1. Part 1: Power Point Presentation Danielle Stewart

2. -The American Revolution was the quest for independence of the United States from Britain, and it sparked a war which granted the separate thirteen colonies that made up America into the a united nation. -Before the revolution, the British colonists had what would be considered a “radical” way of life, as although there were class distinctions amongst the people, they were not so tight as they were in Europe. -Every person, whether they be clergy, aristocrats, or commoners enjoyed the same legal status which led to their being less of a gap between the classes, and thus led to more economic opportunity and less poverty. -The little distinction between the classes also led to a general lessening of social tensions in the colonies/ -The reasoning behind the American Revolution was to break away from the sudden tightening of the British government’s rule over the colonies. -The British government wanted to use the colonists in order to make more money, and this attempt led to the colonists belief that they had their own natural rights to keep their money, and they had the right to govern themselves—beliefs which stemmed from the Enlightenment. -The war between Britain and the colonies led to the granted independence for the latter, and thus began the nation of the United States in 1781 . -The written acknowledgment of this victory was the Declaration of Independence, written by Thomas Jeffers- on. The signing of this document by political leaders is depicted in the painting to the right. -The revolution brought forth a more democratic way of making government decisions, and the right to vote was widened to more white men of more modest means.

3. -The Haitian Revolution was the conflict between the African slaves and the French for the cause of abolition and the Africans wish to rule their own country. -The revolution had many different meanings for the different classes on the colony of Saint Domingue. For the rich whites it was hoped that the revolution would bring autonomy and greater economic freedom, for the lower class of whites it was a means for equality amongst all white people. For the African slaves, the revolution was a promise of freedom, and the end to the slave system, as well as a renewal of their power in their native country. -There was a massive slave revolt which began in the year 1791, which was sparked the burning of 1,000 plantations and the killing of hundreds of whites and people of mixed race. -Battles between slaves, whites, and free blacks erupted, as depicted in the picture on the lower left hand side of this slide. -Soon, Spanish and British forces joined in the brutal war, in hopes of gaining more land at the expense of the losing French. - After many years at battle, the slaves had won the war and were able to rule their own country, in the only successful slave revolt in the world’s history. -The declaration of Haiti’s independence actually occurred on January 1, 1804. -After the native Haitians were in power again, they took control over the widespread racism that was poisoning their country. -The leaders of the newly controlled Haiti declared that all of the country’s citizens be legally equal under the law, regardless of race, color, or class. -After the whites were not in control over all the land of Haiti, it was then redistributed to former slaves and free blacks.

4. -Before an organized group of activists and believers in feminine equality emerged, there were challengers throughout the world that believed the patriarchal system that ruled the private and public sphere was unjust and wrong. -Due to the growing industrialization of many societies, women found that they had more opportunities for education and as well as a slight loosening on their freedom from working solely in the household. -Because of this newfound freedom, women were for the first time able to join in on movements in which they believed, such as temperance movements, charities, and abolitionist causes. -On both sides of the Atlantic women were little by little beginning to organize into groups that not only fought for other humans equality, but also their own. -The first organized, public expression for feminist ideals and the fight for equality of women was at a women’s rights conference in Seneca Falls, New York in 1848. -One famous quote from this conference was a paraphrasing of the Declaration of Independence, Elizabeth Cady Stanton stated, “We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men and women are created equal.” -Women on both sides of the Atlantic, in Europe and in America, worked together in the fight for equality by attending the same conferences and corresponding often. -In the 1870s, the women’s movement was particularly focused on women’s right to vote. A march for women’s suffrage is seen to the right. -Due to the women’s movement, by the early 1900’s upper and middle class women were granted entrance into universities and were their literacy rates were growing. -By 1914, the National American Women’s Suffrage Movement had 2 million members, and women were granted the right to vote in 1920.

