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1. MSCDFSM
BIOCHEMISTRY
VITAMINS

2. VITAMINS
• vitamins are organic compounds required in very small amount for growth and
of body .but if there is any deficiency occurs ,they result in serious diseases.
• 1880 – sir fredrerick crowl and Hopkins reported necessity of factors
• 1912- funk observed disease like beri beri ,scurvy ,pellagra can be prevented by food.
• He proposed name of these substance as vitamine.as all compounds do not posses
so the name given was vitamin.
• Vitamins are synthesized by plants .some vitamin are synthesized by gut microorganism of
animals.eg rat synthesize vitamin c but guinea pig cannot
Human can synthesize vitamin D and niacin.
Types of vitamins
• Water soluble vitamins
• Fat soluble vitamin
• Water soluble vitamins are those vitamin that are soluble in water
vitB1,B2,B3,NIACIN,B5,B6,B12,C,H,M
• Fat soluble vitamin are those that are soluble in fat eg. Vit A,D,E,K
WATER SOLUBLE VITAMIN
1.THIAMINE :
It was isolated in 1926 from rice polishing by Janson and donath .
1931 : the empirical formula was established by windous .
1936 : the chemical formula was elucidated by William and coworkers

3. Thiamin occurs in four forms
1. Thiamin
2. Thiamin mono phosphate(TMP)
3. Thiamindiphosphate(TPP)
4. Thiamine triphosphate (TTP)
PROPERTIES :
• Thiamine hydrochloride is white ,needle shaped crystalline substance
• It smell like yeast. thiamine has sulfurous odors and bitter taste.as thiamine is water soluble
so because of this property ,it is easily lost due to washing ,soaking and other cooking
process.
• Moisture increase the destruction ,so it is less stable in fresh food as compare to dry
foods.it is stable in acidic medium at room temperature.
• This compound is converted to inactive derivative thiochrome by controlled oxidation .
thiochrome has strong fluorescence.
• Thiamine when dissolved in sodium bisulphate at pH 5.0 ,it gives pyrimidine and thiazole
this property is used for chemical estimation
• RIBOFLAVIN (VITAMIN B2)
• 1933 – it is isolated from milk by Kuhn , it was named as lactoflavin . riboflavin has
isoalloxazine nucleus i.e petridine ring with benzene ring fused to it .the side chain is c5
polyhydroxy group (derivative of ribitol )
• Chemically it is known as 6,7 –dimethyl9-D-ribitylisoaloxazine .
• Riboflavin has 2 major coenzyme derivative –FMN and FAD

4. FMN- Flavin mononucleotide
FAD- Flavin adenine dinucleotide .
PROPERTIES :
1. It has needle shaped orange crystal
2. It is sparingly soluble in water
3. Aqueous solution of VITAMIN B2 imparts yellow-green fluorescence
4. It is stable in boiling in acidic medium but destroyed by heat in alkaline medium.
5. It is sensitive to light that is the reason we should not leave milk in sunlight as milk has
riboflavin
6.When alkaline solution of riboflavin is exposed to uv rays then it converts into lumiflavin and gives
greenish yellow fluorescence
7. When neutral or acidic solution of riboflavin exposed to uv rays it converts to lumichrome
NIACIN (VITAMIN B3)
1913 : Funk isolated this from rice and yeast
1934 : Ruffin and smith discovered that crude extract of liver effective against pellagra.
1937 :Elvehjem isolated this from liver as nicotinamide
• Pellagra is a condition of niacin deficiency.
• Niacin or nicotinic acid is pyridine-3 –carboxylic acid.it occurs naturally in body as amide ,
niacinamide ,nicotinic amide.
• Amino group substituted into carboxylic acid to form amide group. the chemical structure of
niacin forms nicotinic acid and nicotinic amide.
• Niacin is converted into active form nicotinamide adenine dinuceotide (NAD) and
nicotinamideadeninedinuceotide phosphate (NADP)

5. Properties of niacin
1. Niacin is white crystalline solid
2. It is sparingly soluble in water ,ethanol, glycerol
3. Niacin is heat stable ,it can withstand 120 degrees for 20 min .niacinamide is converted to
niacin if heated with strong alkali or acid.
PANTOTHENIC ACID (VITAMIN B 5)
1.It is essential to all form of life.
2. in 1939, it is isolated as its calcium salt from yeast by R.j.Williams
3. The structure of pantothenic acid . acid consists of β alanine and pantoic acid joined by peptide
bond(coloured red)
4. It is found in all living cells as coenzyme A (co A) ,a vital coenzyme in numerous chemical
reaction.
PROPERTIES
1. pantothenic acid is pale yellow oily liquid that can only be crystallized as its sodium ,
potassium or calcium salt.
2. It is soluble in water
3. It is stable at 120 degrees for 30 min in neutral medium but is decomposed in acid or alkali
solution
4.It forms ester with alcohol
PYRIDOXINE (VITAMIN B4)
1938: isolated
1939 :synthesized
It was revealed that VitaminB6 activity in alcohol derivative ,pyridoxine and also its aldehyde ,
pyridoxol and pyridoxamine.

