This is for mscdfsm ,#medical #nursing #biology #neet #foodandnutrition #biochemistry and #related subjects .also it will help #dieticians to upgrade their skills

1. MSCDFSM BIOCHEMISTRY
CHAPTER I
CARBOHYDRATE

2. CARBOHYDRATE:
Carbohydrates are basically polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone and their
derivative
TYPES :
There are 3 types of carbohydrates :
1. Mono saccharides
2. Oligosaccharides
3. Polysaccharides
MONOSACCHARIDES
1. Monosaccharides consist of single polyhydroxy aldehyde or polyhydroxy ketone
.they are also known as simple sugars eg glucose and fructose .
The general formula for monosachharide is (CH2O)n where n =3 to 7 .
2. Monosaccharides with carbon atom 5 and 6 are most common .
3.All carbon atoms of monosachharides contain one –OH group (hydroxyl )except
one that contains carbonyl oxygen .
4.If it is present in terminal position it is called aldehyde and sugar is called aldose
and if it is present in other position it is called as ketone derivative and sugar is
called ketose . REF FIG 1.1 PAGE 10

3. ON THE BASIS OF NUMBER OF CARBON ATOM MONOSACHARIDES ARE FURTHER
DIVIDED INTO DIFFERENT TYPES
NO OF CARBON ATOM NAME EXAMPLE
3 TRIOSES GLYCERALDEHYDE ,
4 TETROSES ERYTHROSE ,ERYTHRULOSE
5 PENTOSES RIBOSE ,RIBUOSE
6 HEXOSES GLUCOSE, FRUCTOSE
7. HEPTOSES GLUCOHEPTOSE ,SEDOHEPTULOSE
ISOMERS :
Existing of different compounds having same molecular formula but different
structural formula are called isomers
Monosaccharides have different types of isomers
1. Stereoisomerism
2. Optical isomerism
3. Aldose ketose isomerism etc

4. ISOMERISM IN MONOSACHHARIDES
ALDOSE KETOSE ISOMERISM
When two compounds have same formula but different structural formula
where one compound contain aldehyde group and other contains ketone
are called to have aldose ketose isomerism .
Eg glucose and fructose where glucose have aldehyde group and fructose
have ketone group. formula for both is same C6H12O6
STEREOISOMERISM
A.) STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM
When the same compound due to different spatial arrangement of the
groups attached to its asymmetric carbon atom exist in more than one
form .it is called steroisomerism
ASYMMETRIC CARBON ATOM :
When a carbon atom of compound is attached with 4 different groups of
atom ,it is called asymmetric carbon atom.it is also called chiral atom .

5. Monosachharides have 2 different form namely D-sugar and L-sugar
depending on relation to –OH GROUP . In D GROUP the –OH group lies on
right hand side and in L group, -OH group lies on left hand side .
Eg l-glyceraldehyde and D-glyceraldehyde .
Majority of monosaccharides occur in D-confugration .
B. EPIMERISM
When there is more than one asymmetric carbon atom , the stereo
isomerism is called epimerism .these isomers are formed as a result of
interchange of 0H AND H GROUP at 2,3, 4 of glucose
Eg glucose and galactose .
Glucose and galactose differ in carbon atom 4 while glucose and
mannose differ in carbon atom 2 .