English As A Medium Instruction Essay

English As A Medium Instruction Essay
English as a Medium Instruction (EMI)
English as a medium of instruction has developed as a global trend for a range of reasons. Nowadays EMI is truly a global phenomenon. In this
literature review, I look at the historical backgrounds of EMI in three periods prior to a global phenomenon. What is more, I reflect upon the current
developments of EMI at tertiary education focusing on the spread of EMI into the global universities, EMI in European universities, EMI in Asian
universities and EMI in Thai universities. In each section, I link the current literature review to my initial research at the end of the sections in order to
form my research grounds.
1. The Historical Backgrounds of EMI
This section outlines the historical background of EMI in terms of a paradigm shift in teaching content subjects through the English language. This
section provides information under three EMI periods, namely before, during and after transitional EMI periods.
Before an EMI period in the 1980s, Content–based Instruction (CBI) and Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) were the well–known
approaches to teach subject contents through a second or foreign language (L2) in western countries. CBI is an approach to L2 teaching that focuses on
the target language and content (Brinton, Snow, & Wesche, 1989; Crandall & Tucker, 1990). Swain and Johnson (1997) pointed out that CBI is most
often associated with the genesis of language immersion education in North America in 1965. They
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Bilingual Education Controversy
The Disputation Over Bilingual Education There are many aspects of the United States' education system that many people would agree need change
or in the minimal improvement. One topic under the education system that has had much controversy since it was first introduced is Bilingual
Education. Bilingual Education is the teaching or practice programs of two languages to teach content ranging from kindergarten to high school.
Bilingual Education programs vary in levels and languages. Some programs are designed to assimilate non–english speakers into the English language,
others are meant develop knowledge of a completely different foreign language. Equally the goal proficiency of the language varies drastically. Some
programs are meant to teach students the basic understandings of the language in oder to write and speak it adequately and others are meant to allow
the student to reach a fluency level. One of the most popular type of program would be a Spanish and English program since Spanish is the second
most spoken language in the United States. The most common type if bilingual program is intended to transition native Spanish speakers into the
English language; this is way of helping kids assimilate into the American culture. However, the use of two languages established in the education
system has been a controversial idea since first introduced. It receives differing support and has not been able to achieve a conclusive establishment in
the public school system. The

English Language Learners : Education, Cognitive Abilities...
English language learners are students who are unable to communicate fluently or learn effectively in English. They require specialized or modified
instruction in both the English language and in their academic courses. As a future teacher I have the responsibility to provide adequate instruction that
help build on students' education, cognitive abilities and English proficiency. I will recognize and understand that ELL students come with their own
language and culture. This is a benefit to their academic success.
As a new Math teacher the biggest challenge that I will have to face is when it comes to bring language and math instruction together, because Math
requires language proficiency to solve word problems, understanding and using ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For students who are learning a second language, school can represent a heavy task. As teachers we need to support them and pay attention to their
language needs. There are many strategies and ways to educate English Language Learner students. However as educators we must first create an
environment of respect and include English Language Learner students in our teaching lessons. We also need to provide them with meaningful and
comprehensible lessons that will help them grown academically. My three major goals that I have for my ELL students is build on students '
background knowledge to increase comprehension, increase ELL students ' English language production and peer interaction, and increase ELL parent
involvement. First of all, to accomplish my goals I have to create an environment in which students are motivated to learn no matter their culture, and
language.
Knowing students' background is beneficial for them, because as teacher I can provide them with relevant background knowledge about a topic to be
discussed in class. In addition to that, I can activate my students existing knowledge of a subject. As well, by knowing my students background
knowledge, I can increase my students' interests in learning. "Teachers can work creatively to elicit background knowledge from students on content
topics in order to increase comprehension of the material" [ColorinColorado]. My plan to accomplish this goal will be first finding out basic facts

The Main Agents Of Change
This research aims to investigate the response of the main agents of change namely the educators and administrators in Malaysia, to adopt the
Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR). It specifically focuses on the interaction between the borrowed language policy and the agents
(administrators and educators) at the tertiary level of education and the ultimate aim is to investigate how the macro level policy is acted out at micro
level. To begin with, this research will examine on how the Ministry of Education Malaysia (MOE) has responded to overcome the insufficient level
of English proficiency particularly among graduates in Malaysia. Next, by drawing on various theoretical resources on borrowed language policy as
well as the concept of governmentality as a theoretical framework of investigation, this research seeks to explore the extent to which this language
policy is embedded into the practices through the concept of governmentality. In addition, this research will reveal the direction of localizing the global
language policy that has taken place in the respective institution by the administrators and educators, thus providing a better understanding on the
implementation of the policy. Finally, this research will also identify the challenges and advantages of the existing language syllabus and institution's
practices in line with the CEFR policy. In this first chapter, I will describe and introduce the readers to the contextual background of the research which

Importance Of English Essay
English is a widely accepted language in the scenario of today. It has become 'global language' and we can say has often been referred to as, the
lingua franca of the modern era. English as a second language is currently most often taught around the world. In India, the purpose of English is not
only for to make communication with the outside world, but also for within inter–state. There is the great ethnic and linguistic diversity. Because of the
great diversity within our nation, English as a language played a significant role as an indispensable 'link' language. With the tremendous revolution in
the Information Technology sector, various software and operating systems have been developed in the English language and English has become a
great medium for written and oral communication. Due to communicative and educative value which English as a language has achieved and
established itself as the world's most important language. The world has recognized its... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It has been considered as Language is like a system with its characteristics. In India English has established as the most important language and set up
as the associate language. English is the second spoken language in India after Hindi and probably the first in reading and writing language in India. In
India, the purpose of English is not only for to make communication with the outside world, but also for within inter–state. Indians' minds have accepted
English language for better education, culture, higher intellect and bright future. Indians are using English with Indian language simultaneously in their
conversation and move to speak fluent English. English also facilitates the communication among Indians of different language speakers. Thus English
language has become the language of legal, financial, educational and business in

