ELEMENTS OF CIVIL ENGINEERING

1. S.S.A.S.I.T, SURAT GTU

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19. Uses of
water
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22.  Conservation of WATER
• Necessity
• Rising population and industrialization has
created very high demand.
• This has resulted in Water scarcity in the world.
• The demand has led people to dig more and
more to the ground water and resulting in
depletion in ground water, too.
• Life style of the people has also affected the
water availability.
• Global environmental issues have created
severe effects on rainfall.
• For the future generation we need to act
NOW 22

23.  Conservation of WATER
• Conservation
• Water scarcity can be reduced by adopting
some techniques and conservation.
• Conservation is most effective and
environmental friendly method.
• It aims to improve the efficiency of use of water
and reduce losses and waste.
• Conservation of fresh water is very prime need
and important.
• SO, meaningful efforts should be made to
conserve water for the future generation.
• What are the objective of conservation? 23

24.  Conservation of WATER
• Objectives:
• Sustainability- To ensure availability for future
Gen.
• Use of fresh water should not exceed the rate of
natural replacement.
• Energy conservation- Pumping, delivery and
management consumes more than 15% of total
electricity consumption of the world.
• Habitat Conservation- Minimizing human water
use helps to preserve fresh water habitats for
local wildlife.
• What are the benefits of conservation? 24

25.  Conservation of WATER
• Benefits:
• Saves money bills
• Reduction in water use reduces waste water
• Which reduces treatment plants, and reduces
energy consumption in various units
• Balancing between environment and ecosystem
and their habitats
• Conservation helps in improving the water
quality
• Where conservation measures can be
applied?
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26.  Conservation of WATER
• Benefits:
• Saves money bills
• Reduction in water use reduces waste water
• Which reduces treatment plants, and reduces
energy consumption in various units
• Balancing between environment and ecosystem
and their habitats
• Conservation helps in improving the water
quality
• Where conservation measures can be
applied?
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27.  Conservation of WATER
• Measures:
• Domestic – Repair all leaks
• Turn off tap when not required
• Use appliances which uses less water
• Local bodies should install water meter and
encourage water pricing
• Industrial – Use dry cooling systems
• Use cooling systems which uses less water
• Reuse the cooling water for other purpose
• Install in-plant waste treatment measures
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28.  Conservation of WATER
• Measures:
• Agriculture – Use improved irrigation methods like
sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation
• Reducing conveyance losses
• Reducing evaporation losses while transportation
• More conjunctive use of ground and surface water
• Rain water Harvesting – Storage of rainwater into
under ground tank
• It increases water availability
• Environmental friendly
• Prevents soil erosion and flooding in urban areas
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29. • Roof top rain water harvesting
Khet Talavdi Check Dam
• Runoff harvesting 29

30.  DAMS
• A dam is a hydraulic structure constructed
across a river or a natural stream to store water
on its up stream side.
• It is a barrier which creates reservoir for
impounding water.
• This stored water is then utilized as and when
required for different purposes
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31.  DAMS
• Types of dams:
Type Uses Structure
Gravity dam Storage dam Rigid
Earth dam Storage dam Non-Rigid
Rock-fill dam Storage dam Non-Rigid
Weir Diversion dam Overflow
Barrage Diversion dam Overflow
Arch dam Storage dam Rigid
Buttress dam Storage dam Rigid
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32.  DAMS
• Gravity dam:
• Solid masonry or concrete structure
• Approx. Triangle in cross-section
• Its own weight resists the external forces acting
on it
• Forces acting are:
• Water pressure
• Weight of dam
• Uplift pressure
• E.Q. forces
• Wave pressure
• Wind pressure 32

33.  DAMS
• Gravity dam:
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34.  DAMS
• Earth dam:
• Made of locally available material
• Such as Soil, gravel, etc.
• Therefore, they are economical
• Their height is less than gravity dams
• But with modern techniques and knowledge of
soils, higher heights are achieved.
• Ukai dam in Gujarat is Earthen dam
• Rock-fill Dam:
• Variable sizes of boulders are used
• It provides stability and impervious membrane
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35.  DAMS
• Earth dam:
• Rock-fill Dam
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36.  DAMS
• Arch dam
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37.  DAMS
• Buttress dam
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38.  DAMS
• Weirs
• Designed to alter its flow characteristics
• To raise the water level and divert it into the
canal
• It allows water to flow over the top
• Classified into : Gravity weir and non-gravity weir
• Ponding of water is mostly due to Crest itself.
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39.  DAMS
• Barrage
• Low head diversion dam which consists of
numbers of gates/shutters
• Gates can be opened
and closed to regulate
the flow of water
• Ponding of water is
due to gates.
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40. Thank You…
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