Towards a Framework for XR Ethics - Kent Bye, AWE, November 11, 2021

Towards a
Framework for
XR Ethics
@KentBye

● My Journey into XR Ethics & Privacy
● Responsible Innovation Frameworks
● Nested Context Framework
● Survey of Some XR Ethics Frameworks
● Human Rights & Digital Rights Frameworks
● NeuroRights Frameworks
● Towards an XR Ethics Framework

Bye, K. (2016, April 28). The Human Experience of Virtual Reality: A Model of the VR Landscape [Presentation],
Silicon Valley Virtual Reality Conference, April 28, 2016 (San Jose, CA). Published on YouTube, May 3, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=acp0Ul0QlmI. Also Published on Voices of VR Podcast on May 4, 2016. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://voicesofvr.com/355-the-human-experience-of-virtual-reality-a-model-of-the-vr-landscape/.

UploadVR’s April 2016 Article on Oculus’ Privacy
Policy Catches the Attention of Senator Franken
Mason,W. (2016,April 1). Oculus 'Always On' Services and Privacy Policy May Be a Cause for
Concern. UploadVR. https://uploadvr.com/facebook-oculus-privacy/.
Durbin, J. (2016,April 7). Senator Al Franken Questions Oculus Over Privacy Concerns. UploadVR.
https://uploadvr.com/senator-al-franken-wants-answers-from-oculus-over-privacy-concerns/.

Voices of VR Privacy Coverage Starts May 2016

Bye, K., Ashmore, L., Niles, S. Rizzo, S., Richir, S., Luo, V., Bouchet, A., LeBlanc., M., Pallot., M. (2019, March 19). "Future Dreaming: Designing for New Realities &
Mapping the Ethical Landscape of VR/AR." Laval Virtual Visionaries' Think Tank 2019. Presented at Laval Virtual Conference. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1108116834186919937.

AWE - Augmented World Expo (Presented on 2019, May 31, 2019. Published 2019, June 20). Kent Bye (Voices of VR Podcast): The Ethical & Moral Dilemmas of Mixed
Reality. Presented at Augmented World Expo USA, Santa Clara, CA. YouTube Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BNgXKX8IwcU.

XR Ethics Manifesto
Bye, K. (2019, October 19). XR Ethics Manifesto [Presentation], Greenlight XR Strategy Conference, October 18, 2019 (San Francisco, CA). Available at
https://www.slideshare.net/kentbye/xr-ethics-manifesto-updated-nov-2-2019 (Accessed November 9, 2021) and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXgY3YXxqJ8

Help Write an
XR Ethics White Paper:
Call for Participation in IEEE's Global
Initiative on the Ethics of Extended Reality
Bye, K. (2021, February 5). XR Ethics: Invitation to Participate in IEEE's Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality [Presentation], Public Launch of the IEEE Global
Initiative on the Ethics of Extended Reality. Published on YouTube, February 8, 2021. Retrieved on November 10, 2021 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7W96y7bRdXg.

The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) (n.d.). The IEEE Global Initiative on Ethics of Extended Reality (XR) Report. Unpublished manuscript.
1. Extended Reality and the Erosion of
Anonymity and Privacy
2. Who owns our second lives: virtual
clones and the right to your identity
3. Social and Multi-User Spaces inVR:
Trolling, Harassment & Online Safety
4. XR Ethics in Education
5. Medical XR
6. Diversity, Inclusion,Accessibility
7. Business, Finance & Economics

● Facebook Connect (2020, October 13). Facebook Connect | Keynote 2020. [Presentation] Facebook Connect. Published on YouTube. Retrieved on November 10 from
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-cRxT32G7y4.
● Applin, S. A., & Flick, C. (2021). Facebook’s Project Aria indicates problems for responsible innovation when broadly deploying AR and other pervasive technology in the Commons. Journal of
Responsible Technology, 5, 100010. doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100010
● Bye, K., Applin, S. & Flick. C. (2021, April 30). #991: Critiquing Facebook’s Responsible Innovation Principles & Project Aria through the lens of Anthropology & Tech Ethics. Retrieved on
November 9, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/991-critiquing-facebooks-responsible-innovation-principles-project-aria-through-the-lens-of-anthropology-tech-ethics/.

