Evolutionary History Of A Tiger

Evolutionary History of a Tiger
I. Introduction
Phylogeography is a field of study that implements biogeography and genetics to understand the
geographic distribution of a species. It is concerned with historical principles and processes that
influence evolution and speciation. The tiger is an evolutionary wonder; it is a prime example of the
responsiveness that some species have to changing climatic conditions. The tiger once had the
largest geographic distribution of all cat species; subspecies adaptations allowed them to live in a
large range of habitats throughout the Asian continent making it a perfect candidate for the study of
phylogeography. This review will examine the evolutionary history of the tiger and will explain how
the species was affected by climatic fluctuations and biogeographic processes during the Plestocene
epoch.
II. Distribution
a. Current Distribution
Today, contiguous distributions can be found throughout southern Asia, far east Russia, and the
Sunda islands of Sumatra, and Java (figure 1). It is widely agreed that the evolutionary history and
distribution of tigers and other fauna endemic to Asia is largely dominated by glacial cycles during
the late Pleistocene epoch. An examination of environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene
would assist in explaining the current distribution and the central point of origin of the species
Figure 1: Historic and current geographic distributions of the eight subspecies of tiger. The Isthamus
of Kra is the boundary that separates
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A Report On Tigers Delight
Zachary Oakley
Professor Krueger
ENG 201
3 February 2016
Tigers Delight The largest tiger in the world has been measured at over ten feet long and over six
hundred and sixty pounds! Tigers are apart of the cat family and are known to be the largest feline in
the bunch. Within just the tiger species there are nine different subspecies and three of which are
already extinct. Their differences are not as drastic in appearance like other animals, such as dogs
for example, but they still noticeable to the trained eye. All tiger subspecies are currently classified
as being endangered but there are many actions being taken to help keep the current surviving
species from going extinct. Most tigers in nature live to be ten to fifteen years old. Tigers by nature
are carnivores and are only found in nature in one continent on earth, which is Asia. Unlike most
cats tiger enjoy swimming and spend the majority of the hot summer days resting in rivers or lakes.
"OneKind.org" is an animal relief organization and they explain that tiger's roar can carry more than
2 km and they are most active hunters at night (OneKind). Knowing information about the six living
subspecies of tigers and their differences, whether it be physical make up or social habits, and what
organizations are out there and what they are doing to help the endangered species, is a brilliant start
to having a well rounded knowledge of tigers.
Like all mammals tigers grow up, but what's unique to tigers that is different

Evolution Of Tigers
Evolution of Tigers
Tigers are amazing creatures that have gone through several evolutionary changes from the
beginning of their species. A modern day tiger is most recognizable for their pattern of dark vertical
stripes on orange fur with a white underside. The largest modern day tiger in record was eleven feet
tall and weighed 387 pounds. In the terms of science tigers are under the classification of roaring
tigers and the scientific name of a tiger is Panthera tigris. But in order to learn about about the
evolutionary changes of the tigers of today; it is important to look at the the core definition of
evolution itself and the history of the adaptations that lead to the modern tiger. The adaptation of
various ancestors shaped the outcome ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tigers are always adapting and scientists speculate that there were several more subspecies in the
past that are extinct now. Tigers like the South China tiger are already believed to be on their road to
extinction but subspecies evolved from that such as the Bengal tigers are still living well through the
population of evolution. Beautiful creatures like the White tiger haven't even been seen in the wild
since the 1950s. So time and money is being spent on research to not lose any more subspecies of

Sumatran Tiger Research Paper
Sumatran Tigers Have you ever wondered what it's like to be a Sumatran Tiger? Sumatran Tigers are
very interesting and fascinating animals who are faced with very rough conditions every day.
Sumatran Tigers are listed on the critically endangered list with around 400–500 left in the world.
The main reason Sumatran Tigers are on the verge of extinction is because is because of the loss of
habitat. "As recently as 1978 the Sumatran Tiger more than 1,000 Sumatran Tigers lived on
Sumatra, now there is around 400–500 Sumatran Tigers (Lee Poston)." The loss of habitat resulting
in the deaths of tigers is due to the agricultural expansion in Sumatra. There are protection units that
gather intelligence to stop poachers and remove their snares. Sumatran

Tigers: The Largest Living Cat
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is one of the best–known large mammals and the largest living cat.
However, their numbers in the wild are decreasing significantly. According to Seidensticker et al.
(2010), there are three subspecies becoming extinct since 1940s. Particularly, Panthera tigris
sumatrae or also known as Sumatran tiger is now listed as critically endangered, with around 300
individuals proposed to be living in the wild (Seidensticker et al., 2010). Nowadays, tigers are
facing serious conflict with humans over resources in their natural habitat as human activity largely
causing their decline. In addition to in situ efforts, wildlife parks and zoos play an important role in
the conservation of this species. Nowadays, it is believed that there are more tigers in captivity
including wildlife parks, zoos, and circuses compared to in the wild (Szokalski, 2012). Thus, it
appears opportune to explore what is the best practices for captive management in zoos, in order to
obtain a greater understanding of how to improve their lives in captivity.
San Diego Zoo do not feed their tigers every day. The tigers fed on a three–day cycle. They were fed
every third day, rather than every consecutive day. Since tigers are obligate carnivores, they require
meat in diet. Usually, tigers consumed wild pig and sambar. The adult tiger consume on average 18–
27 kg meat, whereas female tiger requires about 5–6kg meat per day (San Diego Zoo, 2013). The
zoo keepers vary the way food is

My Mother's Three-Month-Old Orangutan
On the Malaysian island of Sumatra, a veterinary paramedic enters a rescue center with a small
bundle in his arms. Swaddled in bloodstained cloth is a three–month–old orangutan, whose left arm
ends not at the tips of her fingers, but at a mangled stub that was once recognizable as her wrist. The
infant was maimed on an oil palm plantation, where she and her mother were attacked by cultivators
whose crops are threatened by scavenging animals. The young orangutan´s natural reaction to
danger was to cling tightly to her mother´s back, even after her mother was mortally wounded. In
order to pry her off, the humans amputated her left hand. Her hardships earn her the name Kesi at
the rescue center, a Swahili name meaning ¨child born in difficult

