desktop vs supercomputer

1. Super Computer
Submitted By:
Nazmussakib Reza
ID: 1711EEE00136
Submitted To:
Sayeed Islam

2. Overview
• Definition
• History of Supercomputer
• Uses of Supercomputer
• Supercomputer challenges
• Operating system of Supercomputer
• Processing speed
• Top 10 Supercomputer
• Supercomputer in Bangladesh

3. Definition
• A supercomputer is the fastest type of
computer. Supercomputers are very expensive
and are employed for specialized applications
that require large amounts of mathematical
calculations.

4. History
• 1946: John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert construct ENIAC
(Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer) at the
University of Pennsylvania.
• 1956: IBM develops the Stretch supercomputer for Los
Alamos National Laboratory. It remains the world's fastest
computer until 1964.
• 1957: Seymour Cray co-founds Control Data
• Corporation (CDC) and pioneers fast.
• 1976: First Cray-1 supercomputer is installed at Los Alamos
National Laboratory. It manages a speed of about 160
MFLOPS

5. • 1989: Seymour Cray starts a new company, Cray
• Computer, where he develops the Cray-3 and Cray-4.
• 1993: Fujitsu Numerical Wind Tunnel becomes the
• world's fastest computer using 166 vector processors.
• 1997: ASCI Red, a supercomputer made from Pentium
processors by Intel and Sandia National Laboratories,
becomes the world's first teraflop (TFLOP) supercomputer.
• 2008: The Jaguar supercomputer built by Cray Research and
Oak Ridge National Laboratory becomes the world's first
petaflop (PFLOP) scientific supercomputer. Briefly the world's
fastest computer, it is soon superseded by machines from
Japan and China.

6. Uses of Supercomputers
• Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-
intensive tasks such as problems involving quantum
mechanical physics, weather forecasting, climate
research, molecular modeling, physical simulations,
Major universities, military agencies and scientific
research laboratories depend on and make use of
supercomputers very heavily. Some Common Uses more of
Supercomputers in industry.
• 1)Predicting climate change
• 2)Testing nuclear weapons
• 3)Recreating the Big Bang
• 4)Forecasting hurricanes

7. Predicting climate change:
• The challenge of predicting global climate
• is immense. There
are hundreds of
variables, from the
reflectivity of the
earth's surface(high
for icy spots, low for
dark forests) to the
vagaries of ocean
currents.
• Dealing with these variables requires
supercomputing capabilities.
Testing nuclear weapons
•The Stockpile
Stewardship program uses
non-nuclear lab tests and,
yes, computer simulations
to ensure that the
country's cache of nuclear
weapons are functional
•and safe. In 2012, IBM plans to unveil
a new supercomputer Sequoia, at
Lawrence Livermore National
Laboratory in California.
• According to IBM, Sequoia will be a 20 petaflop
machine, meaning it will be capable of performing
twenty thousand trillion calculations each second.

8. Recreating the Big Bang
• The Big Bang Researchers at the Texas Advanced Computing Center
(TACC) at the University of Texas in Austin have also used
supercomputers to
• simulate the formation of the first galaxy, while scientists at NASA’s Ames Research Center in
Mountain View, Calif., have simulated the creation of stars from cosmic dust and gas.
• The "Big Bang," or the initial expansion of all energy and matter in the universe, happened more
than 13 billion years ago in trillion-degree Celsius temperatures, but supercomputer simulations
make it possible to observe what went on during the universe's birth.

9. Forecasting hurricanes
• This supercomputer, with its cowboy
moniker and 579 trillion calculations per
second processing power, resides at the
• TACC in Austin, Texas. Using data directly from National
Oceanographic and Atmospheric Agency airplanes, Ranger
calculated likely paths for the storm. According to a TACC report,
Ranger improved the five-day hurricane forecast by 15 percent.

10. Supercomputer challenges
• A supercomputer generates large amounts of heat and
• therefore must be cooled with complex cooling systems.
• Another issue is the speed at which information can be transferred
or written to a storage device, as the speed of data transfer will
limit the supercomputer's performance.
• Supercomputers consume and produce massive amounts of data in a
very short period of time. Much work on external storage bandwidth
is needed to ensure that this information can be transferred quickly
and stored/retrieved correctly.

