Obstetrical Hook Essay

Obstetrical Hook Essay
Obstetrical Hooks Research
Question 1: What is the obstetrical hook? What was it used for? Who were the key individuals that
invented the obstetrical hook?
Obstetrics: medicine that studies childbirth, pregnancy and postpartum.
The obstetrical hooks where the blunt hook and the sharp hook.
Weren't originally from Rome, they were influenced by the Greeks and the Latins. The Greeks
called it agkistron and the Latins called it hamus or acutus.
Used to maneuver small pieces of human tissue easily.
Used for drawing out what we now call aneurysms. Aneurysms are enlargements in blood–vessels
or arteries that are caused by weakness in the artery's wall.
Process for drawing out aneurysms: First they seized and raised small pieces of tissue with the
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Alexander The Great : The Death Of Alexander The Great
Alexander the Great conquered most of his known world in simply a decade. The people who
followed him found a violent after his death, but make the latest world depend on the Greek culture.
King Phillip II of Macedonia, a kingdom of Greece, defeated all of the Greek city–states. When he
was slain in 336 B.C., his 20–year–old son whose name is Alexander supposed the throne. The great
philosopher Aristotle is including, the teachers of Greek, had taught the young king. Already a
seasoned warrior by eighteen, he had attained hi father on the military campaigns like the cavalry
commander. King Alexander hardened his authority at home and violently crushes a revolt through
the Greek city–state of Thebes. Then, he built the plans to release the Greek Cities in Asia Minor
from Persia and to penalize the Persians for devastating Athens about 150 years prior. The Persians
were ruled by Darius III, called as the "Great King". Alexander had a short problem defeating the
Persians in Asia Minor, where troops are commanded by the Darius individually. However, when the
Alexander and his army arrived the city of Gordian, he tackled a confounding puzzle. In 331 B.C.,
Alexander attacked Mesopotamia and decisively defeated Darius III, who escaped the field of battle.
The conquering king soon took the Mesopotamian capital of Babylon and proclaimed himself:
"King of Babylon, King of Asia, King of the four quarters of the world. "Alexander next comes into
the Persian homeland. He secures Susa, the capital of Persia when it surrendered. He burned;
however, the large palace city of the Persepolis in the revolt for the Persian destroys of Athens. The
risk from the Darius had been eliminated. He was murdered by his own provincial governors,
hoping to attain favor with the Alexander. In turn, Alexander married Roxanne, who is the daughter
of the satraps of Darius. Similar to the Greeks, Alexander supposed the Asians to be "barbarians."
Even so, he tried to accept some of their traditions to smooth the path for his new Hellenistic
empire. Alexander started to wear the Persian clothing and needed his men to do the similar thing.
He insisted that everyone follows the Persian exercise of prostrating themselves when following him
on the

Inaccuracies In Agora
Agora
There may have been some controversies about Hypatia's spiritual beliefs, however, her devotion,
knowledge, and perseverance can be admired by all. This movie depicted some accurate historical
facts and events surrounding the life of Hypatia in Alexandria. However, there were some
inaccuracies of events that were discovered. For example, The Great Library of Alexandria did not
exist in during this time period. During the center portion of the movie, there was a dramatized
scene where the Christians were attacking the Agora while the Pagans were in the library attempting
to save the important books. This was not a factual depiction of this event. The Great Library was
actually built in 288 B.C. and destroyed in 48 B.C. The movie's setting is based around the 4th
century A.D. which is a clear indication that the library was no longer in existence.* Another
example of the film's inaccuracy is the account and event of Hypatia's death. In the film, her death
was the result of her knowledge and her ability to reason which labeled her as a witch. In addition,
her death did not have anything to do with her religious beliefs or the fact that she was a woman.
Hypatia's death was due to politics. In the film, a follower of Cyril threw a stone at Orestes, the man
was arrested, tortured and later killed. In revenge, the Christians became outraged and agreed to kill
the person who Orestes loved most which was Hypatia ( ). Therefore, the film's depiction of Hypatia
being killed

The Pros And Cons Of Alexander The Great Ruler Of Egypt
After the death of Alexander the Great, the empire was in complete chaos for Alexander had not
named an heir. While Perdiccas suggested waiting for the birth of Alexander and Roanne's child, I
proposed to divide the kingdom amongst the leading generals. After my campaign to divide the
empire, I successfully acquired the title as the ruler of Egypt. I, Ptolemy Soter Ⅰ, the Pharaoh of
Egypt, have contributed greatly to the advancements of my kingdom. For starters, I have stabilized
the economy and placed the administration on sound footing. Ptolemaic Egypt is now a center for
trade, commerce, and learning.
Hellenism is a leading influence in my life, my kingdom, and my people. When Alexander the Great
conquered Egypt, he established Alexandria

Essay on The Age of Alexander
The Age of Alexander
The conquests of Alexander the Great spread Hellenism immediately over the Middle East and far
into Asia. After his death in 323 B.C., the influence of Greek civilization continued to expand over
the Mediterranean world and W Asia. The wars of the Diadochi marked, it is true, the breakup of
Alexander's brief empire, but the establishment of Macedonian dynasties in Egypt, Syria, and Persia
(the Ptolemies and the Seleucidae) helped to mold the world of that day into a wider unity of trade
and learning.
The Hellenistic period was an international, cosmopolitan age. Commercial contacts were
widespread and peoples of many ethnic and religious backgrounds merged in populous urban
centers. Advances were made in various ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
B.C. Pergamum was also prominent, and there were other cities of influence (e.g., Dura).
In the Hellenistic period, although the cities were no longer independent, as they had been in the
Hellenic era, they were the centers of trade and craft industry. It was in the cities that the
descendants of the Greco–Macedonian conquerors became a professional class of rulers and soldiers
and merchants, which provided a cultural and economic bond throughout the area, even though
political unity did not survive the death of Alexander. Among the Greek ruling class, the old
loyalties to the Polis had given way to a dedication to the profession. As the administrators and the
merchants of their world, in spite of being in the minority, they had an influence out of proportion to
their numbers. The city of Alexandria, founded by Alexander, located on the Mediterranean at the
mouth of the Nile, became the most prominent center of commerce and learning. The library in
Alexandria became the depository for recording many of the literary and scientific achievements of
the time.
Although women continued to have a subordinate status, some lucky few of the wealthy and ruling
classes, would have the opportunity to become involved in commerce or in intellectual activities.
For the