The Pros and Cons of Keeping Tigers In Captivity Essay
"The tiger is the biggest of the big cats, reaching an extraordinary 4 meters in length and 350
kilograms in weight–as heavy as 100 domestic cats!" ("Tiger Facts" 1). That is one big cat! You
might think that such a large predator would thrive, but tigers are an endangered species, and have
been for years. "Intelligent and agile, big cats are ideally designed to hunt, with sharp teeth and
claws, strong jaws, powerful bodies, excellent eyesight, acute hearing and a good sense of smell"
("Tiger Facts" 1). They are also very beautiful; these are some of the reasons why tigers are used in
circuses, displayed in zoos, seen at fairs, and even kept as personal pets. Keeping tigers captive can
be good or bad taking into account the feeding and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When driven by hunger, it is known to eat almost anything from frogs, fish, and birds, to other
predators like leopards or bears. Its preferred food, however, is deer and wild boar" (Sinha 40–41).
Watching any cat, domestic or wild, will provide insight on how a tiger hunts for its prey. When the
tiger spots something they crouch low and wait for the perfect moment to pounce, and considering
that the prey is generally smaller than them, they are successful in the catch. However, other times
they may miss the target and have to go hungry for a day or two. In captivity tigers are limited in
their food choices; they are fully dependant upon their keeper for food, water, and all their
necessities. This means the keepers need to be responsible and knowledgeable in this area.
Unfortunately there are many tigers that are underfed or not given the proper mix of nutrients.
Shannon is a keeper at the Natural Science Center. In an interview she stated that their tigers "...eat
the Nebraska Brand Feline Diet; the main ingredient is horsemeat. Once a week we give them only
beef knuckles because they need to fast occasionally" (Rives). Tigers need protein and vitamins just
like any human in order to keep them strong and healthy. The portions for each tiger vary based on
their size. "The female eats 1 and 3 quarters of a roll, and the male

Symbolism In Tiger King, By R. Krishnamurthy
R .Krishnamurthy who was born on 9th September 1899 and died on 5th December 1954, aged 55
years died because of tuberculosis. He was a Tamil freedom fighter, social crusader, novelist, short
story writer.
He has written under the pen name as "Kalki". Kalki was also known as a journalists, poet, satirist,
humorist, travel writer, script writer, film and music critic. Kalki has written over one hundred
twenty short stories, ten novelettes , five novels. Three historical romances, editorial and political
writings and hundreds of film and music reviews.
Kalki in his short story "Tiger King" takes his reader into those days where kings lived under the
rule of Britishers and were autocratic and eccentric kings. To make his reader more ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many a time we call tiger, an apex predator, an indicator of our ecosystem's health. Saving tiger
indicates a healthy environment and protection to all its in habitants.
There are many people like Maharaja who hunt tigers now a days also (means even today modern
generation also, the educated generation) in order to fulfil there vow and earn some trophies and in
order to earn black money.
There are some people who even used animals body parts in traditional Chinese medicine when
there is so much technology and advancement in this era. Though there are many protection
programs are made by the government but people have to conform to it.
Apart from Tiger there are many other endangered animals means who are on the verge of extinction
in India like Sumatran Rhinoceros, Hawksbill Sea Turtle, Alligator, Woolly Flying Squirrel,, Asiatic
Lion, Ganges Shark, Sea Whale, Wild Water Buffalo, and many more.
Not only tiger, all the animals are very important to the environment. The animals are important
because of the food chain. Every animal have their specific kingdom of consumers which help out
the environment a

Human Causes Of Extinction And Prevention Of Endangered...
Since the beginning of life itself, some species have lived and prospered while other species have
gone extinct never to be seen again by mankind. Because of this, some would claim that extinction
is natural and not significantly problematic to the world that we live in. Others, however, understand
that due to climate change, habitat loss, and poaching, more and more species are becoming
endangered which leads to a chain reaction that can be devastating to ecosystems. Species such as
the Chinook salmon, gorillas, tropical sharks, and polar bears are all directly affected by climate
change, species such as northern spotted owls, Sumatran tigers, and lemurs are greatly harmed due
to habitat loss, and species such as the sea turtle, Javan rhinoceros, African elephant, and the Red–
Fronted Macaw are all affected by poaching driving them all closer and closer to becoming extinct.
Bill Freedmen, author of "Endangered Species–Human Causes Of Extinction and Endangerment"
notes, "scientists approximate that present extinction rates are 1,000 to 10,000 times higher than the
average natural extinction rate." These distressing numbers should be acted upon to save the
endangered species and avoid the catastrophic change to this planet if these species were to become
extinct. In order to produce change, people need to recognize that habitat loss, climate change, and
poaching are all factors in why our animal species are going extinct. Climate change is best known
for its contribution to

Design Guidelines For Built Spaces Essay
DESIGN GUIDELINES FOR BUILT SPACES IN TIGER RESERVESabitation. The program's
efforts yielded in an increase in the numbers of the Bengal tiger. The tiger reserves cover almost
32,219.691sqkm of critical tiger habitat in the form of forests, meadows, mountains and scrubland.
The unique and holistic approach of Project tiger gave a whole new perspective to wildlife
conservation in our country. It is considered to be one of the most ambitious projects for tiger
conservation in the world.
The main aim of Project Tiger has been to aid and facilitate the breeding of tigers within a safe
environment and then transport these tigers further afield so that the world's population can be
upped. Project Tiger has also established the Tiger Protection Force with the aim of catching
poachers and stopping the killing. This initiative has been instrumental in relocating about 200 000
villagers in the rural areas so that they are no longer living within the natural habitat of the tigers.
This reduces the risk of tiger attacks on humans (which often leads to the killing of the tiger for the
safety of the villagers) (Tigers.org)
From the findings of the All India Tiger Estimation, using refined methods, a total of six tiger
occupied landscapes have been identified in India: (Plan, 2012)
1. Shivaliks and the Gangetic Plain 2. Central Indian Landscape 3. Eastern Ghats 4. Western Ghats
5. North–East Hills and Brahmaputra Plains and
6. Sunderbans
The status of tiger population in the above

Summary : ' Tigress '
"Tigress" redirects here. For other uses, see Tiger (disambiguation) and Tigress (disambiguation).
Tiger
Temporal range: early Pleistocene–Recent
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Tigress at Jim Corbett National Park.jpg
A Bengal tiger (P. tigris tigris)
Conservation status
Endangered (IUCN 3.1)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Subphylum: Vertebrata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: P. tigris
Binomial name
Panthera tigris
(Linnaeus, 1758)
Subspecies
P. t. tigris
P. t. corbetti
P. t. jacksoni
P. t. sumatrae
P. t. altaica
P. t. amoyensis
†P. t. virgata
†P. t. balica
†P. t. sondaica
†P. t. trinilensis
Tiger map.jpg

Tiger 's historic range in about 1850 (pale yellow) and in 2006 (in green).[2]
Synonyms
Felis tigris Linnaeus, 1758[3]
Tigris striatus Severtzov, 1858
Tigris regalis Gray, 1867
The tiger (Panthera tigris) is the largest cat species, reaching a total body length of up to 3.38 m
(11.1 ft) over curves and exceptionally weighing up to 388.7 kg (857 lb) in the wild. Its most
recognisable feature is a pattern of dark vertical stripes on reddish–orange fur with a lighter
underside. The species is classified in the genus Panthera with the lion, leopard, jaguar and snow
leopard. Tigers are apex predators, primarily preying on ungulates such as deer and bovids. They are
territorial and generally solitary but social animals, often requiring large contiguous areas of habitat
that support their prey requirements. This,

