The Use of IS and ERP in Purchasing

Use Of Information Systems And Etr On The Purchasing Process
Topic: The Use of Information Systems and ETR in the Purchasing Process
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The purchasing process involves the use of purchasing systems which provide ways for firms and companies to purchase and acquire goods and
services at the best prices and at optimum terms. Purchasing Information Systems are used in decision making at different levels as tools for planning,
analyzing, monitoring and controlling the business operations. These systems can be use for various functions like invoice management, ordering of
orders automatically, management of supplier contracts among other uses. Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems are business software systems
that are ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The systems are to be installed in the Starshine Electronics Company.
The following is a diagram explaining the various steps involved in the purchasing process. The first step involved is to identify the need for certain
goods. These can be in form of raw materials or equipments. The need must be felt and identified before taking any step to purchase the product. For
example, Starshine Electronics may want to offer transport as an after sale services to their customers. In order to do this, a vehicle is required. The
need of this vehicle is then identified and the first step in purchasing the product is put into action.
The second step involves selecting the specific type of product that Starshine Electronics desires to purchase according to their needs. There are various
types of products that can be used to do a given function and hence there is need to decide the product that suits you better. For example, there are many
types of vehicles in the market from different manufacturers and hence Starshine Electronics should decide on the best model from a particular
manufacturer to order. After selecting the product, a purchase team needs to be appointed or selected. The formation of the team helps greatly in the
management of the purchase process through conducting research, analyzing the findings and planning on the necessary technical specifications for
the product and the process involved in purchasing the product. Research about the product
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Sample Resume : The Purchasing Process
The Purchasing process : it is the process in which need to designation and characterization to make a successful market . we cant make it through
these condition which are , first we should order the cycle to achieve your goal . second we must have to choose good provider which have skills like
body language is well , can communication with people in different language , have good culture to pursued customer , should have capacity to
handle firm requirement , all these to make agreement with the owner of company . third step we have to doer this by writing script in good way
which include business name and all details about customer like address , job , telephone . mobile number , fax , email and this is look like a
registration for make business .fourth condition during the transaction company send its product which is availability and confirmation of this item
obligate the company pay for them . fifth condition settlement process and payment process , the settlement process was automatic of good decrepit its
was response rd by owner of the company to save company time and money , the payment process is made by either electronic funds ( paying online )
or by check or cash . And the last condition the company must keep these record which contain purchase record to establish any tax information and
purchase order to confirm it . so we talked about the condition or steps of purchasing process in simple way .
Now we will discuss with all details the order cycle of

C1 Alibaba.Com
C1 ALIBABA.COM
1.Creating other successful portal in the future will be hard given that the lock–in effect makes the task difficult. Alibaba.com as an early entrant into
the B2B portal market in China has built a strong advantage over its competitors; anyone who would want to challenge them will face some barriers
to enter the market because as a starter, people will show preference for Alibaba.com, because of the experience, some people also develop loyalty or
simply because they know the company.
2.Alibaba.com charges foreign sellers a lower annual fee for a TrustPass membership because Ma, the owner wants to attract the global companies,
which spend most of their efforts on business with large companies, by giving them a good ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
4.Taobao.com can take advantage of the awareness people have of this type of business, people already know how this works, and they don't need to
educate the consumer. Ebay as a pioneer has already showed the way on how to do this kind of business; Taobao.com can improve or cover what Ebay
hasn't been able to cover. They can also innovate or transform the business.
Ebay has a big advantage over Taobao.com , they have years of experience ahead, brand awareness because they are pioneers .EBay's success lies in
being the first ones on providing a major web auction, which could be identified as a lock–in effect, even though there are other auction sites nowadays
eBay is still leading. Ebay is always looking at its competitors to make sure they provide the consumer what the competitor is offering, they are
innovating and this is why they are still leading.
5.Alibaba.com's reputation can help Yahoo reach the Chinese market because people already know this site, people are aware of the web site, they
know they have been doing things right, people can trust them. People also know this website is from China, they will feel more identified with them,
because of the language, traditions and the most important, their interests .Alibaba.com will meet in a better way their needs

Tablets: Ultimate Buying Machines Essay
Dana Mattioli authored Tablets: Ultimate Buying Machines in a published WSJ.com article of September 28, 2011. The article describes the new
purchasing relationship between tablet owners and their shopping habits. This relationship, spotlighted by retailers, portrays tablet owners as high
impact shoppers, placing large and expensive orders via online order sites.
The main characters in this article include various tablet owners, portrayed as more affluent than typical shoppers with an average larger orders.
Alongside them are retailers, such as Macy's Inc., Abercrombie & Fitch Co., Gap Inc., QVC, and Sephora, which are changing their retail strategies to
respond to the growing tablet trend. Some retailers have aligned with Google Inc. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The article mentions different ideas online retailers can pursue to increase purchases by tablet users, such as specialized sites, tablet catalog
enhancements, etc. Additional ideas may include shopping via Facebook where online retailers can allow tablet users to access their catalog via an
online Facebook friend link; finger print recognition software that could link a chain of commands to one finger touch command, such as a buy
command that will generate payment, delivery, and confirmation chain of purchase; swipe feature that will allow consumers to swipe a credit or debit
card against the screen to complete a purchase; chat feature that will simplify contacting customer service to answer questions before purchase; chain of
purchase where complementary products can be purchased simultaneously with the initial product; or finger touch recognition protection feature that
will ease consumers' security discomfort of online purchases.
Tablet purchases are similar to the purchase of digital textbooks by students. With the recent expansion and convenience of the Kindle, Nook, iPad,
PocketReader, and similar E–book readers, more students have begun purchasing their textbooks via online versions and using them in their classes.
The purchase of online textbooks, like other online purchases, can benefit from the tablets experience. Tablets provide the convenience of smart access,
powerful screens,

Buy Nothing Day Essay
Could you go twenty four hours without purchasing any goods? In Canada in 1992, a day was organized to increase awareness of excessive
consumerism, called Buy Nothing Day. It urged citizens to not purchase any goods within a twenty four hour period. Since 1992, this day has been
held yearly in many other nations. Citizens have conflicting viewpoints on the role of Buy Nothing Day as to whether it is successful or unsuccessful,
however I believe it is unsuccessful for countries to implement. While annual Buy Nothing Day increases awareness to excessive consumerism and
exposes the environmental and ethical consequences of overconsumption, it is unrealistic, negatively affects small and large businesses, and is difficult
for people of all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Annual Buy Nothing Day is as unrealistic as a unicorn and lacks practicality for the general public. Additionally, Buy Nothing Day effects both small
and large businesses negatively. Many people accept the idea of this annual day easily and do not think about the negative effects to businesses around
the country. However, culturally, some people are similar to the frog in the short story "The Parable of the Frog in the Well" from SriRamakrishna
Paramahamsa because they are unwilling to accept new ideas like the idea of yearly Buy Nothing Day. Citizens should not feel obligated to
accept this new idea because of its effects to businesses. Most businesses rely on daily income to keep their doors open and to pay their
employees. If a business were to lose a day's worth of income, it could cost the business tons of money. Some businesses would have to determine if
it would be worth closing their stores for a day. Small businesses would be negatively affected the most since they are dependent on daily incomes to
pay their employees and keep their business running smoothly. The industry of online purchases has also become very popular in recent years. This
annual day would require online shopping to stop for a twenty four hour period. It would be very difficult to discourage people from shopping online
or monitoring their shopping habits on Buy Nothing Day. It would cause an inconvenience for people of all kinds.