Horizon 2020 European Commission (2020, December 7). Responsible research & innovation. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/en/h2020-section/responsible-research-innovation.
Horizon 2020 European Commission
for Responsible Research & Innovation

Sutcliffe, H. (2016, January 22). Principles for Responsible Innovation. [Presentation] European Economic and Social Committee's Sixth Community of Practice Plenary Meeting for better
self and co-regulation. Retrieved November 9, 2021 from https://web.archive.org/web/20210727141617/https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/events/sixth-cop-plenary-meeting and
https://ec.europa.eu/information_society/newsroom/image/document/2016-4/sixth_cop_plenary_meeting_-_presentation_hilary_sutcliffe_matter_13334.pdf
?
1. Research & Innovation for social value
2. Considering all impacts
3. Stakeholder participation
4. Governance & transparency
Principles for Responsible Innovation

Sutcliffe, Hilary. (2011). A Report on Responsible Research & Innovation. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/default/files/rri-report-hilary-sutcliffe_en.pdf
Most public engagement falls into manipulation or tokenism

Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) A Framework for Responsible Innovation in R. Owen, M. Heintz, J. Bessant (Eds.), (2013)
Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, (pp. 27-50) Wiley.
“Embedding dimensions of Responsible Innovation
within a Stage-Gating Innovation Governance Model”

A Framework for Responsible Innovation (Owen et al, 2013)
Anticipatory, Reflective, Deliberative, & Responsive
Owen, R., Stilgoe, J., Macnaghten, P., Gorman, M., Fisher, E., & Guston, D. (2013) A Framework for Responsible Innovation in R. Owen, M. Heintz, J. Bessant (Eds.), (2013)
Responsible innovation. Managing the responsible emergence of science and innovation in society, (pp. 27-50) Wiley.

The Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council Framework for Responsible Innovation (2013). Retrieved on November, 9 2021 from
https://epsrc.ukri.org/research/framework/.
UK’s EPSRC: Responsible Innovation Framework of
Anticipate, Reflect, Engage, and Act (AREA)

Ogoh, G. I., & Fairweather, N. B. (2019). The state of the responsible research and innovation programme. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society.
doi:10.1108/jices-12-2018-0093
Conceptualization of the AREA
Responsible Innovation Framework

World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

Lee, J. J., & Hu-Au, E. (2021, October 6). E3XR: An analytical framework for ethical, educational and eudaimonic XR design.
Frontiers. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.697667/full.
E3XR: An Analytical Framework for Ethical,
Educational and Eudaimonic XR Design (2021)

Lee, J. J., & Hu-Au, E. (2021, October 6). E3XR: An analytical framework for ethical, educational and eudaimonic XR design. Frontiers. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/frvir.2021.697667/full.
World Leaders in Research-Based User Experience. (n.d.). Design thinking 101. Retrieved March 03, 2021, from https://www.nngroup.com/articles/design-thinking/

Applin, S. A., & Flick, C. (2021). Facebook’s Project Aria indicates problems for responsible innovation when broadly deploying AR and other pervasive technology in the
Commons. Journal of Responsible Technology, 5, 100010. doi:10.1016/j.jrt.2021.100010
Bye, K., Applin, S. & Flick. C. (2021, April 30). #991: Critiquing Facebook’s Responsible Innovation Principles & Project Aria through the lens of Anthropology & Tech Ethics.
Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from https://voicesofvr.com/991-critiquing-facebooks-responsible-innovation-principles-project-aria-through-the-lens-of-anthropology-tech-ethics/.

