Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, NATO, etc.

2. The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats Up
 Assignment consists of the notes on the next two slides

3. Terms to Know:Terms to Know:
 Marshall Plan
 Berlin airlift
 NATO
 Collective security
 Warsaw Pact
 HUAC
 Hollywood Ten
 Blacklist
 McCarran-Act

4. The U.S. Responds to theThe U.S. Responds to the
Cold WarCold War
In Europe Regarding Nuclear
Weapons
At Home

5. Atomic AgeAtomic Age
 What is the atomic age?
 See Truman quote on p. 644
 Devastation caused by the atomic bombs dropped on
Japan and the effects of the Soviet Union to acquire this
technology instilled fear in world leaders.

7. Postwar RecoveryPostwar Recovery
 U.S. Wanted to:
 Help repair war-torn European nations
 Did not want to repeat mistakes that followed WWI
 Led to a shift in American foreign policy
 What was the major shift in foreign policy called?

8. London, 1944
Dresden, Germany; 1946

9. Marshall Plan (1947)Marshall Plan (1947)
 The Marshall Plan:
 Asked European nations to draw up a program for economic
recovery
 U.S. would then support program with financial aid
 $13 billion to W. Europe over 4 years
 Economies recovered quickly
 U.S. strengthened trade ties
 Soviet Union refused to participate in Plan
 Named after Sec. of State George C. Marshall
 See Marshall quote & Shipment chart on p. 645
 Why did we want to help Europe?

10. See map of Germany on p. 646 in text

11. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 By 1948 American, British, and French leaders are
convinced that Stalin was not going to allow the
reunification of Germany
 West Germany=republic, capitalism
 East Germany=communist
 Berlin Capital of Germany
 Also split into east & west
 West Berlin used as a launching point to escape
communist E. Europe
 Stalin wanted to stop this by forcing Western powers to
abandon West Berlin

12. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin implements a blockade of West Berlin in 1948
 Truman did not want to start a war, or give up West
Berlin so…
 W/ Britain started an airlift
 15 months, 200K flights, 13K tons of goods daily
 Read about “Operation Little Vittles” on p. 647

13. The Berlin AirliftThe Berlin Airlift
 Stalin’s Blockade ended May 1949
 Airlift ended in Sept. 1949
 Berlin remained a focal point of the East/West conflict
 Why didn’t Truman use military force to stop the
blockade?

14. United NationsUnited Nations
 After WWII looked to
for protection, but…
 Soviet Union used veto
power
 Weakened UN’s ability
 W. Europe looked for
new solutions…

15. NATO! What is it?NATO! What is it?
• NATO=North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
• Formed in April of 1949
• U.S., Canada, & 10 Western
European nations pledged to
support each other against attack
• Collective Security
• Arguments against NATO
• Not a “peace program,” a
“war program,” half of the
world against the other half
• Mutual military assistance
• Soviet Response:
• Created the Warsaw Pact
• A military alliance between the
Soviet Union and its satellite
nations
• What are satellite nations?

16. NATO! WhatNATO! What’s with that?’s with that?
 Why is NATO needed?
 The U.S. did not want to be the only nation in the
Western Hemisphere committed to fighting
communism
 Other reasons???

17. Communist AdvanceCommunist Advance
 Soviet Atomic Threat
 Test atomic bomb in 1949
 U.S. Response:
 Truman approves a hydrogen bomb; much more
destructive than atomic bomb
 Truman organized the Federal Civil Defense
Administration
 Info on how to survive an attack, plans for building bomb
shelters, etc.

18. Duck & Cover!Duck & Cover!

19. Communist AdvancesCommunist Advances
 In China Mao Zedong rose to power 1949 & created a
Communist nation (the People’s Republic of China)
 The defeated followers of Chiang Kai-shek fled to the
island of Taiwan & continued as the Republic of China
 “Loss of China” was viewed as a stain on Truman’s
record
 Many called for increased effort to stop communism in
Asia

21. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 Fear of Communist spies created mass suspicion in the
U.S., a new red scare
 Truman formed a federal employee loyalty program
that checked all new and existing federal employees’
backgrounds
 The creation of this program added to American
suspicion
 Accusation alone ruined reputations

22. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 HUAC (The House Un-American Activities
Committee) est. in 1938
 Searched for communist infiltration of gov’t agencies
& Hollywood

23. HUACHUAC
• HUAC called a number
of Hollywood writers,
directors, and actors in
1947 to testify
• The Hollywood Ten
• Ten people ho refused to
answer the HUAC’s
questions were
imprisoned for contempt
of Congress
• Sentenced to jail (6
months—1 year)
• Hollywood studios
compiled a blacklist
• People that should not
be hired
• Ruined many careers
• See pictures on p. 650

24. Cold War at HomeCold War at Home
 McCarran-Walter Act
(1952)
 Re-affirmed quota
system on immigrants
 Esp. limited immigration
from E. Europe & Asia
 Vetoed by Truman, but
overridden by Congress

25. SPIES!SPIES!
 Two famous spy cases reinforced fears that Soviet spies
in the U.S. were sharing American secrets with foreign
Communists.
 Hiss had been a high-ranking government official
(State Dept.) was accused by a Time Magazine editor
of being a Communist
 Accused of lying while on trial, locked up for 4 yrs.

26. SPIES!SPIES!
 Julius & Ethel Rosenburg
 Accused of passing atomic secrets to the Soviets
 Convicted of espionage & executed in 1953
 See their pic on p. 651
 Soviet records opened at the end of the Cold War
suggest that both Hiss & Julius Rosenburg were guilty,
however Ethel was not.