Notes On Purchasing Power Parity
Purchasing power Parity (PPP), is a theory stating that the unit of one currency should have the same purchasing power as the foreign currency.
Following the theory, where the normal exchange rate between two currencies should be the same as the ratio of aggregate price level between them.
It can be also called "inflation theory of exchange rates" as it stands for the theory of a change of price level where as the overriding determinant of
exchange rate movements. It is the same status as Quantity theory of money(QT). To make things clear, the dogma of PPP or its alternative Law of
one Price (LOOP), states that when goods in the basket expressed in a single currency meaning that they cost the same in all countries. This can be
achieved only if the rate or nominal exchange rate is equal to the differences between growth rate. The dental of LOP context is to find the most
disaggregate product and price can be readily material–provides as strong presumption that it is impossible to assemble available date into aggregate
price index which can be expected to obey the LOP.
It is introduced in 1918 by Cassel, due to World War I, while there was an international policy debate about the appropriate level for nominal exchange
rates among countries after the large scale of inflations. Rogoff (1196), expressed that some economists takes PPP seriously in the Short Run(S/R), but
the red variant of PPP, is in the long run exchange rate. Dornbusch and Krugman (1976) also,

What Major Trends Do You See Affecting The Roles Of...
A) What major trends do you see affecting the roles of purchasing managers in the next decade?
In the globalization era, there are several major trends that affect to the roles of purchasing manager. As emerging markets assume a greater role in the
global economy, the traditional demand and supply poles that have shaped global commerce over the last 50 years will change dramatically. More and
more global company will have their purchasing managers based in China, India or Brazil. The procurement teams need to start developing expertise in
local emerging market sourcing in China, Brazil, and India, as well as other developing economies. Sustainability is an essential strategy to business,
especially the global company. Procurement function ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The procurement leaders need to encourage their teams to adopt a social mindset and operating model that will sustain the corporate brand in this more
transparent era. The people is in a center of change dimensions. The future purchasing leaders will assess their intellectual, geographic diversity, and
recruiting sources. Procurement teams will expand and attract more people with backgrounds in education and professional services. Geographical
shifts into new emerging market will require procurement teams to have a diverse workforce that will be more relevant to local social and cultural
dictates. In the transparent world, the procurement organizations to go far beyond corporate social responsibility and must have a multidimensional
approach to managing the supply chain. We cannot forget the foundation factors of purchasing organization including information system, finance and
risk. As big data is increasingly intertwined into corporate decision–making processes, the purchasing manager will need to become more comfortable
with advanced data mining and analysis techniques. They will also need to develop financial acumen that rivals those of their finance counterparts to
build a leading company. The procurement riskmanagement will adopt a more holistic strategy that includes total risk exposure, risk mitigation
investments and risk transfer pricing. The procurement leaders

Marketing Analysis : Lulu Lemon
1.Industry/ Company Review
Lulu Lemon is a on the rise company that competes fiercely in the very competitive world of clothing. However, Lulu is more known to individuals in
the athletic and fitness world as a great product to wear when exercising. To bring more perspective Lulu Lemon is designing yoga pants, shorts, and
shirts. The shirts and other clothing products are sown together with high quality fabric and elastic material. These clothing products are designed by
respected fashion designers, and engineers to allow the best fitting, most effective, and highest performing fitness. The engineering that their analysis
rely on is finding the most durability, and flexibility fabric that allows their clients to move effectively when... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the time the company was yoga based store and a few other athletic wear products. They started to get their company name out by being a design
studio by day and a yoga studio by night. From that point on Lululemon could raise the name recognition and expand its product line and understand
their core base. Today, as implied earlier LuluLemon has become known as an athletic clothes connoisseur. The main target market is millennial
women, but they have entered the male athletic wear market and have been trying to their sales pool. However, their marketing mix is very much a core
mix, their placement of their products is at their own stores only, but advertise in many athletic related websites and athletic related paraphernalia. The
company offers many promotions specifically on social media and some print ads. In regards to price they are higher priced than average athletic
wear. Therefore, Lulu is trying to target more well established consumers. Finally, as stated earlier Lulu's products are athletic wear products such as
yoga pants, shorts, and shirts, but Lulu is looking at expanding their product line capabilities. All in all, Lulu is known for their quality and uniqueness
to the market segment, they offered their consumers a range of products needed in today's fitness world. Therefore, Lululemon is looking for all
options to improve their market outreach to meet the needs of their clients.
2. Product Review/Buyer Analysis
.
Even

Nordstrom Essay
Nordstrom:
Planning a better inventory
Question 1 Nordstrom has famously been known for its lean retail prices and its tight inventory. Nordstrom uses demand forecasting to minimize
leftover inventory. Nordstrom's total corporate management is based on two main goals. One is to associate purchasing with demand to keep inventory
as lean as possible. Second is to present customers and sales associates with a wide–ranging view of Nordstrom's entire inventory, including all stores
and warehouses. Nordstrom relates purchasing with demand to keep inventory lean and show customers and employees Nordstrom's inventory.
Nordstrom keeps its items in stock for an extremely short period of time so that if a customer wants it, they only have ... Show more content on
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Effective communication can increase the common understanding of ethics and ideas among customers and form a base for relations and future
purchases. The happier a customer feels with the company that they are purchasing from, the more often they will go back to that company and
purchase more products. Groups that should be involved are all employees within the company, because the more they are involved, the more comfort
there will be among the employees and the customers who will buy the product in the near future.
Question 4 Nordstrom has done a lot to their technology department since 2009 to compete with competitors in the online market. If there were
ideas that I could suggest for them, I would say that in their search area on the sites, they can still add more functions, such as a rating system
where customers can rank the product on how good it is. Companies such as Macy's and Nike have a customer rating system for clothing, so buyers
know which products are being liked and which ones aren't. Also, in the online inventory, Nordstrom needs to include which products are new, and
which ones are old because it is not listed on their site. Companies such as Nike, Banana Republic and Macy's all have a "new arrival" tab on their
website while Nordstrom does not. Those would be the only inventory management overhaul ideas I would recommend to them. As far as stretch goals
are concerned, I

The Implications Of Monetizing Children
Implications of Monetizing Children
Introduction
Children are fond of playing games on their mobile devices and will go to great lengths to ensure that they remain entertained. These games are readily
available on the Internet, and most children have found convenience in purchasing or subscribing especially through in–app purchasing. While a
majority of adult games require a one–time subscription or purchase, children games have been monetized and most children remain hooked to the
games they play, which ends up costing more. On a number of occasions, children have found themselves in trouble with their parents because of use of
their credit cards to purchase games on the Internet. Additionally, the incorporation of in–games ads poses another challenge because young kids are
becoming more exposed to gaming content and are lured into purchasing games or subscribing through the available options. This paper takes a look at
the ethical issues surrounding monetizing of children as well as highlights some of the psychological issues related to kids' games.
Ethical and psychological issues in monetizing children In the recent years after the advancement of Internet gaming a widespread use of mobile
devices such as the Smartphone and tablets, more children have gained access to a wide array of games in App Store that facilitate entertainment for
children. However, this has come with its challenges and most parents are having a hard time managing the wants of their children