5. -The Industrial Revolution began in Europe, then quickly spread through to the Western world. -It changed the agricultural, mining, manufacturing, and transportation industries forever, as the technological advances vastly reduced the need for manual labor both by humans and animals to the use of man-made machines. -One of the first machines that sparked this revolution was the coal-fired steam engines, which eventually evolved into petroleum-fueled engines. -The use of factories to produce products at a greatly increased speed led to more economical benefits for industrialized societies, one such factory is depicted in the painting to the lower left hand side of this slide. -The steam engine provided an exceptional amount of power in the textile industry, behind what any amount of man power or natural energy could produce. -The textile industry was not the only one who underwent an evolution in regard to technological advances; as other industries quickly followed such as steamships and railroads and food processing. -One of the major effects of the Industrial Revolution we see today is the creation of the city. -Due to people’s need to work in factories that were widely dispersed, the workers needed a place to live near such factories, leading to the creation of buildings and close quarters of cities rather than countryside as most people lived before.

6. -The class of people that benefited the most from the Industrial Revolution is widely considered to be the middle class. -In the wealthier levels of the middle class, there were factory and mine owners, as well as bankers and merchants. -The increasing output that factories provided, due to cheaper manufacturing and quicker production, created great wealth for these businessmen, and they quickly rose to the aristocratic ways of life. -Smaller types of businessmen were also needed more after the Industrial Revolution began, such as doctors, lawyers, engineers, scientists, and others. -Due to these businessmen wanting more political power, the Reform Act of 1832 was passed by public pressures, and this bill widened the voting rights to more men in the middle class. -The Reform Bill of 1832 also gave seats in the House of Commons to more middle class men that were occupying the new cities that were created because of the Industrial Revolution. -The passing of the Reform Bill of 1832 can be seen depicted in the painting on the lower right of this slide. -The Industrial Revolution also brought along a sense of a more respectable family life, and the women were seen as the moral center in the family unit. -Women were more likely to stay at home and create a sense of relaxation when their husbands returned from the public sphere, rather than working alongside their husbands as they often did in peasant life.

7. -The Laboring Class benefited the least from the Industrial Revolution in Britain and was also the largest, making up 70% of the population. -The Labor Class were the people who manually worked the factories which were the product of the Industrial Revolution, they worked in the mines, ports, factories, construction sites, and agricultural farms. -Their lives were effected much more than the middle and upper classes, as they were the ones who were supposed spend most of their time doing manual labor. -Due to the huge growth in population and the overcrowding of urbanized areas that were needed for the Industrial Revolution, there were major problems with city life for the lower class. -There was not an proper form of sanitation, and because of the lack of knowledge on how disease spreads, often times sewage and human excrement was buried too close to water lines, thus the pumps where the laboring class got their drinking water was contaminated, and diseases such as cholera turned into epidemics. The political cartoon on the upper left is a depiction of the deadly water which these people were forced to drink. -Unlike in the upper and middle class families, young children and women were required to work in order to make enough money for their family to survive. Such conditions can be seen in the picture to the left of children working in a factory. -The laboring class had quite a different working experience than those of the upper classes, they were forced to work incredibly long hours, earn very low wages, and work in disgusting conditions.

8. -The Industrial Revolution that was taking place in the Western Hemisphere did not immediately spread to the Eastern part of the world, and China suffered from this. -Before, China had been quite successful and enjoyed a growing economy. The population of China was also growing at a rapid rate, and by 1853 the population had reached 430 million. -There was no technological or industrial revolution taking place at the same time, although, which led to many people not having a job, and thus there was much poverty and starvation. -Another aspect of China at this time was that the government was not growing to match the exponentially growing population, which led to even more problems. -The problems of the Chinese government in the 1800s was that because it was so understaffed, and was responsible for millions of people, it was unable to perform the necessary jobs to keep the country afloat, such tasks included collecting taxes, social welfare, preparing for natural disasters, and providing security and police throughout the country. -This lack of control of the central government led to local gentry having more power over the people, and corruption was rampant amongst these officials, they often abused the poorer classes. -Due to the overall lack of control and authority in the country, groups of rebels known as bandit gangs began to form, also, the poor peasants began to rebel in great numbers. -Eventually, a group of rebels that rejected traditional Chinese religions formed into the Taiping Uprising, and they left Southern China and established a capital of their own in Nanjing.