The Great Honor Of The Hundred Acre Woods
From the ancient ceremonies of China to the Hundred Acre Woods, tigers have had iconic roles in
cultures around the world. They symbolize strength, energy, and wealth, and to be associated with
one – whether through birth signs or personality traits – is a great honor. Their time on Earth,
however, may one day come to an end, and they will be reduced to legends and storybook characters
unless we do something to help them.
Tigers are beautiful, powerful, and majestic creatures that are being wiped out by humans. If they're
not dying from habitat loss, they're being hunted for their fur and bones to make fancy clothes and
traditional medicines that can be easily replaced with aspirin. We humans act as though our higher
intelligence gives us ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Tigers can eat about 88 pounds of meat at one time and will hunt every eight or nine days. They are
not house cats. They are strong, smart, and independent animals that need the respect they are due.
Historically, there have been nine subspecies of tigers. Three have become extinct in the last
century: the Bali tiger, the Caspian tiger, and the Javan tiger. One subspecies, the South China tiger,
is on the top ten list of endangered species list and is projected to disappear in the next ten years.
The remaining five subspecies are the Siberian, Bengal, Malayan, Indochinese, and Sumatran tigers.
Including all the subspecies, there are fewer than 3,200 wild tigers left in the world. Each of these
subspecies inhabits a specific geographical location; the disappearance of a subspecies means the
disappearance of tigers in an entire area. For example, when the Caspian tiger, which lived in the
Middle East from around the Caspian Sea through Kazakhstan, was declared extinct in the 1970s,
tigers weren't to be found farther west than India. The loss of a subspecies is a very big deal for the
ecosystems they occupied.
There are two main reasons for the endangerment of tigers. The first reason is poaching. Tigers are
often hunted for their fur to make clothing and fashion accessories in both Asian and Western
countries. Some traditional Tibetan robes

Descriptive Essay About Kronos
Introduction My name is Kronos, or should I say Panthera Tigris Sumatrae. I was named after the
Greek titan, Kronos, because I was a ferocious and aggressive little cub when those despicable
humans captured me and brought me in. My mother was killed because "they" wanted her skin, and
my father was killed for his sharp teeth. I had a brother as well, he was taken with me. He's called
Oceanos, because he loves to swim, and he was my brother after all (In Greek mythology, Oceanos
was Kronos' brother). We both held on together, and survived long enough to break free from
captivity... Breaking free We came up with this master plan; We bit off our chains (but made it
unnoticeable), and roared at the visitors. When the staff of the Zoo came, my brother ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
I met Hades and Poseidon, they had cubs! Zeus married a Bengal tigress, and Oceanos and I met
some of our old friends that we thought had died. The humans gave us delicous food and all the
human cubs were amazed at us. When we roared, they became extremely excited! I really do think
that the humans have changed their opinion on us tigers, for the better. The Zoo's facilities have
become much better, and all these humans are flashing lights and making a click sound with
something in their hands. It's wonderful to see how humans have evolved over the years. I think my
opinions on humans have changed as

The Key Features Of The Orangutans
Orangutans are hairy primates with long arms and creative minds. Orangutans live in rainforests but
are critically endangered, and we can help by fighting against deforestation. If you were wondering,
do males stay with their family, what do orangutans eat, then you should read this book to find out
the answers. Orangutan Features Orangutans have many features. Features such as long arms and
reddish hair. Another feature of the orangutan is they are usually 4 to 5 feet long. In addition to that
male orangutans have big pads around their faces. A Sumatran orangutan has more of a red color to
them than a Bornean orangutan does. Another feature orangutans have is their arms are seven feet
long ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orangutans eat up to 100 different kinds of fruit, I didn't even know there were 100 different kinds
of fruit. Another thing orangutans eat is meat, but that is only on rare occasions. The main things
orangutans eat are fruit, leaves, and shoots. Some other things orangutans eat are flowers and bark,
but that is only about 10% of their diet. Finally, orangutans eat insects such as ants, termites, pupae,
and crickets, but that is only 5% of their diet. How Orangutans Live and Where They Live
Orangutans are only found in rainforests. In addition to that orangutans spend 90% of their time in
the trees of the tropical rainforest. One rainforest orangutans live in is the Borneo rainforest.
Another rainforest orangutans live in is the Sumatra rainforest. Orangutans are smart enough to use
large leaves as umbrellas and shelter to protect themselves from the common rain. Did you know
orangutans are the only great apes native to Africa. Finally, orangutans are very creative and build
nests out of branches. Interesting Facts About

Research Paper On Sumatran Tigers
Sumatran tigers are one of the smallest subspecies of the tiger family, with an estimated 500–600
left in the wild. However, the actual count is most likely fewer than 400 tigers. In 1978, a census
was taken of the Sumatran tigers. It stated that there were about 1,000 tigers in the wild. In the last
25 years, the Sumatran tiger population has been cut in half. Their species is considered "critically"
endangered, and their numbers are still going down. Their endangerment would mean that their
ecosystem would crumble without them.
They are very small in size compared to other tigers, as they weigh only about 170 pounds to 330
pounds. Because Sumatran tigers are so small, they are able to move through denser areas of forests
to catch their prey. Some experts believe the reason they're so small is because of limited space in
their natural habitat. Their tiny size also comes the size of their prey, which is smaller than most
other species of tigers, like wild boars compared to water buffalo. They are mostly orange in color,
but they have white on their underside and black stripes. The stripes on a Sumatran tiger are packed
closer together than other tiger species. These close stripes help Sumatran tiger blend in with the tall
grass around them. They have a lot of fur around their necks, too. Sumatran tigers have webbing
between their toes, which helps them swim easily through ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
They survive in the many areas of Sumatra, from one of the most tropical jungles in the world to
swampy forests to hilly grasslands. However, most of them live in the mountainous forests and
lowlands of Sumatra. Sumatra Island is one of the Greater Sunda Islands of Indonesia, and it is the
westernmost of all the islands. It's located in the Indian Ocean and is one the largest islands in the
world. The total area is about 164,000 square miles. Sumatra's climate is very hot and humid, as
much of it's area is made up of

