillins so that there is an alteration of penicillin binding proteins which resuces the ability of penicillins to inhibit cell wall synthesis. Many strains of Msra is also resistant to the aminogycosides, tetracyclines. Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE)- Strins of enterococci have developed resistance to penicillin, gentamicin and vancomycin. Other antibiotics such as Cipro have been used un their placem. Tb has also become multiple-drug resistant. The cause of this multiple resistance is inadequate drug therapy. It may be too short of a time on drug or a dose that was too low or may have been related to compliance.
- The most important consideration is to match the right bug with the right drug. Treat viral agents with antivirals treat bacterial agents with antibacterial drugs. Clearly identify pathogen with gram-stain, Do a C&S to determine the best drug for the pathogen. . Also important to choose a drug with the lowest effective dose to affectThe organism, no growth is seen.the MIC- minimum inhibitory concentration. Drug Susceptibility In choosing the best drug it might be necessary to do a C&S, however the site of the infection often gives valuable info on the the most effective drug.ie, urinary tract infec caused by Ecoli. That is called”empiric Therapy’’ If the infection, however may be caused by multiple bacteria. A C& S would be necessary? When would A C&S be performed? Drug Spectrum-narrow or wide Choose the drug with the narrowest spectrum. Prevents suprainfections p938. Sometimes combination therapy may be used . When multiple drugs are used the microbe is less likely to become drug resisitant.. Drug Dose- Amt of drug needed to choose the lowest effective response. Period of Time-Also important to that takes the shortest period of time to affect the organism. Averagetime 7-10 days, dependent on organism. Site of Infection: TO be effective must reach the site with a concentration greater than the MIC. With abcess and pus formation concentration drugs will be impeded, decreased vasculants Pt Assessment: Each pt must be carefully evaluated prior to initiating antibiotic therapy , What is their overall health status, other meds, drug allergies, gender, culture. Also remember that the pt’s immune system is a critical factor in determining is very important. For example immunocompromised pts should receive bacteriostatic drugs because their immune response is limited. Remember age is another critical factor- usually the elderly as well as infants are most prone to drug toxicity
- Remember with suprainfection normal flora is destroyed. Can have unrestrained growth that oocurs when normal flora is altered because of treatment with antibiotics.
- Some antibiotics can decrease the effectiveness of birth control pills so it is important to determine this aspect. It is also important to monitor blood levels . Peak Levels –time of maximum effect. A peak level is drawn 30 min to 45 after IV and 1 hr after administration. You want to keep the drug at a therapuetic level p939 Trough Level: Level prior to the next dose
- Assessment See notes on pg 4&5 What are some important pieces of info that we need to gather form the patient? How about potential nursing dx? Planning phase: Important goals to set? Interventions
- Remember that the bacterial cell wall is rigidand it therfore protects the environment ot the cell, anything to disrupt this wall can cause death of the cell.Drugs that affect the cell wall must be able to penetrate the cytoplasmic membrane within the cell Beta-lactamases are enzymes that disrupt the beta-lactum ring. Penicillins are called beta-lactam antibiotics because their chemical structure contain abeta-lactumring that is essential for antibacterial activity.