9. -Like China, the Ottoman Empire’s government was greatly weakened by the 1800’s. -Due to the Industrial Revolution taking place in Europe, there was greater competition for economic gain from the selling of products. Europe could produce the same goods as the artisans in the Ottoman Empire but they could do it cheaper, which led to these artisans losing a lot of money. -The negative economic impact that this European competition brought to the Ottoman Empire, coupled with the ability for the foreign merchants immunity to Ottoman laws and procedures, such as exemption from internal taxes, led to protests within the Ottoman Empire to boycott foreign imports. -In order to fix the problems that were effecting both the stability and financial success of the state, the Ottoman Empire’s government began a series of reforms. -In the late eighteenth century Sultan Selim III tried to create military and administrative structures as an attempt to strengthen the central government. -Selim also sent ambassadors to learn how the European administrative methods worked, and also imported European advisors to teach future officials. -The Ottoman Empire also tried to modernize it’s economic system by following the industrial revolution of Europe, by setting up factories to produce exports and modern mining operations; resettlement of agricultural land; implementing steamships and railroads; and modernizing the educational system.

11. -The second wave of European Colonization occurred in Asian and Africa rather than the Western Hemisphere, and also included new countries such as Germany, Italy, Belgium, the U.S. and Japan, as well as Spain and Portugal. -Unlike the colonization of the United States, there was an exceptional decline in the number of deaths of the natives in Asia and Africa. -Another difference between the first and second wave of colonization by the European powers was the during the second wave there was more of an emphasis on the acquirement of military and economic power that was shaped by the Industrial Revolution that had taken place. -In most cases the European powers took a passive role in the control of country’s that were willing to give them what they wanted, but for country’s who refused to do so, they were not opposed to attempting to completely control their land. -Military force was heavily relied upon during the conquest of Afro-Asian continents. Repeating rifles as well as machine guns were a new source of weaponry, and were used as a means of persuasion. -The European conquests were successful, and eventually they had power in Australia, the Pacific Islands, Africa, the Sahara, Central Asia, India, and Southeast Asia.

12. -After the colonization of the lands in Asia and Africa occurred, there was a need for workers to help build up the new colonial state. -The easiest and cheapest way for the Europeans to accomplish their needs was by the use of unpaid labor of the natives. -They used the natives to work on public projects like building railroads, government buildings, and transporting goods. -In French Africa, the natives were legally required to work ten to twelve days a year, which lasted until 1946. -In the Congo Free State, the conditions and abuse to the natives were particularly gruesome and cruel. -The main authority figure and head of the Congo Free State at the time was Leopold II of Belgium -Private companies forced the villagers of the Congo Free State to collect the natural rubber that was found there. -The abuse that occurred to the villagers for the European need for this rubber cost the Congo millions of lives. -Young children, who were required as well as adults to find this rubber and bring it to the Colonial regime were punished if they did not reach a quota which was required of them. -Whole villages were cruelly and savagely mutilated if they did not supply the required amount of rubber to the Colonial powers, and often had their hands cut off for such shortcomings.

13. -Before the Europeans arrived to colonize Africa, most women in the country were active farmers that produced the crops for their villages, while men built houses, cleared land, and herded the livestock for the village. -Women were responsible for feeding their families, and also were involved in trading with others from different villages for other necessities. -Men diverged from their jobs after cash-crop agriculture began to expand. -Men began to control the most economically beneficial aspects of the cash-crop business, and thus women were obligated to do more work in regard to subsistence farming to feed their families. -This greatly increased the working hours of women in African villages such as Cameroon, where the hours were increased from 46 per week to more than 70 by 1934. -Women’s workload also increased when more men found work in industrialized cities and settler farms, leaving the women to manage the home and farming completely alone. -Women also had to supply their husbands who lived in cities with food as the low urban wages they earned often did not provide them with enough money to buy food to survive.

