Toxic Mold Essay: Effects and Removal

Toxic Mold Essay
The subject of black mold gathered a lot of attention in the late 1990's. Up to that time, little
attention had been given to this topic and there were few government regulations regarding black
mold.
According to the US EPA from their on–line course
(http://www.epa.gov/mold/moldcourse/index.html), molds are organisms that may be found indoors
and outdoors. They are part of the natural environment and play an important role in the
environment by breaking down and digesting organic material, such as dead leaves. Also called
fungi or mildew, molds are neither plants nor animals; they are part of the kingdom Fungi.
Evidence of mold in the home can be either visual or by odor, and evidence of an indoor mold
problem typically starts with ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These factors include the degree or size of the mold colonies growing within a residence, where they
are located, and factors such as whether a person is allergic to any particular type of mold. The more
extensive the mold colony is, the higher the dose to which you or a member of your family is
exposed. Where one person may have a severe reaction to a particular type of mold, another person
may have little or no reaction. Black mold has received the greater concern as some studies have
revealed more severe health effects when exposed to black mold.
The most effective response to mold is to first remove the source of moisture. Any water leaks, such
as roof or plumbing, should be repaired as soon as possible. In some cases, fans are needed to help
dry the affected areas. Once these areas are dry, mold spores can be cleaned using a bleach mixture
or other cleaning compounds containing biocides specific to addressing mold contamination. It is
important to remember that personal protection should be used when cleaning mold contamination
to prevent breathing in or ingesting mold spores. It is also important to note that any recurrence of
water intrusion into a home or building will likely result in return of the mold.
If there is a repeated or even a single exposure to mold, this may cause even non–sensitive people to
become sensitive to mold. Allergic
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School Mold Research Paper
As soon as you spot even a small patch of mold in your bathroom, you need to take action. Mold can
quickly grow and spread from a tiny patch the size of a dime to a patch that is at least a square foot
in a very short matter of time. Due to how quickly mold spreads and due to the fact that some mold
is harmful, any mold that shows up in your bathroom needs to be addressed quickly.
Location Of The Mold
The first thing you need to do is look at the location of the mold. If the mold is on a solid, non–
porous surface, such as your bathroom wall or shower wall, you can clean the mold.
However, if the mold is on a porous surface, such as on the carpet or on the pad in your bathtub, you
should not clean the object. You should remove the object from your bathroom inside of a sealed
plastic bag and throw it away. It can be next to impossible to remove mold from a porous ... Show
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The first thing you will want to do is put on protective gear. You should always wear gloves and a
mask when dealing with mold. In case the mold is toxic, you don't want to breath it in or get it on
you.
Next, you need to create a cleaning solution. Fill a clean spray bottle 3/4 full with warm water, and
then top off the other 1/4 of the bottle with bleach. This strong solution will help kill the mold in
your bathroom.
Spray the solution you created over the entire infected area. You may also want to spray a few
inches around the infected area; it generally takes time for mold to become visible to the naked eye,
which is why it is a good idea to clean beyond its visible boundaries.
Let the solution sink in for a minute or so; then use a scrub brush to scrub away the mold. After you
have scrubbed the area for a few minutes, wipe it down with a paper towel. Place the scrub brush
and paper towel into a plastic trash bag; mold spores are microscopic, so it is best to bag and throw
away any cleaning materials you

Fungi Lab
Fungi Lab Analysis Background Information: Fungi are nonphotosynthetic and must absorb
nutrients from surrounding organic matter. Most fungi obtain their food from dead organic matter
and thus considered saprophytes, however, a relatively small percentage called parasites derive their
food from other living organisms. Fungi may be unicellular (yeasts) or multicellular (mushrooms)
and their cell walls usually contain chitin. They may produce sexually or asexually by means of
spores. They are major factor in food deterioration however; benefits include the aid in production
of pharmaceuticals, food, and drink (Royse, 2003). Mould growth is affected by factors such as
moisture content, nutrient availability, temperature, pH levels, light, and ... Show more content on
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Several openings in the room brought along fluctuating temperatures that were qualitatively
observed. Certain mould such as Penicillium dupontii are thermophiles can fail to grow below 20°C
("Factors that affect...", n.d.). Improvements include storing bread under an incubator or another
instrument to monitor constant temperatures. Real life applications of this source of error include
monitoring the temperature of storage of food to prevent mould growth. Another source of error was
the amount of aeration the fungi had access to. Due to the containment of bread in zip lock bags, the
air remained stagnant and was not changed out. This would have limited the growth of mould but
not extensively during the given experimental period (Arora, 2004). Improvements include placing
all the bread in an open oxygen environment. Applications of this source of error would include
storing food in sealable containers with limited exposure to air. Bibliography Arora, D. (2004).
Fungal Biotechnology in Agricultural, Food, and Environmental Applications (p. 316). New York:
Marcel Dekker. Factors That Affect the Growth of Moulds. (n.d.). Retrieved November 16, 2015,
from http://www.moldbacteriaconsulting.com/fungi/factors–that–affect–growth–of–

Microbial Diversity Of Soil And Determine The Population...
Soil samples were collected from a construction site in North Norman and the duck pond at the
University of Oklahoma. To demonstrate the microbial diversity of soil and determine the
population density of bacteria, actinobacteria, and fungi, the samples were cultured in the laboratory.
Serial dilutions of the samples were prepared and grown on different growth media for selective
culturing of the three groups. Following incubation of the plates at 37C for two days then at 4C for
five days, it was observed that the colonies on the agar plates had different morphologies. Colony
counts were used to determine the original cell density of the three microbial groups. Although the
calculated population densities were inconsistent because of multiple countable plates, the consistent
trend was that the population density of simple bacteria was the highest in soil sample 1 and that
fungi outnumbered simple bacteria and Actinobacteria in soil sample 2.
Introduction
The soil matrix is a microbial storehouse in which a variety of microorganisms co–exist. Within the
soil habitat, microorganisms are taking in nutrients, respiring, and participating in biogeochemical
cycles. There are prokaryotic microbes, eukaryotic microbes, and viruses. The most abundant
microbial populations in soil are simple bacteria, Actinobacteria, and fungi (1). The eukaryotic
populations in soil include algae, fungi, and protists. Fungi participate in recycling biomass and
stimulating plant growth (2). Soil fungi

Fungi Are Fungi Different From Plants
Fungi are a group of living organisms which are classified in their own kingdom. This means they
are not animals, plants, or bacteria. Unlike bacteria, which have simple prokaryotic cells, fungi have
complex eukaryotic cells like animals and plants. Fungi are found throughout the Earth including on
land, in the water, in the air, and even in plants and animals. They vary widely in size from
microscopically small to the largest organisms on Earth at several square miles large. There are
more than 100,000 different identified species of fungi. How are fungi different from plants? Fungi
were once classified as plants. However, they are different from plants in two important ways: 1)
fungi cell walls are composed of chitin rather than cellulose (plants) and 2) fungi do not make their
own food like plants do through photosynthesis. Characteristics of Fungi They are eukaryotic. They
get their food by decomposing matter or eating off their hosts as parasites. They do not possess
chlorophyll like plants. They reproduce through numerous spores rather than pollen, fruit, or seeds.
They are usually not motile, meaning they cannot actively move around. Roles of Fungi Food –
Many fungi are used as food such as mushrooms and truffles. Yeast, a type of fungi, is used when
baking bread to help it rise and to ferment beverages. Decomposition – Fungi play an important role
in the decomposition of organic matter. This decomposition is necessary for many of the cycles of
life such as the