Similarities Between Orangutans And The Great Apes
Within the world of primates, the family Hominidae includes the primates known as the great apes.
These primates, are then broken down into two subfamilies. One subfamily contains the primates
chimpanzees, bonobos, gorillas and humans, while the other subfamily, Ponginae, only contains the
species Pongo, commonly known as the orangutan. Orangutans, although closely related to the other
great apes, represent a lot of extremes in biological parameters (Campbell, C. J., 2011). One of the
most drastic extremes is that orangutans are the largest primary arboreal mammal in the world. This
is a result of special evolutionary adaptations that allow these primates to mechanically function in
an arboreal lifestyle. Unlike the other great apes, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This book included a large section of information on orangutans with observations about basic traits
as well as mechanical and social behaviors. It is interesting to note that the section also notes the
various methods these orangutans were being hunted, killed or used by its enemies. It concludes
describing an old misconception of how an orangutan's "great strength and ferocity render them
dangerous." We now know that these animals are actually very rarely aggressive, but rather solitary
social creatures. The common theme of primates being dangerous and monsters can be across
various historical writings. Orangutans, endemic now only in the southeast rainforests of Asia, were
once found throughout Asia (Campbell, C. J., 2011). Since 2001, there have only been two species
of orangutan identified, the Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abeli) and the Bornean Orangutan (Pongo
pygmaeus) (Nater, A., et al. 2017). However, recent research, to be published later this month, has
identified a new third species of orangutan, Pongo tapanuliensis. This species of orangutans, found
south of Lake Toba, was once grouped with the Sumatran Orangutans, however, recent genetic
testing has identified them as a completely different species from those orangutans found north of
Lake Toba. Orangutans all face major issues in terms of numbers with all species marked as either
endangered or critically endangered due to hunting pressure and habitat destruction. The palm oil
industry has greatly

Foxzilla Research Paper
My animals name is Foxzilla and it was discovered by Enmanuel Aponte. The animal was named
after Godzilla. When first discovered scientist weren't sure what it was. According to the scientist at
the time the animal had a similar body of gazelle, similar legs of wolf, and a similar head of a fox.
When they saw that they know it was a mutation. They found the Foxzilla in a cave taking sheltered
because at the time it was raining. The scientist know that foxes were friendly to humans, but
weren't sure if the animal would react if they moved on it to take photos. The scientist need a plan to
take the Foxzilla into the lab to exam it before releasing it to press and the world. Luckily at that
time the scientist had a big cage to capture the Foxzilla and they did so. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
From there finding they found that the Foxzilla shelter at night time was a cave. Lots of precipitation
all year and at the same time the weather would be hot and humid. At night time bats and owls
would be come out of the cave. Sometimes there would be small animals near the Foxzilla. This
explains why the Foxzilla as sharp teeths. There was a lot of berries and plants near the cave. An
adaptation for the Foxzilla was to find a way to keep warm and it did that by sheltering himself in
caves. When it's hot and humid the Foxzilla needs a way to retain water and to not grow a lot of hair.
The only time it was hot was when it

The Grizzly Reality Of Trophy Hunting
The Grizzly Reality of Trophy Hunting Trophy hunting is defined as the selective hunting of select
species of hunting game for human recreation and not as a way to get food, even though parts of the
animals may be consumed. The animal or part of it is kept as a trophy or proof of achievement.
Trophy hunters have a code called the fair chase code, this code ensures that the hunter will give the
animal they are hunting a fair chase and allow it to escape if the hunter does not have the skill
required to kill the animal. By adopting this code the hunter also agrees to allowing the animal to
use its senses in order to give the animal a fair chance at survival. The hunter also promises not to
use illegal methods to hunt such as banned traps ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another observation done by Bass is that the projected estimate of a population growth of 132 to
1,800 is just that an estimation. As Bass stated " bears do not sit down for a census"(Bass 2). If
grizzly bears are listed there is a chance that hunters will accidently over hunt bears once again. If
bears bears are delisted it will not be because the bears will be ready it will be because hunters have
been persistently asking for the chance to hunt. If bears are delisted it can be years before they can
be relisted and by then it may be far too late. Hunters argue that if the Department of Fish and
Wildlife declare the grizzly population stable then they should be allowed to hunt the bears. As of
now the Department of Fish and Wildlife has declared the grizzly population stable at a nearly
doubled population from that in the 70's. As stated by a avid hunter " If Yellowstone 's bear
population falls precipitously after delisting, the federal government can come back in and declare
the bears endangered again". With positive support from the Department of Fish and Wildlife it
seems grizzlies will soon be fair game. Grizzlies are not the only animals in danger of being hunted
for trophies to the extent of possible extinction. In a study done by an organization called the Dodo
they found that trophy

Panthera Tigris or Tiger is the Strongest Cat in the World
Panthera Tigris(commonly named as Tiger) belonging to the Chordate Phylum, is the strongest cat
in the world, it can reach up to 3.3m in length and 300 Kg in weight. Despite this, the tiger is
considered versatile thus; it can reach up to 10 meters in a jump. Even though people always
mention or talk about tigers, they are classified as endangered species with only 3200 tigers in the
wild according to the IUCN. The Panthera Tigris are divided into 9 subspecies ( The Indian tiger, the
Indochinese tiger, The Malayan Tiger, The Sumatran tiger, the Siberian Tiger, and the South Chinese
tiger) with 3 ones being extinct ( which are: The Bali Tiger (1937), The Caspian Tiger (1970), and
The Javan Tiger (1990))due to mass killing of tigers. Due to this act, many of the governments made
a law that prohibits killing wild tigers or a penalty will be given. Also in response, many wild parks
try to protect them from being killed by hunters. The subspecies are divided according to where they
live in (ex. The Chinese tiger) there are no differences externally between those tigers except for
slight details like the height details and their attitudes. One of the unique features of the Panthera
Tigris is that it has Hybrids and different colored ones, which are the Orange, White, and Gold
Counterparts. Panthera Tigris tend to live in a wide range of habitats such as lowland evergreen
forests, taiga, grasslands, tropical forests and mangrove swamps. They generally require habitat with
cover

The Orangutans: The Sustainable Palm Oil Industry
The orangutan, one of the world's great apes, resides on the Indonesian islands of Sumatra and
Borneo. The forests of these islands are being destroyed in order to create palm oil plantations. Palm
oil is in high demand due to its uses as a biofuel and as a vegetable oil. The palm oil industry is a
major threat to the survival of the critically endangered orangutans, due to loss of habitat. This leads
to illegal poaching since the orangutans are viewed as pests, leaving many young infants orphaned
and alone. There are rescue groups that rehabilitate these great apes, but more must be done in order
to prevent the extinction of this rapidly declining species. Sustainable palm oil options need to be
researched and utilized and there should ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Orangutans have long lifespans (30–40 years) with long interbirth intervals and low reproductive
rates. In fact, females have eight year intervals between births and will only give birth to one or two
offspring in her lifetime. The reason why this poses a problem is that when an enormous amount of
orangutans are killed, it's tough to recover because they are not producing large numbers of children
nor do they have short interbirth intervals. Consequently, there will be extremely high death rates
and very few births (UNEP, 2007). Their population numbers will continue to fall because they
won't be able to compensate for the great loss. A study completed by Michael Bruford and Benoit
Goossens at Cardiff University showed that in 1900, there were approximately 315,000 orangutans
in Indonesia. Currently, there are about 60,000 orangutans living in the forests of Indonesia, which
is a massive population decline (Kaye, 2016).When orangutans are driven out of their habitat due to
deforestation and illegal logging it forces them to roam a great distance in search of food.
Orangutans are solitary creatures, spending the majority of their time in the trees. Their diet relies
mainly on fruit, with a preference for fruit with soft pulp. They also eat buds, flowers, leaves, soil
tree bark, and some insects. Due to their largely frugivorous diet, they have to monitor the seasonal
availability of resources. When fruit is abundant, they will increase their food intake and store the
food as fat for energy. This enables them to eat low quality food items in habitats where fruit may be
scarce (Delgado & Van Schaik, 2000). The dipterocarp forests of Borneo and Sumatra have trees
that fruit simultaneously, so there is an abundance of fruit once every 2 to 5 years which are known
as the "mast years". During the other years there is not as much fruit, so orangutans have to maintain
large home ranges in