The Hellenistic Age
Hellenistic age–32 BCE The greek people are so unaware of what is about to happen and it truly
heartbreaking that this is is the twilight of the hole greek civilization. Nevertheless this period is so
fascinating and interesting this is the Hellenistic Age. The Hellenistic age begun after the death of
Alexander the grate. Like I said earlier he left no new successor so this caused in fighting and the
empire was divided up against the wars generals they .There were three empires would form there
would dynasts from Alexander's empire; there was Antigonids in Macedonia and Greece, the
Seleucids in Perissa and the ptolemies in Egypt. The people did not go back to their way of life
because they were ruled by greeks and macedonians, so the local ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This was hard on the Greek people more than the other people of the empires.They had be fixed in
their religious beliefs for centuries that they never thought that they might be wrong. When all of
these ideas poured into greece, it conflicted they're rugged religious beliefs is caused pandamonium
however the rulers of the three empires were able to calm them people down and things were stable
again. Out of all of the the places of the empires I thinks that the most important place must be
Alexandria in egypt and there grate library. There library reminds me so much of the philosophers
school in athens. There is so much new ideas and plans of inventions could change the world! I
thinks there could be more than 50,000 scrolls People like archimedes who made great inventions
like the archimedes screw which help people get more water. Or Eratosthenes how arcuately found
the world's crumufances. He did this by telling a friend to go 500 miles into africa and plant a post
next to a well where the the sun fits perfectly into the well. While his friend did that he planted one
in Alexandria. When his friend returned he'd said there was no shadow while at his however there
was a shadow at Eratosthenes the only way could happen Eratosthenes thought

Why Is The Library Of Alexandria So Important
To understand modern Alexandria, we have to go back a little to its history.
The history of Alexandria is an admirable story that exposes to the reader the significant role the city
played as Egypt's most important harbor and of its unfolding civilization and participation in the
structure of Egypt. Thanks to the economic importance as a center of trade in the Eastern
Mediterranean, Alexandria has long been home to a considerable foreign colony. Most of the
Europeans who make up a large percentage of today's population are of Greek or Italian decent. The
city was founded by Alexander the Great in the year 331 BC with an objective to link the land of the
Pharaohs with the Greek world both materially and culturally. The planning and building ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As a life–long friend of Alexander and his successor, Ptolemy's aim was to create a cultural center of
learning and he enlisted Demetrius, a former student of Aristotle, to accomplish this task. Once a
learning institution was formed, a supporting library was need. Demetrius collected all the writings
necessary in various languages which were later translated into Greek. Scholars came from all over
the world to immerse themselves into an atmosphere of learning. They researched astronomy,
medicine, engineering and several other disciplines creating a cultural and intellectual boom
Alexandria had never seen before. Then something unexpected and horrific happened. The library
was set alight and burned. Although the true stories behind the mythology are unclear, rumors say
the library was destroyed by the Christians, others say by the Muslims. However, it is impossible to
tell the true story of the library's eventual demise. There is also a theory that the library gradually
declined over a period of time due to several fires and acts of destruction over a long period of

Alexander The Great Importance
Built around the concept of high acceptance for unique cultures and open–mindedness, Alexander
the Great founded the city, Alexandria, to ultimately encourage respect amongst broadening values.
Alexandria allowed a new emergence of intellect which would eventually effect literary discoveries,
trade networks and a higher educational margin. The city was, also, home to astute scientific
tradition and was known for the Library which had the most accurate copies in the world. Over time,
Alexandria would provide a significant development in commerce and cultural diversity. In the
modern day, Alexandria is remembered as one of the most important trading centers in the world
and one of the major international shipping industries. Though the once thriving ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only a few books remained and a few renowned plays. Not long after the destruction of the Library
and Hypathia's death began the onset of the Dark Ages. In modern day Alexandria, the religious
diversity is not as broad with the primary religion being Apostolic Catholic and Orthodox .
Educational values in Alexandria still remain at a high standard with a broader area of subjects and
more schools. The city's population estimate is approximately eighty–seven million people and
continuing to grow . The city still serves four major trading ports and still is a major component of
international trade. Currently, Alexandria manages a total of 60% of all trade, both exports and
imports. Over the approximately 1000 year time period of success and economic expansion,
Alexandria's founding lead to wide–spread trade networks still substantially responsible for the
city's commercial success today. Even though the once most diverse population in the western
civilization would undergo large diminishing factors that effected its diversity, Alexandria still
serves as the home to a multi–cultural population. Because of large scale urbanization and
domestication as a result of the foundation the city was built on, a foundation of freedom,
Alexandria's census shows overwhelming numbers of citizens. In conclusion, from the earliest of
Alexandria's founding, the city maintained an efficient and stable

Hellenistic Influence On Greek Culture
The Hellenistic Age was the period of Greek Culture between the death of Alexander the Great in
323 BC to when the Roman Empire absorbed Greece and other parts of the Greek world around 31
BC or 27 BC. Before Alexander the Great conquered the Persian Empire, there was little influence
of Greek culture outside of the Greek world. After his conquest, aspects of the Greek culture was
found in Egypt, Asia as well as the Middle East. "The Hellenistic world incorporated a number of
different people, Greek thinking, mores, and way of life dominated the public affairs of the time."
(Ancient Greece.org–History of Greece: Hellenistic) This in turn established the Greek language as
the official language of the Hellenistic World due to the reason that all aspects of daily life including
art and literature incorporated a Greek style. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Alexander hoped the genius of Hellenism would be perpetuated here, a metropolis of culture to
benefit the entire world." (City of the western mind) After the death of Alexander, his "Hellenistic
empire" was fought over by his generals because Alexander left no obvious heir to his empire. This
empire was divided up into three Kingdoms after they finished fighting with each other as well as
mutual enemies, but that discord continued on through a few hundred years. "Egypt and parts of the
Middle East came under the rule of Ptolemy, Seleucus controlled Syria and the remnants of the
Persian Empire, while Macedonia, Thrace, and parts of northern Asia Minor came under the
hegemony of Antigonus and his son Demetrius." (Ancient Greece.org–History of Greece:
Hellenistic) Alexandria, Egypt was the most influential out of all the cities in the Hellenistic period
due to the reason that it was the center of trade and culture under Ptolemy. This is due to the Library
of Alexandria where scholars all over the world studied and created knowledge that lasted for

48 B. C. Essay: The Library Of Alexandria
The date is 48BC, you live in Egypt and you're living your normal life. All of the sudden everybody
is screaming and yelling FIRE, FIRE, FIRE! You want to see what's going on but you end up
running back to the house for safety and in fear. Your parents come home with ash on their face and
holes in their clothes. They say thank the heavens your safe, you ask them what happened and then
they say the library burned down. The Library Of Alexandria, was a library surrounded by walls to
keep all of man's knowledge safe. Inside of the library there were many scrolls of knowledge and
history. There, inside the library was the source of knowledge for centuries until being burned to the
ground. Most people believe that in 48B.C.E. Julius Caesar's troops

