Introduction, meaning,definition,causes,pathophysiology, sign and symptoms,diagnostic evaluation, management

1. BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
PRESENTED BY:
RADHIKA KULVI
M.Sc(N) 2ND YEAR

2. INTRODUCTION
Bronchial asthma is a chronic , inflammatory disease
of the airways, characterized by airflow obstruction,
bronchial hyperactivity, and a mucous production.
Asthma is associated with mast cells, eosinophils, and
T lymphocytes. Mast cells are the allergy-causing
cells that release chemicals like histamine.

3. MEANING
Bronchial Asthma is the Bronchospasm of Airway
passage.

4. DEFINITION
• Bronchial asthma is a chronic, inflammatory disease
of the lower airways, which is characterized by the
bronchi undergoing paroxysmal narrowing and
symptoms such as coughing and shortness of breath.
• It is the most widespread chronic disease in
childhood.

5. CAUSES
• Smoking and second hand smoke
• Infections such as colds, flu, or pneumonia
• Allergens such as food, pollen, mold, dust mites, and pet
dander
• Heavy Exercises
• Air pollution and toxins
• Weather, especially extreme changes in Cold temperature
• Drugs (such as aspirin, NSAIDs, and beta-blockers)
• Food additives
• Emotional stress and anxiety
• Singing, laughing, or crying
• Perfumes and fragrances
• Acid reflux

7. CLINICAL MANIFESTATION
• Shortness of breath
• Chest tightness or pain
• Wheezing when exhaling, which is a common
sign of asthma in children
• Trouble sleeping caused by shortness of
breath, coughing or wheezing
• Coughing or wheezing attacks that are
worsened by a respiratory virus, such as a cold
or the flu.

8. DIAGNOSTIC EVALUATION
• History collection
• Physical examination
• Chest x-ray
• Sputum studies.
• Pulmonary function test
• Arterial blood gas studies.
• Computed tomography.(CT scan)
• Bronchoscopy, Bronchogram
• Patch test(to diagnose for any allergy)

9. • Oxygen Therapy
• Nebulization
• Chest Physiotherapy
• Bronchoscopy
• Bronchodilators
• Analgesics
• Antibiotics
IMMEDIATE MANAGEMENT

11. Coricosteroids:
Inflammatory Action
Leuketrine: Antillergic
Long term Beta
agonists: Bronchodilator
Omalizumab:Antiallergic
Cromolyn Sodium:
Anti allergic

12. Methylxanthines:
Bronchodilator,Smooth
Muscle relaxant
Beta2-adrenergic
Agonists:
Bronchodialtor,
Smooth muscle
relaxant

14. SURGICAL MANAGEMENT
• Bronchial thermoplasty
• This treatment is used for severe asthma that doesn't
improve with inhaled corticosteroids or other long-term
asthma medications. It isn't widely available nor right for
everyone.During bronchial thermoplasty, your doctor heats
the insides of the airways in the lungs with an electrode.
The heat reduces the smooth muscle inside the airways.
This limits the ability of the airways to tighten, making
breathing easier and possibly reducing asthma attacks. The
therapy is generally done over three outpatient visits.

15. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• Assess the Condition Of Patient.
• Assess the Vital Signs
• Provide Comfortable Position.
• Change the Position Periodically.
• Maintain Personal Hygiene.
• Use pulse oximetry & Suction.
• Deep Breathing Exercise provided to Patient.
• Provide Oxygen According To Physician Order.
• Provide Psychological Support To Patient.
• Provide Knowledge About Bronchial Asthma.

16. NURSING DIAGNOSIS
• Ineffective breathing pattern related to narrowing
of airway as evidence by dyspnea.
• Impaired respiratory functioning related to
ineffective breathing pattern as evidence by
increased respiratory rate.
• Acute pain related to inflammation as evidence by
facial expression
• Selfcare deficit related to fatigue secondary to
increased effort for breathing.
• Activity in tolerence due to fatigue and ineffective
breathing patterns

17. HEALTH EDUCATION
• Manage Exposure to Allergens
• Drink Enough Water
• Avoid foods that you know trigger allergies, but also avoid foods that are
high in sugar or fried fats. Both increase mucous secretion and thickening.
• Change Your Air Filters
• To keep the air clean in your home, make sure to regularly clean or change
your air filters. When they trap dust and distribute it around your home, it
can cause breathing problems and trigger asthma symptoms.
• Minimize Dusts
• Advise for breathing exercise(Pursed lip breathing, Nasal Breathing)
• Avoid Fragrance Sprays
• Build Up to an Active Lifestyle
• Avoid Smoke
• Keep Your Inhaler Handy.
• Watch for and Manage Symptoms