Lessig’s Pathetic
Dot Theory
Mereological
Nested Contexts
vs
Market
Law
Cultural
Norms
Technology
Architecture
& Code
User
Lessig, Lawrence, (2006). Code 2.0, Chapter: What Things Regulate ( pp. 120–137). New York : Basic Books

Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines

User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines

App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines

OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines

OS Code
App Code
User
Experience
Economy
Laws
Culture
Design
Guidelines
Hardware
& Tech
Architecture

Human
Rights
Principles
Governments
& Laws
XR Companies
XR Hardware
& OS
Ethical
Design
Principles
XR
Experiences
Users

How do we preserve the Right
to Mental Privacy in XR?
Biometrically-inferred psychographic data from
XR is not covered by existing privacy laws.
Some biometric user data will be contextually-
relevant & required for some XR apps to
function, which users should be able to consent
to sharing within the context of those apps.
Companies require users to consent to their
Terms of Service & Privacy Policies, which do
not prevent them them from recording &
monetizing user data, extrapolating biometric
psychographic information, or using it for
contextually-aware AI, but they have limited
what third party developers can do with that
same data.
Human Rights
Principles
International Organizations
International Laws &
Human Rights Laws
UN Guiding
Principles on
Business &
Human Rights
Neuro-Rights
Initiative
Right to
Mental
Privacy
XR
Hardware +
Operating
System
Ethical
Design
Principles?
XR User’s Context & Data
Third-Party
XR Developers
XR Experiences
that Require User
Data to Operate
US Government
Lobbyists
European
Union
GDPR
XR Companies
State
Laws
Federal
Laws
Oversight & Enforcement
New
Federal
Privacy
Law?
Monetizing
User Data &
Biometric
Psychography?
Contextually
-Aware AI?
Terms of
Service
Privacy
Policy
App
Store
Developer
Terms of
Service

XR Company’s
Conduct inVR Policy
& Community Policy
Ethical Design Principles
XR
Experiences
Users
Users
App Safety
Policies
Civil Rights
XR Safety
Tech Architecture to
Mitigate Harassment & Abuse
Human Rights
Principles
Cultural
Norms
Code of
Conduct

{
Human Rights Principles
International Laws &
Human Rights Laws
XR User
XR Apps
Civil Rights Laws
Ethical Design Principles
XR Platform Companies
XR User
App’s
Code of
Conduct
App’s
Terms of
Service
Cultural
Norms
Cultivate
Elements of
Culture
Oppression of
Marginalized
Communities
Budget for
XR Safety
Listen to Harms
XR Safety Tech
Architecture to Mitigate
Harassment & Abuse
Peer-to-Peer
Protections:
Muting, Blocking, &
Kicking from Room
Personal
Space
Bubbles
Moderation
(Paid,
Volunteer,
or AI?)
(Visible or
Invisible?)
Bans or
Suspension
by the App Which XR Contexts
Should Have This?
(Public Social VR apps vs
Private VR education,
enterprise, medical with
multiplayer functionality)
Rolling
Recording to
Report Abuse
Implicit Trust
& Safety
Social Scores
Privacy
Implications?
Implications of Combining
with Govt Social Scores?
Determine Protected
Speech or Behavior
vs Violations in
Code of Conduct
Appeals
Process?
1st Party App Violations May
Lose Access to XR Hardware
Platform’s
Conduct in
VR Policy
Interactions
Auto-Bans via
False Reports
or Rogue AI?
Diﬀerences in Language
& Culture in Moderating?
Limited
Features
for Minors

● My Journey into XR Ethics & Privacy
● Responsible Innovation Frameworks
● Nested Contexts Framework
● Survey of Some XR Ethics Frameworks
● Human Rights & Digital Rights Frameworks
● NeuroRights Frameworks
● Towards an XR Ethics Framework

Southgate, E. (2020). Virtual reality in curriculum and pedagogy: Evidence from secondary classrooms. Routledge.
Actioned Pedagogy for
Immersive Learning
(2020)

Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92.
https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092
ARLEAN: An Augmented
Reality Learning
Analytics Ethical
Framework (2021)

Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92.
https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092
ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality Learning
Analytics Ethical Framework (2021)

ARLEAN: An
Augmented Reality
Learning Analytics
Ethical Framework
(2021)
Christopoulos, A.; Mystakidis, S.; Pellas, N.; Laakso, M.-J. ARLEAN: An Augmented Reality
Learning Analytics Ethical Framework. Computers 2021, 10, 92. https://doi.org/10.3390/computers10080092

Image viaYan Shvartzshnaider (April 15, 2020)
https://twitter.com/ynotez/status/1250578500588879873
Nissenbaum, H. (2010). Privacy in Context:Technology, Policy, and
the Integrity of Social Life. Stanford University Press.

XR Safety Initiative - XRSI. (2020, December 10).Extend reality with awareness! XR safety and privacy guide for artists Retrieved October 8, 2021, from
https://xrsi.org/publication/extend-reality-with-awareness-xr-safety-and-privacy-guide-for-artists.
XR Safety Initiative
Framework for XR
Risk Assessment
(2020)

Pearlman, K., Visner, S., Cameran, R., & Magnano, M. (2021, September 22). Securing the Metaverse -
Virtual Worlds Need REAL Governance. Presented at 2021 SISO [Simulation Interoperability Standards
Organization] SIMposium, virtual conference held at https://www.sisostds.org/2021SISOSIMposium.aspx,
Retrieved November 9, 2021 from Pearlman, K. (2021, September 22),
https://twitter.com/KavyaPearlman/status/1440776408238739459

Wardley Mapping: Pioneers vs Settlers vs Town Planners
Wardley, Simon (2015). https://medium.com/wardleymaps/better-for-less-58fe8c0a3aaa

Wardley Mapping: 3D Production Pipeline
Wardley, Simon (2015). https://medium.com/wardleymaps/exploring-the-map-ad0266fad59b

Parisi’s Seven Rules of the Metaverse
1. There is Only One Metaverse.
2. The Metaverse is for Everyone.
3. Nobody Controls the Metaverse.
4. The Metaverse is Open.
5. The Metaverse is Hardware-Independent.
6. The Metaverse is a Network.
7. The Metaverse is the Internet.
Parisi, T. (2021, October 22). The Seven Rules of the Metaverse. Medium. Retrieved October 23, 2021, from https://medium.com/meta-verses/the-seven-rules-of-the-metaverse-7d4e06fa864c.
Almudena6cv, CC BY-SA 4.0 <https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons, Retrieved from https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Vaporwave-4K-Wallpapers.jpg

Lafayette, C. (2021, November 4). My seven standards of the metaverse. Twitter. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from https://twitter.com/vrleader/status/1456286772103577600.

Protopia Futures [Framework]
Protopian visions are anchored in principles of:
● Plurality — beyond binaries,
● Community — beyond borders,
● Celebration of Presence,
● Regenerative Action & Life as Technology,
● Symbiotic Spirituality,
● Creativity & Emergent Subcultures,
● & Evolution of Cultural Values.
Bielskyte, Monika, et al. (2021, May 18). Protopia Futures [Framework]. Medium. Retrieved November 4, 2021, from https://medium.com/protopia-futures/protopia-futures-framework-f3c2a5d09a1e.
Vital contributions & editing advice: Ash Baccus-Clark, Alina Negoita, Amber Case, Angie Davis, Ari Kuschnir, Carmen Aguilar Y Wedge, Caroline Barrueco, Charles Shafaieh, Dorothy R. Santos, Efflam
Mercier, Gemma Milne, Ibtisam Ahmed, India Osborne, Jamie Perera, Jenka Gurfinkel, Jess Vovers, Joseph Purdam, Kayus Bankole, Kefiloe Siwisa, Kevin Bethune, Lidia Zuin, Luisa Ji, Mark Gonzales, Mary
Katherine Heinrich, Phoenix Perry, Pumla Maswangany, Radha Mistry, Rasigan Maharajh, Regina Walton, Romi Ron Morrison, Sarah B Brooks, Sydette Harry, Tiana Garoogian, Tyson Yunkaporta.
Image by Mario Mimoso & Monika Bielskyte.