Education of the English Language Learner
The purpose of this paper is to compare two different approaches in the education of English Language Learner (ELL) students, Structured English
Immersion, and Two–Way Immersion programs. The focus of this paper is to identify (1) the language ideologies behind both approaches, and each
program's purpose and components. This article also looks at the academic achievement of ELLs, the achievement gap between general education
students and ELLs, and the programs' approach to different variables such as parental involvement, and teacher preparation. Implication for future
research is also discussed. Introduction Language policy in the United States is shaped by language ideologies of policy makers, and the societies'
beliefs in issues such as immigration, language, culture, and national diversity (Menken & Solorza, 2012). In the last decades, the education of ELLs
has been one of the most discussed and researched aspects of education, due to the increase of English Language Learners in schools, including a large
percentage of Hispanic immigrants. The United States has a long history of discrimination and oppression that resulted from events such as the English
only movement, 1864 Congress prohibition of teaching Native students in their home language, and the Meyers v. State of Nebraska case, when
teaching in a language other than English was prohibited. Anti–foreign sentiment after wars such as World War I and II, is another factor that
negatively impacted bilingual

English Language Learners : An Article Within The Handbook...
Introduction English language learners and partnerships with families, communities, teacher preparation, and schools is an article within the Handbook
of Urban Education written by Ana Christina Dasilva Iddings, Mary Carol Combs and Luis C. Moll which focus on creating partnerships with families,
communities, teacher preparation and schools to help English Language Learners become more successful in school. Doctors Ana Iddings and Mary
Combs are Associate Professors from the University of Arizona who conducted research on how to help English language learners become successful
in grades Kindergarten through 12 along with Dr. Luis Moll who is a Professor Emeritus from the named university. Dr. Iddings has conducted
individual research on many topics, one being the education and professional development of teachers to work with English language learners (ELLs)
and their families. Dr. Combs currently teaches courses in bilingual and English as a Second Language (ESL) courses on the graduate and
undergraduate levels. Dr. Moll's main research was conducted in education of Latino children in the United States.
Summary
"The partnerships between Latino immigrant families, teachers, community members, and university faculty towards the education of ELLs (p 188)"
was the focus of the conducted research of the by Iddings, Combs, and Moll (2014). Within this text, the authors felt that if schools formed partnerships
with parents of ELL students, the students would be more successful.

How The Underrepresentation Of English Language Learners...
As the population of English Language Learners , otherwise known as ELLs, has been increasing over the past few decades, so has their
disproportionate representation in special education. Too many of our ELLs are often disproportionately placed in special education programs, which
may be considered a challenge faced by both general and special educators. But what about the underrepresentation of ELLs in the gifted and talented
programs? It seems as though general educators struggle to provide these students with sufficient educational experiences. High–potential ELLs can be
very successful in any academic setting as long as their educators provide them with appropriate strategies and tools so they can learn content and the
English language simultaneously. The information provided in this paper is to inform educators what they need to know and specific strategies and
tools that can be used in educating high–potential ELLs. The federal definition of learners with gifts and talents is,
[Students who are gifted] give evidence of high achievement capability in areas such as intellectual, creative, artistic or leadership capacity, or in
specific academic field, and who need services or activities not ordinarily provided by the school in order to fully develop those capabilities. ( No Child
Left Behind Act of 2001 [NCLB], 2002, p. 526)
Also, according to the U.S. Department of Education, "Outstanding talents are present in children and youth from all cultural groups,

Bilingual Vs. Ban On Bilingual Education
Yan Zhi Chen
Sharada Balachandran–Orihuela
Paper 3
Word Count:1532
Bilingual Education to ban or not to ban?
When we speak about this country–The United States of America–we automatically think of the great number of languages people speak in this
country. Take California as an example. It is one of the border states of America, and this state is made up mostly of immigrants. As a result, most
people in this state are either bilingual or even trilingual. In order for the immigrant students to become integrated into this country, they must learn
English, and Bilingual Education can help them assimilate faster to this new country. Nevertheless, people continue to vote against and ban Bilingual
Education because they believe that if the student is here in America, he or she should be treated the same as the native speakers in order to save
money and for him or her to better fit in. Even though many people criticize bilingual education, I personally am one of the supportive fans of it
because Bilingual Education allows new immigrant students to learn English at a reasonable pace, assimilate to a new environment, maintain their
academic specialties, and not to fall behind.
What is Bilingual Education? The term refers to the practice of teaching non–English speaking children in their native language, and was developed in
the 1960's; these programs were intended to allow students to progress in science, math and social studies while they learned English in a separate class.