The Pros And Cons Of Living In Athens In 450 BCE And...
Though both Athens in 450 BCE and Alexandria in 250 BCE have pros and cons to living there, I
would want to live in Alexandria in 250 BCE. Before making this decision, though, I thought about
the pros and cons of living in both times. On the negative side, both Athenian and Alexandrian times
had a patriarchal society. This meant that women were seen as second class and didn't have as many
rights as men. During Athens in 450 BCE, women were forced into arranged marriages and were
seen as marriageable after they began menstruating. Also, women were not allowed to participate in
the democratic aspect of society and the same goes for children and slaves, as the only political
opinion worthwhile was a man's. Another negative thing about both societies

Alexander The Great: The City Of Alexandria
A Macedonian King, Alexander the Great, conquered much of the land from "Greece to Egypt to
India" (Trumble). In 331 BCE, Alexander the Great founded the city of Alexandria due to its
geographical location and potential of the land. He had named the city after himself for the potential
that he saw for the future. Alexander later appointed Ptolemy, a general, to expand the city. Ptolemy
and Alexander shared an interest in education and culture. They agreed that Alexandria should
become a hub for trade, education and culture. Alexander died in 323 BCE. His land was divided up
among his generals, Ptolemy receiving Egypt. He became King, and ruled that the capital should no
longer be Memphis; Alexandria was the key to the future. The future of Egypt rested on Ptolemy.
With the help of Demetrius of Phaleron, a student of Aristotle, they strived to create and build a
library that would one day "house all the books in the world" (Cohen). The private library was
founded in 288 BC, would later become a national library. The purpose of the library was "to be
more of a collection...and serve as a learning institution" (Franz) in addition to showing the wealth
and power of Egypt. The library was to function, operate and serve as ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the grounds of the BA are six specialized libraries, a cafeteria, a conference center, museum, and
a planetarium. It has taken an International effort to restore the BA. Currently, with the help of other
countries sending books and material, about 250,000 books are on the shelves, with room for five
million (Cohen). In an effort to "hold all the books in the world", the BA does not weed its
collection or participate in interlibrary loans. Retention and preservation is at the

The Contribution Of Eratosthene And Greek Cyrene
As a genius Greek mathematician, geographer, and chronographer, Eratosthenes of Cyrene is
notable for the production of revolutionary works that altered the Western World's perception of the
sciences. Through the writing of his trilogy, Geographika, the establishment of standard chronology,
and the creation of the Sieve of Eratosthenes, along with a number of other inventions, Eratosthenes
was highly regarded by many as being one of the most knowledgeable and well–rounded men in
Greece (Wildin 315). Although only a fragment of his works still remains today, Eratosthenes was
able to leave a remarkable and lasting legacy in history.
Born in Cyrene in 285 B.C.E to simple, modest family, Eratosthenes lived an unremarkable life up
until his early forties where he began to gain recognition for his poetic works, Hermes and Erigone
(Wildin 314). Aided by a fellow scholar who was currently working in Alexandria ("Eratosthenes"),
Eratosthenes caught the attention of the royal patrons in Alexandria and was able to assume the
prestigious title of director of the Library following the retirement of Apollonius of Rhodes, a poet
and the former director of the Library. During this time, not only did Eratosthenes tutor the royal
children, he also maintained the "largest repository of learning in the world", the Royal Library of
Alexandria (Wildin 315). While working in Alexandria, Eratosthenes' interest in philosophy
declined due to the large assortment of nearby scholars and over half a

Write An Essay On The Assyrians
During the 7th century the Assyrians built a superpower reinforced by their military, political,
sociological, and artistic ideologies. The Army consisted of a 100,000–strong active force who
trained different divisions to perform certain tactics during wartime. Similar to modern day warfare,
some of the personnel wore armor, some were trained for the cavalry, some were foot soldiers, while
others were trained to construct equipment used to siege city walls (WeaponsandWarfare.) With each
civilization that the Assyrians conquered, they learned and developed new techniques. The Assyrian
combined the use of chariots with horses, developed roads, placed forts for security and storage for
food along the way. Their logistic strategy allowed for a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
King Ashurbanipal was one of the last Assyrian Kings who reigned from 668 to 627 BCE. He
created a library in the city of Nineveh, located near modern–day Mosul, Iraq. Ashurbanipal wrote
to cities across the empire asking them to send copies of their written work (Ashurnipal.) Our
modern–day equivalent of this great library is the Library of Congress, located in Washington D.C.
The Library of Congress is the largest library in the world, composed of about 164 million items on
838 miles of bookshelves. The Library receives approximately 15,000 pieces of literature each day
and houses material in 470 different languages

What Makes Us Humans?
Thought is what makes us humans. Our rationalism, our ability to make decisions based on our own
reason and knowledge, is what makes humans human and not animals. Now a day we all have
access to the largest library, the largest source of knowledge the world has ever known: the internet.
Over 2,000 years ago we had the Library of Alexandria, a place where intellectuals would gather to
discuss ideas and conduct research from over half a million books, a place where knowledge could
grow. In 332 BC Alexander the Great founded a city which he hoped would embody his dreams on
the mediterranean coast of Egypt. He thought on this for a bit and then decided that no better name
could be given to such a great city than that of his own and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Hero was a geometer and inventor whose writings preserved a knowledge of the mathematics and
engineering of Babylonia, Egypt, and the Greco–Roman World. More than just this though, he
invented the first steam engine. The device consisted of a sphere mounted on a boiler by an axial
shaft with two canted nozzles that produce a rotary motion as steam escapes. This was, however,
very inefficient and only used to power toys and entertain visitors, so this design would generally be
ignored and would not provide a basis for modern steam engines (Still pretty cool though).
Hero 's Aeolipile (The First Steam Engine) Even after the burning of much of the library, men
continued to search far and wide for any scroll of consequence. Indeed it was after the library was
largely burned that it would reach its peak of around 700,000 books. Laws were even put in place to
preserve and expand the Great Library 's collection. One such law banned books from leaving the
city. Another had any new ship into the city inspected to search for any new books to expand the
library. To keep track of this massive collection, the city 's librarians came up with the World 's first
library catalog (Perhaps somewhat unsurprisingly). The books were sorted by, amongst other things,
author, title, and genre. Intellectuals from all over the known world would come and read this books,
and even sometimes make their own notes