Diller, A., Ayim, M., Pauly Morgan, K., & Houston, B. (1996). Figure 8.1 (p. 107). In The Gender Question in Education: Theory, Pedagogy, & Politics. Routledge, Taylor et Francis Group.
Intersecting Axes of Privilege, Domination, & Oppression

Bye, K., Opsahl, K., Rodriguez, K., Callas, J., & Mir, R. (2021, July 5). #999: The EFF on XR Privacy & How AR/VR Needs a Human Rights Framework + Timeline of UN
Resolutions on Privacy. Voices of VR Podcast. Retrieved November 9, 2021, from https://voicesofvr.com/999-the-eff-on-xr-privacy-how-arvr-needs-a-human-rights-framework/.

Stewart, M. (2021, July 23). Breadth & depth: Why I'm optimistic about Facebook's responsible innovation efforts. Facebook Technology. Retrieved October 8, 2021, from
https://tech.fb.com/responsible-innovation/.

ThingLink. (n.d.). Universal Declaration of Human Rights by TERMCAT.ThingLink.
https://www.thinglink.com/scene/885518633164341250.
FDR Presidential Library & Museum. (1949, November). Eleanor Roosevelt
holding poster of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (in English), Lake
Success, NewYork. November 1949. Flickr.
https://www.flickr.com/photos/fdrlibrary/27758131387/.

United Nations. (2015, December 30). Sustainable Development Goals kick off with start of new year – United Nations Sustainable Development. United Nations.
https://www.un.org/sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-kick-off-with-start-of-new-year/.

Internet Rights and Principles Coalition (2021, October 12). 10 Internet Rights & Principles. Internet Rights and Principles Coalition. Retrieved November 10, 2021, from
https://internetrightsandprinciples.org/campaign/.

Barcelona Charter of Citizens’ Rights in the Digital Era (February 21, 2019)
1. Human rights and freedoms currently in force.
2. Right to digital identity.
3. Right to digital citizenship.
4. Right to dignity and the free development of personality in the context of technological developments.
5. Right to freedom and equality in the access to the digital environment.
6. Right to security of technological developments.
7. Right to intimacy and confidentiality in the digital environment.
8. Right to be forgotten and to digital memory.
9. Right to protection of personal data.
10. Right to freedom of thought, expression and information in the digital environment.
11. Right to digital education and professional training.
12. Right to freedom of enterprise and technological developments.
13. Right to intellectual property and technological environments.
14. Right to equality and prohibition of discrimination in the use of technologies.
15. Right to protection of minors, persons with disabilities and other vulnerable groups.
16. Right to the protection of workers in technological environments.
17. Right to sustainable technological development.
18. Right to the protection of consumers and users in digital environments.
19. Right to digital asylum
20. Right to participate in public affairs.
21. Right to effective protection in digital conflicts.
Barcelona Charter of Citizens’ Rights in the Digital Era. Digital Rights Barcelona Carta
de Barcelona pels Drets Digitals de la Ciutadania en lEra Digital. (2019, February 21).
Retrieved October 23, 2021, from http://digitalrightsbarcelona.org/la-carta/?lang=en.