Bioluminescence in Fungi
Bioluminescence in Fungi
INTRODUCTION
What is Bioluminescence?
The current paper main focus is on bioluminescent Fungi but the basic features of bioluminescence
discussed are common to all bioluminescent organisms.
Bioluminescence is simply light created by living organisms. Probably the most commonly known
example of bioluminescence by North Americans is the firefly, which lights its abdomen during its
mating season to communicate with potential mates. This bioluminescent ability occurs in 25
different phyla many of which are totally unrelated and diverse with the phylum Fungi included in
this list
(an illustration of a bioluminescent fungi is displayed in figure 1). One of the features of biological
light that distinguishes it from ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Luciferins and Luciferase differ chemically in different organisms but they all require molecular
energy
(ATP) for the reaction. 2) The chemical energy in stage one excites a specific molecule (The
Luminescent Molecule: the combining of Luciferase and Luciferin).
The excitement is caused by the increased energy level of the luminescent molecule. The result of
this excitement is decay which is manifested in the form of photon emissions, which produces the
light. The light given off does not depend on light or other energy taken in by the organism and is
just the byproduct of the chemical reaction and is therefore cold light. The bioluminescence in fungi
occurs intracellulary and has been noted at the spore level(Burr 1985, Newton 1952 and Herring
1978). This may at times be mistaken for a extracellular source of light but this is due to the
diffusion of the light through the cells of the fungus. In examining the photograph in figure 1, it
appear that the cap of the fungus is glowing but after study, it was observed that just the gill
structures that emits the light and the cap
(which is thin) emits the light of the

The Growth Of Eco Friendly And Reliable Methods For Our...
Introduction
During the course of human history, fungi has always been used as food and exploited to preserve
and ferment beverages and foods. By the twentieth century, we had learned to protect human health
by harnessing fung (immunosuppressive agents, anti–cholesterol statins and antibiotics), while
industries made us of fungi to support large scale production of acids, biosurfactants and enzymes.
In the 1980's, with the dawn of fresh nanotechnology, fungi had remained important by being able to
synthesize nanoparticles.
Nanoparticles or nanomaterials are materials including particles or constituents that are of nanoscale
proportions, or something that has been produced via nanotechnology. Biologically hazardous or
environmentally toxic reducing agents are normally associated in the nanoparticles chemical
synthesis. Today, the growth of eco–friendly and reliable methods for the production of
nanomaterials is a vital facet of nanotechnology. One such approach that has shown potential
beyond measure is centred on the use of biological micro–organisms, such as fungi for the
biosynthesis of these nanoparticles.
Fungi can invariably be used for the synthesizing of metallic nanoparticles from their salt, since
fungi contain enzymes and proteins as reducing agents. Should be cautious while handling them
during experiments, as some fungi are disease causing. Fungal biomass generally grows quicker
than that of bacteria in consistent conditions. While production of metal

Charlene Brusso's Talented Fungi
The author Cheryl Bardoe of "looking at Mushrooms", has more of a descriptive variety on fungi
then the passage, "Talented fungi". The reasoning is, the author, Charlene Brusso of "Talented
fungi", only talks about the discovered fungi rather than putting more effort in how they function
and live. The better passage talks also about who study them (fungi) and how they lived, meanwhile
the other passage only talks about what fungi use is for. Charlene Brusso put a lot of effort in her
information about how fungi was used before, but she didn't talk about the 1.5 million fungi that are
used today. In "Looking at mushrooms", they tell how mushrooms live, function, decompose, and
how they help the enviorment. In the pharagraph of "How Fungi Function" it list all the roles and
states, "Some are decomposers, some form partnerships with living plants, and some are parasites."
This text cited goes on telling about the individual fungi role, function, and what the mycologist
studying them has to say about it. In the other hand, Charlene Brusso and her passage only exclaims
1 fungi type and goes on about its uses, not its function and therefore she doesn't have a clear
description of the fungi and needs to talk more of its discoveries. ... Show more content on
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Charlene Brusso does differ from Cheryl Bardoe when she uses a actual mycologist to tell about the
fungi or mushroom. Cheryl exclaims, " ' When conditions are right,' Mueller says, ' Mushrooms
swell the water like a water balloon.' " Cheryl Bardoe when using this quote it gives us a more clear
image in our heads and proves that it has been proven by a mycologist. Cited quotes makes passages
and pharagraphs seem better then ones without those, that's why "looking at mushrooms" beats
"Talented fungi" in this

Fungi Lab Report
Fungi Growth
Introduction
All humans have come into contact with some form of fungi at some point in their lives. Sometimes
fungi produce large mushroom like structures, or sometimes they just appear as small wisps of hair.
But with so many different forms and variations of fungi, sometimes they become hard to classify,
and there is confusion as to whether it maybe a plant or bacteria. Buckholz et al (2016) state that the
fungal kingdom deserves to be neither a prokaryote not a plant. Fungi are eukaryotic organisms that
contain a membrane bound nucleus. They are also heterotrophic and consume their carbon. The
main difference between animals and fungi is that fungi perform their digestion externally
(Buckholz et al. 2016). This leads to the importance of fungi: decomposing. Fungi maintain crucial
processes in terrestrial ecosystems as decomposers of dead plant tissues and mutualistic partners of
almost all terrestrial multicellular organisms (Heilmann–Clausen et al. 2015). Without fungi, ...
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We dipped the forceps in isopropyl alcohol to sterilize them. Then we quickly opened the petri
dishes, inserted the substrate, and reclosed them to avoid contamination from airborne particles. To
keep the environment moist, we added 1 mL of water to the petri dish. We shook the tube to ensure
that we received an adequate number of spores. Using a micropipette, we took 50 microliters of each
species of fungi: Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus stolonifer, and Penicillium chrysogenum. Each fungus
was placed onto the orange peel in the petri dish. We then sealed each of the petri dishes with
parafilm, taped them together, and then placed them in an incubator at 25°C. The samples remained
in there for 1 week. After the week, we took them out of the incubator, and making sure not to open
them, we observed the growth of each fungus. All of the petri dishes and samples were then
disposed

New Smyrna Beach Mold Case Study
We certainly realize that our customers take great pride in their home. They like to preserve the
beauty of their home. Therefore, a mold infestation is devastating to the home owner. The fact is that
mold destroys everything that it comes in contact with very quickly. Mold infestation spreads fast
too. Mold is a part of nature and grows outdoors. However, mold indoors is a very big problem.
Mold infestation might occur in any corner of the house. However, certain conditions must exist for
the mold to thrive in the home. Mold requires a lot of moisture to thrive and spread. Don't let a mold
infestation destroy your beautiful home or building. Contact us. We work with residential and
commercial customers to get the mold infestation under control fast. ... Show more content on
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Therefore, we would like to share a few tips about preventing future mold infestation problems. You
should work to make sure that your home is not a friendly environment for mold. Thus, lowering the
risk and saving a lot of money on future Mold remediation.
Humidity & Moisture – Mold thrives in high humidity or moisture. Check area around the house for
water leaks or moisture. Check the basement pipes or leaky washing machines. Mold often finds a
hiding place in those areas. Repair leaks immediately to prevent mold.
Fix Other Problem Areas – Every household or building has certain problem areas that attract mold
growth. Those areas are usually filled wet or high humidity areas. Does your basement flood after a
storm? Check for mold growth. Are the carpets in a certain part of the house always wet or damp?
Check for mold. Does the roof leak? Check for mold growth in those areas. You might deter mold
growth by simply making sure the basement is flood proof, installing new carpets, and repairing the
roof.
We Are The Fastest In

