(19-23)CC Unit-1 ppt.pptx

Cloud Computing
BY
M PREMCHANDER
ASST.PROFESSOR
IT DEPT

Syllabus Unit-1
Computing Paradigms:
High-Performance Computing,
Parallel Computing,
Distributed Computing,
Cluster Computing,
Grid Computing,
Cloud Computing,
Bio computing,
Mobile Computing,
Quantum Computing,
Optical Computing,
Nano computing.

Computing
• Computing is any activity that uses computers to
manage, process, and communicate information.
• It includes development of both hardware and
software.
• In a general computing means any goal-oriented
activity requiring, benefiting from, or creating
computers.
• Examples include enterprise software, accounting
software, office suites, graphics software and media
player

High-performance computing
• High-performance computing (HPC) is the ability to process data and
perform complex calculations at high speeds
• One of the best-known types of HPC solutions is the supercomputer. A
supercomputer contains thousands of compute nodes that work together to
complete one or more tasks. This is called parallel processing. It’s similar to
having thousands of PCs networked together, combining compute power to
complete tasks faster.
• HPC solutions have three main components:
• Compute
• Network
• Storage

-cluster
-cluster consists of node,OS,processor

A high performance computing provides features
• Low Web latency Application ( meaning low Page
Loading times)
• Application that can serve ever increasing number of
users (scalability)
• Application that does not go down (either highly available
or continuously available)
• HPC helps engineers, data scientists, designers, and
other researchers solve large, complex problems in far
less time and at less cost than traditional computing.

Hpc applications
• Research labs. HPC is used to help scientists find sources of renewable
energy, understand the evolution of our universe, predict and track storms,
and create new materials.
• Media and entertainment. HPC is used to edit feature films, render mind-
blowing special effects, and stream live events around the world.
• Oil and gas. HPC is used to more accurately identify where to drill for new
wells and to help boost production from existing wells.
• Artificial intelligence and machine learning. HPC is used to detect credit
card fraud, provide self-guided technical support, teach self-driving vehicles,
and improve cancer screening techniques.
• Financial services. HPC is used to track real-time stock trends and
automate trading.
• HPC is used to design new products, simulate test scenarios, and make
sure that parts are kept in stock so that production lines aren’t held up.
• HPC is used to help develop cures for diseases like diabetes and cancer
and to enable faster, more accurate patient diagnosis

• 6 High Performance Computing
Applications That Changed the World
• Predictive Cardiovascular Health.
• Understanding the Viral Genome.
• Autonomous Driving Technology.
• Augmented Reality.
• NASA's Solar Weather Monitoring.
• Aircraft Production and Aerodynamics.

• HPC use case—Which industries use High Performance
Computing?
• Aerospace: Creating complex simulations, such as airflow over the
wings of planes
• Manufacturing: Executing simulations, such as those for
autonomous driving, to support the design, manufacture, and testing
of new products, resulting in safer cars, lighter parts, more-efficient
processes, and innovations
• Financial technology (fintech): Performing complex risk analyses,
high-frequency trading, financial modeling, and fraud detection
• Genomics: Sequencing DNA, analyzing drug interactions, and
running protein analyses to support ancestry studies
• Healthcare: Researching drugs, creating vaccines, and developing
innovative treatments for rare and common diseases

• Media and entertainment: Creating animations,
rendering special effects for movies, transcoding huge
media files, and creating immersive entertainment
• Oil and gas: Performing spatial analyses and testing
reservoir models to predict where oil and gas resources
are located, and conducting simulations such as fluid
flow and seismic processing
• Retail: Analyzing massive amounts of customer data to
provide more-targeted product recommendations and
better customer service
• https://youtu.be/Uzv5p47D7HA