Palm Oil Case Study
When talking about the external stakeholders of the company, it is important to highlight a case
where P&G's unethical practices seem to be more prevalent and well known. That is the palm oil
case of Sumatra, Indonesia. Palm oil is a substance found in beauty and household care products of
P&G's. P&G bought the majority of their palm oil from a company called BW Plantation which
operates in Kalimatan, Indonesia and other parts of Southeast Asia. However, BW Plantation is
regarded among the top companies in the world notorious for their unethical exercises of
deforestation in the business world. Between 2010 and 2014, BW Plantation converted over 7,000
hectares of land to palm oil plantation and destroyed over 6,000 hectares of forests. Their unethical
practice of deforestation in the Sumatra Jungle have also caused endangered species such as the
Sumatran Orangutan, Rhino and Tiger be on the verge of extinction. In 2014, an environmental
friendly organization, GreenPeace, reported that, "The palm oil sector is currently the greatest single
driver of deforestation in Indonesia, accounting for about a quarter of all forest loss." The report also
stated that as few as 400 Sumatran Tigers and 7,500 Sumatran Orangutans are thought to remain in
the jungle.
P&G not only has unethical relations with their internal stakeholders, but also with their external
relationships. When looking at P&G's relationship with their customers, suppliers and partners,
community, and the

The Issue Of The Wild Tigers
From 100,000 to 3,500.
"A hundred years ago, there where over 100,000 (Tigers) in the wild, with more than 40,000 in India
alone. Currently the total number of tigers worldwide is calculated at fewer than 3,500." (Fraser)
The population has dramatically dropped; the main reason is the healing powers of the tiger bone.
The beautiful and beneficial species for decades have been killed for their bones and skin. There are
many different tiger subspecies such as: Amur tiger, Bengal tiger, Siberian tiger, Sumatran tigers and
many more, unfortunately today there are only a few subspecies left. The high demand for the bones
and skins of tigers have not yet settled down, the black market continuously hunts the unprotected
animals. Although the issue is global, it has been unknowingly neglected from the modern society.
Many believe that the species are not endangered when they visit a zoo, but the information states
otherwise. The wild tigers are decreasing in numbers, and some predict that in no time the species
will be extinct. The lack of information one withholds, prevents them from helping and improving
the living conditions of wild tigers. In order to increase the population of endangered tigers, we
should use social media to raise awareness of the current extinction rate and in correlation with the
Government create a protection plan, regarding their territory and for those who do harm the
animals, will face serious consequences.
With the global summits that are hosted

The Grizzly Reality Of Trophy Hunting
The Grizzly Reality of Trophy Hunting
Trophy hunting is defined as the selective hunting of select species of hunting game for human
recreation and not as a way to get food, even though parts of the animals may be consumed. The
animal or part of it is kept as a trophy or proof of achievement. Trophy hunters have a code called
the fair chase code, this code ensures that the hunter will give the animal they are hunting a fair
chase and allow it to escape if the hunter does not have the skill required to kill the animal. By
adopting this code the hunter also agrees to allow the animal to use its senses in order to give the
animal a fair chance at survival. The hunter also promises not to use illegal methods to hunt such as
banned traps that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Another observation made by Bass is that the projected estimate of a population growth of 132 to
1,800 is just that an estimation. As Bass stated " bears do not sit down for a census"(Bass 2). If
grizzly bears are listed there is a chance that hunters will accidently over hunt bears once again. If
bears are delisted it will not be because the bears will be ready it will be because hunters have been
persistently asking for the chance to hunt. If bears are delisted it can be years before they can be
relisted and by then it may be far too late. Hunters argue that if the Department of Fish and Wildlife
declare the grizzly population stable then they should be allowed to hunt the bears. As of now the
Department of Fish and Wildlife has declared the grizzly population stable at a nearly doubled
population from that in the 70's. As stated by an avid hunter " If Yellowstone 's bear population falls
precipitously after delisting, the federal government can come back in and declare the bears
endangered again". With positive support from the Department of Fish and Wildlife it seems
grizzlies will soon be fair game. Grizzlies are not the only animals in danger of being hunted for
trophies to the extent of possible extinction. In a study done by an organization called the Dodo they
found that trophy

Tigers And The Siberian Tiger
SIBERIAN TIGERS
BY: Binish
9A
Introduction
Tigers are the biggest cats in the world. There are five different subspecies of tiger alive in the world
today. They include the Siberian, South China, Indochinese, Bengal, and Sumatran tigers. Today I'm
going to be talking about Siberian Tigers, the largest felines in the world, also known as Amur
tigers.
Scientific name: Panthera Tigris Altaica
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata)
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Panthera
Species: tigris
Subspecies: altaica
Relatives
The Siberian tiger is closely related to the Bengal, Indochinese, and Malayan Tigers. All of them are
endangered. Sumatran and South–China Tiger are also related to the Siberian tiger these two species
of tigers are critically endangered. You can tell these tiger are related because they are all in the
same categories on the classification system.
Common Name: Tiger
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata (Vertebrata)
Class: Mammalia
Order: Carnivora
Family: Felidae
Genus: Pantherinae Panthera
Species: tigris
Sub–species:
Bengal Tiger – Panthera tigris tigris

Siberian (Amurian) Tiger – Panthera tigris altaica
Sumatran Tiger – Panthera tigris sumatrae
Indo–Chinese Tiger – Panthera tigris corbetti
Malayan Tiger – Panthera tigris jacksoni
South China Tiger – Panthera tigris amoyensis
Niche
Tigers have a fairly broad niche and the Siberian tiger is no