The Benefits Of Foreign Language
Verbal language is how the human race communicates. Without it, nations would be severed from the worldly ties it needs to survive. A hundred years
ago language loss wasn't a concern, but now, it threatens the world. There is a great urgency for plurilingual people amongst the military, political,
business, and international world, particularly in the U.S. If efforts are not taken to increase foreign language capabilities amongst the people of
America, the future of cross–cultural communication will be grim. Foreign language understanding is crucial in society, and so a greater effort should
be taken to educate the students of America for the benefit of globalization.
In the United States, foreign language study is in huge decline. In the past, the U.S. has attempted foreign language study. In fact, 100 years ago the
United States' foreign language study was roughly similar to Europe's foreign language study (King). But, "after the United States entered World War
I... almost half the U.S. states criminalized the teaching of German or other foreign languages in schools" (King). This was because the United States
was nervous that German speakers could transmit secret war information. Now, over the decades, foreign language study has plateaued, especially in
the U.S. In fact, "in some states, fewer than 10 percent of students are learning languages other than English, painting a grim picture of foreign
language education in U.S. public schools" (Mitchell). The young students of

Essay about Placing English Language Learners in Special...
When do English language learners need to be placed in special education?
In the United States, there has been an increase in in the number of children from Spanish speaking backgrounds. The English Language Learners,
commonly known as ELL's, are being placed in Special Education without being properly tested for a learning disability. However there are a large
number of ELL's with learning disabilities in elementary grades that truly have a learning disability and are over looked. Many school districts have
problems placing ELL's. As a result these students end up in special education whether they have a learning disability or language impairment. Teachers
are also indecisive when dealing with ELL's. Most teachers recommend that ELL's ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is a good starting point to help teachers distinguish between a true learning disability and learning English as a second language. If an ELL has a
real learning disability then early detection is essential. However, if an ELL does have a learning disorder and does not receive special education
for many years, because teachers were waiting for he or she to learn the language, serious consequences could happen (Haung, Clarke, Milczarski,
Raby, 2011). Students could be grade levels behind their peers and could suffer emotionally and socially in and out of school. Some ELLs may be
able to speak in their native language, but they may not be able to read and write in it. Finally, teachers also have to pay very close attention to
ELLs. Each ELL has had a different set of experiences and ranges of educational exposure (Haung, Clarke, Milczarski, Raby, 2011). Teachers must
push for appropriate professional development for teachers working with ELLs. Teachers are more prepared to deliver appropriate assessment and
instructional modifications to ELLs with disabilities when they have been given appropriate professional development (Haung, Clarke, Milczarski,
Raby, 2011). There are many

English Language Education : A Means Of Liberation And A...
and education in general as a means of liberation and a passport to enter the gateway of prosperity. Also, English language learning is viewed as an
opportunity to excel in harsh extraordinary economy and lifestyle through the achievement of self –identity and growth through learning a foreign
language. On another note, it is important to mention that political factors such as curfews, road dangers and road blocks, check points, limited
funding and shelling in Gaza create challenging obstacles to foreign language learning. Adding to the challenges are social factors, especially those
with relevance to females such as gender inequality and early marriages in a tribal society. Palestinian refugees value English education as a means of
liberation and a passport to enter the gateway of prosperity. It will be worthwhile to investigate if English language education liberated them and how it
influenced their lives in the previous years, especially females. On the other hand, Palestinian refugees in Syria learn all lessons in Arabic and start
French in later stages, while in Lebanon and Jordan refugee camps they learn English subject from the fifth grade. Some projects such as LEAP
(Shine, parfГЁ, aspire, and rise) in the refugee camp in Lebanon provide a space and an opportunity for growth for Palestinian refugee youth to enhance
their English proficiency, empower their analytical skills, and language capabilities through academic studies, and explore English language learning in

What I Know, Assume, Or Imagine? Essay
What I know, assume, or imagine: To me, I never heard of bilingual education even though I come from a city that has many Spanish–speaking,
Hmong–speaking and Cambodia–speaking students. For me, I assume bilingual education was about teaching students who speak English as their
secondary language to speak and learn the English language. It was a program that I thought was to help students to be better at writing, speaking
and know the proper grammars to help them success in their classroom. I imagine that the classrooms have a teacher aide who would speak in the
majority language to help with their English language skills. For example, if the class have majority Hmong then the teacher aide would be a
person who speak Hmong. The teacher aide would be the one to called the students who do not speak English as their first language to the back
table and work with them on their English by reading in their first language and then reading in English. To me, I thought as it extra practice on the
English language. To me, I never knew that bilingual education exists. I did not get but in a bilingual education but the class I was in, did have a
teacher aide and she would spend about one hour or two hours with us and it would just be reading and nothing else. I feel like I was special to be
able to talk in my language and with other classmates that speak the same language as me. I do not know if this count as bilingual education because
no one told me anything about it. Then all

Bilingual Education Is Effective Teaching Strategies For...
Now, let us tackle into what an experienced bilingual afterschool program coordinator and a nonprofit organization, the National Association for
Bilingual Education, have to say regarding the filed of English Language Learning. To gain more insight from a professional standpoint, I have had the
honor to interview the coordinator of an afterschool program for immigrant children and families, where I have been doing my service learning for the
past two years. The program coordinator's beliefs are unanimous with the four literature review findings that using paired reading, gesture, and
providing bilingual education are effective teaching strategies for English Language Learners. Furthermore, it is crucial to recognize the strengths of
ELLs and being aware of their needs too. Paired reading will help with ELL's English fluency because it encourages children to sound out the words
to each other. It will also help them to stay focused on the books and to cooperate or foster social interaction skills. Using gesture, or even role–play or
drawings can help children understand the readings and vocabularies in a more interesting way. Lastly,bilingual education is crucial in ELL's learning.
It helps children make connections with their native language and English while they are reading or speaking, and making connections between their
home culture and the U.S. culture is a great way to help the children enjoy learning a new language. When working with English Language Learners, the