Who Is Hypatia Of Alexandria?
Hypatia of Alexandria: Hypatia of Alexandria (350/370–415) was a mathematician and philosopher
who "helped preserve Ptolemy's Almagest and she wrote commentaries on Diophantus' number
theory and on the Conics of Apollonius." (Hypatia Lessons) She was a daughter of Theon
"astronomer and mathematician and the last to head the Museum at Alexandrian." (Hypatia Lessons)
He was also essential in spreading the works of Euclid and Ptolemy to future scholars. Hypatia gave
lectures to her students about philosophy and mathematics at the same institute as her father as well
as the possibility of giving lectures about the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle. Her students were
all male and included both Christian and non–Christians alike. People came from ... Show more
The exact layout of the library or the extent of the collections is not known. In Alexandria Library of
Dreams the author describes how Pseudo–Aristeas is one of the original sources that describes the
size of the library. "He has Demetrious tell Ptolemy that the Library now has more than 200,000
books, but he hopes to bring it up to 500,000 before long. Tzetzes tells us that the Palace Library
contained 400,000 "mixed" (symmigeis) books and 90,000 "unmixed" (amigeis.)"(Alexandria
library of dreams, 351).Papyrus scrolls made up most of the collection in the library because
papyrus only grew in the area around the Nile delta in Egypt. There was some controversy about the
library taking books/scrolls from trade ships in order to copy their contents, but they kept the
originals and gave the ships copies. (Picture) The stacks in the library was filled with works such as
mathematics, astronomy, physics, natural sciences and other subjects, in several different versions in
order to ensure accuracy. "The library pulled in copies of the past and present from all over the
Mediterranean, the near east, and Mesopotamia, and upon all available subjects." (Anceint_library,
1) Those documents were written in numerous languages and translated into Greek. The objective
was to attract scholars all over the world to access the knowledge as well as create new knowledge
(Anceint_library 2). There was also separate branches of the library, placed all over Alexandria. The
library served as repositories for literature, and other important works due to the generosity of the
Ptolemy's. "Added to this was the Hellenistic appreciation for all knowledge not just Greek and
Roman. Alexandria was ideally located between the East and West and became a place where ideas
of the world were debated and discussed." (Anceint_library 2) Alexandria was an international hub
for trade, leading producer of

Tourist Destinations in the Muslim World
Köw Ata underground lake This Lake is located within the Bakharden Köw Ata cave in the city of
Bakharden. Bakharden is located 56 miles east of the capital city Ashgabat. The lake is 200 feet
deep underground and approximately 235 feet long. The lake is heated by thermal springs which
keep the water at 35°C and allow for the lake to be used as a bath. The water contains numerous
minerals and salts and is the home of the largest colony of bats in the region. I selected this site
because I love the Carlsbad Caverns here in the United States and I thought that it would be
interesting to visit a place that is popular with the local population. I have always been fascinated by
the rock formations that form in old Caverns and how you are able to just how old a place is by
looking at the sedimentary layers present. While at the Cave I would like to tour all the different
parts that I am able as well as to swim in the lake. I think that this will impact my understanding and
experience of the country because I will be able to see what it is like to be a landlocked country that
has very little access to large bodies of water. While the Caspian Sea is accessible to Turkmenistan,
the Köw Ata Lake is preferred by the Capital's citizens due to its proximity. It will be a new
perspective to have, especially coming from a country where pools and water parks are abundant.
http://www.atlasobscura.com/places/koew–ata–underground–lake Plateau of Dinosaurs The Plateau
is located within

The Library Of Alexandria Campus Library
The main goal of libraries, are to teach students how to make use of the resources. The library of
NVCC dedicates itself into helping students at the Alexandria campus. That is why it provides a
wide range of sources that aids its students. Whether it is for a class, a job, or a research, the library
has the materials they need to execute their work. In the words of Robert Putnam, a political
scientist who teaches at Harvard University, he said that "People may go to the library looking
mainly for information, but they find each other there." To clarify what is said, people may use the
library for information; but due to the materials that they found in their research, they realize that if
they made use of the library for their previous works, they would have met the requirements that
were needed. The argument presented on this paper, is that the Alexandria campus library has a great
effect on students in terms of helping them meet their academic goals. Although, there are some
modifications it needs to make it better and more user friendly. One thing the NOVA library does, is
that it gives students a connection to a greater academic community. There are fifty computers
provided in the library for students to execute their work. Students can come in at anytime and make
use of them. The staff at the library consists of twelve people, that are working to make a positive
effect on those students who are making use of the library. Four of those people are faculty member,

Analysis Of What Will Become Of The Library By Michael...
The article, "What Will Become of the Library" by Michael Agresta evolve around the idea of
libraries in the digital world. Libraries throughout the countries are changing with time and
technology. This article began by saying the libraries throughout the country and as well as abroad,
government has stop/ lowered their funding for public libraries. In United Kingdom alone, more
than 200 public libraries were shuttered. Also, some libraries are removing their heavy stacks of
books/ paper and replacing it with open spaces with digital devices, like the New York Public
Library. They are adapting to web–based library, where people can find books in the online libraries.
The author also mentioned that this is not the first–time libraries are shutting

Essay on “The Rise and Fall of the Ancient Library at...
The ancient Library of Alexandria is acknowledged as the capital of education in the ancient world,
the vanished library was not the initial library in the world; however, it stands out because of its
legacy. It lasted over six centuries, and was the globe's first research center. Her founders were
Alexander the Great and Ptolemy II Soter, but it was organized by Aristotle's student Demetrius of
Phaleron. The library was abundance with books and scholars from all over the world. Even though
the library was confuted and damaged, there are some pieces that have survived like Letter of
Aristeas that where possibly a translation of the Hebrew Bible. The library of Alexandria was an
integrated library; it accepted ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When Alexander's father had to leave for combat, Alexander at age sixteen show his country he was
intelligent, young nevertheless capable to rule Macedonia. From thereon the legend of the conqueror
and great military genius began. In 331 B.C. Alexander entered Egypt and saved the Egyptians from
the Persian rule that had taken over around two centuries before Alexander's rescue. He was
crowned the pharaoh of Egypt and blessed as the son of Amun. "Architects had no chalk for making
the lines of the city, so they used flour instead. Suddenly, an infinite number of birds rose like a
great black cloud from the nearby waters. They swooped down and ate all the flour. The founding of
Alexandria began with an omen."
In 323 B.C. Alexander died, he was possibly poisoned or ill; subsequently he never saw Alexandria
and its precious library. Afterwards his most trusted general Ptolemy II Soter took charge of Egypt
and the project to construct the city waiting to be built. He made it the new capital of Egypt.
Ptolemy wanted every piece there existed in result there were books donated and bought; it even had
Aristotle's books. There was no issue on who had written the book; a law was established that
anyone who entered the port of Alexandria would be search and the library would obtain the books.
Geometry meaning earth–measuring; was born in Alexandria by