Parallel Computing
• is a type of computing architecture in which several processprs
simultaneously execute multiple calculations
• Divides larger problem into small problems and executes parallely
• classic computers solve problems sequentially
• Performance is improved by increasing clock frequency
• But this increases power consumption
• processor vendors decided to provide multiple cpu cores on the
same processor chip each capable of executing seperate
binstructions
• Parallel computing uses multiple computer cores to attack several
operations at once. Unlike serial computing, parallel architecture can
break down a job into its component parts and multi-task them.
• Eg:watching Youtube-displays similar searches(big data)
• Thousands of processor cores that can analyse all big data in
parallel

PARALLEL COMPUTING
• Sequential parallel
• Single processor Multiple processors
• low performance High performance
• data transfer Bit by bit data transfer bytes
• Low cost high cost
• Takes more time Takes less time

Benefits of parallel computing
• 1. Parallel computing models the real
world
• 2. Saves time
• 3. Saves money
• 4. Solve more complex or larger
problems
•

Few examples below of how parallel processing drives
our world.
• Smartphones.
• The iPhone 5 has a 1.5 GHz dual-core processor. The iPhone 11
has 6 cores. The Samsung Galaxy Note 10 has 8 cores. These
phones are all examples of parallel computing....
• Laptops and desktops. ...
• ILLIAC
• This was the first “massively” parallel computer, built largely at the
University of Illinois. The machine was developed in the 1960s with
help from NASA and the U.S. Air Force. It had 64 processing
elements capable of handling 131,072 bits at a time
• NASA's space shuttle computer system. ...
• The Space Shuttle program uses 5 IBM AP-101 computers in
parallel [8]. They control the shuttle’s avionics, processing large
amounts of fast-paced real-time data. The machines can perform
480,000 instructions per second. The same system has also been
used in F-15 fighter jets and the B-1 bomber

• American Summit supercomputer. ...
• most powerful supercomputer on Earth is the American Summit. The machine was
built by the U.S. Department of Energy at their Oak Ridge National Laboratory. It’s a
200-petaFLOPS machine that can process 200 quadrillion operations per second. If
every human on earth did one calculation per second, they’d need 10 months to do
what Summit can do in a single second
• SETI. ...
• Does life exist on other planets? So far, the best way to find out is to listen for radio
signals from other worlds. The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) monitors
millions of frequencies all day and night. To ease the workload, SETI uses parallel
computing through the Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing (BOINC)
• Bitcoin. ...
• is a blockchain tech that uses multiple computers to validate transactions. You’ll
use blockchain to do almost anything money-related in the coming years. Blockchain
and Bitcoin don’t work without parallel computing
• The Internet of Things (IoT)

Parallel vs distributed computing
• Shared memory parallel computers use multiple processors to
access the same memory resources. Examples of shared memory
parallel architecture are modern laptops, desktops, and
smartphones.
• Distributed memory parallel computers use multiple processors,
each with their own memory, connected over a network. Examples
of distributed systems include cloud computing, distributed rendering
of computer graphics, and shared resource systems like SETI
• Hybrid memory parallel systems combine shared-memory parallel
computers and distributed memory networks. Most “distributed
memory” networks are actually hybrids. You may have thousands of
desktops and laptops with multi-core processors all connected in a
network and working on a massive problem.

DOWNUNDER GEOSOLUTIONS
How it’s using parallel computing: oil industry’s

OAK RIDGE NATIONAL LABORATORY
Location: Oak Ridge, Tenn.

Distributed computing is also a computing system that
consists of multiple computers or processor machines
connected through a network, which can be
homogeneous or heterogeneous, but run as a single
system.
The connectivity can be such that the CPUs in a
distributed system can be physically close together and
connected by a local network, or they can be
geographically distant and connected by a wide area
network.
The heterogeneity in a distributed system supports
any number of possible configurations in the processor
machines, such as mainframes, PCs, workstations, and
minicomputers.
Examples :Internet,Intranet

An intranet is a computer network
for sharing information, easier
communication, collaboration
tools, operational systems, and
other computing services within
an organization.