The Current Procurement Situation Within Ucla Housing And...
The first few weeks of our project were spent assessing the current procurement situation within UCLA Housing & Hospitality Services. We worked
very closely with our stakeholder to gain an understanding of how products are purchased, and quickly decided that our project would focus on office
supplies because they are frequently purchased and widely used, and because there are not strict regulations regarding what kinds of products can be
purchased/used (as there are for chemical cleaning supplies, for example).
Additionally, we performed background research and analyzed the current University of California Sustainability Practices Policy as well as past
UCLA Housing purchasing data. Our findings were surprising. We found that the current... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Taking all of this into consideration, we came up with the initial project idea of creating our own set of comprehensiveprocurement guidelines. These
would be quantified, clear, and concise. However, we soon found that this project would be logistically difficult to complete and implement, given our
resources and timeline. We also realized that the current guidelines are already available to UCLA staff, who, as the survey data indicated, are largely
unaware of them. For this reason, simply updating the existing guidelines would have likely had little effect in changing purchasing behavior. The need
for an educational component quickly became apparent – indeed, nearly 50% of survey participants identified a lack of awareness/knowledge of
sustainable products as the biggest obstacle to the sustainable procurement of office supplies at UCLA.
We delved deeper into the current procurement system, learning that the UC System is contracted with OfficeMax and that it uses an interface known
as BruinBuy to make purchases. We thus decided to use the OfficeMax Green Office catalog (available to the public online) to compile a product
recommendation list. We also made general plans to incorporate this list into an education program set to take place during Spring

Essay On Purchasing Parity Power
The purpose of this paper is to examine the key term of "purchasing parity power" (PPP). This key term is used for several global business processes
and decision–making from the strategic to the operational level of management. The current research is mathematically based with regard to the
validity of the variables used to calculate PPP and provides examples of ways to restructure the variables for certain business processes. Ultimately, it
is a term and algorithm in which global business leaders should be well–versed to conduct cross–border project management and develop effective
strategic business decisions.
Key term and Interest Purchasing power parity (PPP) interests me because of the vast implications at every level of business. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In other words, the exchange rate is the equalizing factor that maintains product costs relatively consistent across countries.
While there are myriad of PPP calculations, there are two general approaches, absolute and relative (Hyrina & Serletis, 2010). The absolute calculation
relies on the nominal exchange rate and the relative accounts for fluctuations like inflation (2010). In fact, the variables of the calculation create the
controversy, in that, scholars agree that there are additional non–constant variables to consider and many different perspectives to view the variables.
Nevertheless, despite the controversy regarding how PPP is calculated, it is used for analyzing and reporting on costs across countries by the
International Monetary Fund (IMF), the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), and by global business leaders to make
decisions (Investopedia, 2016).
Major Article Summary In the article by Langston (2016), a positive view of using the standard PPP calculation was presented as applied it to
international project cost benchmarking. His research goal was to prove that the PPP calculation, and one in particular, enables the highest level of
accuracy for cost benchmarking for international businesses (Langston, 2016). He did this because current benchmarking calculations use exchange
rates to first get monetary units to U.S. dollar (USD), instead of using PPP, which is a more comprehensive picture of location

The Purchasing Power Parity ( Ppp ) And I Will Divide This...
Introduction:
A quote from Adam Smith's book shows the distinguishes between money and wealth : "It would be too ridiculous to go about seriously to prove that
wealth does not consist in money, or in gold and silver; but in what money purchases, and is valuable only for purchasing." This quote means the
money purchases seems to be more important than money itself, in other words, this view is consistent with many economists who think the
purchasing power is important. There is two type of fundamental international financial relationships: first is the Purchasing power parity which occurs
in goods and services market, the second is the interest parity which occurs in the money market. Both relationships state the association among interest
rate, inflation rates, and change in exchange rates.
In this paper, I will only focus on discussing the Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) and I will divide this paper into four sections. In section 1, I will
come up with the definition of PPP and other theories behind it. For section 2, I will briefly introduce the absolute PPP and relative PPP and
empirical evidence on PPP. Section 3 explains empirical test of PPP in practice and the problem of PPP. For the last section, there are conclusion and
remarks.
Section 1: Understanding Purchasing power parity
In this section, I will define the purchasing power parity and other theories behind PPP.
WHAT IS PPP?
Purchasing power parity (PPP) principle was first introduced by Gustav Cassell in the

The Notion Of Purchasing Power Parity
A.Discuss the notion of purchasing power parity (PPP) (10 marks) – 300 words
Purchasing power parity (PPP) was developed as the theory of exchange rate determination, which was the basis for the relationship between product
price levels and exchange rates and is now primarily used to compare living standards across countries (CFA, 2015).
The foundation version of PPP was based on the assumption that identical goods should trade at the same price across countries when valued in
terms of a common currency. This is known as the "law of one price" and derived from the no arbitrage assumption (Dornbush, 1985; Taylor and
Taylor, 2004; CFA, 2015). It means that a bundle of goods and services would cost the same in two countries when the... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Absolute PPP is the extended version of the law of one price with all goods and services consumed in different countries instead of one single good
(CFA, 2015). Absolute PPP is expressed as ( ). The absolute PPP asserts that the current spot rate is determined by the ratio of national price levels,
although like the one price theory struggles in actual application (Alba and Papell, 2007; Alessandria, and Kaboski, 2011). An example of the average
price for a Big Mac was $4.79 in January 2015 in the US whereas at market exchange rate in China it was only $2.77, showing that China yuan is
undervalued compared to US dollar. This has reduced the Absolute PPP's usefulness as the theory of exchange rate determination.
On the other hand, the Relative and Ex Ante PPP implies that exchanged rate between two countries is affected by theirinflation rates and expressed as
(CFA, 2015). In the long–run, the relative PPP predicts that countries with a low inflation rate have currency's that tend to appreciate and conversely
with countries that have a high inflation rate; and the % change in exchange rate will equal the % difference in national inflation rates (Baffes, 1991;
Taylor and Taylor, 2004).
Although shot–term, nominal exchange rates could be volatile but over the long–run will tend to gravitate toward PPP equilibrium values (Yotopoulos
and Sawada, 2006; Papell and Prodan, 2006). Hence PPP could be seen as a vale