14. -When the American Stock Market crashed on October 24, 1929, the Great Depression started. On the same day, 11 Wall Street financiers committed suicide. -For the wealthiest Europeans and Americans, the worst that happened to them was the loss of their savings or investments, and the inability to purchase new goods. For the lower classes, however, this economic tragedy meant that they were not able to provide food for their children or a place to live as they lost their job. -In Germany and the United States unemployment reached more than 30% by 1932. -There was an exceptional change in the atmosphere, instead of steam coming out of the factories and children with full bellies each night, there were vacant factories, bread lines for the poor, soup kitchens, beggars, and shantytowns. -The Great Depression was a surprise to supporters of capitalistic economic theory, as the theory trusts that the economy will always regulate itself through the market. -The United States President at the time, Franklin Roosevelt, made reforms by creating the New Deal, which involved the Social Security system, creation of a minimum wage, and other social programs to “build an economic floor” so that the poor and elderly would be protected during economic downturn.

16. -World War II was the global conflict that lasted from 1939-1945. -This war included all of the powerful countries in the world, and in general it was fought between the Allies and the Axis. -It is estimated to be the most deadly war in the history of mankind, with fifty to over seventy million casualties. -The first attack that sparked the war in Europe was Nazi Germany’s invasion of Poland in 1939, led by Adolf Hitler. -More than half of the casualties suffered from this global war were civilians. -Due to the Industrial Revolution and the advancement of technology, new weaponry such as heavy bombers, jet fights, and nuclear bombs were the main culprit as to why there was so much loss of life in World War II. -Entire villages of innocent people were bombed, leaving millions of civilians dead, due to the nonexistent line of military enemies and civilians in this war. -Colonial resources were implemented greatly in this war, as opposed to World War I, and Britain used their colonial troops and laborers from India and Africa to aid in the war. -Because most of the men in the world were off at war, women at increasing rates were joining the workforce in the industry and military. -The Holocaust was a product of the war as emigration was not an option, so due to technological advances mass genocide of the Jewish people occurred, with an estimated 6 million Jews being murdered.

17. -The Communist party came into power in Russia in 1917. -The people of Russia were being exploited by their government. -A series of protests began, including workers as well as women. -People from different political parties banded together to plot the Russian Revolution by informing their fellow citizens through publishing newspapers, doing demonstrations and recruiting members to join their cause. -Tsar Nichols II was over throne, which ended the Romanov dynasty in 1917. -Most Russians suffered from horrible working and living conditions, food shortages, and these tensions led to mass protests in the streets, factories and shops closed, and eventually soldiers as well as other military officials were protesting the Russian government as well. -Grassroots organizations and soldiers were known as “soviets” and would speak on behalf of the Russian people. -Peasants were able to seize their landlord's estates, as well as redistributing the land they got to other peasants. -There was a Provisional Government after Tsar Nichols II was abdicated, which caused more outrage amongst the revolutionaries as they were not listening to their protests. -Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks overthrew the Provisional Government, a civil war broke out amongst the Bolsheviks and their opponents, mostly socialists, only to the former’s success.

19. -The United States was officially considered superpower amongst all the countries of the world after it’s participation in World War II and the Cold War. -A writer in 1970 wrote of the United States, “the United States had more than 1,000,000 soldiers in 30 countries, was a member of four regional defense alliances and an active participant in a fifth, had mutual defense treaties with 42 nations, was a member of 53 international organizations, and was furnishing military or economic aid to nearly 100 nations across the face of the globe.” -The United States economy was flourishing greatly, and this helped with their military needs. Private and public spending helped with this growth. -After the Second World War ended, the United States because the largest creditor of all the countries in the World, and controlled 2/3 of all the gold as well as half of the world’s manufacturing and shipping. -The many products that Americans produced, such as cars, were in high demand in other countries. -This led to factories, offices, and subsidiaries being sent and built in other countries to sell American products locally, even furthering the growth of the U.S. economy. -Eventually, the United States dollar was the most trusted currency around the globe, taking the British pound’s place. -The Pop Culture of the United States also penetrated other countries, particularly music. -Jazz, rock n’ roll, and rap have all had a great popularity in other countries. -American movies were also quite popular in other countries, taking 70% of the market in Europe. -American brand names such as Kleenex and Coca-Cola are widely used as a reference name across the world.