Alexander The Great Legacy
What is a legacy? Does it mean leaving your mark? Is it something that is handed down from
generation to generation? Is it something that you build? Everybody has a legacy and it is different
for everyone. Alexander the Great was one of the most influential people in history who left a
lasting legacy which would be realized for centuries. He conquered most of the Mediterranean
world and spread Greek influence and culture throughout. Alexander is considered to be one of the
most highly respected generals in history. While Alexander was an intelligent and strong general, his
true magnificence and legacy was in the expansion of Greek culture. He changed the Mediterranean
world like no one else could and through panhellenism,he created an expansion ... Show more
Intermarriage became accepted between Greeks and Egyptians; education and research flourished
within all classes, while Greeks remained a privileged minority in some areas. Greek law, Greek
courts, and Greek style of education continued in Alexandria, while great minds continued to gather
and discuss new ideas and philosophy. The wealth of libraries, writings, teachings, poetry, maps, all
contributed to Alexandria being the wealthiest site of knowledge in the world. These texts were not
just in Greek but also in Hebrew, Latin and Babylonian. The Septuagint is a great example of the
translation of Hebrew to Greek, as scholars found themselves traveling to this great city to work on
many such translations. The Septuagint became an interlingual rendition of the Hebrew Bible that
became the standard edition for the Greek speaking Jews and Christians. However, The Septuagint
was just the start. As Philip Freeman put

The Academic Success Center : The Writing Center
Hezekiah Olorode
Carlos Schrӧder
ENG111– 031A
14 January 2017
The Academic Success Center: The Writing Center
The Academic Success Center, ASC, is a facility setting by college systems to assist students who
want or need help to achieve their academic goals. The ASC at NOVA provides free tutoring
services to all students for Math, Accounting, Information Systems Technology, Computer Science,
Sciences, Languages, Psychology, Sociology, History, Music and so on and so forth.
The ASC offers walk–in sessions as well as appointment services, provided they are scheduled
twenty–four hours in advance. These sessions are handled by peer tutors, students who have been
successful in the selected course and have been recommended by faculty members. ... Show more
Generally, students who make use of the WC and ASC perform really well in school." This does not
show to say that some students do not find visiting the WC as an inconvenience. Lema Sharifi said,
"Some students get discouraged when they come for a walk–in to find that they have to wait for
hours in line before a writing consultant can see them, due to a lack of sufficient staff."
Besides the fact that the writing center is understaffed, there are some challenges faced every day by
all writing centers, not just the writing center at NOVAAlexandria. Some of these challenges were
mentioned in a paper by Rachel Cooke and Carol Blesdoe, "(1) guiding students through the
sequence of the writing process; (2) assisting students who may be uncertain about assignment
guidelines; (3) operating under time constraints; (4) empowering students to take charge of their
learning; and (5)evaluation of sources for quality and preventing plagiarism."
The NOVAAlexandria Writing Center, a place where students don't just go because they need help;
it is a place where students are taught to use their voices to tell a story and build the path they desire.
A place where students are prepared for the real world. As Daniel Mahala stated, "... literacy has
become more and more central and inescapable in the functioning of capitalist economies, and the
consequences for workers not developing literate abilities

Eurasia's Virtue During The Hellenistic Age
At the end of the Peloponnesian War, the Greek city states were initially weakened. The previous
leader of the Macedonians, Philip of Macedon, was assassinated resulting in the rule of his son,
Alexander. Both of these events led to the expansion of Greece carried out by Alexander the Great.
After Alexander's death in 323 B.C.E., a new age of cultural improvement emerged during the
Hellenistic Age; in part because of the conquests of Alexander. This expansion led to the multitude
of cultures and races in the new empire of Eurasia. To begin, improvements in medicine paved the
way for modern medical techniques. Subsequently, growth in the fields of math and mechanical
sciences brought about Eurasia's cultural gains. Lastly, the establishment ... Show more content on
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Alexandrian researchers discovered several new finds pertaining to the heart. The researchers
learned that the heart could be used for diagnosis. Similarly, they now deemed the heart as a pump
with valves, contrary to earlier beliefs about the heart. This kind of thinking was far more advanced
than the previous suppositions surrounding the heart's function. Furthermore, these findings also
allowed the surgical techniques of the Eurasian people to evolve. The doctors at this time had the
capability of controlling bleeding with an apparatus called a tourniquet. As a result, surgeons were
equipped with the tools to remove hernias, bladder stones, and hemorrhoids, which had previously
never been done before. These surgical advancements increased the chances of survival for patients
and the medical tactics used greatly influenced modern medicine. Tourniquets are still used today to
quickly stop the bleeding of a patient. Likewise the skill of removing such ailments as bladder
stones, was far beyond the understanding of previous eras. Another major medical betterment, was
being able to distinguish between arteries and nerves. This information about the human body was
cutting–edge, given that the Ancient Greeks had never thought of them as different structures.
Overall, the new information discovered by Alexandrian researchers would not have been possible
with Alexander's expansion and positive impact on Greek

Annotated Bibliography: The Great Library Of Alexandria
Alexandria Stastny
Mrs. Albano
Writing
Friday, March 9, 2018
The Great Library of Alexandria The Great Library of Alexandria was the biggest library in the
ancient world, containing the works by the smartest people such as Homer, Plato, Socrates, and
many more (Hanghton). The Great Library of Alexandria was home to many ancient texts. Even
though the city has survived today, the Great Library has not (The Ancient Library). The Great
Library of Alexandria was in Alexandria, Egypt (White). The Great Library is believed that around
295 B.C.E. the scholar Demetrius of Phalerum convinced Ptolemy I to establish the library. The
Great Library was built because Demetrius wanted a library that housed every book in the world and
there would be a center for intellectual and philosophical lectures and discussion. There are no ruins
that have been uncovered, as a result, no one knows how it was built and some wonder if the library
really existed. The Mediterranean seaport of Alexandria was founded by Alexander the Great. After
his death in 323 B.C.E., Alexander's Empire was left in the hands of this general Ptolemy I Soter.
Formally a tiny fishing village on the Nile delta, Alexandria became the ... Show more content on
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In addition to the scrolls, the Great Library complex had a garden, reading rooms, several meeting
rooms, a few lecture halls, and a covered walkway. The Great Library had fiction and nonfiction
books: astronomy, engineering, geography, mathematics, medicine, and other sciences. The Great
Library was part of a research institute known as the Mesaeum. The height of the library was ranged
from 40,000 to 400,000 feet tall (White). The weight and size is unknown. (Hanghton)The librarians
in charge of the library were aggressive and wanted to keep the library safe (White). But the library
was destroyed during the Alexandrine