Analysis of the Orangutan Pongo Pygmaeus Essay
Analysis of the Orangutan Pongo Pygmaeus
The orangutan, Pongo pygmaeus, is an ape that is found in the moist, coastal rainforests of Sumatra
and Borneo which consists of Indonesia's Kalimantan provinces, Malaysia's Sabath and Sarawak,
and the kingdom of Brunei Darussalam. Orangutans live in tropical rainforests and are arboreal
primates meaning that they are tree dwelling. Orangutans construct nests in the tree branches for the
night in which they will curl up and sleep. These nests are made out of leaves and branches and they
will sometimes use a leaf as a roof to protect themselves from the rain. Orangutans are omnivores,
which means they eat a variety of meat and plants. They primarily eat fruit, leaves and small
animals. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The hierarchy among orangutans is the Noayu, which is where there is a solitary male. There is
marked sexual dimorphism among the orangutans. Females weigh only half as much as the males.
Being lighter, females and juveniles often stay in the trees. Not only is there a noticeable difference
in size, but males also possess quite a few different characteristics than female orangutans do. For
example, males have big cheek pads and facial hair that resembles a man's moustache and beard.
The numbers or orangutans have recently dropped tremendously owing to loss of habitat to
deforestation and the killing of females for their young, to be sold as pets or zoo animals. Fewer
than 30,000 individuals are believed to remain in the wild, and the species is listed as endangered
(Galdkias, 1987) In relation to my observation, the orangutans acted very similar in captivity as if
they were in the wild. The space was limited, but for what they had to work with, they displayed
many of the behaviors they would have given they were in the wild. I noticed that the males
remained solitary, as proven in my research. In one instance, Kiko approached his sister and they
groomed for a short amount of time, and Kiko went into a different section of the enclosure and
remained by himself until the end of my observation. Junior, the dominating male, and father of
Kiko, also stayed confined to himself. There was absolutely no interaction between Junior

Causes Of Animals On Endangered Species
There are many species that are on the verge of extinction. Earth's animals are on the brink of a sixth
mass extinction, where massive amounts of plants and animals die off. The main reason why
animals are becoming endangered or are on the verge of endangerment is because of human beings.
Humans are causing the extinctions by deforestation, poaching, and contributing to pollution.
Individuals are rapidly cutting down trees from forests to make more room for making clearings for
agriculture, or to build new housing for people. By cutting down areas in the forest, humans are
destroying different species' habitats. When a habitat is destroyed, species can no longer be
supported. So in other words, some of the animals within that habitat will most likely die off. "The
bulldozer is not only killing the trees and other plants that it is running over, but it is killing the
living area of multiple species." (http://study.com/academy/lesson/what–is–habitat–destruction–
effects–definition–causes.html ) Indonesia and Malaysia produce more than 85% of the world's
palm oil since there is such a high demand for the product but people are destroying animals'
habitats in search for sources. In Indonesia and Malaysia, there are multiple species that are
critically endangered. For example, orangutans, Sumatran elephants, Bornean pygmy elephants,
Sumatran elephants, and Sumatran tigers are all considered critically endangered as of recently.
Poaching is also one of the

The Evolution Of The Orangutans
The Orangutans which are also known as Pongo abelii, are the second largest apes after the gorillas.
The male Orangutans can grow up to five feet and weigh around ninety one kilograms while the
female Orangutans can reach an average height of three feet while weighing around forty five
kilograms (Shank, C., 2012). The Orangutans are well known for their ability to swing from tree to
tree easily with their long arms while their legs act as a second pair of arms when needed.
Orangutans in general live up to the age of forty. The female Orangutans are able to produce one
infant at a time with a gestation period of nine months. Female Orangutans are able to produce mere
three off springs during their short child bearing years, thus, making their population growth
vulnerable. The Orangutans play an important role in the ecosystem. They consume fruits and
scatter the seeds through their digestive system all around the forests. This process of scattering
seeds around the forests ensures the growth of fruit bearing trees and plants.
The Sumatran Orangutan population has depleted drastically in the last twenty to thirty years due to
their habitat loss through the clearing of forests to pave way for oil palm plantations and other
agricultural developments (Gursky–Doyen, S., & Supriatna, J., 2010). With palm oil being
extremely versatile, its demand has resulted in having 48 million tonnes of palm oil being produced
each year for the world export market (Oil World Trade Journal, 2008),

Orangutans Research Paper
Orangutans are one of humans' closest relatives, and as of 2007 have been a member of the
endangered species list. These "people of the forest" have only been known to be found in Borneo
and Sumatra, this lack of variability in their environment plays a large role in the reason of their
endangerment. The two subspecies have been under pressure as of late for reasons such as logging,
deforestation, and for the planting of palm oil forests, and being hunted by humans. Palm oil was
once only found in select regions of Africa until the discovery of its usefulness. It is now used in
things such as soap, animal feed, lubricants, and paints. Because of its versatility, cheapness, and
ease to grow, demand for the product has increased and trees ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In this regions also face the threat of the locals thanks to the increased fragmentation of their
diminishing ecosystem, the tropical forest. As the ecosystem is progressively decreasing, the human
population in the region is inversely increasing. This changes are setting the stage for potential
conflicts between orangutans and the locals of Kalimantan. A survey was taken by asking a large
number of the locals about their interactions with the orangutans. Amongst the participants, 4967of
them were deemed to be "reliable respondents". Out of the 4967, 42% of them, or 2086, reported
orangutan sightings within the village, and 56% of those 2086 reported the sightings taking place
over a year ago. The locals stated that they were usually seen in the forest, in gardens or farms, on
roads, or in miscellaneous locations. Reliable respondents also reported that upon discovering the
presence of an orangutan in their garden, the subsequent confrontation consisted of using "other"
means of getting rid of it (49%), chasing or scaring it away (46%), and the rest of them attempting
to kill or successfully killing it (5%). Upon taking the survey again the following year, the results
resembled each other. After some research, it was discovered that there were three potential ways to
improve the conditions of the orangutan populations in Borneo and Sumatra and if enacted in time,
can be quite cost–effective relative to the

Research Paper On Big Cats
Tigers are categorized along with six other species of big cats, meaning that these species are more
closely related to one another compared to any other cats, such as cheetahs and lynx. The other five
species, including the tiger, the lion, the jaguar, the leopard, as well as the snow leopard, split awhile
later, some being as recently as only a million years ago, and share the genus name Panthera.
Today, there is not a clear scientific agreement about the relationships among the Panthera cats,
having different genetics studies providing different results. However, many studios urge that tigers
and snow leopards are more closely related to each other than they are to lions, leopards, and
jaguars, and similarly, lions and leopards.
It is

Personal Narrative: I Just Call Me Akot
This is my narrative. Most people just call me Akot (which is the name on my birth certificate), or
Kot, or sometimes KotKot. Victor and Charlie think it is cute to call me Akot the Thot, as in "What
were you just thinking of, Akot the Thot?" which I do not find a bit funny. Moreover, Noora calls me
Apricot or Quota, I would actually prefer to be called Thine Master, but no one seems to remember.
It's been Noora and I ever since that first September afternoon, when third grade had barely begun at
Della Lamb Elementary and we were just getting to know each other, we skipped though the first
fallen leaves, weaving our way through the park to City Market for Haagen–Dazs bars with my little
brother. Noora and I were already trademarked best friends, though we did not know it at that
moment. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I cried my eyes out. I could not stop crying, and I had not anticipated for Noora, my saving grace, to
give me the lollipop she had just received from her dad and hugged me until the tears stopped. That
September afternoon, when we saw three older boys pedaling toward us, we had not expected them
to stop or to leap off their bikes and suddenly surround us. Nevertheless, they did. We had no idea
that the biggest one Damon Johnson, we had these vacuum sockets for eyes, would ask my brother
what church he belonged to. Awan whom lived with my father mumbled, "Saint Paul's." After
hearing my reply, we didn't know Damon Johnson would ask Noora the same question, or that
Noora would squeak out that she didn't go to church because she was Muslim. I did not think that
he, Damon Johnson, would start screaming at Awan and I, "Don't you know you aren't supposed to
play with anyone who doesn't go to church?" while his friends glared and tightened the circle around