Proficecy Tests For English Language
131. Proficency Test
A proficency test is a general term which might be defined as testing someone's ability or capability in performing something.In education,especially in
language learning, it is used to determine how someone is proficient or talented in a certain field of language. The objective of a proficency test is to
evaluate how well an individual uses the language in real–life circumstances and it focuses on the overall language proficency or comptence,not a
specific skill of language such as 'writing skill'.
A language proficency test can be divided into two categories as 'language proficency tests for native speakers of that language' and 'foreign language
proficency tests for second language learners'. English Language proficiency tests for native speakers of English are applied for those whose mother
tongue is English. However, foreign language proficency tests for second language learners are applied for those whose dominant second language is
English. As English is accepted as an international language, there are a great deal of proficiency tests for non–native speakers of English
Language.Here are some examples of proficiency tests for non–native speakers of English:
1–) The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) : The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) is one of... Show more
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Furthermore, the test is based on real life and everyday life situations. STAMP 4S assess the ability of the speakers of the language corresponding to
the Benchmark Levels which are originated from national standards. The candidates are able to test themselves via (www.stamptest.net) which is the
website for STAMP

Graduation Speech : Education With A Concentration On...
Hey there. If you are reading this, it is because you have greatly impacted my life. You've seen me grow, you have encouraged me, cared for me,
believed in me, and for that, I am deeply grateful. Thank you.
So let me update you a little bit. I am currently a dual–degree student between Manhattan Christian College and Kansas State University. At MCC, I am
studying Intercultural Missions, and at KSU, I am studying Elementary Education with a concentration on English as a Second Language. With this,
my hope and goal is to teach cross–culturally in Africa and spread the love and truth of the Gospel. Since the moment I felt the Lord calling me to the
mission field years ago, I have anticipated the moment I would have to honor to go. I am so excited to announce that I have arrived at that point in
my life. This summer I will be spending a week in Belize and about a month in Ghana, West Africa.
Belize, Central America: (June 5th – 11th) $1,900. This trip will be focused on serving the young teen women in the Yes! Program. Our team from
Fellowship Bible Church in Topeka will be providing a camp for the girls, living on cite with them and loving them deeply. These young women
have seen and experienced unimaginable tragedy and heartache, many of them having experienced abuse, neglect or abandonment by their friends
and family. My specific role on this trip is to lead the girls in worship and teach more on what worship is and why we do it.
Ghana, West Africa: (July 16th– August

English Assimilation
he United States is a diverse country of many different races and languages. Even though many languages are spoken in the United States, English is
the preferred language in the United States. Speaking English in America is the key to success. Without English, acquiring employment is almost
impossible. More and more immigrants are attracted to the U.S every year, and the populations of immigrants, which do not know the American
culture, continue to rise. This population must be assimilated into the United States in order for the population to find employment and function in the
United States. Assimilation is the process by which an outsider becomes part of a new community by adopting its language and customs. Public
schools are a vital place where the country's customs, language, and culture, in general, can be taught. According to Ginsburg, ever since the 1960's
young immigrants and U.S born children, of immigrant parents, were sent to public schools with little to no understanding of the English language.
These students were forced to "sink or swim." The public school offered no help to LEP students. LEP (limited English proficiency) is term used to
describe students whose level English language is low. As a result, many of these students began to drop out, but finally in 1968, the federal
government passed the Bilingual Act, which paid special attention to students whose native language, was not English. This provided special funding
to create and maintain bilingual

Don 't Worry, It 's Of A Mexican Restaurant With Her...
Don't Worry, It's in English
A monolingual mother walks into a Mexican restaurant with her monolingual daughter. Two Mexican waitresses converse about the weather. "They're
talking about us," the mother explains to her young in her native and only tongue. Little does the daughter know, but her mother is not only fluent in
English–but in xenophobia as well. Many Americans see no point in bilingual elementary education because they view math, reading, and appeasing
the system to be of higher value. However, learning a foreign language in elementary school takes advantage of the human critical period for language
acquisition, meets other countries in their education systems–catching the United States up with the rest of the developed world, and provides abundant
cognitive benefits that improve learning in various aspects.
The bedrock of biology dictates an evolutionarily advantageous yet inconvenient reality: the critical period. It determines the window in an organism's
life in which a skill or behavior can be learned. It marks the peak of development. It heightens sensitivity. It breeds talent. It is the very root of
expertise. Even in birds, mating songs must be learned within the finite window. Learning is confined by the rule of the critical period–and humans are
no exception. Linguist Eric Lenneberg recognized that human language is typically learned during its respective critical period–infancy through
puberty ("Language Development"). Paul Thompson, brain researcher and

The Pros And Cons Of English As The Medium Of Language In...
Non–native language particularly English, which is a Lingua franca– a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native
languages are different, is often preferred to native language in the medium of instruction in higher education in many places like Hong Kong and
Singapore, according to Interim report April 2014 of "English as a medium of Instruction – a growing Global phenomenon: phase 1" by British Council
and University of Oxford mentioned in the Week 11 lecture PowerPoint. By using English medium teaching, students and university institutions would
be benefited. This essay will argue that English should be adopted as the medium of language in tertiary education, and it is supported by the
discussion of the pros and cons of using non–native language in tertiary education in the perspective of students and university ... Show more content on
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Opportunities of practicing English and exposure in English increase when English is adopted in academic learning. Since English has been regarded
as a trade language in the world, when students are encouraged to attain proficiency in English, this grants business advantages to them. For instance,
the usage of English in business is particularly significant in Hong Kong where international businesses are took place frequently. Hong Kong's
economy mainly depends on foreign trade and it is externally oriented according to gov.hk . Therefore, students could easily enter to workplace in
Hong Kong as well as the global market by having English proficiency. Graduates' English abilities also related to Hong Kong's economy. For example,
in Chile, English–language credentials for job candidates was affecting its economic growth, the sole reason for most companies that were not willing
to outsource business to Chile was due to the inability of assessment in