Ipatia Research Paper
Hypatia of Alexandria
Hypatia, commonly addressed as Hypatia of Alexandria, was a mathematician, astronomer,
astrologist, and philosopher during the time of Ancient Greece. The city of Alexandria that Hypatia
lived in was originally part of Greece, until it was conquered by early Egyptians. Hypatia was born
around 350 – 370 CE and was raised by her father, Theon. Her father was a scholar of the Museum
of Alexandria, which was not, in fact, an actual museum. The Museum of Alexandria was roughly
similar to an academy, in the way that it was an early form of a school. The Museum also included
the Library of Alexandria, which was an area filled with papers and books filled with vast expanses
of knowledge. Theon was believed to have taught his ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The name Hypatia, like most Greek names, has a definition; Hypatia's name in Greek is either
written as 'υπατος or Υπατια, which translates to words such as highest, exceptional, or supreme.
The name Hypatia is the female version of Hypatos; the name can also be translated to Russian,
where names vary from Ipatiy, which is "rare" and typically used for males, Ipati, which is similar to
Ipatiy, and is rare and typically used for males, to Patya, which is common and is a Russian
"diminutive" word. Many of the works Hypatia contributed to has been destroyed, this is mostly
because she stored most of her work in the Library of Alexandria, which was accidentally burned
during Caesar's conquest around 48 BC. She wrote many mathematical books about certain subjects,
she wrote thirteen books on algebra, which was her her favorite subject, and eight books on
geometry. Some historians though , believe she wrote the commentaries and made revisions on The
Astronomical Canon (possibly based on her father's commentary), a commentary on The Conics of
Apollonius (which leaded to the idea of hyperbolas, parabolas, and ellipses) and on

The Rise and Fall of Alexandria Essay
A Literature Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria
Book Review of The Rise and Fall of Alexandria How the modern world was actually established is
often overlooked and attributed to the powers and domination of Athens and Rome. What authors
Justin Pollard and Howard Reid urge readers to understand, however, is the significance that the city
of Alexandria had on Western Civilization. Both authors have worked in British and American
television, and are accomplished in the film/documentary industry. Reid has also previously written
five other books. In their narrative book, The Rise and Fall of Alexandria, they seek to emphasize
just how important this little city was to the foundation of the modern world through accounts of ...
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7). He wanted Egypt as part of his growing empire. Not long after in 323 BC, however, Alexander
died and left this newly established city to his half brother and baby son. Alexander's childhood
friend, Ptolemy, soon came to rule over the city and Alexandria began rising. Ptolemy had plans for
the city and began building innovative roads and two sea harbors. With these new developments,
authors note, the "fundamental plan of the greatest city in the ancient world was complete." Houses,
slaves, cattle, and taxpayers were being taken from surrounding villages and given to the capital city
of Alexandria. When Ptolemy's son and successor (Ptolemy II) began his rule on the city, he, too,
threw himself into developing Alexandria and created a currency that could be used to sell and trade.
Structures were built, such as temples and the lighthouse, and Alexandria was becoming known as
"the light of the world" (p. 92).
Along with the furthering of physical growth to the city of Alexandria, there was also growth
politically and religiously. Ptolemy wished to fuse ancient thinking with the modern thinking of the
Greeks, so he devised a plan and created a cult through a fusion of two gods: the god of the dead and
the living bull. And this Greco–Egyptian cult was created and called Serapis. Through this newly
founded religion and the constant furthering of the city's buildings and technology, Alexandria began
to rise.
One of the main and most

Trade In Alexandria
Mark Dahlman
McCarthy, Brendan
History 2213
26 October 2014
Paper Three
Trade in Alexandria: A Story Told on the Water
Serving as the capitol for the Ptolemaic dynasty, Alexandria was and is still located on the
Mediterranean coast of Egypt. It's positioning came from Greek inspiration, built as a central
location of commerce, maritime trade, and international business. Some of the goods shipped in and
out of the port included textiles, cosmetics and ointments, gems, papyrus, Egyptian glass, grains,
and spices. As one of the main trading hubs in the Ancient Mediterranean world, Alexandria had a
very diverse populace which consisted of Egyptians, Syrians, Romans and Greeks. As I pointed out
in my first paper, Alexandria became home to many ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As I stated in my first paper "The regular flooding lets agriculture along the Nile thrive." With this
Egypt soon became the main source of grain for Rome with enormous ships regularly criss–crossing
the Mediterranean. To help keep up with the demand and increase profits Ptolemy implemented
back home knowledge to his newly acquired territory. This is shown when Saad in Alexandria: The
Site & the History, states:
"When the Ptolemies had taken over the running of Egypt agriculture had been steadily declining.
Their application of Greek knowledge and science implied relatively sophisticated agricultural
methodology and as a consequence an increase in crops and harvests"(122)
Agricultural production was also dependent on the water distribution and irrigation. To help
maximize crop production, men were required to spend a set amount of time cleaning the irrigation
systems of silt. Egypt continued to be the granary of Rome for many centuries. This is proven by the
text in Maritime Archaeology and Ancient Trade in the Mediterranean by Damian Robinson, saying:
"Emperor Augustus put the army to work on clearing the silted irrigation systems of Egypt as soon
as he took control of the country in

Alexandria Research Paper
Alexandria
Alexandria – Renaissance Revisited
Established by the great king and conqueror Alexander the Great, Alexandria has also served as the
city of Queen Cleopatra's rule. Today, however, no sign remains of its glorious past, as Alexandria is
a city that does not rest on its past laurels–it's striding ahead to claim its place in Egypt's new–found
progress. The city has reinvented itself as one of the Mediterranean's key business and commerce
hubs, and is on its way to becoming Egypt's cultural capital on the strength of its many young local
artists and writers.
For most tourists, Alexandria represents an ambience to be savored rather than a succession of sights
to tick off a list. After you've fathomed its incredible past by visiting ... Show more content on
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It is renowned for its Roman relics, such as the catacombs of Kom ash–Shuqqafa. This is a Roman
burial site where this family is entombed and displays an interesting mix of Egyptian and Roman art
and architecture. The tomb itself and the Caracalla Hall are located underground.
Marvel at the glory of the Pompey's Pillar towering 25 meters above the ground. This column was
built as a tribute to Emperor Diocletian, who lifted the siege off the city and helped its starving
people with food. The Roman amphitheater, along with remains of a Roman street and a superbly
preserved Roman site, is a great place to visit.
The famous Alexandria Library should be explored over the course of an entire day. This
Norwegian–designed building stands out in stark contrast to the Egypt's ancient architecture. The
remarkable thing about this library is that a copy of every book published in the world is stored here.
This, along with exhibitions about Egypt's history and rare antique books, make it a much sought–
after cultural hotspot.
Local Travel
The trams in Alexandria are fun, but very slow. Taxis and microbuses are the best modes of