11. Operating system of Supercomputer
• Most supercomputers run on a Linux or Unix
operating system, as these operating systems are
extremely flexible, stable, and efficient.
Supercomputers typically have multiple processors
and a variety of other technological tricks to ensure
that they run smoothly.

12. Processing Speeds
• Supercomputer computational power is rated in FLOPS
• (Floating Point Operations Per Second).
• The first commercially available supercomputers reached speeds of 10 to 100 million
FLOPS. The next generation of supercomputers is predicted to break the petaflop level.
• This would represent computing power more than 1,000 times faster than a teraflop
machine.
• A relatively old supercomputer such as the Cray C90(1990s) has a processing speed of
only 8 gigaflops. It can solve a problem, which takes a personal computer a few hours, in
• .002 seconds.

13. Top 5 Supercomputers
1: Sunway Taihulight
[CHINA]For the fourth time in a row, Sunway Taihulight
leads the twice-yearly Top500 list of the world’s
most powerful supercomputers.
Built at China’s National Supercomputing Center in
Wuxi, Sunway first appeared on the list in June
2016.It has no accelerator chips, relying instead on
40,960 Sunway 26010 processors. Each has 260
cores.

14. 2. Tianhe-2 National Supercomputing Center in
Guangzhou , China,2013.
• Manufacture: NUDT
• Cores: 3,120,000 cores
• Power: 17.6 megawatts
• Interconnect: Custom
• Operating System : Kylie Linux
• Tianhe –Specification:
• There are a total of 3,120,000 Intel cores and 1.404 petabytes of RAM, making Tianhe-2 by far
the largest installation of Intel CPUs in the world.Each compute node has a total of 88GB of
RAM.
• Total having 125 cabinets housing 16,000 compute nodes each of which contains two Intel Xeon
(Ivy Bridge) CPUs

15. 3: Piz Daint [SWITZERLAND]
• Piz Daint has been climbing up the Top500
supercomputer list since November 2012,
when it took 114th place with its 1,504 Intel
Xeon E5-2670 processors.
• Since then its owner, the Swiss National
Supercomputing Center, and manufacturer
Cray have performed a number of upgrades.
After six months they tripled the number of
processors, catapulting Piz Daint to 42nd
place, and then after another six months
added Nvidia K20x accelerators, boosting it
to sixth place.

16. 4: Gyoukou [JAPAN]
• Gyoukou is owned by the Japan Agency
for Marine-Earth Science and Technology.
It’s the successor to a supercomputer
called Earth Simulator and first entered
the Top500 list in 69th place in June 2017.
• Built around 1,250 Intel Xeon 16-core
processors with an Infiniband EDR
interconnect, Gyoukou derives most of its
power from the 19,840,000 cores in its
Pezy-SC2 accelerators.

17. 5: Titan [U.S.A]
• Titan was the computer that toppled Sequoia from
the top of the charts when it entered the Top500
list in November 2012 but had slid to 5th place by
November 2017.
• It’s the most powerful of the U.S. Department of
Energy’s computers and is sited at Oak Ridge
National Laboratory.
• Like Cori and Trinity, it is made by Cray — but
unlike them, it uses Advanced Micro Devices’ 16-
core Opteron 6274 chips with Nvidia Tesla
accelerators. It has a total of 560,640 cores,
delivering the maximum sustained performance of
17.59 petaflops and peak performance of 27.11
petaflops.
• When it comes to power efficiency, the 2012
Opteron-Tesla combination is on a par with IBM’s
2012 Power BQCs, delivering 2.143 gigaflops per
watt.

18. Supercomputer in Bangladesh
• Bangladesh to buy supercomputer
• The government has decided to buy a supercomputer for analyzing
critical data, said Zunaid Ahmed Palak, state minister for ICT. "If we
have a supercomputer we might avoid the flood in haor areas by
analysis data much before the incident happened," said Palak. The ICT
division, in a meeting today, decided to buy a supercomputer, he said
adding that the government will have it within a short time. Currently,
in any emergency people go to Malaysia, said Palak."We need to have
this computer for the sake of digitization, which will ultimately save
our asset and money."

19. Thank You