Hunting For Michigan Morels By Ben Smith
Hunting for Michigan Morels
Ben Smith
ENG 100
Introduction: The state of Michigan is great for hunting edible mushrooms. Some of the common
mushrooms people like to hunt for are the chanterelle, honey or "stumpers", and the morel. The
morel is one of the more popular mushrooms that people look forward to hunting. Michigan's
atmospheric conditions make it a great state for these mushrooms to thrive in during the season.
Before you go hunting, it is important to know the etiquette and a little about the particular
mushroom you're hunting so not to make the mistake of accidently picking one that could
potentially harm you. Because there are so many mushrooms that are edible here in Michigan, I
choose to focus on one of my favorites – the morel.
Topics:
As mentioned, one of the most common edible mushrooms that people look forward to hunting is
the morel. Not only are they one of the most hunted mushrooms here in Michigan, they are also one
of the most easiest mushrooms to correctly identify. Before we discuss the description of the morel
it is important to know when to go searching for this delicious mushroom. Here in Michigan, the
best time to spot morels is early spring. They can be pretty unpredictable as to where they will pop
up and you may not find them in the same spot the next year. I've seen them along trails, in fields,
along paved roads or even in a pile of old wood mulch. You will find them alone or in a group with
others on the ground. A

A Brief Review Of Literature On Conidial Fungi
Review Article: A brief review of literature on conidial fungi. Sheikh Sayir Aftab1*, Ranjana
Singh1, Suman Trivedi2*, Ajaz Ahmad2. 1*,2 Research Scholars Deptt. Of Botany , Govt. MVM
Bhopal. 1 Asstt. Professor Deptt. Of Botany, Govt.. MVM Bhopal. 2*Prof. and Head Deptt. Of
Botany, Govt. MLB girls P.G.(Auto.) College, Bhopal. Email: sheikhsayir@gmail.com Abstract:
Mycology is the branch of biology deals with the study of fungi, including their genetic and
biochemical behavior, their taxonomy, identification and their use to humans as a source for
medicine, food, and entheogens, as well as their dangers, such as poisoning or infection. Mycology
had its history from the old times, it is presumed that humans collect fungi from prehistoric times.
Fungi are group of eukaryotic microorganism that has the capability to decompose the organic
matter and so called as scavengers. Water borne conidial fungi, previously known as Hyphomycetes
represent the major microbial elements of decaying leaves in running fresh water. These fungi are
characterized by their magnificent conidial types. Key words: Aquatic, Conidial Fungi, Taxonomy.
Introduction: Fresh water fungi are those which complete their full or part of their life cycle in
water. Fungi that grow on decaying leaves, twigs and other plant parts submerged in water and
complete their whole or part of their life cycle in streams, rivulets and rivers are called "Aquatic
fungi" and these include members of Zygomycotina,

Mold Remediation Research Paper
This page will go into somewhat detail of Remediation, specifically Mold Remediation. It will give
you an understanding of the purpose of treating this unhealthy atmosphere. So now, let's begin.
Definition
Remediation alone is defined as "the correction of something bad or defective". Specific to Mold
Remediation would be "the removal, cleaning, sanitizing, demolition, or other treatment, including
preventive activities, of mold or mold–contaminated matter that was not purposely grown at that
location".
Investigate for the source of Moisture
You will need to understand why the mold is forming unless this is from weather related flooding.
You may not immediately see the source because it could be behind the walls or hidden somewhere
else. It could be growing on the ceiling, so the leak could be coming from the roof. There could be
multiple ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Close all doors and cover all openings to prevent the spread of spores. Remove all wet or
contaminated material. This could be soaked furniture, sheetrock, clothes, etc. Depending on the
duration of saturation will decide if it can be saved or disposed. Preferably these items should be
moved to an area that's not enclosed. Place items in Plastic bags or cover with plastic wrap. This will
prevent cross contamination especially if you intend on keeping these items. Mop or Vacuum. Mop
all hard surface flooring removing any standing water. If carpet is in the area, use a wet vac IF the
duration was not for long and saturation is minor. If this is not the case, you would remove it from
the area. This includes the padding. Clean, Clean, and Clean. Clean all wood or other hard,
nonpourous surfaces with some sort of abrasive pad or brush. Use a detergent that is specifically
made for mold or mildew removal. When wiping with disposable material, then place it in a bag and
seal when finished.
Ventilate /

Assay of Oil-Degrading Potential of Fungi Isolates on...
ASSAY OF OIL–DEGRADING POTENTIAL OF FUNGI ISOLATES ON DIESEL, KEROSENE
AND PETROL USING ENRICHMENT METHOD. BOBOYE B., *OLUKUNLE O. F., ADETUYI
F. C. AND ADEBIYI G. AABSTRACT A study was carried out to assay for oil–degrading potential
of fungi isolates on diesel, kerosene and petrol. Water samples were collected aseptically and
analyzed microbiologically using standard techniques. The fungi isolated from the water samples
were: Trichoderma viridae, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus fumigatus and Stochyborys atra. The
confirmatory test for oil utilization potential of the isolated fungi was carried out using the
enrichment method, minimal salt broth (MSB). There were variations in the growth patterns of each
of the fungal species ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is found to improve on nature 's own way of degrading oil. Bioremediation is an option that offers
the possibility to destroy or render harmless various contaminants using natural biological activity.
As such, it uses relatively low–cost, low–technology techniques, which generally have a high public
acceptance and can often be carried out on site Keeler, 2003). However, the time scales involved are
relatively long, and the residual contaminant levels achievable may not always be appropriate.
Bioremediation has been used at a number of sites worldwide, including United States and Europe,
with varying degrees of success. Techniques are improving as greater knowledge and experience are
gained, and there is no doubt that bioremediation has great potential for dealing with certain types of
site contamination (Keeler, 2003). For bioremediation to be effective, microorganisms must
enzymatically attack the pollutants and convert them to harmless products. Bioremediation can be
effective only where environmental conditions permit microbial growth and activity, its application
often involves the manipulation of environmental parameters to allow microbial growth and
degradation to proceed at a faster rate. Like other technologies, bioremediation has its limitations.
Some contaminants, such as chlorinated organic or high aromatic hydrocarbons, are resistant to
microbial

Study of Fungi in Three Different Types of Media
All three fungi, Pleurotus pulmonarius, Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trichoderma sp. were grown in
three different type of media MEA, PDA and GYMP under conditions of pH 5.5 and temperature of
27.
Based on the graphs, Pleurotus pulmonarius grew faster in the medium of MEA followed by GYMP
and PDA. Pycnoporus sanguineus and Trichoderma sp. grew faster in MEA medium as well but
followed by PDA and then GYMP. The accumulative growth for Pleurotus pulmonarius in MEA
medium is 2.11875, PDA medium is 1.393333, and GYMP is 2.166666667. The accumulative
growth for Pycnoporus sanguineus in MEA medium is 2.247916667, PDA medium is 2.475, and
GYMP is 2.348333333. The accumulative growth for Trichoderma sp in MEA medium is about 2.64
( 2.641666667) cm, PDA medium is about 2.53 (2.529166667) cm, and GYMP is about 2.85
(2.852777778) cm.
In triplicates of Pleurotus pulmonarius, white mycelium colonies were formed in both MEA and
PDA media, but white and orange colony were observed in GYMP medium. The MEA medium
causes Pleurotus pulmonarius to form dense mycelia, but less dense in media PDA and GYMP.
Totally, none of the media contributed to sporulation from Pleurotus pulmonarius and moreover, in
MEA medium, it took 6 days for it to grow to the maximum length provided while the GYMP
medium, it took 7 days. As for the PDA medium, even after 7 days, it did not reach the maximum
length of the petri dish.
For Pycnoporus sanguineus, orange and white colonies is formed in all three media. This