Purchase New Protection Gloves For The Employees Of...
Project Name A proposal to purchase new protection gloves for the employees of Electrical High Effect Company (EHE) Mr. Larry Nguyen Sale
Manager Nguyen Tran Selling Consultant Department of Sale and Customer Services December 1st, 2016 LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL Nguyen Tran
Selling Consultant Company name: Electrical High Effect Company (EHE) Address: 825 Buford Dr NE, Lawrenceville, GA 30043 Date: December
1st , 2016 Mr. Alan Smith Company name: ULINE Address: 1770 Satellite Blvd NW, Buford, GA 30518 Dear Mr. Alan Smith, Sincerely, Sign name
Type your name Enclose DETAILED TABLE OF CONTENTS Title Page....................................................................................... LIST OF FIGURES
AND TABLES Figure 1– MODEL NO.DESCRIPTIONSIZECOLORQTY./ CARTONPRICE PER CARTONADD TO CART 12+S
–20732
MaxiFlexВ® 34–874S, M, L, XLGray12 Pair$61 $56 Specify Size S–21281 MaxiFlexВ® 34–874FYFL. Yellow7469Specify Size MaxiFlexВ®
34–874 Micro–Foam Nitrile Coated Gloves MAX COMFORT Micro–foam construction provides ultra–cool comfort for all day use. For HVAC
installation and repair. Nylon liner. MaxiFlexВ® 34–874FY Micro–Foam Nitrile Coated Gloves MAX COMFORT Micro–foam construction provides
ultra–cool comfort for all day use. Maximum visibility. For landscaping and assembly work. Nylon liner. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Working in the
electrical field is a dangerous work. It requires workers must wear protective gloves all times during working. On the other hand, protective

Case Study : Camp Bowie Technologies
MGT 377 Case Study 2
Camp Bowie Technologies, INC.
Camp Bowie Technologies (CBT) primary objective of this assignment is to purchase new cell phones for their field technicians. Their goal is to
source the best phones that are with in CBT's budget constraints and specifications. One of the descriptors "best" is very vague and leaves the
meaning open to interpretation. This vagueness leads to difficulties in determining value and being able to break down into smaller tasks. Additional
analysis will be required of the cell phones within CBT's budget constraints and specifications. The operations of CBT should be taken into account as
well, in order to identify the best cell phone to purchase.
Background John Lane is a recent graduate who ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most major carriers supply the iPhone, but the call quality and data speed largely rely on carrier capacity. So, while the quality of the iPhone itself
would not vary, the network which it operates on would affect how it performs tasks (e.g. phone calls, sms messaging, etc.). Compared to other
products that are purchased by a company, the overall quality of the product is determined by the physical components. For example, a keyboard
would operate in the same manner as it would no matter what computer it is hooked up to. However, a cell phone will vary in performance
depending on the network it operates. John's boss incorrectly categorizes cell phones as commodities. This would lead one to believe that pricing
should be consistent. According to Benton (2014), "by definition, commodities are homogenous" (p. 81). Upon review of John's list of potential cell
phones and service providers, cell phones are anything but commodities. Cell phones have an array of features and attributes that differentiate on
several different types of features such as components, speed, and battery life. On the other hand, commodities have no differentiating features. When a
person goes to the gas station for fuel, it is expected that the grade and quality of gasoline will be the same no matter who manufactures or supplies it.
Purchasing equipment for business differs from any other consumer purchasing because the purchases are typically higher volume and it must

The Basic Idea Underlying Purchasing Power Parity
II. Purchasing Power Parity
i. Intuition
The basic idea underlying purchasing power parity is the law of one price. That is to say, once the prices of the same bundle of goods in different
countries are measured using the same currency, they should be identical. As a consequence, no arbitrage in equilibrium will force the goods prices to
be equalised internationally.
Consider a situation where there are only 2 countries, say, China with the Chinese yuan as its currency unit and Japan with the Japanese yen as its
currency unit. We can express the exchange rate as either the number of yuan per yen, or its reciprocal the number of yen per yuan. For instance,
suppose that the exchange rate, defined as the number of yen it takes to buy one ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thus, for this example, we can see that if PPP holds, there is equalisation in goods prices internationally.
The key to the appealingness of PPP is that that if PPP is valid, then there is no goods arbitrage, which indicates that it is impossible that economic
agents can gain riskless profit by exploiting price differences. Suppose the price of the good is 100 CNY in China and 2000 JPY in Japan, and the
exchange rate is 0.01 CNY: 1 JPY. Then this good could be bought for 2000 JPY in Japan and imported into China (assuming no transportation costs)
at selling at a price which when converted into yuan at the going exchange rate would be 20 yuan (=2000Г—0.01), some 80 yuan less than the
domestic price. In this case, the existence of arbitrage opportunities will force the exchange rate to be adjusted in order to reflect the relative price
of the good in the two countries. As a result, the exchange rate should adjust to 0.05 CNY: 1 JPY for the sake of ruling out arbitrage opportunities. It
is assumed that there is no transportation costs in this example; however, even if transportation costs do exist, economic agents may still be able to
gain riskless profit. If the cost of importation is 100 yen per unit, which is equal to 1 yuan at the current exchange rate, the imported good is still 79
yuan cheaper. ii. Complications of Testing PPP
According to

Purchasing Power Parity
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY:
There has been a long standing controversy among the economist about the validity of PPP (Purchasing Power Parity) in the long run. The parity
reveals that prices in two different economies should be identical to each other when they expressed in terms of the same currency. It is a central
building block in the monetary models of exchange rate determination. One of the most common practices, to test the validity of PPP is through unit
root test of real exchange rate. In this paper unit root test has been done based on the data on Bangladesh and its major trading partner India, to see
whether exchange rate has unit root or not. It has been found out that the PPP holds i.e. real exchange is not trend stationary in the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
There exist no quarterly or monthly data for which the sample size could not be increased nor can use panel data.
Unit root test:
The issue of whether PPP holds has been subject to substantial controversy. It is well known that PPP holds better, among other things, for long
span data. One way to test for the validity of PPP is to test whether real exchange rate has unit root or not. Knowledge of the stochastic structure of
real exchange rates is useful in determining whether shocks to real exchange rates are permanent or transitory, and if transitory, whether they are
predominantly monetary or real shocks. Perhaps, the strongest evidence for PPP in this sense is provided by Taylor (2002), who employed a century
of real exchange rate data for 20 countries against the US dollar and a "world" basket of currencies, and concluded that "PPP has held in the long run
over the twentieth century for my sample of 20 countries". Taylor reached this conclusion by using a more powerful test, namely, Dickey–Fuller
(DF)–Generalized–Least–Squares (GLS) test of Elliott, Rothenberg and Stock (1996), rather than the standard augmented DF (ADF) tests. His results
were not sensitive to using a different base currency (the U.S. dollar or the "world" basket) either. Taylor's findings were also robust to employing
either industrial countries or developing countries.1 As a result, Taylor stated that "If PPP holds in the long run, it is no longer productive to devote
further the