20. -Although South Africa gained independence from Britain in 1910, the government that was in control was entirely made up of a minority of white settlers that had came to the country. -This minority only made up 20% of the entire population; and they did not allow the African black majority to have any political rights. -The South African economy was doing well by the 1960’s, and the black Africans were a part of this because they were the ones working in urban industries and mines, as well as providing labor for the farms owned by the white minority. -The white government used race as a strict enforcer of their policy of apartheid, in which they attempted to separate blacks in every way possible while still keeping the blacks to perform the labor they needed to keep the economy afloat -”Pass laws” was the monitoring of black Africans movements into cities, where they were not supposed to go normally, instead they were forced to live and stay in the rural areas. -Tensions rose, and so did rural rebellions, urban strikes and independent churches. -In the 1950’s, The African National Congress launched nonviolent disobedience campaigns to put an end to apartheid. -The Western world isolated South African due to it’s policies of apartheid. -These increasing pressures led to and end of Apartheid in 1994 when the ANC was brought to power by election.

21. -In the 1970s Iran was increasingly apposed to the way in which the government was becoming modernized, secularized and American-supported. -Muhammad Reza Pahlavi had a close relationship with the American and British governments, and his reformation of small shops into bigger industrial buildings led to many small scale artisans and merchants to be threatened of losing their livelihood. -Because the Iranian people were repressed politically, they took to the Islamic religion, and the mosque to find solace and a way out of the increasingly modern Iran. -The Iranian people were working hard to find a way to force the shah out. -With the help of a cleric, named Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, and a growing rebellion to remove the shah, anarchy broke out. -They had success in 1979 when the shah was forced into abdication and his family fled the country. -Khomeini became the lead of Iran and his Islamic ideologies were heavy influences in his way of governing the country. -He made the sharia the law of the land in Iran, and secularist government officials were replaced by Islamic activists. -He sought a moral purification in the land, and banned such things as disco, bars, and alcoholic drinks. -Boys and girls were no longer able to attend the same school, and woman were forced to abide by an Islamic dress law that required them to wear a veil and loose fitting clothes.

22. -Unlike other colonial rulers in a foreign country, the British kept a distinctive line between themselves and the Indians in a way to preserve Indian identity, this rift led to the Indian people having a strong unity between themselves. -The Indian National Congress was a group of English speaking Indians from the upper caste of society. -In the beginning they wanted to be granted the ability to have more power in the political, military, and business life of British India. -They wanted such positions in the political sphere to help their lower-class fellow Indians who had no voice, and thought they could do a better job at protecting them than the foreign-born rulers. -World War I brought with it many problems, and other tensions were rising. The British attacked the Islamic Ottoman Empire which angered the Muslims in India, and after the war there was an outbreak of influenza which killed millions of Indians. -There were also murders of Indians who defied repressive rules such as the ban of pubic meetings. -These tensions and mistreatment of the people of India led the path for which the leader, Mohandas Gandhi came into the political scene. -Gandhi became the leader of the INC and began his campaigns that attracted many different kinds of Indians, from peasants to the intellectual. -The British tried to repress this movement that sought to improve the conditions of the lowest of the caste system and women. -His campaigns, as well as the movement of the Muslim League by Muhammad Ali Jinnah, helped India gain independence in 1947, into two different countries – Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India.