Interactions Between Fungi And DC
Interactions between Fungi and DC: How DC can be used to develop vaccines? Like mentioned
previously, DC initiates activation of different types of cells based on type of molecules/antigens at
site of infection. Hence different forms of fungi initiate different mechanisms of immunity. When
DC pulsed with fungus are introduced into mice, they can initiate specific immune response against
that antigen by activating CD4+ Th cells. The analysis of antigen specific proliferation and cytokine
production from CD4+ Th cells was done. These cells were collected from draining from lymph
nodes and spleens of mice, in which fungus pulsed DCs were introduced. Results showed in mice
immunized with conidia or yeast pulsed DCs, levels of IFN–ᵞ were higher ... Show more content on
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DCs pulsed with inactive yeast cells were not able to induce maturation of DC in vitro and hence
these cells were unable to develop Th1 response in vivo. Because of this, memory cells responsible
for anticandidal protective immunity cannot be developed. Not only yeast or hyphae of fungus, but
fungal RNA too was able to develop such protective immune response in vivo. In this case, fungal
RNA from yeast or conidia could do so, but not from hyphae. DCs pulsed with fungal RNA from
yeast (Candida) or conidia (Aspergillus) could develop resistance for infections for respective
species only. One more species of fungus showed similar results for developing resistance against
infection. DCs pulsed with Cryptococcus neoformans RNA could develop resistance for pulmonary
cryptococcosis in murine model. Th1 cells producing IFN–ᵞ were increased and cells producing IL–
4 were decreased in numbers in mice showing resistance to the disease [Fig (4)]. This indicates that
the antifungal resistance is Th1 dependent. This suggests DCs can be a potential target for
developing vaccines against fungal infections. Conclusion and future prospective: As it is well
known that DCs play important role in developing immune response, they can used as a potential
target for vaccine development. More species of fungal pathogens

Mushroom Varieties And Their Uses
Mushroom Varieties and Their Uses By Sylvia Rieman | Submitted On February 06, 2011
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Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Sylvia Rieman Mushrooms are a unique source of food
and come in infinite varieties. They are a type of living organism that has no roots, leaves, flowers
or seeds. Mushrooms are actually fungi and in many countries, that is what they are called. There
are countless varieties of Mushrooms that are edible and there are probably just as many or more
that are not edible. The mushrooms that are not edible can be poisonous and can cause severe illness
or worse, death. For that reason, wild mushrooms should not be picked by anyone other than a
trained mycologist. Mushrooms can be purchased dried, canned or fresh. For a long time, even
though there are over 590 species of Mushrooms found growing in California, the only Mushrooms
readily available in the United States for consumption were Brown Mushrooms and White
Mushrooms. Photos of some of the California Mushrooms can be found on Myko Web, a site that
specializes in California Mushrooms. Some mushrooms are so amazingly beautiful that it is hard to
believe that they can be poisonous. With the increasing

Essay Microorganisms and the Great Potato Famine in Ireland
Microorganism means small organism which is often referred to as a microbe. A microbe is a
single–cell organism which is so tiny that millions can fit into the eye of a needle. Microbes are
known to be the oldest form of live on Earth, they can live individually or cluster together in
communities. Microbes live everywhere. Anywhere you can think of, microbes live. They can be
found in the air, soil, water and are present in and on our own body. Microbes are also known to live
at temperatures less than –20 degrees Celsius to temperatures hotter than the boiling point.
These tiny organisms include Bacteria, Archaea, Fungi and Protists. Bacteria and Fungi are a
commonly known form of microbe unlike Archaea which are similar to bacteria but ... Show more
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Hyphae are very tiny and grow at the tip, dividing repeatedly along their length which create long,
branching chains. The Hyphae will keep growing until a network of threads is formed. This is called
a mycelium. It is less common yet still possible for fungi to produce spores sexually. Two mating
cells from hyphae of different strains of fungi can fuse together and form a spore stalk, this is
mating. The spores eventually burst causing the spores to drop in the same area or be carried by
wind or rain to a new area. They will then germinate like seeds.
There are three things which subdivide fungi, one this is basis of their life cycles, another is the
presence or structure of their fruiting body, and finally, the arrangement of and type of spores they
produce. The three main groups of fungi are:
1) Multicellular filamentous moulds
2) Macroscopic filamentous fungi that form large fruiting bodies. This group is often referred to as
"mushrooms" however, this is just a small part of the fungus we see above the ground.
3) Single celled microscopic yeasts
Mould, is a common type of fungus being known all around the world, it is the little dusty spots
found spreading over food and other things in a person's home. Moulds are microscopic organisms,
they too are alike plant organisms. They are composed of long filaments called hyphae. Mould
collects its food from its surroundings as well as displays themselves in a variety of

The Pink Mold
Mold. Just the mention of the word instills fear and worry in professional real estate circles.
Remediating an infestation is labor intensive, time consuming and often a financial nightmare. No
one really knows exactly how many fungi there are in the world. Estimates range from tens of
thousands to more than 300,000, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
(CDC). There is no way to totally eradicate fungi, bacteria and spores from our environment. And,
we wouldn't want to since some of these organism are beneficial for health and wellness. However,
when it comes to managing multifamily housing communities, it is imperative have a prevent plan
in place that prevents dangerous airborne particles from taking root. So, what ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
When in doubt, contact your local indoor air quality specialist. The CDC website lists contact
information by state, and provides links to other valuable resources, including the National
Association of Clean Air Agencies (NACAA).
A Simple Solution To A Complex Problem
While diagnosing mold problems may seem complication, the solution starts with one simple rule.
Control moisture, control mold growth. Bacteria and fungi are pervasive species. Fortunately, most
mold seen around showers and kitchen sinks is benign and can be controlled with proper care and
cleaning. And, the most common health complaint associated with mold is a mild allergic reaction.
We have all heard about serious, life threatening conditions associated with mold infestations and
the financial burden of remediating a property. While these events do happen, you can lower the
risks for your property substantially if you control moisture. Make sure your maintenance team
addresses leaks promptly. Inform and educate your tenants and owners. Routinely check your
ventilation systems – fans, HVAC units and operable windows – and repair or replace faulty
components as soon as a problem is

Robert Koch
Robert Koch was born in 1843, His father was a mining engineer. In 1862 University of Göttingen
to study medicine. Koch was influenced by Jacob Heine, the professor of anatomy. Koch took his
M.D. degree in 1866, After getting his M.D.he went to Berlin for six months and was under the
influence of Virchow. In 1867 Koch settled in hamburg as an assistant in the general of the
hospital.He then went to Rackwitz, in the province of posen. He passed his district Medical Officer's
Examination at Rackwitz. In 1870 he volunteered himself for service in the franco prussian war and
was the district medical officer for Wollstein for 8 years from 1872 – 1880. He did research on
anthrax and how it was killing animals, and found they were killed by bacilli. ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The fungi isolated from the strawberries, after it grew in a petri dish was thick white fungi, it had a
dark ring around the edges. The petri dishes held moisture and the fungi stuck to top of the petri
dish. The first isolated petri dish had solid black circular solids formed in the petri dish. The picture
group on the left is of the black spots under a microscope. The one in the middle is of my
subcultures of the fungi from the strawberries I put the fungi I isolated on and in. The photo on the
right is the black spots in the petri dish.
Discussion: Discuss why you think you got the results you got. Were they expected results?
My results were not what i expected, the results I got were a different fungus than I originally
Isolated. The fungus were similar in color and how they grew but the end result was very different
looking. Both the fruits I inoculated were the same fungus, and the first fungi inoculation and
subculture were the same. The fruit had gotten contaminated before I covered them and it changed
my results. If I could do this lab Again I would choose a different fruit and would make sure I was
more prepared for getting the inoculations together and sanitized. I would still do two different
inoculations to have a better chance of successfully getting the same fungi. The next thing I would
inoculate the same fruit with the isolated fungus to try and get the same fungus the second time