Government of Spain: Charter of Digital Rights (July 14, 2021)
Rights to Freedom
1. Rights and freedoms in the digital environment
2. Right to identity in the digital environment
3. Right to data protection
4. Right to pseudonymity
5. Right of the person not to be located and profiled
6. Right to cybersecurity
7. Right to digital heritage
Equality Rights
8. Right to equality and to non-discrimination in the digital environment
9. Right of access to the Internet
10. Protection of minors in the digital environment
11. Universal accessibility in the digital environment
12. Access gaps to the digital environment
Rights to Participation in and
Conformation of Public Spaces
13. Right to Internet Neutrality
14. Freedom of expression and freedom of information
15. Right to freely receive truthful information
16. Right to citizen participation through digital means
17. Right to digital education
18. Digital rights of citizens in their relations with the
Public administrations
Sánchez Presenta la carta de derechos digitales, con la que "españa SE sitúa a la Vanguardia Internacional en
la protección de derechos de la ciudadanía". La Moncloa. (2021, July 14). Retrieved October 23, 2021, from
https://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/presidente/actividades/Paginas/2021/140721-derechos-digitales.aspx.
Labour and Business Environment Rights
19. Rights in the workplace
20. The company in the digital environment
Digital Rights in Specific Environments
21. Right of access to data for purposes of archiving in
interest public, scientific or historical research
purposes, statistical purposes, and innovation and
development purposes
22. Right to technological development and a digital
environment sustainable
23. Right to health protection in the digital environment
24. Freedom of creation and right of access to culture in
the Digital environment
25. Rights before artificial intelligence
26. Digital rights in the use of neurotechnologies
Guarantees and Effectiveness
27. Guarantee of rights in digital environments
28. Effectiveness

(1) The right to identity, or the ability to
control both one’s physical and mental
integrity
(2) The right to agency, or the freedom of
thought and free will to choose one’s own
actions
(3) The right to mental privacy, or the
ability to keep thoughts protected against
disclosure
(4) The right to fair access to mental
augmentation, or the ability to ensure that
the benefits of improvements to sensory and
mental capacity through neurotechnology
are distributed justly in the population.
(5) The right to protection from
algorithmic bias, or the ability to ensure
that technologies do not insert prejudices.
Proposed Neuro-Rights
Yuste, R.,Genser, J. & Herrmann, S. "It's Time for Neuro-Rights." Horizons: Journal of International Relations and Sustainable Development, no. 18, 2021. pp 154-164. JSTOR,
https://www.cirsd.org/en/horizons/horizons-winter-2021-issue-no-18/its-time-for-neuro--rights. Accessed 31 Mar. 2021.

A ley protección de la integridad mental frente al avance de las neurotecnologías. Cámara de Diputados. (2021, September 29). Retrieved November 10, 2021, from
https://www.camara.cl/cms/noticias/2021/09/29/a-ley-proteccion-de-la-integridad-mental-frente-al-avance-de-las-neurotecnologias/.

20+ Neuro-Ethicists: Towards a Governance Framework for Brain Data
Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G.,
Molnar-Gabor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2021, September 28). Towards a governance framework for Brain Data. arXiv.org. Retrieved
November 10, 2021, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.11960.

Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and
neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/.
neurojoe. (2020, November 19). Introducing: Galea. OpenBCI.
https://openbci.com/community/introducing-galea-bci-hmd-biosensing/.

Bernal, G. (2021,April 15). Developing Galea:An open source tool at the intersection ofVR and neuroscience. MIT Media Lab. https://www.media.mit.edu/posts/galea/.