The English Language Learner Is Defined By The Individuals...
An English language learner is defined as someone who "has sufficient difficulty speaking, reading, writing, or understanding the English language and
whose difficulties may deny such individual the opportunity to learn successfully in classrooms where the language of instruction is in English" (Ortiz,
Woika, 2013, p. 2). As defined by theIndividuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA), a child with a disability has "mental retardation, hearing
impairments (including deafness), speech or language impairments, visual impairments (including blindness), serious emotional disturbance,
orthopedic impairments, autism, traumatic brain injury, other health impairments, or specific learning disabilities; and who, by reason thereof, needs ...
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If a student is both an English language learner and has a learning disability, their educational needs become inherently more complex. However,
through research on the needs of English language learners with disabilities, on various case laws, and by participating in lectures on the topics of
English language learners and students with learning disabilities, I have come to a clearer understanding of these unique needs as well as the
processes necessary to identify, evaluate, and work with these students. Prior to the 1960s, both English language learners and students with
disabilities were often segregated from their peers, given inadequate instruction, and inappropriately assessed (Ortiz, Woika, 2013). This began to
change when, with the holding of Brown vs. board of Education (1954), a principle for equal educational opportunities for all students was brought to
fruition (Yell, 1998). After this decision, Title VI of the Civil Rights Act in 1964 prohibited the discrimination of people on the basis of race, color, or
national origin in the operation of federally assisted programs. Further, to

Department Of Education Trio Grant, The Ub Program For...
For instance, funded by the U.S. Department of Education TRIO Grant, the UB Program for English Language Learners (ELL) at Rowan University
focuses on providing college preparatory activities and supportive services to low income students in grades 9 or 10 who are able to maintain their
GPA at 2.0, who are highly recommended by their teachers or counselors, and who have the desire forhigher education (Rowan University at Camden,
2015). The Rowan UB Program continuously identifies and recruits competitive students who are interested in learning English as their preparation for
their future academic success and postsecondary attainment.
The Upward Bound program seeks to engage youth in a positive program that helps them focus on preparing for a bright future in a safe haven where
they can receive support from mentors and teachers. Working with high school and college staff, the Upward Bound program opens new opportunities
to motivate more ELL students to pursue higher learning. Therefore, in relation to UB pre–college programs nationwide, this study aims to explore the
academic, social, and emotional needs of ELL students who participated in the Rowan's UB Pre–college Program.
The qualitative research findings and recommendations presented in this study can help facilitate the inclusion of students with diverse needs within a
larger college community. Second, any suggestions made for the UB program can help inform the high schools and colleges on how to prepare and

Curriculum Development Paper
Development of curriculum content that implements strategies and methods that enhance Language Acquisition.
Presented by:
Presented to:
Institution:
Contents
a) Grade/developmental level
b) Education needs and rational
c) Theoretical perspective
d) Learning objectives
e) Content outline
f) Strategies and methods
g) Resources
h) Lesson plans
i) references

Grade/ developmental level
This paper develops a lesson plan for an Education Program on language acquisition. The target group is children in level 1 learning a ... Show more
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c) English syllables.
d) Spelling of basic words.
e) Words meaning.
f) Words plural.
g) Tenses (past, present and future).
h) Sentence construction (simple sentences).
Strategies and methods: includes listening, observation, alliteration, singing, writing and answering questions.
Resources: Elementary English books, Learner's dictionary for beginners, assorted charts (alphabetical, pictures etc), models and a mock shop.
Lesson plans:
Lesson 1.
Objective: by the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to identify and pronounce the 5 vowels and the first 10 consonants.
|Lesson/period |Topic |Sub–topic |Reference |Resource |
|1 |English Alphabet |Vowels and first 10 |Elementary English Book. |Wall chart with letters. |
| | |consonants | |Model plastic letters. |
Lesson 2.
Objective: by the end of the lesson, the learner should be able to identify and pronounce the last 11 consonants.

Why Do People Learn Foreign Language Essay
Introduction
People start learning foreign languages because of various reasons and for different purposes. But despite all their personal factors and goals,
probably most of them will agree that at this time knowing foreign languages is very important. It can be because of the number of reasons. The first
reason is that knowledge of a foreign language is a necessity nowadays. This factor may be applied to many learners, for example, students who
have to pass their college entrance exams or it may be a compulsory module at university. Sometimes people have to know foreign languages in
order to have a good job and get a higher salary or if they must know other languages except their native one because of their work, for example,
diplomats or interpreters. Another reason is a strong will to be a part of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
No doubt that more and more people want to be a part of this international community by using English as a global language, language that can help
people from different countries to understand each other. Therefore, English also affects educational system and educational policies around the world
and its role is growing very fast in higher

Educating English Language Learners: History of Lau vs....
Educating English Language Learners
History of Lau v. Nichols The Supreme Court caseГ‚ Lau v. NicholsГ‚ is truly a landmark case when it comes to public education, the rights of
language learners and, in a bigger picture, the treatment of immigrants. Chinese American students residing in San Francisco and attending public
schools there were responsible for this truly momentous case. These students, native Chinese speakers, and knowing very little English, were placed in
standard classrooms where English proficiency/fluency was required and left to struggle for their own survival (Wright, 2010). The public school
district of San Francisco defended their actions, arguing that these students were receiving the exact same treatment as other students (Wright, 2010).
This was of course true aside from the grotesque inequality that all the native English speakers in the classroom could understand everything that was
presented, and to the Chinese American students, it was largely unfathomable. It's worth mentioning that these Chinese American students were indeed
in a difficult position; one which must have felt extremely daunting to them, particularly given the fact that they were required to attend all of these
academic classes which were in a language they couldn't understand. It's important to understand that the San Francisco Unified School District did
put forth an effort to help bridge the language gap for these students albeit an incredibly paltry one. For instance in