What Are The Three Aspects Of Stationery
There are three aspects of stationery, viz. (1) The Quality of stationery, (2) cost of stationery, and (2) storing of stationery (receipt, storing and issue of
stationery).
3.2.1Methods of purchasing stationery :The expenditure on stationery in an office will depend upon several factors but one of them is efficient
buying. Very large firms who use lot of stationery during the course of the year usually adopt any one of the following methods ofpurchasing stationery
:
a) Buying by tenders.
b) Buying by asking quotations from the suppliers.
c) Buying from the same supplier year after year.
d) Buying from the travelling salesmen of the manufactures or suppliers.
i)Tender System: The Office Manager or the Chief Executive has to decide about the quality and the quantity of the stationery to be purchased. He has
also to decide whether the supplies for the whole of the year should be purchased at a time or it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many losses arise due to over stocking and defective store keeping. Adequate attention is necessary towards storage of stationery and supplies. Proper
storage ensures safety from leakages, spoiling, theft, pilferage, moisture etc., Ready availability of items, saving in cost, time and labour etc
Storeroom:It is advisable to know something about storeroom where the stationery is to be stocked. In the case of very large firms, there should be
separate storeroom for stationery which should be neat, clean and dry so that stationery may not get spoiled on account of the dampness of the room.
It should be well ventilated and lighted. It should be centrally situated and should be under lock and key. It should have shelves preferably of steel to
prevent the stationery being damaged by white ants, insects, etc. the shelves should be adjustable so that they may be adjusted according to the height
of different items.
Receipt of Stationery from the

What Are The Five Stages Of Consumer Purchasing Process
Consumer purchasing process is the stages which a buyer passes through a decision making pathway to buy a products and services (Kotler &
Armstrong, 2012). It is defined as the activities that occur when decisions are made in a schematic format and reveals how different internal and
external forces interact to affect how consumers think, evaluate, and act. The consumer purchasing process consists of five major stages. The five stages
of consumer purchasing process are problem recognition, acquisition of information, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision and post–purchase
behaviour. Generally, consumers go through these stages when making purchasing decision. According to Blackwell, Miniard, and Engel (2012), the
consumer ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After recognition of needs, the purchaser might search for the related information about the product and the alternatives which could able to fulfil the
need before making direct decision on purchasing the product. Nevertheless, every customer has different preference in seeking information as it
depends on the customers' knowledge about the product. In the information acquisition process can be separated into two parts, which is internal search
and external search (Jeddi, Atefi, Jalali, Poureisa & Haghi, 2013). The internal search is the customer obtains the information from experiences, it can
be known as an experiential source for consumer. For the external search, it included personal source and commercial source. Personal source is the
feedback of family, friends, peers, classmates, colleagues and exhibition towards the product (Mattila & Wirtz, 2002). In addition, the commercial
source is information that find through the advertisement, salesperson, displaying and packaging of the product (Bradley, 1995). Consumer also seeks
the information by using Internet (Bhatnagar & Ghose, 2004). Thus, a comprehensive marketing programme of company must be designed to provide
the awareness for consumer to know that the product as

Hrm/531 Final Project
1.List your current source(s) of income (e.g., salary from job, interest from savings, alimony/child support, even parents)
Job: 13.16 hr (PRN, as needed, staff member)
2.What do you expect to be your source(s) of income in the near future?
I graduate nursing school in May. Therefore, up until State Boards (NCLEX) around the middle of June, I will work about 20 hours a week at my
current hospital job and then spend the rest of my time studying. After I pass boards, I hope to find a full time job at the hospital as a RN.
3.What are your feelings about being financial dependent vs. financially independent?
Throughout my college years, neither of my parents were very supportive financially. Therefore, I typically work full time each summer and save a
large portion of my income and then depend on that money during the school year. I work ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How do you decide what to purchase?
I put a high importance on the most important items first such as groceries, dog food, and gas expenses. Although after analyzing my spending
habits, I have realized that almost all of my purchases are wants, rather than needs. I always feel like I need more clothes and to eat out, however, in
reality I have plenty of clothes and a house full of food. I usually decide what to purchase because it sounds good or looks good in that moment of
time; however, after I make the purchase I often feel a little guilty, which is an obvious problem.
3.What factors do you think influence your purchasing decisions?
Basic needs often influence my purchasing decisions. If we are running low on food, toilet paper, and other necessities, I put a higher emphasis on
purchasing those items. I also think my peers and social media influence my purchasing decisions. I often see a product or piece of clothing online,
such as on Facebook or Instagram and begin to want that item. Also, if my friends and I make plans for dinner or social events we like to get an outfit
for that event, which is unnecessary as

The E Commerce Industry
Introduction With a steady increase of time, effort, and money being poured into digital marketing over the past few years, one can only wonder what
this means for the future of online exchange, or E–commerce. It is said that by 2016, the web will impact purchase decisions of sales totaling $2
trillion. This is over half of all retail transactions (van Bommel et.al.). Digital strategy is no longer something that can be overlooked, an extra tool for
a company to take advantage of if they have the time, it is a key marketing driver in our technologically dependent society. The E–commerce industry
as a whole has only been possible since commercial internet use came about in 1991. Meaning, this is a young industry which has seen rapid growth
in such a short period of time. Because of this, there is a big push to see how the purchase decision is impacted by the rise of E–commerce. However,
because this is a young industry, there is much marketers still do not know about the online purchase decision made by consumers. What does the
future of e–commerce look like? What do marketers need to know in the creation and implementation of digital strategy? Where are the gaps in our
current knowledge? This is where my research begins.
Literature Review My research began with reading current postings, articles, and studies looking at all different topics within the E–commerce industry.
After thorough analysis of these pieces of literature, I was able to break my research down into three

Sample Resume : Purchasing Administration
I am requesting four (4) non–liberal, introductory credits for prior learning in Purchasing Administration. I have developed college–level knowledge in
Purchasing Administration through my professional experience working in the Maintenance of Equipment department of Metro–North railroad as a
business analyst worked closely with the procurement and materials management group of the railroad on matters of inventory usage and material
shortage controls. The study of Purchasing Administration involves an introduction to inventory forecasting, the administration of procurement
requests, the solicitation and evaluation of supplier proposals, procurement contract execution, logistics management, and legal and environmental
issues affecting purchasing.
In order to meet federal regulations for the safe operation of locomotives, regularly scheduled inspections are performed on a three month, annual and
five year period so that safety devices on the equipment can inspected and replaced before their expected end of service life. This means that a
constant flow of inventory material must be available for these scheduled replacements and it is important that the forecast of inventory levels prevent
material from being unavailable during these inspections. The process of inventory forecasting has to take into account the expected level of scheduled
activity along with the lead time for procuring material from its time of requisition to the arrival of the material. In addition,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Decentralized Purchasing Co
1.Introduction
A company that uses centralized purchasing only has one purchasing department. For example Pepsi companies, may have lots of companies but will
only have one purchase department that buys all the necessary materials for them. The department is usually headed by a purchasing manager, who
will be responsible for all purchasing procedures. This way all materials are kept at one central point.
In decentralized purchasing separate stores are situated in various departments. Each individual department or company is responsible for making their
own purchases according to their own requirements. Materials are kept at separate points. An example by Steven Bragg: A company opens its 100th
store. The store managers have been complaining that they would like to offer a variety of different products to meet local taste, but the centralized
purchasing group is not helping them. The person in charge then gives the local mangers the authority to source 10% of the products stocked in their
stores, with all other purchases continuing to be centralized. This decision will improve the morale of the store managers and improves sales and profit
margins at those stores embracing the change.
2.Advantages of Centralized Purchasing
2.1When buying in bulk materials can be purchased at a cheaper/lower rate ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The corporate culture of the organization will often determine what gets done; the values behind the organization's vision will show in day to day
work. Continuous efforts will be made to ensure that the change is seen in every aspect of the organization. This should help give that change a solid
place in the organization's culture. It will be vital for the company's leaders to continue supporting the change. This will exclude existing staff and new
leaders who are brought in. Once the support from these people is lost, we might find ourselves back where we