Eye Tracking and Pupil Response
Facial Scans
Movement Kinematics
Electrodermal Activity (EDA)
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Skin Conductance Response (SCR)
Skin Conductance (SC)
Skin Temperature (SKT)
Body Temperature
Electromyography (EMG)
Mechanomyogram (MMG)
Strain-Based Sensor (SBS)
Electrocardiography (ECG / EKG)
Heart-RateVariability (HRV)
Respiratory (RSP)
Respiratory RateVariability (RRV)
Photoplethysmogram (PPG)
Impedance Plethysmography (IPG)
BloodVolume Pulse (BVP)
Electro-Oculogram (EOG)
Impedance Cardiography (ICG)
Gyrocardiography (GCG)
Ballistocardiography (BCG)
Magnetocardiography (MCG)
Seismocardiography (SCG)
Phonocardiogram (PCG)
Continuous Glucose Monitor (CGM)
Acoustic Respiratory Signals (ARS)
Blood Pressure (BP)
Pulse Arrival Time (PAT)
Pulse Transit Time (PTT)
Electroretinogram (ERG)
Electrogastrogram (EGG)
Magnetogastrography (MGG)
Electroencephalography (EEG)
Near-Infrared Spectroscopy-Based Cerebral
Oxiometry (NIRSCO)
Optically-Pumped Magnetoencephalography
(OP-MEG)
Optically-Pumped Magnetometers
Magnetoencephalography (OPM-MEG)
Time Domain Functional Near-Infrared
Spectroscopy (TD-fNIRS)
Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy (fNIRS)
High-Density Diffuse Optical Tomography
(HD-DOT)
Intracranial Pressure (ICP)
Electrocorticography (ECoG)
Intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG)
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
Local Field Potential (LFP)
Transcranial Doppler (TCD)
Somatosensory Evoked Potential (SSEP)
Brainstem Auditory Evoked Potential (BAEP)
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(fMRI)
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
Magnetoencephalography (MEG)
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
(NMR or MRS)
Subdural EEG (sdEEG)
Intracranial EEG (icEEG)
Diffuse Correlation Spectroscopy (DCS)
Subdermal EEG Needle
Superconducting QUantum Interface Device
(SQUID)
Microneurography
List of Physiological & Biometric Data
Bye, K. (2021, May 30).Twitter. https://twitter.com/kentbye/status/1399143885427728384

Taxonomy of Brain Data
Ienca, M., Fins, J. J., Jox, R. J., Jotterand, F., Voeneky, S., Andorno, R., Ball, T., Castelluccia, C., Chavarriaga, R., Chneiweiss, H., Ferretti, A., Friedrich, O., Hurst, S., Merkel, G.,
Molnar-Gabor, F., Rickli, J.-M., Scheibner, J., Vayena, E., Yuste, R., & Kellmeyer, P. (2021, September 28). Towards a governance framework for Brain Data. arXiv.org. Retrieved
November 10, 2021, from https://arxiv.org/abs/2109.11960.

Brittan Heller,Watching Androids Dream of Electric Sheep: Immersive Technology, Biometric Psychography, and the Law, 23
Vanderbilt Journal of Entertainment andTechnology Law 1 (2021) Available at: https://scholarship.law.vanderbilt.edu/jetlaw/vol23/iss1/1

Biometric
Psychography
Identity
Miller, M.R., Herrera, F., Jun, H. et al. Personal identifiability of user tracking data during
observation of 360-degreeVR video. Sci Rep 10, 17404 (2020).
https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-74486-y

Mental Thoughts
Cognitive Processes
Cognitive Load
Social Presence
Behaviors
Intention
Actions
Movement
Aﬀective State
Emotional Sentiment
Facial Expression
Microexpressions
Stress / Arousal
Physiological Reactions
Eye Gaze/Attention
Body Language
Muscle Fatigue

Sutcliffe, Hilary. (2011). A Report on Responsible Research & Innovation. Retrieved on November 9, 2021 from
https://ec.europa.eu/programmes/horizon2020/sites/default/files/rri-report-hilary-sutcliffe_en.pdf
Meaningful Engagement with
Deliberate Dialogue and Inclusive Debate

Towards a Framework for XR Ethics - Kent Bye, AWE, November 11, 2021

More Related Content

What's hot

Similar to Towards a Framework for XR Ethics - Kent Bye, AWE, November 11, 2021

More from Kent Bye

Recently uploaded

Towards a Framework for XR Ethics - Kent Bye, AWE, November 11, 2021