Isolation and Identification of Thermophilic Fungi
We isolated thirty thermophilic fungi with ability to grow at 45 °C on medium containing wheat
bran and casein as carbon sources and produced proteases in both SSF and SmF (data not shown).
The fungus strain F.2.1.4 presented the highest protease activity and was sub–jected to taxonomic
characterization.
Analyses of macro and micro–morphological characteristics accommodated the isolate F.2.1.4 in the
genus Myceliophthora due to the presence of spreading colonies with dense aerial mycelium and
blastic conidia often borne in ampulliform swellings (Van Oorschot, 1980). Particularly, this isolate
produced pulverulent pale mycelium, obovoid conida measuring 5.65–7.91 x 3.39–4.52 μm as well
as conidia walls finely ornamented. Based on such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Alkaline proteases have many applications in the industry such as laundry detergents, leather
processing, brewing, food and pharmaceutical industries therefore the alkalophilic properties
exhibited by proteases from Myceliophthora sp. in SSF are an important aspect to be explored.
The maximum activity for both crude enzymes was 50ºC but the crude enzyme from SSF
maintained 95% of the maximum activity at 60ºC while for the protease from SmF the activity was
79% (Figure 3b). This property is consistent with the dates reported for extracellular enzymes from
thermophiilic fungi. Similar results were reported for proteases from Thermoascus aurantiacus var
levisporus (55oC) (Marcy et al., 1984). Proteases from thermophilic Scytalidium (Hasbay and Ögel,
2002) and from thermotolerant Aspergillus fumigatus (Santos et al., 1996) showed optima activities
at 45 oC.
Since the protease activity was higher in crude enzyme solution from SSF and addi–tionally, it
showed alkaline optimum pH and activity at higher temperature range (50–65 ºC), it was used for
the immobilization procedure.
Entrapment of the protease in calcium alginate beads
Among the quantities of sodium alginate (2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 % (w/v)) and CaCl2 concentrations (0.04,
0.06, 0.08, 0.1 M), the best condition for immobilization of the protease was 2.5 % alginate and 0.08
mM CaCl2 (data not shown), obtaining 2 mm (average diameter) beads.
The immobilized enzyme was reevaluated

Mold Mould Research Paper
What To Expect When You Have Mold Removed From Your Attic
If your roof has been leaking and you didn't know about it, there could be water damage in your
attic. Mold is also a big concern because it will grow quickly in damp conditions when the weather
is warm. If your attic has mold in it, you should call a professional to clean it out. It's dangerous to
clean up large amounts of mold yourself, even if it isn't black mold. Here's the general process you
can expect.
Put On Protective Equipment
It's necessary to wear protective gear when working around mold. This includes a covering over
your clothes as well as gloves and a face mask. The mask should be rated for filtering mold so there
is no risk of inhaling the mold spores. If you have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The insulation has to be bagged up and removed from the attic. If you store clutter in the attic in
boxes, there's a chance paper and fabric items are ruined too. You may be able to restore valuable
items, but they should be removed from your attic for sorting outdoors so the space is cleared for
cleaning.
Install A Ventilation System
Your attic is probably stuffy with little air circulation. The crew will install a ventilation system that
draws mold spores out of the attic rather than filling the air with them inside your house. Pulling the
spores outdoors keeps the mold from circulating through your house and landing in a different
humid place where they can grow. Preventing the spread of mold also keeps your family safe, so be
sure to follow any instructions the crew many give you about turning your HVAC off if necessary to
help prevent spread of mold.
Disinfect The Attic Surfaces
After the attic is cleared and prepped, cleaning the mold can begin. This involves using chemicals
designed to kill mold. It may be necessary to scrub the ceiling or walls to get rid of all the spores.
This also removes the musty, mildew odor that accompanies mold. Once all the mold has been
removed, the attic is dried out thoroughly before new insulation is

Indoor Mold Research Paper
Mold: A type of fungus that thrives in dark, damp environments. It grows year round, both indoors
and out. Living or working in a space with significant mold growth increases risk of numerous
health problems, most of which are respiratory in nature. It is therefore essential to eradicate mold in
the home or work space as soon as it's found, and to take measures to ensure it does not grow back.
Rainbow Environmental Services in Fairfax, OH, specializes in mold removal and uses a team–
based approach to deal with black mold and other indoor varieties quickly and easily. Check out
what they want you to know about the most common types of indoor molds before giving them a
call:
Aspergillus: Typically found on food, household dust, building materials, and air conditioning
systems, aspergillus features black, green, or brown spores. Inhalation may result in respiratory
infections, allergic reactions, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis, which causes lung inflammation.
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
And while non–toxic, it can still trigger allergy flare–ups. This mold usually appears on carpeting
and other fabrics, as well as cabinets and similar wooden surfaces.
Penicillium: Most commonly found in dust, penicillium features a green or blue hue and a powdery
texture. Usually recognized by its musty odor, certain foods are also vulnerable to this mold. These
include cheese, cereal, apples, nuts, and onions. Exposure can result in allergic reactions, lung
inflammation, and chronic sinus

Pathogenic Fungi Disease
The four most prominent factors that make pathogenic fungi a problem for human health are
contributed to fungal characters of adhesion, dimorphism, thermotolerance, and invasion promoting
enzymes. All of these factors compound and often incorporate one another to aide in the survival of
invasive fungi. Adhesion is a broad category, but due to the variety of entry ways and different sites
of attachment fungi can have on a human this gives the potential for high pathogenesis. That is the
infection is able to develop because of the different sites available to the fungi as it grows. Other
factors that can attribute to the severity of this are things such as suppressed immune systems of the
host, type of fungi, and mode of entry/site of entry. Mode of entry is unique because spores of
reproducing fungi can be inhaled while other fungal infections may only be contracted through
direct contact. With the broad array of niches available to fungi this also expands the possibilities of
contact/exposure. For example some fungi are found on food and contact comes through the
consumption of this food. Since epidermal infections are often more common, but less pathogenic
than internal infections this is often overlooked by medical professionals. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Examples of these enzymes are phospholipases and proteinases secreted by Candida fungi.
Phospholipases hydrolyze lipids as part of its invasive strategy. Proteinases hydrolyze proteins to
gain nutrients. This often is associated with the degree of invasive fungi pathogenesis and virulence
(Khan et al. 2010). This factor is incorporated into all of the previously mentioned factors as it
promotes growth. Being able to grow and break down compounds for nutrients is vital both in
human infection and survival outside of humans where the host may be a plant, different type of
organism, or even a soil

