My summary of key concepts and course themes from Period 5 for the 2017 APWH exam.

1. Karen Solberg – Caney Creek HS

2.  Industrial Revolution begins in Britain & spreads to
north & west Europe
 Agricultural improvements
 Water, coal, timber, canals, rivers, MONEY
 Steam engine
 Internal combustion engine (fossil fuels)
 Amount of energy available skyrockets
 Second Industrial Revolution
 Steel, chemicals, electricity
 Precision tools
 Germany is a leader in this

5. The Factory
System=concentration of labor
 Rigid schedule; 6 days/wk
 12-14 hour day; one break
 Dangerous conditions.
 Mind-numbing monotony.

6.  New transportation & communication emerge
 Railroads
 Steamships
 Telegraphs
 Canals
 Similar industrialization spreads to the USA
 Government reforms expand suffrage (voting) in
Britain without revolution, public education becomes
widespread
 State-sponsored industrialization happens in Tsarist
Russia and Meiji Japan

7. Industrialization By 1850

9.  Latin American export economies
 Export meat, wheat, guano, rubber
 Import European & N. Amer finished products
 Decline in Asian & MidEastern manufacturing
 Ex. Less textile production in Egypt & India
 Some trade is “created” to give European/US
companies a trade advantage
 Opium produced in India is sent to China
 Palm Oil is produced by forced labor in Africa & sent to
Europe
 Cotton plantations in southern U.S. send cotton to
Europe

11.  New metals such as copper are needed for machines
 Discovery of diamonds & increased demand for gold &
silver lead to new mining centers
 TNCs (trans-national corporations) emerge in
response to global trade
 United Fruit Company (US business in C. America)
 Britain’s Hong Kong & Shanghai Banking Corp.

13.  Economic changes occur
 Capitalism – Adam Smith
 Liberalism – John Stuart Mill
 Stock markets emerge
 LLCs
 Insurance companies

14.  Trade unions
 Utopian socialism
 Marxism
 Anarchy

16.  Resistance to economic change in Qing China and the
Ottoman Empire.
 Some in these empires wanted to see reforms in
imperial policies
 Tanzimat Movement in Ottoman Empire
 Self-Strengthening Movement in Qing
 Both failed more or less
 Some empires led a full-fledged, state-sponsored
industrialization movement
 Meiji Restoration
 Muhammad Ali’s textile industry in Egypt
 Trans-Siberian railroad in Russia

18.  Middle class ideology develops in Western Europe
 Victorian Age
 Gender roles change
 Women went from cottage industry to factories to married
life or white-collar jobs (or were domestics)
 Rapid urbanization = unsanitary living conditions
 Public education increases as suffrage increases
 Demand for women’s suffrage challenged these traditional
roles
 Mary Wollstonecraft’s A Vindication of the Rights of Woman
 Olympe de Gouges’s “Declaration of the Rights of Women
and the Female Citizen”

19.  Political Imperialism!
 British control in India increased over the period
 British & German colonies increased in Africa & Asia
 Japan in the Pacfic
 Spanish & Portuguese colonies declined
 Settler colonies emerged in Australia, South Africa & New
Zealand (Britain); Algeria (France)
 Economic Imperialism
 Britain & France “open” China after the Opium Wars
 Britain & Germany invest heavily in Argentina & Brazil
 German nationalism disrupts balance of power in Europe
 Britain & Germany become rivals for power

21.  “Science” was used to justify racial subjugation during
the era of imperialism
 Anti-imperial resistance to racism and discrimination
took place in colonies

22.  Declaration of Independence, Declaration of the Rights
of Man and Citizen, and Bolivar’s Jamaica Letter are
inspired by Enlightenment thinkers
 Voltaire
 Rousseau
 Locke
 Becomes a challenge to established political structure
and social conditions
 Absolute monarchy
 Slavery & Serfdom
 Gender equality

24.  Nationalism is a sense of commonality based on
language, religion, social customs & territory
 Unites Germans to form Germany (and Italians in
Italy)

25.  Land Empires weaken
 Taiping Rebellion against Qing weakness
 North American Revolution, Haitian Revolution and
Latin American Revolutions
 French Revolution challenges absolute monarchy and
the Old Regime
 Slave Rebellions & Maroon Colonies
 Anti-foreign resistance
 Sepoy Rebellion in India
 Boxer Rebellion in China

27.  Demographic changes in industrialized and non-
industrialized societies led to mass migrations:
 Relocation to cities worldwide
 Cheap transportation
 Ex. Italians work in Argentina; North Africans to mines
 Many chose freely to relocate for work
 Irish & Polish to USA
 Slavery is abolished, but coerced or semi-coerced labor
results in migrations of Indians and Chinese to former
slave territories
 Convict labor (Australia)

28.  Absence of males leaves women to take on
traditionally male roles in Africa and SE Asia
 Ethnic enclaves are created to support and transplant
migrants
 “Chinatowns” in San Francisco
 “Little Italy” in Chicago
 Indian enclaves in South Africa
 Ethnic and racial prejudice attempted to regulate the
flow of migrants
 Chinese Exclusion Acts of 1882
 White Australia Policy of 1901

31.  Europe creates new military technology & tactics that
increases the number of wartime casualties
 Tanks
 Airplanes
 Trench warfare
 Blitzkreig
 Tsarist Russia collapses to Bolshevik communism
 Lenin had created an alternative to the existing order
 Britain negotiates Indian independence
 Algeria and Vietnam have to fight France for
independence

36.  Former colonial subjects move to imperial metropoles but
retain their ethnic identities
 Nigerians & Indians in British cities
 Algerians in French cities
 WWII is spurred by the global depression of the ‘30s
 Governments take an active role in national economies
 The Holocaust was an example of ethnic violence
 World Wars are the first total wars
 Fascism, Nationalism, Communism mobilize all resources for
war
 Propaganda
 Britain displaces Palestinians when the Balfour Declaration
leads to the creation of Israel

38. Israel
Gaza Strip-Egyptian
‘West Bank’-
Jordanian

39.  League of Nations & UN attempt to increase international
cooperation
 Cold War military alliances
 NATO
 Warsaw Pact
 Stalin’s 5 Year Plans put industrialization completely in the
hands of the communist party of the USSR
 United Nations promotes a New World Order after the
Cold War
 Britain under Margaret Thatcher encourages capitalism to
thwart communism
 EU promotes economic unity in Europe