The Learning Theories Of English Language Education
This qualitative study is designed to answer the following primary question: What are the learning theories of English language education that are used
in the Palestinian Refugee Camps in Jordan and Israel? This question will branch into the following three secondary questions:
1–What are the sociocultural and socio– economic, gender, literacy, political conflict, religion, race, political stability, religion, sexual identity aspects
and their influence in English language education in an extra ordinary and a challenging learning environment?
2–What are the strategies used to deal with refugee students limited English language literacy with relevance to previous leanings and prior experiences
that influence their current English language acquisition?
3–What is the contextual and relational nature of the students' identity in the refugees' schools?
My interest in this study stems from my bilingual, political and social background. My birth and rowing up in Jerusalem in the seventies of the last
century made me aware of certain historical wars that led the Palestinians to flee from their homeland in Palestine in 1948 and 1967, Lebanon in 1970
and Syria in 2011 enhanced my understand about Palestinian Refugees dilemmas including education. Additionally, this topic is relevant to my ESL
teaching background and being an instructor who taught English as a second language in the Mediterranean and Arabian Gulf countries between
1985–2011.
I am highly motivated and

Language Barrier: Bilingual Education vs. English...
Bilingual teaching in American schools is it good, bad, or both? Who is right in this national debate? Both sides make some impressive arguments for
their side of the issue. Even the government has mixed issues when it comes to bilingual teaching. However, the government has shown their views in
their budgets and their law making. Another question comes up with the bilingual teaching is should America make English its official language?
Some say there is no need for it, and yet 22 states as of 1996 declared English their official language. Looking into some of these issues may bring
some insight as to what the problem may be. With the debate over bilingual education, Kenneth Jost covers some of the history in teaching in his ...
Craig Donegan's article "Debate Over Bilingualism" states, after World War One, "15 states declared English the basic language for teaching" (62).
Many states forbid usage of any language but English in the schools. Until the 1960's when Donegan relates, "Congress passed immigration reforms
that resulted in a flood of immigrants from Latin America, the Caribbean and Asia" (62). Schools found with the inflation of non–English speaking
students, they arranged to make changes to accommodate these students. On the other side of the debate, will be Mrs. Morales in a National Public
Radio interview hosted by Neary Lynn and Douglas Ward in the article "Should all students be bilingual?" While Naomi Dillon in her article,
"Language Test" takes both sides of the debate. With so many immigrants flooding into America, how the children were taught came under scrutiny.
Most schools with large numbers of Spanish–speaking students went to bilingual education. Schools would teach the children in their native language
first and then teach them English. However, this would take several years and some opposed the amount of time to teach English to a proficient level.
Another problem with this is the lack of qualified teachers. According to Naomi Dillon's article, Language Test, "most of California's ELL [English
Language Learner] students are taught by

English Language Learners : Bilingual Education
During the nineteenth and early twentieth century there was no set way of how to teach an English–language learner. Some schools practiced bilingual
education. Other schools placed immigrant children in English–language learner programs to prepare them for the English–only classroom. Other
schools segregated schools specifically for the immigrants aimed at teaching them the language. Some schools just placed immigrant children in
English–only classrooms and hoped they would learn. Even though schools like those in New York reported that 60 percent of their student body was
immigrants in the early twentieth century, there was no law or regulation of how to teach the students. This varied across the country and two counties
in the same state could have differing policies. It depended on the superintendent's and school board's view on language programs.
It was not until 1950 that classes started such as English as a Second Language aimed at helping immigrant children learn the English language. In the
United States in 1950 and in 2016, the most popular language among English–language learners is Spanish; about 80 percent of English–language
learners speak Spanish as their first language. Prior to English as a Second Language classes, immigrants exhibited a high dropout rate, they were not
supported in schools. The purpose of the English as a Second Language is not only to help students learn the English language, but also help them
succeed in their other classes by

Benefits Of Foreign Language Education
Foreign language education has always been less of a priority than any other subject and has always been a thought towards the end of secondary
school education. In schools, there is no exposure to any other languages other than English for most people until high school. If students do take a
foreign language in high school, many don't continue learning in college and therefore never actually become fluent in other languages. Foreign
language education has shown to have benefits that would greatly help students develop. Learning a foreign language can develop cognitive abilities
and increase cognitive processing as well as develop analytical skills, and these benefits can only be acquired when there is a good grasp of the
language. Another problem is how foreign language education is largely focused on European languages such as French or Spanish. More than half the
most commonly spoken languages in the world are Asian languages but foreign language education barely covers Asian languages. Learning Asian
languages would help make interactions with businesses and governments of Asian countries a lot better in today's globalized world. Schools are
starting to teach more Mandarin but other Asian languages are still not being taught widely. Incorporating Asian languages into the education system
can be a great benefit in terms of trade, communication, cultural knowledge, and diversity. There should be more of a focus on foreign language
education at a younger age and also more

Essay on English Language Learners and Education
As our nation shifts towards a more culturally diverse population both educators and families have to find a common ground to ensure that English
Language Learners are academically successful. All stakeholders must carefully consider the social cultural impact on an ELL education. The process
of raising bilingual learners take more than a language a school and a language learned at home. The transition must have a purpose and a goal.
Collaborative Practices of English Language Learners and Schools Educating a student takes a massive amount of collaboration between schools,
communities and families. It is often said that it takes a village to raise a child and this saying is truer when it is applied to a child coming to America ...
In order to be effective and affective educators we need to understand how the new culture will affect them and why. Educators must understand that
children are always affected by the perceptions and cultural acceptance of their parents. Parents can choose to assimilate or isolate themselves in the
new community. This move is detrimental in the ELL attitude towards their new cultural surroundings. Cultural Diversity has lead schools to promote
dual language and bilingual programs for ELL students. However, raising bilingual children according to Marsha Rosenberg is not something that
simply happens. Parents must carefully consider how they will raise their children in their new culture. Unfortunately, many parents often forget that
neglecting their primary language in the process of raising their children will only hurt them in the long run. However, what they fail to understand is
that our current society insists on developing diverse learners, who can speak two or more languages and are diverse (Gensee, n.d). Therefore, in
order to raise bilingual students they parents must provide the children with rich experiences at home as well as in a variety of settings (Broekhuizen,
n.d.). Furthermore, families need to maintain a close family unity and sense of belonging when dealing with the bilingual issue at home. Locally, both
United ISD and Laredo ISD have