Fungus Essay
Fungus
The Latin word for mushroom is fungus (plural, fungi). The word fungus has come to stand for a
whole group of simple plants that contain no chlorophyll and lack such complex plant structures as
roots, stems, leaves, and flowers. Included among the fungi, along with mushrooms, are molds,
mildews, rusts, smuts, truffles, and yeasts. Toadstool is another name for mushroom. Some people
use the name toadstool only when referring to poisonous mushrooms, but botanists make no such
distinction. A general scientific term for fungi is mycota, from the Greek word for mushroom,
mykes, and the study of these organisms is called mycology.
Because they lack chlorophyll, fungi are unable to manufacture food out of the raw materials around
them ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Only a small portion of those that live on land is normally visible. Most of the fungus, a complex
network of hyphae, grows underground, near the surface. The visible parts of fungi vary greatly in
size. Some are so tiny that they cannot be seen without the aid of magnification. Others are quite
large. Some mushrooms reach diameters of 8 to 10 inches (20 to 25 centimeters) and heights of 10
to 12 inches (25 to 30 centimeters). Bracket fungi that are 15 inches (38 centimeters) in diameter are
fairly common; and mushrooms called puffballs have been known to grow to 60 inches (152
centimeters) in diameter.
Although fungi are distributed worldwide, the distribution of a specific species is limited by
temperature and moisture conditions of an area coupled with the available food supply. The best
temperature for most fungi to thrive is from 68° to 86°F (20° to 30°C). Some types of fungi,
however, do perfectly well at tem– peratures as high as 120°F (48°C), while a fairly large number of
them do well at freezing temperatures, 32°F (0°C) or below.
The reproduction of fungi can be either sexual or asexual. Sexual reproduction, as with other
organisms, involves the fusion of two nuclei when two sex cells unite. This joining produces spores
that can grow into new organisms. Asexual reproduction is by fragmentation, cell division, or
budding. The simplest process is direct fragmentation, or breaking up, of the fungus body, the
thallus. Each of the

Mold That Grow In Homes Research Paper
What Are Common Types of Mold That Grow in Homes?
When moist conditions are present inside your home, mold spores can multiply and cause various
issues not only for the house, but also for your health. How do you rid the structure of mold once it
grows and thrives inside it? Our company's professional, Mold Removal techniques are best to
remedy your problem, but we will discuss this in further detail later in this information.
Is there only one type of mold that will grow in a house? No, there are numerous species of mold
you can find inside the home, including the following:
Penicillium is blue or green and grows on wet carpet, insulation and mattresses. This species
multiplies quickly throughout the damp area.
Aureobasidium is a mold that thrives on wood components of your home such ... Show more
In addition, it has a slimy texture.
Mold Health Issues
Allergies and respiratory problems such as sinus infections and difficulty breathing are the most
common of the health issues that mold in a house can cause in humans. When you do not have us
perform Mold Removal quickly, these issues can escalate into chronic, health disorders.
Mold Can Cause Structural Damage
Mold feeds on the wood and drywall that support your ceilings, walls and floors of your house. Over
time, this will cause permanent structural damage that negatively affects the integrity of your home.
Sections of the house could collapse when the mold is at a severe enough level.
Why Should You Hire Us to Remove Mold?
We understand the latest techniques and solutions for dealing with mold infestation in your house.
Our company performs an entire mold remediation process not only to address the mold, but also
the moisture that helps it thrive in the affected area. Learn a detailed description of this process in
the next section.

What Is the Mold Remediation Process?
A Mold Remediation process includes the following

Mold Research Paper
lack Mold in Your Apartment Can Be Removed Safely
Black mold is Stachybotrys Chartarum, and it can be removed from any home. It produces materials
called mycotoxins. If the area has a lot of moisture, the matter may be slimy and greenish in color. A
powdery dust exists in less–humid areas, and it may be easily airborne if disturbed. The time to
tackle a cleanup is immediately.
Discovering Mold
Because black mold usually grows in dark, isolated places, it may develop into a serious problem
before we discover it. Roof leaks and water stains on ceilings can cause mold to develop and grow.
Warped walls or peeling paint can signal a mildew presence inside walls.
Mold will never develop in a dry area with proper air circulation. It needs warm conditions and a
supply of continuing moisture. Often, by the time it ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Improper handling can release spores into the air, and that makes the situation more dangerous.
Mold Remediation
Inspectors will use moisture meters and fiber optics to find mold growth. Professional technicians
may be required to wear respirators, gloves and goggles in order to make a complete assessment of
all mold. In some cases, materials may have to be removed. Damaged walls and ceilings may have
to be replaced. Painting over black mold is not a solution. Complete ousting is the only safe answer.
Mold Health Issues
Poor air quality and breathing in the dry residues from toxigenic organisms can cause multiple
health concerns. This material has the potential to create havoc in many ways.
Chronic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (CIRS) – CIRS is a combination of health issues that are
the result of exposure to water damaged living spaces and public facilities or workplaces. Toxic
bacteria are produced in the poor air quality. Check out some of these symptoms:
fatigue weakness aches muscle cramps blurred vision headache sinus problems

Palemonium Essay
Phialemonium obovatum is a saprophytic filamentous fungi that is capable of infecting humans,
especially those with compromised and weakened immune systems [4] [3] [8]. Species of the
Phialemonium genus are found throughout the environment [3][4]. They can be found and isolated
from sewage, soil, air and water [3] [4]. Discovery Walter Gams and Michael McGinnis were first to
describe the Phialemonium genus. They described it as being an intermediary genus from between
the Acremonium genus and Phialophora genus. [3] [2] [5] [7]. The reason they had to describe this a
new genus was because they two researchers found that some hyphomycetes were very difficult to
classify as an Acremonium or Phialophora. This led them to developing a new taxon would help in
better classifying this genus [Gams]. There are three species in the Phialemonium genus, and
Phialemonium obovatum is the only one that produces green colonies and obovate shaped conidia
which is used to identify it from the other two [8a] Appearance When placed in culture
Phialemonium obovatum colonies initially start off as white or off–white in colour. As they continue
to grow and increase in size, they then begin to turn pale or produce ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Usually pathogenicity tests are done by measuring the temperatures fungi can withstand.
Dematiaceous species can withstand temperatures at 35°C which means they can be invasive to
human tissue and likely spread since that is near body temperature [7]. For the Phialemonium
obovatum species, it has been shown that it can grow at temperatures as low as 15°C and as high as
40°C, with their optimum growth being in between 24°C–33°C[2]. Since this species have shown
that they can continue to grow at temperatures of up to 40°C which means they have no problem
being an invasive pathogenic fungi but this ability also allows them to infect the central nervous
system

How Are Fungi Microorganisms?
Yeasts are one of the most researched microorganisms (Howstuffworks, 2008). They can be used for
things such as alcoholic beverages, baking, probiotics, and much more. They are eukaryotic Fungi
microorganisms. True yeasts are unicellular and reproduce mainly by budding (The Columbia
Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004). Budding is an asymmetric division process of mitosis. Yeasts of the
genus Saccharomyces are especially important to alcohol fermentation (The Columbia Electronic
Encyclopedia, 2004). In baking, yeast is used to act upon carbohydrates to form carbon dioxide,
which is necessary for dough to rise (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004).
Yeast has also been used since early times to treat varying ailments for the high content of vitamins
in B–complex group that it contains (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 2004). Yeasts can be
found around the world. While on soil and many plant surfaces, they are most abundant in sugary
mediums like fruit (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2008). Yeasts obtain food from organic matter around
them (Howstuffworks, 2008). Because yeasts are anaerobic, they can survive without oxygen
(Verghese, 2012).
Yeast uses a special process called fermentation. Fermentation is the chemical breakdown of a
substance by bacteria, yeasts, or other microorganisms (Lallemand, 2011). Fermentation is an
energy yielding process in which nutrients are converted into alcohols and acids that does not
require alcohol. The nutrients that are