A Study On Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester Polytechnic Institute (WPI), founded in 1865, is a private higher education institute that is dedicated towards science, technology,
engineering, and mathematics. There are 75 departments that are currently active at WPI. The departments consists of undergraduate and graduate
research along with supporting departments such as the Library, Admissions, Sports & Recreation just to name a few. There are over 6,000 active
students and about 2518 employees at WPI of which only 480 of them are faculty members, professors of practice, or instructors.
At WPI in order to buy anything for the department they have to use an out dated purchasing system that wastes a lot of time to get a simple order
placed. When a department wants to place an order for any supply whether its simple office supplies, lab supplies or lab equipment it can involve
many tedious steps. For example, in the Chemical Engineering Department where Felicia currently works, a professor or student will submit an
electronic Purchase Order sheet which indicates quantities, prices, descriptions and any other pertinent information such as a needed by date or
coupon codes and/or quote numbers. From there Felicia or her coworker (also a purchasing agent) will visit a specific vendor site and order exactly
what's indicated. In order to do any kind of comparison shopping other individual vendor sites would also need to be visited but if a purchasing agent
is not familiar with where to get a specific product

The Theory Of Purchasing Power Parity
David Ricardo came up with the theory of Purchasing Power Parity (PPP). PPP is an economic technique used to estimate the level of adjustment
needed to arrive at an agreed exchange rate between two currencies in order that trade can effectively take place. When the price of two commodities
from two different countries is converted into one currency, the price of both commodities should be the same. One way of determining the
inter–currency exchange rates is to carry out a PPP test. This test will also help to prevent commodity traders from buying cheaply and selling at
significantly higher rates.
The basic measure of PPP is the law of one price: Pi=EiP*i, where Ei is the exchange rate, Pi = log (CPI of the domestic country), and P*i= log (CPI of
the foreign country). The equation means that the good i should have same price when the exchange rate is applied to it. This is because there is an
arbitrage in exporting goods from the country that has a low price to a country that has a high price. In the long term, prices "when converted into the
same currency at market exchange rates", should be equal "across economically integrated countries". (Voinea: 2013, p.6)
There are two ways to measure PPP. The first one is Absolute PPP (APPP) which states that the exchange rate between two countries should be equal
to the price of a basket of items in two countries due to arbitrage, i.e. в€‘в
–’p_i=Eв€‘в
–’p_i^* , where E is the exchange rate. The second measure is
Relative PPP (RPPP)

Evaluating Unethical Decision Consequences Of An Organization
Evaluating Unethical Decision Consequences
This paper provides an identification of potential means whereby Information Technology (IT) managers, acting on the organization's behalf as
purchase agents with IT vendors, participate in fraudulent activities. Further included are a series of recommendations for measures and actions that
chief information officers or chief technology officers should consider as mandates to reduce fraud and other unethical practices while protecting the
reputation of the organization, and the infrastructure of the computer systems of the organization. Finally, the paper elaborates regarding how these
identified measures reduce the frequency of fraudulent activities.
Identification of Potential Information ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Identified Types of Fraudulent Activity
At almost any stage, there is a potential for fraud occurring in the IT procurement process. Fraud activities may include a range of activities on the part
of a fraudulent manager. As reported by the ACFE (2010), these fraudulent activities on the part of procurement managers potentially include various
actions that negatively affect the organization. Accordingly, some identified types of fraudulent activities reported in the ACFE (2010) study included
categories such as: selecting only information technology projects that provide higher return values with specifications tailored to limit competitive
bidding, or instituted through abuse by the IT managers of confidentiality. Moreover, other potential fraudulent activity might include manipulations in
the preparation stage of the contract resulting in limits to the submission of and evaluation relative to contract bids, as well as the potential for
instances of false invoice and over–billing, or contract underperformance and an inability to meet the contract specifications (ACFE, 2010).
Consequently, as stated by the Office of the New York Comptroller (2010), procurement activities that involve corruption commonly fall into one of
three general categories:
Demand for payment occurs when an Information Technology Manager receives improper bribes or kickback from the customer, in exchange for

The Best Purchasing And Practices For Safe Seafood
Purchasing – Storing Seafood
"As of 2008, fish and shellfish were more likely to cause foodborne–illness than any other category of food product says Colorado farm to market."
There's a vast world of food borne illness when it comes to seafood being both causes of and types of illness. That being, I find it important to further
research the proper purchasing and practices for safe seafood. Throughout this paper I'll discuss the best purchasing and handling for seafood to
minimize risks.
Seafood Purchasing Process
As a buyer you want to have knowledge available on seafood such as different choices of fish or average pricing. There are many places to obtain
helpful information over the internet such as seafood.com, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This cut is with no bones and is the entire side cut of meat from the fish
–Steak. This cut is similar to fillet but smaller
Also taking into mind grading factors which change from whole fish to fillet cut
Whole fish, Dressed fish, Salmon SteaksFillet or other Fish Products
Grade A (best grade possible all standards are at best possible state)Grade A ( best grade possible all standards are at best possible state)
Grade B (lower quality, but flavor and feel is acceptable for fish species)Grade B (lower quality, but flavor and feel is acceptable for fish species)
Substandard (failed to meet grade B and flavor and feel have fallen)Grade C ( same as grade B except the flavor and feel is less recognizable to the fish
species, should not be fishy smelling) Substandard (product does not have good taste or smell)
Occasionally a statement of quality is provided to the suppliers noting to send them fish ever meeting a certain quality requested, often asking for a
specific weight of fish, form of fish or fish coming from a specific region. When ordering processed fish the buyer should include specific product
specifications to ensure they receive what they are asking for. Product specification for fish usually include, intended use, exact name, U.S. grade,
PUFI seal, packer's brand, product size, product yield, size of container, type of package material, packaging procedure,

Impulse Purchasing And The Factors That Affect It
THE NATURE OF IMPULSE PURCHASING + THE FACTORS THAT AFFECT IT Impulse purchase is in essence a decision to purchase an item
that was not previously planned. This definition is probably one of the definitions that is most in accordance with what is presented in the literature
because it ticks the important boxes. However some people might argue that the wording is too general and that the meaning of some terms could be
interpreted in different ways. Be that as it may, there is a certain degree of consensus to it when it comes to defining this specific shopping activity.
Another idea frequently presented in the literature is that impulse purchasing is an activity of irrational nature given that it is driven by decisions that
conflict with previous plans. Finally based on the research conducted by our group though the means of interviewing we identified that consumers have
an overall negative connotation with regards to impulse purchasing. However impulse buying is not of irrational nature, it has a rapid and intricate
nature, but it is rational and it can be influenced.
Having introduced the essence of the nature of impulse purchasing we can now look at the external factors that influence consumers at the moment of
the decision to buy impulsively. In order to clarify what is meant by external, we should define what the external environment includes and what the
internal environment includes. When we refer to the external environment we look at factors such as the weather,