Libraries in the Ancient World by Lionel Casson
"Libraries in the Ancient World" by Lionel Casson "Libraries in the Ancient World" by Lionel
Casson is the book that details inclusive study of libraries in the ancient world and provides the
origination of the libraries to its founding and development starting in the western world from the
ancient Near East to the early Byzantine period. As the history tells ancient writing pertains that
there have been the foundation of the libraries and the most helping archeology remains of the
Sumerians details on the idea that number of sites has laid bare library remains. Lionel Casson in the
book compact the ideas of the libraries throughout the history focusing on writings and civilization
beginning from the ancient Near East, Greece, Roman Empire, Alexandria, and the middle ages. Not
only that Casson also relates the development and archeological facts of the ancient library systems,
holdings and addresses the connection between the rise in education and literacy, also the early
development of the public libraries. The authors provides us various information about the ancient
libraries providing their holdings, nature of publishing in the Greek and Roman world, also the
transformation of the nature of the library holdings. Casson take on the Near East does provide fact
about the writings and their civilization but does not add to the histories of the libraries but prelude
that the archives preservation was natural way to collect the textual past in that era. "In ancient times

Examples Of Book Burning In Fahrenheit 451
The novel Fahrenheit 451 has the premise of being in a world where books are banned entirely. In
the novel, if someone was to own a book, the book and their house would be burned. This may be
based on the fact that books were burned many times in history. Some examples of these burnings
include the burning of the library of Alexandria and the Nazi book burnings. The events and some
specific details of the burnings are very comparable and contrastable to some details in Fahrenheit
451.
One famous occurrence of book burning was the burning of the Library of Alexandria, which was
founded in Egypt. There are three different explanations of how the library was burnt. The first
explanation states that Julius Caesar was the one who burnt the library,

Why Did Ptolemy Try To Build And Unite The New Greek And...
How did Ptolemy try to build and unite the new Greek and Egyptian Kingdom?
To build and unite the new Greek and Egyptian kingdom, Ptolemy wanted to make his kingdom the
center of the new civilization. He started by kidnapping Alexander's body and building the city of
Alexandria, bringing in Greek institutions such as banking systems specifically the use of coins for
tax collection. Alexandria which would become one of the largest cities of the ancient world
required some basics such as water and food. Since Alexandria had no fresh water supply and was
situated quite a distance from the Nile River, Ptolemy had canals dug and cisterns built to bring
water from the Nile to the city. The Alexandria Lighthouse was built to help guide the ships

How Did Claudius Ptolemaeus Contribute To Astronomy
Jacob Holleran
Mr. Corso
Astronomy
Period 5
1/15/18
CLAUDIUS PTOLEMY
Claudius Ptolemaeus (Ptolemy) was an influential Greco–Roman astronomer who made important
contributions to the sciences in his lifetime during the first century. He contributed to the studies of
astronomy, cartography, and optics. Ptolemy developed the eventually disproven Geocentric theory,
which falsely claimed that the earth was the center of the solar system, and that the other planets and
the sun orbited around it. Regardless, his scientific contributions were influential for centuries to
come, and formed the basis for the astronomy of the middle ages. He is regarded as one of the most
influential scientist in history. Claudius Ptolemy was born in circa 100 ... Show more content on
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In it he details the contents of "Horoscopic Astrology," which employs the use of a horoscope,
which represents the major constellations and planets in the sky and their movements. The position
of the planets at a certain period of time determines the nature of people born during the certain
time, or so the theory goes. Astrology is heavily dismissed by the modern scientific community,
although it experiences fluctuating popularity throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. During the
Dark Ages and Middle Ages, astrology was seen as a canonical and very real science. The Roman
Emperors, as well as the Popes, and various European and Middle Eastern monarchs had a personal
court astrologer. They would seek the astrologer's council on various subjects, including political
affairs and questions involving their personal health. The practice died down among royalty around
the same time as the Age of Enlightenment, with the official Catechism of the Catholic Church
denouncing the practice: "All forms of divination are to be rejected: recourse to Satan or demons,
conjuring up the dead or other practices falsely supposed to "unveil" the future. Consulting
horoscopes, astrology, palm reading, interpretation of omens and lots, the phenomena of
clairvoyance, and recourse to

Impact Of Alexander The Great
Alexander the Great How the Macedonian Conqueror changed the world During the history of
Earth, there has been countless conquerors, kings, saviors and leaders but there has been no greater
conqueror than Alexander the Great. Alexander has changed the world more than you think, and I
am going to write about every major accomplishments Alexander achieved during his lifetime, also
the accomplishments after his death. First, I will tell you about Alexander himself. Alexander III
also known as Alexander the Great was the son of Phillip II, the king of Macedon during 359 –336
BC, and the apprentice of Aristotle. When Phillip II died, Alexander had to step up and take his
deceased father's throne. At the age of twenty, Alexander started a military ... Show more content on
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It would be difficult to write a statement that explains why we would be less technologically
advanced without Hellenism, but to put it bluntly, without Hellenism, many of our mathematical
formulas would have been centuries away from where we are now, because many of the early
mathematical geniuses were born in the Hellenistic age. Therefore, without Hellenism, many of
those mathematicians might never have learned math at all because there would be no math teachers
from Greece to help them. In addition, our understanding of the human body would be more limited
and we could still be stuck with the technology we had in the 17th century. However, thanks to the
Greek physicians who came to the Hellenistic cities to share their research between other
researchers and physicians we are now able almost able fully understand the human body, except the