23. -Although feminism had lost it’s momentum and power by the 1920’s, it was revived again during the turbulent 1960’s. -A very important piece of literature was published, The Feminine Mystique by Bette Freidan, which fueled the movement in many ways. -There was more of an emphasis on equality in regard to education and employment in second-wave feminism than in the first wave, which was primarily focused on voting rights. -A form of this second-wave feminism was known as “women's liberation” in which women were trying to fight the heavy influence of patriarchy as a form of domination and oppression of women in the political, personal, and social spheres of America. -This gave rise to many consciousness-raising groups across the country, which were involved in marches and protests. -There was a different branch of the feminist movement of the 1960’s, which was the black women’s movement. -Black women had different qualms in regard to their oppression, as they had a different way of life. They were not as concerned of the chains that domesticity gave to white women who worked from the home, as they almost always worked outside of their family home. -Sexuality was a big part of the feminist movement, as women believed that free love, lesbianism, and celibacy should be respected as much as heterosexuality.

24. -Fundamentalism is the militant piety that took shape in almost every religious tradition around the world in the twentieth century. -Because the world as a whole was becoming more modern and industrial, advancing in science and technology, it threatened many religious traditions and beliefs. -Religious traditions in regard to sex, class, and family social rules were thoroughly upset as the world was industrialized and modernized. -Fundamentalists took the shape of groups opposed to the progress of a modern world, and they sought for a fusion of such modernization and their religious ideals. -Although they opposed many uses of modern technology, most used this new medium to communicate their religious message, through educational and propaganda efforts. -In the United States, religious conservatives used the term of fundamentalism to oppose the critiques of the Bible, evolution and liberal versions of Christianity. -These fundamentalists came to oppose political liberalism which included the term “big government”, the feminist and sexual revolution of the ’60’s, homosexual rights, and the right to have an abortion. -The fundamentalists tried to change America, to put it back on the “godly path” that it had strayed away from, and they did this by way of political agenda and leaders. -They were successful, and entered the political sphere to change the policies of America by way of religious conversion. -The same type of religious-political movement can be seen in the Islamic revolution in Islam, where the Islamic faith was used as a set of laws and policies in order to control the people in the country.

25. -Beginning in the nineteenth century with Romantic poets such as William Blake, a concern with the preservation of the natural environment of the world developed. -Global environmentalism took a while longer to get the mass awareness though, and the concern for such things really took off in the latter half of the twentieth century. -This second wave of environmentalism started when Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring was published. It shed light on the chemical contamination of the environment by humans around the world and spoke of the effects of such contamination in the future. -By the 1990’s, about 14 million Americans joined environmental organizations, which were aimed at helping the condition of the environment and preventing further damage by humans to the natural health of Earth. -The Green Party is a political party that developed in Germany that focused on their opposition of nuclear energy and it’s negative effects on the world. -During the 1970s and 1980s, developing countries became more involved in the environmental movement, and instead of large organizations they did their part locally and was concerned entirely on food security, health, and basic survival than on wilderness protection like the more developed countries. -The environment movement in India took the shape of the “Chikpo” or “tree hugging” campaign to protect small farmers livelihood that was on the line due to massive deforestation.

27. Sources -Think Quest http://library.thinkquest.org/5026/hitler.html -International Campaign for Real History http://www.fpp.co.uk/Hitler/docs/Mlechin_book.html -Wikipedia: World War II http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II -Wikipedia: Russian Revolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917) -Brain Mind http://brainmind.com/NuclearWar.html -Wikipedia: Communism http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communism -Wikipedia: South Africa under Apartheid http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid -News One for Black America http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Africa_under_apartheid -Wikipedia: Iranian Revolution http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranian_Revolution -The National Archives: British Empire http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/education/empire/g3/cs3/g3cs3s6.htm -Inspiration of Lyric http://inspirationoflyric.wordpress.com/category/psychology/ -How Stuff Works http://people.howstuffworks.com/feminism4.htm -Psychology Today http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/death-love-sex-magic/200908/is-religion-good-your-health -Edopter http://www.edopter.com/trends/Environmentalism -Gang Greener Blog http://ganggreener.blogspot.com/2009/10/welcome-to-gang-green-blog-page.html -Wikipedia: United States http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States