General Education Classroom Teachers Are Responsible For...
General education classroom teachers are responsible for providing the primary instruction for English Language Learners (ELLs) development in
English literacy skills (Thompson, 2004). Supplying ample resources to accommodate ELLs inside and outside of the classroom are essential as the
number of ELL students has grown steadily. According to research, "one out of four of all children in the United States are from immigrant families,
and in most cases these children speak a language other than English at home" (Samson & Collins, 2012 p. 4). Further research suggests, "students
from a non–English speaking home and background account for the fastest growing population of children in the kindergarten through twelfth grade
setting (Short &... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
3). Some ELL students may start school without any English language skills, while others may have "limited language proficiency or dual language
deficiency in both their native language and English" (p. 3). Just as native English speakers, ELL students also have different levels of intellectual
abilities; however, their struggle with school in English may be related to background knowledge and not solely on intellectual abilities (Short &
Echevarria, 2004). Samson and Collins (2012), purposes if school districts, administrations, and teachers want to see improvements in achievement for
ELLs, "greater continuity in how general education teachers are prepared by teacher–education programs, certified by states and evaluated by local
education agencies, or LEAs, is essential. By making sure that the special needs of ELLs are addressed at multiple stages of the teacher preparation
process, schools may gain higher quality вЂ©
пїјRunning Head: TEACHER EDUCATION 3 teachers of ELLs and more importantly, higher outcomes for ELLs (p. 9). De Jong and Harper (2005)
consider instruction that takes concern to, "explicit attention in linguistic and cultural needs of ELLs is lacking in most teacher preparation programs"
(p. 101).
In order to become a teacher, an individual must take education coursework, evaluations through student teaching and passing state teacher
examinations (Samson & Collins, 2012).

Bilingual Language Education Policy And The English As A...
This paper presents a gap between current foreign language education policy and the English as a foreign language (EFL) teaching practices in
addressing intercultural communication objectives in Vietnam. Although the current Vietnamese foreign language education policy advocates the
intercultural communication aims, intercultural language teaching and learning has not yet been applied in foreign language classrooms. The findings
from interviews, class observations and document analysis show that foreign language teachers mainly focus on developing learners' linguistic
performance rather than their intercultural competence because current policy statements about pedagogies and content of intercultural language
teaching have not been explicitly expressed and communicated to foreign language teachers. The author suggests a bottom–up policy making process
in which policy–makers and language teachers should both involve in addressing the pedagogy of intercultural language teaching. This article
contributes greatly to the new research area of policy–practice relationship in intercultural language learning and teaching in Vietnam, especially in the
current trend of Vietnamese education reform; hence it should be accepted with minor revisions in the International Journal of Pedagogies and
Learning. In fact, this article is coherent and well informed with data from the author's original research. It presents valuable findings and suggestions
which have not been reported previously

The English Language Higher Education Essay
The english language Higher education associated with Instruction can be an certified, for–profit school recognized in Indianapolis, Indiana, supplying
on the internet College student as well as Debase associated with Educating diploma programs.
Inhabitant Higher education associated with Education grants Masteral Degrees inside a demonstrate associated with qualifications programs, which
includes a Leader associated with Reproduction in Educational Commanders, Get good at associated with Instruction in Curriculum as well as
Articles, Leader associated with Instruction in Curriculum as well as Quite happy with ESL Niche, Swayer associated with Pedagogy in Curriculum
as well as Quite happy with Bilingual Specialisation along with a Get good at associated with Lessons in Educational Area. Impotence. N. as well as
Impotence. Utes. in Activity degrees have been launched in 2013. All programs are trained on the internet. Sloping several yet another high continuous
pedagogy programs, Terrain Higher education associated with Pedagogy won 't point out their people to be able to hump this GRE.
Inhabitant Higher education associated with Reproduction was officially bundled in Algonquian about Feb 25, 2005. Lots incorporation, this obtained
this individual brace (the pedagogue programming) associated with Barat Higher education. Inhabitant Higher education associated with Knowledge
forthwith put on The bigger Purchase Put money from the Northeasterly Middlemost Ram associated with

Implications Of Dual Language Immersion
Dual language education benefits both English dominant students and English language learners with a goal of helping students to become bilingual,
bicultural and biliterate. This paper will explore the Implications of Dual Language Immersion programs in US schools. While dual–language
education has existed in the United States for roughly two centuries, and it reached its height of popularity in the 1970s, the use of dual–language
education in public schools has declined significantly in recent decades due to legislative actions that have sought to limit its use. When used,
dual–language education is generally seen as a way to ensure that non–English–speaking students, or students who are not yet proficient in English, are
given equitable opportunities to succeed in and complete their education. While schools and teachers may use a wide variety of dual–language
strategies, each with its own specific instructional goals, the programs are typically designed to simultaneously develop English fluency, content
knowledge, and academic language–the knowledge, skills, and cultural proficiencies needed to succeed in an academic program.
The overview of Dual Language Programs which there are four main types, one of them are two–way dual language programs are made up of ELLs
fluent in the partner language and English–speaking peers. Developmental, or maintenance, bilingual programs which enroll primarily students who are
native speakers of the partner language. Foreign language

