2. Definition
"Asthma is a chronic inflammatory
disorder of the airways. The chronic
inflammation causes an increase in the airway
hyper-responsiveness that leads to recurrent
episodes of wheezing,breathlessness,
chest tightness and cough, particularly at night
or early in morning.
3. Incidence
• Asthma affect an
estimate 25,00,000
indians every year.
• Among adults ,women
have 30 % greater
prevalence of asthma
than man.
7. Early phase
response Late phase response
• Bronchospasma
• Mucus secretion
• Vascular leakage
• Mucosal edema
Peak in 30-60 min Peak in 5-6 hrs
• Infiltration with eosinophils &
neutrophils
• Inflammation
• Bronchial hyperactivity
• Infiltration with monocyte and
lymphocytes
In 1 to 2 days
• Obstruction
of airways
• Wheezing
• Air trapping
• Coughing
• Dyspnea
9. Sign & symptoms of asthma
• On auscultation- heard wheezing sound
• Dyspnoea
• Cough
• Chest tight ness
• Secretion may be thick, white , gelatinous
mucus.
• Expiration may be prolong
10. Diagnostic evaluation
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Chest X- ray
• Pulmonary function test
• Peak exploratory flow rate
• ABG ( artery blood gas)
• Allergy skin test
• Eosinophil count & IgE
• Spirometry
13. Non-pharmacological management
• Breathing exercises (breathing
through the nose, slow breathing,
controlled holding of breath.)
• Reduced stress ,anxiety through meditation
• Avoid smoking
• Steam inhalation
14. Nursing management
Nursing Assessment
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Check all lab reports
Nursing diagnosis
• 1. Ineffective Breathing pattern related to
bronchospasm as evidenced by prolonged
expiration.
15. • Maintain the head of the bed elevated (fowler's
position) and position the client depending on
respiratory effort.
• Plan for periods of rest between activities.
• Encourage the client to use breathing exercises.
• Encourage a proper diet that benefits both
weight and allergen avoidance.
• Avoid smoking
• Administrator medication as order
Intervention
16. 2. Ineffective airways clearance related to
increased pulmonary secretions as evidenced by
wheezing sound .
Intervention
• Encourage deep breathing and coughing
exercises.
• Encourage increase fluid intake.
• Limit alcohol and caffienated drinks.
• Assist with respiratory treatment such as
spirometery and chest physiotherapy.
• Steam inhalation
17. 3. Impaired gases exchange related to
obstruction of airways by secretions as
evidenced by dyspnea.
Intervention
• Provide Fowler's position and comfortable
position.
• Encourage expectoration of sputum, or
suction if needed.
• Administer supplemental oxygen as
indicated.
• Provide chest therapy as ordered.
18. 4. Fatigue related to increase work
on breathing as evidenced by
restlessness.
Intervention
• Place the client in comfortable position.
• Enforce the need to stop exercise or activity
before fatigue is exacerbated.
• Schedule and integrate nursing care to allow
periods of uninterrupted rest.
• Encourage for balance diet.
•
19. Health education
• Teach patient to identify and avoid
asthma triggers.
• Take medication as prescribed.
• Teach proper technique of using
medication and equipment like inhaler
,nebulizer, peak flow rate meter.
• Identify allergens and avoid allergens.
• Control of pest in home.