Personal Experience: My Interest in Tigres
My interest in tigers started when I was a young child. As a child, my favorite movie was "Winnie
the Pooh." My favorite character, Tigger, is a confident tiger who thinks highly of himself. He is
extremely energetic, constantly bouncing on his tail. He acts quickly without thinking sometimes,
risking his life. As a matter of fact, for my first, second, and third birthdays my parents bought me a
Winnie the Pooh theme cake. I wasn't aware that several species of tigers were endangered until I
started researching endangered species. As I was researching tigers, I came across the Sumatran
tiger, an endangered tiger found only on the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. One threat this tiger is
facing is habitat loss due to logging, mainly from the palm oil industry. Another threat is poachers
hunting tigers for commercial gain. People sell and trade tiger parts such as skin, bones, teeth, etc.
Because these threats are putting the tiger at risk, and in spite of the efforts of the Sumatran Tiger
Conservation Program and World Wildlife Fund, the Sumatran tigers are extremely vulnerable and
chances of survival are slim. The Sumatran tiger was classified as critically endangered by the
International Union for Conservation of Nature in 2008 when its population was estimated at fewer
than 680 individuals (Vidal). The Sumatran tiger is only found on the Indonesian island of Sumatra.
The Sumatran tiger is the only surviving member of a group of tigers from Indonesia that included
the now

Taking a Look at Poaching
Poaching Poaching is the illegal hunting of any protected animal for personal gain. Poaching has
been acknowledged for over one thousand years. Originally they were raiders that attacked livestock
for survival. Modern poachers are well equipped and hunt to sell their body parts for large sums of
money from international collectors. The poachers themselves are often very poor and work in
gangs. OneGreenPlanet writes, "The Sumatran Tiger is a critically endangered species right now. It
is poached and sold for its parts (skin, teeth, bones, and claws) which sell for up to $5,000. Poaching
is more lucrative than other jobs that are available in the region; a harsh reality faced by many
individuals and communities." Many who revert to poaching, especially in poor areas, revert to it
out of necessity. Sharks are tricked to vessels and got on a snare that pulls them on board. Their
dorsal balances are cut off and their bodies tossed go into the sea. Without blades they can't swim
and will pass on. The unlawfully acquired blades are utilized to make shark blade soup, a delicacy in
Asia. Tigers are butchered for their striped hide, elephants are executed for their ivory tusks and
rhinos their substantial horn. The groups of the creatures are left to decay. This is an occurrence that
happens all over the world, but few governments can deal with the problem in an orderly and
efficient manner. Poaching has become a worldwide market and individuals make millions off of
hunting these

Action Plan For The Tiger
Jonathan Turner
Action Plan for the Tiger, Panthera tigris
1. Description of Species
Description
The Tiger, Panthera tigris (Linnaeus 1758), is the largest of the cat species found in the world. Tigers
are most notable for their pattern of vertical stripes which can either be dark brown or black, and
their fur which can range from yellow to reddish–orange, with the rare white fur present in some
individuals as well. Tigers can reach a total length of eleven feet. In the wild they have been known
to weight up to 857 pounds (Wood, 1983). The Bengal Tiger is the largest of the subspecies whereas
the Sumatran is the smallest. From the paw to shoulder tigers range in height from 2.3 to 4.0 feet tall
(Karanth, 2003). Males are bigger ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
There is believed to be no wild South China tigers in existence with the number in captivity to be
around sixty–five (World Wildlife Fund, 2014). There is between 400 and 500 Sumatran tigers
estimated to be in the wild as of 2014 (World Wildlife Fund, 2014). Distribution
In the past when the distribution of tigers was at its peak, tigers ranged from the Caspian Sea to
Siberia (Piper et al., 2007). In the Indonesian Islands they were predominantly found on Sumatra,
Java, and Bali. There has also been fossil evidence to conclude that at one point tigers were existing
in Borneo and the island of Palawan. Tigers became extinct in Western Asia during the 20th century
and became limited to the remaining parts of their circulation. Today their locations have been
greatly reduced to India, west of China such as Nepal and Bhutan, and also Southeastern Asia like
Bangladesh. Sumatra is the only island that is still inhabited by tigers (Chundawat et al., 2011). The
historical range of the tiger has diminished by 93% since the start of the 20th century and known
area occupied by tigers has reduced by 41% from 1997 to 2007 (Dinerstein et all., 2007).
Figure 1– A Bengal Tiger in Karnataka, India. Behavior
Tigers are carnivorous animals and are mostly nocturnal hunters. They feed mostly on deer, chital,
wild boar, gaur, and wild buffalo (Bagchi et al., 2003). They have also been seen to feed on

How Can The Orangutan Survive
Can the Orangutan Survive? A highly endangered species, the orangutan is the oldest known
primate1, dating back 60 million years. The word "orangutan" in the Malayasian language means
"man of the forest." The wild orangutan once roamed throughout Southeast Asia. Today, however,
this beautiful animal is only found in small parts of Malaysia and Indonesia (on the island of
Borneo), and in northern Sumatra. Orangutan Characteristics
Physical – The adult male of the species, at about 210 pounds, weighs almost twice as much as the
adult female and may reach a height of about 4.5 feet while the female measures between 3 – 3.5
feet. Their bodies are covered with a coarse, long, reddish–brown hair. They not only have senses

According To The United Nations Population Fund, The World
According to the United Nations Population Fund, the world population reached 7 billion on
October 31, 2011. The previous milestone, the six billion mark, had been reached on October 12,
1999. This means that the number of inhabitants increased by one billion in only twelve years, that
is, two million seven hundred thirty nine thousand seven hundred twenty six people per day.
Although the growth rate has decreased from 2.08 percent in 1970 to 1.13 percent in 2016, by 2024
the population is expected to hit the eight billion mark. So, even with this deceleration in the growth
rate, the increase of the human population poses a formidable challenge for the world 's natural
resources. First, a growing population, albeit at a slower rate, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
On the other hand, the continent is facing an acute shortage of food and, base on the current trends,
it will be able to satisfy only thirteen percent of its population 's food needs by 2050. Moreover,
even in the eventuality that food production increases to the levels needed by 2050, studies suggest
that without government intervention the needy and vulnerable could still be undernourished. It is
calculated that sixty percent of the world 's chronically hungry people are women and girls, and
twenty percent are children under five (WFP Gender Policy: Promoting Gender Equality and
Empowerment of Women and Addressing Food and Nutrition Challenge). The fact that "...over eight
hundred million people are considered food insecure and undernourished [suggest] abundant supply
does not guarantee affordable access to food for all (Vos, 2015, FAO, Global Agriculture Towards
2015). Serious environmental problems are also looming in the horizon as a result of the
demographic changes that have taken place worldwide. The volumes of waste product generated by
the human society constitute a major environmental problem. In 2009, U.S. residents businesses,
and institutions generated more than two hundred forty three million tons of municipal solid waste.
Hazardous solid waste