English Language Learners: Bilingual Education
Vanielle Williams
Letourneau University
Abstract
English Language Learners are children whose primary language is not English. This paper will include important topics such as: strategies for
classroom teachers, How to adjust classroom instruction, and facilitating language learning. This will help guide new and existing teachers in the ELL
process. I will discuss do and don't with Ell's and also different classroom strategies. It is not always easy to remember to be mindful of all students
when planning instruction but this paper will help with all aspects of ELL learners and things that we must do when it comes to teaching these learners.
What are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Different knowledge should be related to this idea. Teachers should also start every lesson by writing a content objective on the board. At the
conclusion of the class, the teacher must make sure that the objective has been satisfied. Classroom teachers also need to set language objectives for
the ELL's in their class (Haynes, 2010.) A language objective can be new vocabulary, fining the nouns in lessons, or applying grammar rules.
Modify vocabulary instruction for ELL's English language learners need direct instruction of new vocabulary (Haynes, 2010.) Educators must provide
practice saying new words. ELL's should have more exposure to new terms, words, idioms, and phrases than their English fluent classmates. Educators
must tie new vocabulary to previous knowledge and use pictorials to highlight significance. Content area Educators are encouraged to teach new
vocabulary that occurs in text as well as that related the subject materials.
Use cooperative learning

Should the United States Make English the Official language?
According to the 2011 census, over 20.8 percent of the United States population spoke another language other than English (www.us–english.org).
Language barriers, cultural differences, and immigration have been a part of life in the United States for decades. Language is considered a vital tool
in the construction of someone's identity and an expression of culture. In the last 200 years immigrants have chosen to make the United States their
home, but some proceeded with caution by slowly adapting to the English language and culture.
If a country doesn't have an official language is usually due to distinct historical or cultural reasons. As I began reading articles on this topic, I was
amazed that the great country I live in doesn't have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to research, over 322 languages are spoken in the United States as of 2014 (www.us–english.org). In James Crawford article, he stated that
one in seven US residents speak another language other than English, which shows that bilingualism is on a rise (1). Many immigrant households are
bilingual because the children of immigrants grow up speaking their parent's native language at home and English at school or other places. This
normally means the parents most like migrated to the United States during their adult years and don't really become fluent in English. As an adult
immigrant, it is probably much harder to learn the language well. So, I can't say that they don't want to learn, but regardless of whether an immigrant is
a first, second, or third generation, it would benefit to learn the English language. One way we teach English to immigrants is through our education
system. There are many resources that immigrants have to education that "American Dream" of a great education, but sometimes it frustrates me that
our education system is being overly accommodating to immigrants education. We are using a lot of resources and money. Our schools are supposed to
prepare students to be successful in the world and support them as they use the skills that they are taught, but if schools are producing graduates who
don't have a thorough grasp of the English language, the schools

The Importance Of Bilingual Education In The United States
A common joke says "What do you call someone who speaks two languages?" in which the person being asked the question would usually respond
with "bilingual." It goes on to ask about those who speak three or four languages, but then there is a kicker. "What does one call someone who only
speaks one language?" to which the punch line is "an American." According to the 2006 General Social Survey, only 25 percent of American adults are
fluent in a foreign language, while only 7 percent cite the source of this education to formal schooling (Devlin 1). Large amounts of evidence point to
the benefits of being multilingual. Although the United States has a few laws that help immigrants assimilate through dual language programs, there is
little to be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is important in the United States to have a competitive workforce, and a great way to do that is to have a society of learners that can communicate
with people of other cultures and ethnic backgrounds. Although there are efforts for teaching school children other languages, most programs are
primitive at best, left to be forgotten before the skills reach the point of relevancy. Dual language programs should be established in the US wherever
feasible to give parents, at the very least, the choice to expand the minds of their children. Recent years have seen the inclusion of voluntary language
immersion programs in places such as Athens, Georgia, in which students are taught from Kindergarten in two languages. These are steps in the right

Children In Bilingual Education
Pros:
1.Learning a second language will be helpful while finding a job in the future. Increased language flexibility is a skill that one can put on a resume.
This will open up a far larger job market for those who are educated bilingually.
2.Learning a second language makes it easier to learn a third.
Once a person has learned a second language, it becomes easier for them to learn a third and a fourth. Being bilingual increases a person's ability to
focus on learning new tasks and also stimulates increased concentration. Multitasking is also a skill that becomes simpler for those who are bilingual.
3.There are many personality benefits.
The child will be less likely to suffer from anxiety. Bilingual education stimulates working memory.
4.Children in bilingual education will become well–rounded.
Children will learn to understand and relate to other cultures around the world. They will have an advantage over ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Children will be able to understand other subjects.
Proponents of bilingual education believe that when non–English speaking students are educated in both their native language and English, their ability
to learn and speak English is enhanced. They learn English in an efficient manner and they're able to learn core subjects (math, history, science, etc.).
Cons:
1.Bilingual education is expensive.
Schools all across the country are struggling to keep their foreign language programs funded. Running a dominant language program is cheaper than
foreign language programs.
2.Foreign Language Students Do Not Integrate As Easily
In order to learn a new language, foreign language students need to make certain sacrifices, most commonly their native language. These sacrifices can
make it difficult to learn other subjects such as science or math.
3.Reduces Focus On A Career
While learning a language, a child may become so time consumed to this subject that they will struggle in other subjects. They will become frustrated
and not be able to

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