What Is A Claim For Loss Resulting From Direct Physical Loss?
Having concluded that the insured have stated a claim for loss resulting from direct physical loss,
the burden falls on the insurer to demonstrate that an exclusion to coverage applies. Of importance
to this analysis, the rot endorsement in this policy accomplishes three things; namely, it: (1) creates
coverage for mold loss under the Section (E) additional coverage section; (2) removes the language
excluding losses "caused by" mold under the Section I – Perils Insured Against (A)(2)(c) portion of
the policy; and (3) adds an anti–concurrent exclusion that excludes coverage for any loss "regardless
of any other cause or event contributing concurrently or in any sequence to the loss" involving mold.
In this case, the rot endorsement applies ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The cost of such testing will be provided only to the extent that there is a reason to believe that there
is the presence of "fungi", wet or dry rot, or bacteria. b. The coverage described in 13.a. only applies
when such loss or costs are a result of a Peril Insured Against that occurs during the policy period . .
. . . . d. If there is covered loss or damage to covered property not caused, in whole or in part, by
"fungi", wet or dry rot, or bacteria, loss payment will not be limited by the terms of this additional
Coverage, except to the extent that "fungi", wet or dry rot, or bacteria causes an increase in the loss.
Any such increase in the loss will be subject to the terms of this Additional Coverage. This coverage
does not increase the limit of liability applying to the damaged covered property. In their analysis,
the insureds assert that their loss does not qualify as a Coverage E loss because "[t]he operative
wording in the endorsement is that it applies to "Property Coverages caused by 'fungi', wet or dry
rot, or bacteria." (emphasis in original). Moreover, the insureds maintain that by using the
conjunctive "and" following subsection (a)(3) of this coverage, all four of those conditions must be
satisfied

Fungi Molds And Fungi Research Paper
Fungi: Yeasts and Molds Medical mycology is concerned with the study and identification of
pathogenic yeasts and molds, or collectively, fungi. Yeasts are a heterogenous, unicellular fungi.
They are much larger than bacterial cells and reproduce by budding. The identification of the genus
is found through morphology, whereas, biochemical test can differentiate the various species. Molds
are multicellular, higher forms of fungi. It is composed of hyphae and melisma which gives it its
mat–like appearance. The identification of molds ponds on a number of things, such as, growth
rate,colonial appearance, microscopic morphology, and some metabolic properties. For a reliable
identification, a highly experience technologist or mycologist is needed. Most of the species of
yeasts ad molds that are found in nature cannot cause diseases. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Superficial mycoses are confined to the non living layers of the skin, and the hair and nails. These
pathogenic fungi are collectively called dermatophytes. They all have different names, but all begins
with the with word tinea, which means worm. The characteristic of the lesions are ringlike, and
therefore referred to as ringworm, followed by its anatomic site, i.e. tinea capitis (ringworm on
scalp) and tinea manuum (ringworm on the hand). The three major genera of dermatophytes are
trichophyton, microsporum, and

Development And Isolation Of Bioactive Component From...
Development & Isolation of Bioactive component from Endophytic Fungi on Musa Paradisiaca as
Anti diabetic agent
_____________________________________________________________________________
Introduction:
Medicinal plants are frequently used in traditional medicine to treat different disease condition all
over world. The knowledge about this traditional medicine system has been significantly helping to
develop more and more effective treatment options to cure disease without or least side effects. The
ongoing process of finding new bioactive molecules for pharmaceutical and medicinal need,
requires continues optimization. As per current novel drug molecule discovery practice one new
molecule is found from the screening of 10000 natural products. The biologically active natural
substances have played an important role in discovery of new beneficial chemical entities. A
traditional plant which is used since decades, having multiple therapeutic use known as "Musa
Paradisiaca L" belonging to family Musaceae. It provides a important source of carbohydrate (food)
all over the world. Commonly it is used to treat some disorders such as diarrhoea, diabetes, uraemia,
hypertension, nephritis, gout, cardiac disease. Around the world there are more than 100 common
name used for Musa Paradisiaca but in most of the regions known as "Banana". More than 70
species have been identified of it. According to the study almost all parts it is having some kind of
therapeutic activity. Here we are

P1: you must explain how infections are caused by,...
P1: you must explain how infections are caused by, bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites.
P2: you must explain how pathogenic microorganisms grow and spread.
In this assignment I am going to explain how infections are caused by, bacteria, viruses, fungi and
parasites. I will then explain how pathogenic microorganisms grow and spread.
Infection is the process where germs enter a susceptible area in the body, where they multiply,
resulting in disease.
Colonisation is where microbes are present on or in the body, where they grow and multiply without
invading the surrounding tissues. An example of this is the bacteria that cause MRSA will often live
harmlessly on the skin and in the nose of people without causing any harm at all to ... Show more
This provides us with a useful infection control measure; we can stop pathogens from multiplying
by keeping surfaces clean and dry. Some yeast, moulds and fungi can grow in dry conditions.
Protein and carbohydrate are needed by most bacteria in order to grow. Bacteria can obtain their
essential nutrients from foods such as meat, eggs, fish, cheese, milk and cooked rice. Many places
within the human body have an abundance of suitable food such as the mouth.
Most pathogens prefer to grow in pH neutral conditions; many of the cavities in the body are
protected from an invasion by a high pH. An example of this is the stomach, which is very acidic
and kills ingested pathogens.
All bacteria need time to be able to multiply and it has been observed that generally bacteria divide
into two every twenty minutes.
Infections can be spread through many things, these include; food borne infection, person to person,
water borne infection, airborne infection, insect borne infection and fomites.
Contamination may happen at any stage of food production, from seed and soil to packaging and
cooking. Meat may be contaminated by inadequate storage or poor hygiene. Cross contamination
can happen through raw meat. Pathogens can still be present in food due to food that is insufficiently
warm. Food should only be reheated once, and drinking water could also be contaminated, although
there are hygiene controls to prevent

Mushroom Toxins : A Group Of Toxins
Mushroom Toxins
Ronald Smith
Professor: Weiand, Brandi
CHEF 1305
Culinary Arts
Central Texas College
Oct 29, 2016
Mushroom toxins is a group of toxins found in certain fungi such as wild mushrooms and
toadstools.. Some very common forms of mushrooms and toadstools are Death cap, Inocybe,
Cortinarius and Magic mushrooms that mostly grow in rural areas. The most dangerous of these is
the Death cap mushrooms, which can, like its name suggests, can cause death (Medic8).
According to the U.S. Food & Drug Administration, there are four categories of mushroom toxins,
Protoplasmic poisons, which destroys cells and causes organ failure and death, neurotoxins, which
cause neurological symptoms such as sweating, coma, convulsions and hallucinations,
gastrointestinal irritants, which cause nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, and
disulfiram–like toxins, which are normally not toxic and there are no symptoms unless alcohol is
consumed within 72 hours after consumption (U.S. Food & Drug Administration). If toxicity occurs
a close watch is kept on the patient to monitor liver and kidney functions, which can be damaged by
the toxins. Mushroom Poisoning usually occurs from