Culture And Buyer Behavior : The Impact On Impulsive Behavior
Culture and Buyer Behaviour: The impact on impulsive behaviour
Introduction
Since consumers are always changing and purchase differently with various cultures, it is necessary for marketers to research and analyze different
cultures where their customers in and how buyer behave during their shopping trip in order to effective stimulus and lead consumers to purchase,
provide better service for them and sharpen the competitive edge in the market. For consumers, shopping is not only satisfy their needs, but also the
important activity for satisfy their wants in nowadays.Therefore, marketers have increasingly paid more attention on different causes that most
consumers' behavior are influenced.
Among these causes, impulse behavior, as the universal phenomenon of consumers' lifestyle, can be one of the focal factors for how the buyer behave
in the market. The human being is a rational animal, but as a consumer, sometimes they make irrational actions. They buy things they do not need or
they were not planning to buy.According to Strack, Werth and Deutsch (2006), impulse behavior happens spontaneous, sudden and immediately
without any purposes when consumers experience a desire to buy. With the development of market innovations, for example credit cards, "instant
credit", cash machines, 24–hour retailing, home shopping networks and telemarketing, consumers become easier than before to purchase things on
impulse (Rook, 1987).
But the question is, what really makes their

Theory Of Purchasing Power Parity
Literature Review
Theory Development
Dating back to the XVI century, the theory of purchasing power parity are developed and studied since then in Spain. However, this theory of PPP
attracts the scholars till the XX century due to the contribution of a Swedish scholar Gustav Cassel in 1910s (Taylor, 2006). Cassel presented PPP
theory using an equivalent term "theoretical rate of exchange" three years ago before he first defined the term PPP and place it into a systematic
framework. Additionally, Cassel is also the first person who tested PPP empirically. The cumulative CPIinflation rates of different countries are
suggested to be calculated and used to obtain the most effective exchange rate by Cassel to maintain the parity of purchasing ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
It should be noticed that LOP holds only when transaction costs are ignored and the trading goods are identical. However, LOP does not always hold
in practice, according to Taylor and Taylor (2004), factors like tariffs, transportation costs, non–tariffs barriers and transaction costs violate the LOP.
Engel and Rogers found that there is a positive relationship between the price differentials and the distance between cities in their study of comparable
goods' price differentials in US and Canada, it is obvious that transportation costs is the main factor that cause this price differential.
As for Absolute Purchasing Power Parity, it is a more comprehensive way to measure PPP and its equation is as follows:
в€‘в
–’P_i =Eв€‘в
–’P_i^*
In which the sums are consumer price index instead of the good price. CPI represents the fluctuation of goods' prices in a period and it contains a
basket of different goods so can bring PPP to a more general situation. However, there are some problems associated with the absolute version of PPP.
It needs to be considered that which CPI should be taken into account and how to deal with the fluctuation of CPI over time.
In order to overcome the problems associated with the absolute version of PPP, the relative PPP is introduced. It is similar to

Concept Of Absolute Purchasing Power Parity
Introduction and significance of the research question
Does the concept absolute purchasing power parity (PPP) stay true that the goods in one country should cost the same in another country after
implying the exchange rates? (For example, the pound cost of imported goods should be the same as the price of the same goods being sold in the
UK). Absolute purchasing power parity is a concept with the assumption of goods having the same price after exchange rates between countries.
However, I want to find out if this is always true or not since it plays an important role that differentiates from the 'relative purchasing power parity'.
There is an assumption that if there are any deviations in the price in one of the two countries, then the exchange rate and the relative prices should
adjust to accommodate, equating to the level where the basket of goods have the same price in these two countries (Moffatt, 2014).
The data and methodology
I will be comparing exchange rates between two countries, these are the UK (ВЈ) and the USA ($) to see if the changes are enough to make any
differences or whether just negligible. I will select data from the year 1980 to 2015 in yearly intervals. Comparing each year with the previous year.
These will be compared using Excel and Minitab and displayed as a simple linear regression model.
The absolute PPP should mean that ERt = ERt–1 + u.
I will be using the formula ERt = a0 +bERt–1 + u = 0 and comparing that with the traditional ef = a0 +

Post Purchase Observation
The product that I recently purchased, and was satisfied with, was a Kent bicycle I bought for my son. According to the book The Economist:
Marketing, this particular product is considered "consumer goods". It was quite a purchasing process, and in the following paragraphs I will share with
you the steps I took to complete this purchase.
The first step, "need recognition", was fairly simple: we moved from Hawaii and had to sell my son's bike due to high shipping costs from the
islands to the mainland, therefore, we were needing to buy a replacement bike. We promised our son that if he were to make the sacrifice of giving up
his old bicycle, we would not only make sure the new one would be better quality, but he could also pick out the one ... Show more content on
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We arrived in Oregon and needed a cheap place to stay while we looked for a house to rent. We knew it would take some time to find a rental, so we
wanted a motel that had weekly rates, which not all motels provide. We also wanted to rent a house somewhere between Eugene and Roseburg;
therefore, we needed to find a motel that was in the surrounding area so we would not have to travel very far to look at rentals. Another important
criteria for our search was cleanliness. My husband has asthma and allergies, and we have a small baby, so we didn't want to end up in a "roach
motel". That led us to the next step in our purchasing

The Mobile Smartphone Application Firsthome
The mobile Smartphone application FirstHome provides consumers with access to all the information necessary when purchasing a home. It give
instant access to information and answers to common questions regarding mortgages, homes for sale, real estate agents, contracts, closing close, and
other cost associated with home ownership. This is a Smartphone application unlike the rest and offers more than any other. There are many key factors
that need to be examined in order to conduct a detailed marketing and customer analysis. This analysis aids in understanding consumer and market
trends. A viable market position will also need to be formed. The analysis of the market and consumer will aid in determining if the launch of this
innovative product is feasible.
Factors
There are many different factors that are important in conducting a detailed marketing and customer analysis. The market potential must be analyzed
to determine if the product will be profitable. Currently there are no mobile applications like FirstHome, so we do not have exact numbers to
compare the product to. Therefore, a look at mobile applications as a whole will be examined. It has been estimate that the market potential in 2017
for mobile applications will be over two hundred and sixty eight billion downloads, which equal around seventy seven billion dollars (Clifford, 2014).
The market potential for this application is very promising because it is infiltrating a growing industry. Also, consumer