6. Pyridoxine contains a pyridine nucleus , 2 alcoholic group, and one phenolic hydroxyl group. By
replacing the –CH2OH group on position 4 of pyridoxine molecule with –CH2NH2 and –CHO
respectively, two related compound pyridoxamine and pyridoxal can be formed. three compounds
are interchangeable. The active form of pyridoxine is pyridoxal phosphate.
It is versatile, decarboxylation , racemizations.
PROPERTIES
1. It form white ,odorless crystals.
2. 2.the compound is readily soluble in water.
3. When neutral or alkaline solution of pyridoxine is autoclaved at 120 degrees for 30 min, partial
destruction of vitamin occur
4. When the alkaline solution of pyridoxine is exposed to light , it is slowly destroyed
5. Pyridoxine produces a colored complex by reacting with 2,6-dichloroquinone chlorimide.
6. It forms salt with mineral acid and gives violet colors .
CYANOCOBALAMIN AND RELATED COMPOUNDS (VITAMIN B 12)
• 1926 : murphy and minor discovered that liver extract can cure anaemia .
• 1948:smith and parker and rickes and coworkers isolated the crystalline vitamin
• Dorothy crowfoot Hodgkin determined the structure of cyanocobalamin
• It is large and complex as a compare to other vitamin.
• The central portion consist of 4 reduced and substituted pyrrole ring surrounding a cobalt atom
, this central is called corrin ring system below this system ,there is 5-6 dimethylbenzimidazole
riboside that is connected to one end to central cobalt and other end to ribose moiety .

7. the ribose moiety is connected to ring IV OF Tetrapyrole nucleus through phosphate and
aminopropanol. cyanide is attached to cobalt atom that is why the name is cyanocobalmin.
If we remove cyanide ,it forms cobalamin.when the cyanide is substituted by other compound like
methyl it become methylcobalamin.
PROPERTIES
1. it is crystalline
2. It is soluble in water
3. It is stable to heat at 100degrees for long periods
4. It is on autoclave get converted to hydroxocobalamin
5. It is destroyed by heated at 120 for 30 min in boiing it is resisted in neutral and acidic medium
but not in alkali
6. Aqueous medium of vitamin b12 get destructured in sunlight
7. Vitamin c when added it get destructed
BIOTIN
EGG YOLK can prevent dermatitis.
The egg yolk factor is called anti egg white injury factor
1931: szent Gyorgyi recognised it as vitamin and named as vitamin H
1942:Melville isolated the vitamin from milk and named as biotin
1943 : it was synthesized
Structure : hexahydro-2-oxo-1-thieno-3,4-imidazole-4-valeric acid.
PROPERTIES
1.It forms colorless ,needle shaped crystals
2.Vitamin is sparingly soluble in cold water

8. The compound is sparingly soluble in alcohol
Biotin forms salt with alkali hydroxides such as NaOH
The compound is photo stable and destroyed in acid solution
VITAMIN M :
1947: pifiner and coworkers isolated from liver
The vitamin is called folacin or pteroyal glutamic acid .
It consist of petridine ring attached to p-amino benzoic acid and conjugated with one molecule
of glutamic acid .
The molecule varies in structure by reduction of pteridine moiety to dihydrofolic acid (DHF) and
tetrahydrofolic acid (THF)
PROPERTIES :
it is yellow ,spear shaped crystalline substance
It is sparingly soluble in water
It is stable in acidic solution and destroyed by alkali
It can withstand the temp of 120 degrees for 30 min at neutral pH but at pH 1.0
folic acid losses 70-100% of its activity .when autoclaved at 120 degrees for 30 min.
Riboflavin accelerates the photoxidation of folic acid.
ASCORBIC ACID
1907 : holst and frolich isolated this vitamin .they reported that guinea pigs like man and monkey
were also susceptible to scurvy.
1917 : isolation was carried by zilva
1928 :szent Gyorgyi isolated ascorbic acid from adreanal glands ,oranges and cabbages. He called
it as hexuronic acid

9. 1932 Glen king isolated the vitamin from lemon juice and identified as szent gyogyi acid
1933 : it is named as vitamin C ascorbic acid
It exit as L-ascorbic acid in nature.it is a derivative of carbohydrate and is a hexose sugar.
It is most unstable and readily oxidized to
L-dehydroascorbic acid (DHA)
PROPERTIES
1. It is white crystalline substance
2. Freely solube in water
3. It taste sour
4. It is stable in air and light
5. In alkaline medium it is oxidized easily
6. Easily destroyed by cooking
7. This is very powerful reducing agent and can reduce fehling solution.it is due to presence of
enol group at carbon 2 and 3
8. It also reduces 2,6-dichlorophenolindophenolto colorless leuco compound.it is used for
chemical estimation of product
9. Both the reduced form (L-ascorbic acid ) and oxidized form (L-dehydroascorbic acid ) are active