The Library : The Destruction Of The Ancient Library
Today, I will inform you all about the most devastating loss of knowledge: The Destruction of the
Ancient Library of Alexandria.
I will enlighten you all about the history, the destruction, and the advancements the world missed
out on from the Ancient Library of Alexandria.
What if I told you that in an instant, all the knowledge you know vanished. There is no evidence left.
The advancements in the world would be at standstill.
Relevance statement: Without the destruction of the Ancient Library of Alexandria, the technology
advances would have been increased dramatically.
I was in 2nd grade when I first heard about the Library and ever since I been intrigued. I want to
share the knowledge I have gained by the research I have conducted.
The destruction of the library was a great loss to the world; the knowledge was taken from the world
and advancements were postponed.
The library is still a great wonder to the world.
First, I'm going to be discussing the history of the Library of Alexandria. Which was named after
Alexandria the Great.
According to the Ancient History Encyclopedia, "Demetrius of Phalerum envisioned a library that
would house a copy of every book in the world." The library was established in the 3rd century of
BC in Alexandria, Egypt. Egypt was a country of free thinkers. This was rare. During this time,
many sciences and rebellious theories were forbidden. Therefore, many researchers wanted to go to
the Museum and study.
At first, its purpose was to show

Biography Of Eratosthenes : The Greatest Ancient...
Eratosthenes was born during 276 BC in Cyrene(present day Libya) and passed away at the age of
81 during the year 195 BC in Alexandria(present day Egypt) (Eratosthenes of Cyrene). He was very
well educated as a Greek scientific writer, astronomer, poet, mathematics, history and also he was
best known for his knowledge in geography. With geography being his strongest subject, he had an
extreme amount of knowledge which helped him become one of the greatest ancient geographers of
all time. Since Eratosthenes was one of the more educated in his class, he unfortunately trailed shy
of being top ranked in his class with being second best. A lot of students disliked Eratosthenes and
nicknamed him Beta. When later he proved many of his classmates wrong, he was extremely skillful
in the knowledge he knew. He bounced ahead of them in different levels, buy showing to be one of
the person who was major help to information we have now. As for how Eratosthenes calculated the
Earth 's circumference, I believe many rolls had to come together. Building up the actual phase of
Eratosthenes finding what he believed to be the circumference of the earth. One major roll, I think
started him off in his path, was his high knowledge from the schooling he had gone through. With
his skillful background knowledge, Ptolemy III probably would have never offered him the position
to become roll of director of the Alexandrian Library at the age of forty. Spending days in and days
out with countless

Gender Inequality In Agora
"Synesius, you don't question what you believe, or cannot. I must." – Hypatia The historical film
Agora focuses on a lot of points such as, politics, social status, gender equality, religion and
astronomical views. The story revolves around one of the most glorified women in ancient
Alexandria, the mathematician/philosopher/astronomer, Hypatia. She is first seen lecturing to her
students about how things on Earth tend to fall down in a straight path downward. She demonstrates
this idea by dropping a handkerchief. Alongside her is the devoted slave, Davus, who seemed to
have a special feeling to his mistress. Two prominent characters are also introduced, namely, Orestes
(lover of Hypatia; later became the prefect of Alexandria) and Synesius (a faithful Christian; later
became the Bishop of Cyrene). The conflict in the movie starts when Pagan believers attack
Christians who insult their Gods' statues. The Pagan believers are forced to retreat back to the
Library of Alexandria due to the force of the unexpected ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Women are almost given the same chance as men to show off what they can do and exercise their
rights since they were born. But I regret this gender inequality that happened before. I suddenly
think that, what if women have already been given equal chances as men before? I think the world
would go off a better course. Without a doubt, I admit that women are smarter than men. So think of
all the possibilities that might happen. With the given chances today, I still don't know why some
women still ask for gender equality.
To end this movie review in Agora, I would like to make it a point that what happened in the history
should remain as a history. Though this may lead to more developments in the future, it is best to
live some data forgotten in the past and keep the present rolling to the future. Never let the past
dictate the future. Never let your beliefs be swayed with hearsays. KEEP MOVING

How Did Alexander The Great Influence Western Civilization
Tyshon Marthone M00376945 Course: GEHS 4020 Ancient and Medieval Western Civilizations
Alexander the Great Alexander the Great, Leader and heir of Macedonia successfully conquered the
Greek Peninsula and eventually city–states. And although in essence the Greeks lost their freedom,
ultimately they did not lose their flourishing culture it only expanded. Thus leading to the birth of
the Hellenistic period. Under Alexander the Great, this era began its journey with the conquest of
Persian Empire. Over his reign, Alexander the Great led his army into battle numerous times,
eventually conquering vast amounts of land in his march that stretches from as far east as Asia and
India all the way to Egypt and Pakistan. While also spreading the Greek language and culture with
each accomplished conquests. The Hellenistic Age was essentially known as The Age of Alexander
to many historians. During this time the conquests of Alexander the Great, spread Hellenism over
the Middle East and far into Asia. After Alexander the Great's death in 323 B.C., the Greek
civilization continued their expansion over the Mediterranean world and West Asia. Along with the
expansion the greeks also established their art and culture into ... Show more content on
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Commercial contacts (merchants and traders) were widespread and people of numerous ethnic and
religious backgrounds merged in populous urban centers. The Hellenistic Era was also the age of the
advancement of the various fields from engineering, physics, astronomy and mathematics. And
during this time grand libraries were created in Alexandria, Athens and the kingdom of Pergamum to
recorded their progress and tell of their experience. Also during this time the old beliefs in Olympian
gods were infused with foreign elements, and ecstatic cults, such as those of Cybele, Isis, and
Mithras, become popular in the Hellenized

A Brief Biography of Eratosthenes
Eratosthenes was born in 276 B.C. in a Greek colony in Cyrene, a country in North Africa better
known in the present day as Libya. He raised by modest parents, his mother's name is not known,
and his father's name could be one of two that have been discovered, Aglaos or Ambrosios. Even
though they were modest parents, they were somehow able to have enough money for an education
for their son. They would have had to own land that was worth at least 20 minas (type of Athenian
currency), and his parents would have been free citizens. He was a typical, curious baby and as he
grew older, he asked hundreds of questions that no one could answer. He was extremely interested
in the sky, because it was something that he could not reach up and touch. He wondered how what
the distance between the sun and earth was and what the sun was made of, why there was wind, and
why the stars moved. Like most young Greek boys, when Eratosthenes was about six, he began to
go to school in the local gymnasium, where he learned reading, writing, mathematics, poetry, music
and physical education. He was very strong in math but geography was by far his favourite subject.
In his early years, he was given the nickname Beta, the second letter of the Greek alphabet, because
he never came in first place (taken by Archimedes). Later in life, he got the nickname Pentathlos.
This word meant an athlete that participated in 5 sporting events or to describe someone who was
good at a variety of different

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