How Palm Oil Impacts The Sumatran Tiger
In the last two decades, palm oil has been one of the most imported goods around the world. In fact,
the top industries are located in Sumatra, Indonesia, holding up to 90% of the world's exported palm
oil. Palm oil comes from the palm fruit of the African oil palm trees, and is grown mainly in the
rainforest area. Unfortunately, the actions taken to grow these trees are causing horrible impacts to
the world's environment, such as deforestation, pollution, and increased greenhouse–gas emissions.
Between 1985 and 2011, more than 30 million acres of the Sumatran forest disappeared because of
the involvement of palm oil. Because of these environmental impacts, it's leading to animal cruelty,
especially for the Sumatran tiger. The deforestation of palm oil is driving Sumatran tigers toward
extinction, because of the endangered wildlife environment, hazardous plantations, and starvation.
According to One Green Planet, at least 80% of the Sumatran wildlife habitat is lost from the
production of palm oil leading to the extinction of the Sumatran tigers. In 2017, it has been recorded
that their are fewer than 400 Sumatran tigers that exist (How Palm Oil Impacts the Sumatran Tiger).
Palm oil is a popular ingredient used in packaged food products, cosmetics, laundry detergents and
more. Because the demand of palm oil is high, it's causing an endangered habitat to the Sumatran
tiger. In order to maintain a safe habitat for the Sumatran tiger, the methods of harvesting palm oil
needs

The Tiger : A Predator Of The Biological Family Of Cats
A tiger – is a predator of the biological family of cats. One of the largest predators, the tiger is
inferior in size only to bear – a white and a brown bear.
Out of the nine subspecies of tigers known to humankind only six survived: Amur (Siberian) tiger,
Bengal tiger, Malayan tiger, Sumatran tiger, Indochinese and South China tiger (Tilson and Nyhus,
2010, p.37). As for the Javan, Bali and Caspian tigers – these subspecies were exterminated by man.
Bengal tigers constitute the majority of the total number of tigers, the total number of which is
between 4,000 and 6,500 individuals. The share of Bengal tigers reaches 40% of their general
population. As of 2011, according to Alexander, number of tigers "dispersed among Asia 's 13 tiger
countries" is considered to be "at fewer than 4,000 animals" or even hundreds less than that ("A Cry
for the Tiger", 2011). In the past century, the tiger was put under protection by legal documents of
many countries. Tigers are also brought in the Red List of the International Union for Conservation
of Nature as Endangered species (Chundawat et al., "Panthera tigris", 2014). Bans on the hunting on
tigers worldwide is implemented every year in countries where tigers occur, however there are no
absolutely efficient measures that would stop poachers.
Studies of world scientists proved that the center of origin of the species of tigers was East Asia.
This conclusion was made after a study of fossils of the animal. The most ancient remains of

Treatment Of Zoos : Gorilla Shot Dead By Endangered...
Treatment of animals in zoos: Gorilla shot dead while trying to help a boy who fell into the
enclosure VS New Zealand zookeeper being killed by endangered Sumatran tiger.
Introduction
The treatment of animals in zoos has become a very debatable issue, as animals deserve to live in
their natural habitat with their family, but they are having to live in cramped, fake living spaces for
nearly all their lives, separated from their families, not much room to walk around and being very
bored.
But two similar issues that were brought to my attention occurred recently. A gorilla at the
Cincinnati Zoo in Ohio, USA, was shot dead by zoo officials on the 31st of May 2016, while trying
to help a boy who fell into the enclosure, and a New Zealand zookeeper was accidentally killed by
Oz, one of the endangered Sumatran tigers at the New Zealand Hamilton zoo, on the 20th of
September, 2015. These two issues are important because both situations relate towards the
treatment of animals in zoos, nationally, (New Zealand) and internationally (USA). Are the animals
happy having to live in zoos instead of their natural habitat? Has the environment and the way the
zookeepers' are treating these animals impacted the way the animals behave?
To find out about these issues, I asked three key questions: Key Question 1: How safe are animals in
zoos? (Pros and Cons) Key Question 2: Why was the gorilla shot? Key Question 3: What happened
to Oz the tiger after it attacked the zookeeper?
How

The Global Wild Tiger Population
Let us go on a jungle walk.
The word "tiger" from Latin word tigris meaning a spotted tigerhound of Actaeon.
The global wild tiger population is estimated at anywhere between 3,062 and 3,948 individuals.
The World Wide Fund for Nature estimates the tiger population at 3,200.
Why are tigers getting extinct?
Poachers are continuing to kill the world's remaining Tigers.
New demand across Southeast Asia for the skins, teeth and claws of tigers, particularly the Sumatran
tiger.
Tiger parts have a strong market for traditional medicines made from items like tiger bone and body
parts.
Deforestation and illiteracy are also a reason. So, we should save tigers.
Current Status of Tiger Subspecies
There are currently 6 subspecies of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
What needs to be done to save the Tiger?
Indian Government spent $13 million only for the Conservation of Tigers. This money was used in:
1. Strengthening of anti–poaching activities.
2. Implementation of the urgent recommendations of the Tiger Task Force constituted by the
National Board for Wildlife chaired by the Hon'ble Prime Minister.
3. The National Tiger Conservation Authority (4.09.2006) would strengthen tiger conservation by
ensuring normative standards in tiger reserve management, preparation of reserve specific tiger
conservation plan.
4. Assessment of tiger habitat status in the country.
5. Comparative appraisal of forest cover status in and around tiger reserves (upto a radial distance of

10 kms).
6. Several rare and endangered species of wild animals have been included in the Schedules of Wild
Life (Protection) Act, 1972, thereby giving it highest degree of protection.
7. Financial and technical help is provided to the States under various Centrally Sponsored Schemes,
Project Tiger in 1973, Project Elephant and Development of National Parks and Sanctuaries for
enhancing the capacity and infrastructure of the States for providing effective protection to wild
animals.
8. Ensure that we have enough DNA, semen and eggs from a range of Tigers sufficient to ensure a
viable population.
9. The government must ban any people movement in the tiger sanctuaries. Even issue an order
"shoot

Evolutionary History Of A Tiger

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