1. Chapter 12: Crisis of the Later Middle Ages

2. Flavio Biondo-(1392 – June 4, 1463) Italian Renaissance humanist historian one of the first historians to used a three-period division of history (Ancient, Medieval, Modern) known as one of the first archaeologists Coined the term, “middle ages” FlavioBiondo's gravestone in Santa Maria in Aracoeli, Rome

3. Little Ice Age expansion of mountain glaciers and cooling of global temperatures not a true ice age because it did not get cold enough for long enough to cause ice sheets to grow larger. …So, why is this important in European History?? ANS. Wet weather caused disease that affected people, animals and crops including the bubonic plague

4. Great Famine: 1315-1322 Famine that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change. Major natural disaster of the Middle Ages Significance? ANS-Marked extreme levels of crime, disease, mass death and even cannibalism and infanticide(homicide of an infant. It is most common within 24 hours of the baby's birth).

6. Feudalism was the exchange of land (fief) for military service

8. decentralized organization that arises when central authority cannot perform its functions and when it cannot prevent the rise of local powers.

9. Feudalism was never established in Europe until the Middle Ages;** looking for protection from the Vikings

11. Whoever held the most land had the mostpower also they could have the largest military

12. A chart of ranks from highest to lowest. Was also possible for people to move higher up in the ranks .

13. The Game of Chess… In many countries and civilizations around the world a system known as feudalism developed in which warriors pledged certain military and legal duties to one another in exchange for certain privileges, especially control of land that the non-warriors in society did not have. The game of chess is a perfect metaphor for this feudal system, no wonder it was a game widely played in the Middle Ages.

14. The king and queen represent the economic oppression asserted through a monopoly on land ownership in an agrarian society. The bishop represents the psychological authority exercised by the church. And the knight represents institutionalized war leadership. all of which are hidden within their castles and behind pawns who represent serfs Chess is a game that portrays the old power structures of feudal Europe and recognizes the alliance of different authoritarian interests that kept the people of society under the yoke of service to the elite

15. ManorIalism The System by which the Lord of the Manor exploited the serfs or tenants who worked his estate Also called Seignorial System Represented the economic part of feudalism….how people made a living The basic unit was the manor(fief) self Sufficient landed estate, which was under Control by a lord…peasants attached to it by Means of serfdom

16. 1.knights(nobles) …fought 2. Men and women..prayed 3.Peasants… worked If serfs had escaped From their master for a year and a day then they would become a villein...village commoner

17. Knighthood and the age of Chivalry Nobleman or warrior Knights were horsemen, showing signs of nobility and social status as the costs of all the equipment for fighting on horseback got expensive Knighthood was more than fighting it was about chivalry.…protecting the lord’s lands from invaders and fought in the lord’s battles against other lords

19. The code by which they lived Age of the horse The qualities idealized by knighthood…bravery courtesy, and honor Chivalry comes from two French words Cheval…horse Chevalier…horse riding knight A moral system which went beyond rules of combat and introduced the concept of Chivalrous conduct

20. Connection across time Is Chivalry dead?? What do we call chivalry today??