Fungi Research Paper
Fungi are a group of organisms that receive nutrition by absorbing it directly from the environment
into cells. All fungi are eukaryotic, which means they possess membrane–bound organelles such as
mitochondria, vacuoles and nuclei for example. Some fungi consist of a single cell, similarly to
bacterial cells, but the majority are multicellular, consisting of many cells. A multicellular fungus is
composed of rapid–growing filaments called hyphae, which are in close contact with the
environment, easing the process of absorbing nutrients. Both sexual and asexual reproduction occur
in fungi cells. Their interactions with other organisms are either to form beneficial associations, as to
share nutrients or help provide nutrients and things that the organisms need to survive, or by causing
infections and feeding off of a host to survive and reproduce.
Fungi cells can spread through spores, these are tiny reproductive cells capable of travelling massive
distances by wind, water or animals. There are many different types of fungi that ... Show more
The spores that cause ringworm can be spread in four ways: human–to–human contact, human–to–
animal contact, human–to–object contact and human–to–soil contact. If a spore has infected the
skin, its growth is dependent on the type and amount of nutrients in the environment. Typical
germination occurs within 6 hours of exposure to the spores, with visible symptoms showing after
24 hours as small colonies visibly inhabit the skin. After 48 hours of ringworm infection, the spores
produce enzymes that will allow invasion of the epidermis. Ringworm is usually resistant to
treatment as the immune system cannot help the area of infection which has very little blood supply
(in areas such as the feet or inbetween the toes), and for the fact that, unlike bacterial infections
(which are relatively easy to diminish with antibiotics) they are

Which Fruit Molds the Fastest?
Which Fruit Molds the Fastest?
Problem
Which fruit molds the fastest?
Materials
* Pears, Apples, Bananas * Plastic baggies * Fruit knife * Location: Kitchen * Pen and paper
Question
Which fruit, banana, pear or apple, will mold faster? Does fruit type effect mold growth?
Hypothesis
I think that bananas will mold faster than the apple or pear.
Variables
Independent Variable:
Type of fruit
Dependent Variable:
Time to mold
Variables That Need To Be Controlled: place left exposed to air, room temperature
Vocabulary List That Needs Explanation
Mold can be explained in the following ways:
1. Any of various fungi that often cause disintegration of organic matter.
2. The growth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Mold is most likely to find a place to grow in a bathroom, basement or kitchen, but it can grow in
other rooms if conditions are favorable. The climate where you live and the living habits in your
household can affect the ability of mold to grow. Mold spores can thrive and reproduce in wet or

damp parts of your home: areas that have had flooding or where leakage has occurred in roofs,
pipes, or walls, or areas around house plants, especially ones that sometimes are over–watered. In
just 48 hours, a moist environment combined with room–temperature conditions and an organic
food source can lead to mold growth.
References

Bacteria and Fungi Research Paper
What are bacteria?
Bacteria are very different from viruses. First of all, bacteria are much larger in size. The largest
virus is only as big as the very smallest bacterium (singular for bacteria). But bacteria are still
microscopic and cannot be seen with the naked eye. They are so small that the sizes of bacteria are
measured in micrometers (10,000 micrometers = 1 centimeter). By comparison, the head of a pin is
about 1000 micrometers wide. Though more complex than a virus, the structure of a bacterium is
still relatively simple.
Structure:Most bacteria have an outer, rigid cell wall. This provides shape and support. Lining the
inside of the cell wall is a plasma membrane. This is like the membrane found around all living cells
that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The combination of these two characteristics gives the final rating of the bacteria's virulence (ability
to cause disease). A species does not necessarily need to have both high invasiveness and high
toxigenicity to be rated highly virulent. One or the other can be high enough to cause the bacterium
to be very virulent. For example, the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae (causes pnuemonia) does
not produce a toxin, but it is so highly invasive that it causes the lungs to fill up with fluid from the
immune response. In contrast, the bacteria Clostridium tetani (causes tetanus) is not very invasive,
but it produces a potent toxin that causes damage at a very small concentration.
How does the body fight off a bacterial infection? Again, the body mounts an immune response to
the foreign invader, producing antibodies for immediate help and future protection. Since this
process takes about a week, antibiotics are usually employed in the meantime. Antibiotic drugs are
usually only successful in treating bacterial infections, not viral, or fungal infections. Professionals
are becoming concerned that the overuse of antibiotics when they are not needed may lead to the
mutation of normal bacteria into antibiotic–resistant bacteria. Bacteria are very resilient and have
already

The Role Of Plant Growth In Tropical Rainforests
Commonalities across diverse plant–fungal symbiosis producing complex outcomes are evident in
tropical rainforests. Host ranges and abiotic factors that determine the spatial structure and impacts
of plant–fungal symbioses are key to understanding the ecological roles of symbionts that include
mutualists, commensals and parasites. The large effects of even "asymptomatic" endophytes suggest
that plant–fungal symbioses need to be considered in the full range of evolutionary ecology of
tropical plants. These fungi play significant roles in the dynamics, diversity, structure and function
of tropical forests (Gilbert and Strong 2007). (Gilber and Strong 2007). In terrestrial ecosystem,
most plants obtain essential nutrients via mycelium network ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
amazonia in the forest, even for seedlings inoculated with forest soil (Olfe and Aldrich–wolfe 2007).
These studies found little evidence of host specificity and showed that ectomycorrhizal fungi (ECM)
specificity occurs in culture and may occur in nature. Another speculation is that specialist occurs on
particular plant species only under a given set of environmental conditions (Olfe and Aldrich–wolfe
2007).
Distribution and establishment of tree species composition in the forest is related to the soil
properties (Davies et al. 2005) and belowground community, possibly attributed to host preferences
of the different fungi (DeBellis et al. 2006; Ishida et al. 2007; Tedersoo et al. 2008; Diédhiou et al.
2010). Trees in species–rich tropical forests are mostly associated with AM fungi. Janos (1985) and
Smits (1994), hypothesize that a specific specification exists between the ECM fungus and host in
the tropics compared to the temperate areas. Dipterocarpaceae trees are believed to be host specific
to ECM fungi (Stoll and Newberry 2005). The Dipterocarpaceae are an economically important tree
family that often dominates the canopy of Southeast Asian rainforests. Dipterocarp species
distributions are unrelated to soil texture or pH but are strongly related to soil nutrients. Most
dipterocarp trees were significantly associated with soil nutrients, particularly P, Mg

Demodex Mites Research Paper
Ever wonder if you have something on your face? No, not the crumbs or rubbish,but mites! There
are mites on your face called demodex mites that are crawling, eating, and reproducing on your
face! Demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis are one of the "most common ectoparasites"
("Demodex Folliculorum." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation.) that live upon the surface of our
bodies, "rather than burrowing inside" ("Everything You Never Wanted to Know about the Mites
That Eat, Crawl, and Have Sex on Your Face – Not Exactly Rocket Science.") of our bodies. These
mites have been "independently" (Not Exactly Rocket Science) discovered in 1841 by two
scientists. A year later it was properly acknowledged by a German dermatologist, Gustav Simon. He
noticed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
It is the demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis.These two mites are both similar, yet different in
their own ways. Both are sausage–shaped species, with eight stubby legs clustered in their front
third. What differs between demodex folliculorum and demodex brevis is that the demodex
folliculorum is bigger than demodex brevis. In addition, demodex folliculorum also has a seven–
clawed organ (a "palpus") that is on either side of its' mouth to secure itself to what it is eating. ""All
of the structures formed a sharp,offensive weapon," writes Xu Jing,who first looked at them under
an electron microscope."(Not Exactly Rocket Science) On the other hand, the demodex brevis has a
five–clawed palpus and was branded as ""less offensive"" (Not Exactly Rocket Science) because it
had a less amount of the clawed organ (palpus).With their stumpy legs they are hardly fast, for it
would take them almost half a day for the demodex mites "to cover the distance from your ear to
nose."(Not Exactly Rocket Science) What's really weird about demodex mites is that they don't
defecate,because the mites "have no anus, and it stores its waste in large cells within its gut."(Not
Exactly Rocket Science) Unfortunately the only time the mites release their waste is "when the mite
dies, its body disintegrates and the waste is released."(Not Exactly Rocket Science)

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