Information Technology Manager Acting As A Purchasing Agent
The purpose of the study was to identify the means whereby a given organization's Information Technology manager acting as a purchasing agent,
participates in fraudulent activities, including obtaining kickbacks from vendors. This study examined measures and actions that chief information
officers or chief technology officers might mandate to reduce fraud or other unethical practices while protecting the reputation of the organization, and
the infrastructure of the computer systems. The results identified the importance of these measures in effectively reducing the amount of fraudulent
activities.
Evaluating Unethical Decision Consequences
This paper provides an identification of potential means whereby Information Technology (IT) ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Charges of corruption may be alleged, and could be either real or imaginary. Consequently, an organization's best defense against fraud is to be
proactive, including gaining an understanding of how to identify potential indicators of corruptive behavior by managers. It is important that the
organization take action as quickly as possible to prevent corruption. Further, examination of common indicators of potential corruption, and abuse is
beneficial in the identification of potential information technology fraudulent activities.
Identified Types of Fraudulent Activity
At almost any stage, there is potential for fraudulent activity in the IT procurement process. These activities may include a range of activities on the part
of the fraudulent manager. As reported by the ACFE (2010), these fraudulent activities on the part of procurement managers include a variety of
actions. Accordingly, some identified types of fraudulent activities reported in the 2010 study included categories such as: selecting those information
technology projects that result in a higher return value, with specifications tailored in a manner that limited competition or favored a particular bidder,
and abuse by the IT managers of confidentiality. Moreover, other potential fraudulent activity might include manipulating the preparation, which

Purchasing Performance Measurement At Ibm Essay
PURCHASING PERFORMANCE MEASUREMENT AT IBM
6.1 Purchasing Performance Measurement
Purchasing is defined as the management of a company's external resources in such a way that the supply of all goods, services, capabilities and
knowledge which are necessary for running, maintaining and managing the company's primary and support activities are secured under the most
favourable conditions. (Van Weele, 2014).
Purchasing is vital to primary and support activities in business, where direct purchasing refers to spend targeted at acquiring materials and services
to manufacture end products and support purchasing to cover the running of the back office (Van Weele, 2014). Purchasing is an integral part of day
to day operations. Based on this observation, spending on materials and services represents a major chunk of a firm's overall cost. It becomes
imperative to view purchasing as a key strategy for improving bottom line and increasing profits.
Global competition, leading to pressure to reduce cost and increase outsourcing contributes to the growing strategic importance of purchasing (Carter,
2005).
Purchasing performance will be judged based on the responsibilities and expectation of the purchasing department at each unique organization. In other
words there is no one size fits all criteria or set of indicators to measure purchasing performance across board.
The way an organization views purchasing will determine the criteria it uses to measure its performance. Using the Van Weele

(B) Significant Risk. (B) Assertion At Risk. (C) Stod +
(b) Significant Risk
(b) Assertion at risk
(c) STOD + Audit Evidence
гѓ»Incorrect items were received and returned in full (risk – excess inventory and A/P. are recorded)
гѓ» Incorrect quantity of goods were received and the excess was returned (risk – billed for the wrong quantity)
гѓ»Goods were not delivered by some suppliers and no action was undertaken (risk – billed for the items it did not receive)
Existence/Occurrence
AVA/Accuracy
гѓ»A/P
гѓ»Inventory
гѓ»Purchases
(Could be over/understated)
гѓ»R & O
Inventory is misstated (inventory does not belong to the company)
гѓ»Perform a three–way match: Take a sample of transactions from purchases journal and agree with Suppliersinvoice, Purchase order and Goods
Received Note
гѓ»Recompute the math ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Existence/Occurrence
AVA/Accuracy
гѓ»Inventory, A/P are overstated
гѓ»Purchases are overstated
гѓ»Observe and evaluate proper segregation of duties.
Overseas Suppliers – Foreign Exchange Risk.
гѓ»As transactions have to be recorded in AUS dollars, there may be errors in translation at transaction date.
гѓ»The foreign currency rates applied may be wrong, leading to loss of profits and loss of cash outflows.
гѓ»The translated values posted to the general ledger a/c may be misstated.
гѓ»Not all cost elements of the inventory may be included, such as duties and brokerage and freight.

AVA/Accuracy
Asset, liabilities, and income statement accounts could be over or understated:
гѓ»Purchases/cost of sales
гѓ»Inventory
гѓ»A/P
гѓ»FX gain/loss
гѓ»Recalculate the clerical accuracy on the supplier's invoice, including discounts and freight.
гѓ»Obtain a List of foreign currency rates from the market and compare it to the rates that were applied for a sample of purchase transactions of that
period
AE: Supplier Invoice; Quotes of Foreign Exchange rates – AUS Reserve Bank
Unauthorised access to the building and to the software by the terminated employees Jamie Chambers (terminated senior engineer) has approved 3 PO
since he has terminated his work at Megatronics, one of which was > $5,000 and had to be approved by the PO manager. AVA (trading terms)
гѓ»A/P is over/understated
Classification (general ledger account coding)
гѓ»It is possible

Section 1 : Existing Key Internal Controls Essay
Section 1 – Existing Key Internal Controls
Key ControlControl ObjectiveReasoning Test of Control
Once purchasing requests are received, the purchasing manager reviews and authorizes them. If approved, these will be forwarded to the buyers.Proper
approval of all transactionsThis control ensures confirmation and authorization of all the purchase transactions. This increases the protection from
errors and frauds, such as preventing inaccurate information from entering the Integrated Measurement Systems Inc.'s (IMS) documents and
records.Verifying thepurchasing requests (approved by purchasing manager) with their corresponding documents, such as purchase requests forms
(approved by purchasing clerk), to reduce the likelihood of unapproved transactions in the purchasing department.
After the purchasing clerk confirms the signatures of each purchase request and have pre numbered the approved purchase orders, he/she keeps and
files copies of the purchasing requests and purchasing orders.Accuracy and completeness of books and records This control checks all pre numbered
documents, such as receipts and checks, are properly authorized. This decreases the possibility of unauthorized transactions from entering IMS's
records.Match the purchasing requests and purchasing orders documents with IMS's corresponding filed copies to ensure that no unauthorized
transactions have occurred.
The purchasing clerk approves the filed copies of the purchasing request and purchase order by

`` The Funnel We Need : Follow Customers As They Actually...
In the article, "The Funnel We Need: Follow Customers as They Actually Behave," the three channels that influence customers and their decisions are
the 'Reach and Depth and Relationship,' (RaDaR) that the buyer provides (Elliot, 2013). The author illustrates and describes the funnel and how the
outer parts of the "funnel" lead to the inner part. Elliot also mentions that in the past there have been attempts to flip the "funnel," or change the order
of the channels, but have not been successful. The three channels provide information gathered over time about consumer behavior, which the textbook
defines as "the process and activities people engage in when searching for, selecting, purchasing, using, evaluating, and disposing of products and
services so as to satisfy their needs and desires" (Belch & Belch, 2015, p. 110). After knowing how consumers generally make decisions, vendors are
able to use these three channels to encourage the consumers to make more purchases. The first of the three channels is the "reach" channel in which
consumers are given details of the product or the service. The consumers are drawn in or "reached" by the information of the product. Some of the
examples of this type of advertisement are done through the TV, radio, print, word–of–mouth, and many more. This demonstrates the outer part of the
"funnel," because there are many ways to inform the consumer about the product and that is the very simple way to get a consumer to buy the product or

The Use of IS and ERP in Purchasing

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