Advantages
• Resource Sharing
• concurrency-able to execute more than one task
• Scalability- increase the performance of
computing
• Transparency-hides complexity to users
• Redundancy or replication: Here, several
machines can provide the same services, so
that even if one is unavailable (or failed), work
does not stop because other similar computing
supports will be available.

• Developing a single system is very difficult
• Eg:Facebook
Google

Applications
• Examples of distributed systems and applications
of distributed computing include the following:
• telecommunication networks:
– telephone networks and cellular networks,
– computer networks such as the Internet,
– wireless sensor networks,
– routing algorithms;

• network applications:
– World Wide Web and peer-to-peer networks,
– massively multiplayer online games and virtual
reality communities,
– distributed databases and distributed database
management systems,
– distributed information processing systems such as
banking systems and airline reservation systems;

Applications
• real-time process control:
– aircraft control systems,
– industrial control systems;
• parallel computation:
– scientific computing, including cluster
computing, grid computing, cloud computing
– distributed rendering in computer graphics.

Applications
• Finance & E-commerce
-Amazon,E-bay,online banking
•Information Society
-Serch engine,Wikipedia,social networking
Industries&Entertainment
-Online gaming,music,Youtube
Health care
-Online patient record
Education
-E-learning
Transportation&logistics
Gps,Google maps

Cluster
• A computer cluster is a group of two or
more computers, or nodes, that run in
parallel to achieve a common goal.
• A bunch of grapes is an example of a
cluster.
• A bouquet of flowers is an example of a
cluster.

Cluster Computing
• Cluster computing refers that many of the computers connected on a
network and they perform like a single entity.
• Each computer that is connected to the network is called a node. Cluster
computing offers solutions to solve complicated problems by providing
faster computational speed, and enhanced data integrity.
• Some of the popular implementations of cluster computing are Google
search engine, Earthquake Simulation, Petroleum Reservoir
Simulation
• Clusters are being used as replicated storage and backup servers that
provide the essential fault tolerance and reliability for critical applications.
For example, the internet, search engine,
• Google uses cluster computing to provide reliable and efficient internet
search services, and Weather Forecasting system.

• Clustering analysis is broadly
used in many applications such
as market research, pattern
recognition, data analysis, and
image processing

Grid computing
• Grid computing is a group of networked computers which work
together as a virtual supercomputer to perform large tasks, such as
analysing huge sets of data or weather modeling.
• The advantage is that the data is stored in memory across
all computers in the data grid, so all data accesses are very fast.
• Grid computing works by running specialized software on every
computer that participates in the data grid. The software acts as the
manager of the entire system and coordinates various tasks across
the grid.
• Grid computing is especially useful when different subject matter
experts need to collaborate on a project
• For example, a research team might analyze weather patterns
in the North Atlantic region, while another team analyzes the
south Atlantic region, and both results can be combined to
deliver a complete picture of Atlantic weather patterns.

GRID COMPUTING
1) Its ability to make use of unused computing power, and
thus, it is a cost-effective solution (reducing investments,
only recurring costs)
2) As a way to solve problems in line with any HPC-based
application
3) Enables heterogeneous resources of computers to work
cooperatively and collaboratively to solve a scientific
problem
4) Researchers associate the term grid to the way electricity
is distributed in municipal areas for the common man. In this
context, the difference between electrical power grid and
grid computing is worth noting

TeraGrid was an e-Science grid computing infrastructure
combining resources at eleven partner sites.
TeraGrid users primarily came from U.S. universities. There
are roughly 4,000 users at over 200 universities
TERA GRID

NSF LEAD PROJECT BASED ON GRID

• Mobile Computing is a technology that
allows transmission of data, voice and
video via a computer or any other wireless
enabled device without having to be
connected to a fixed physical link. The
main concept involves −
• Mobile communication
• Mobile hardware
• Mobile software

• Fixed and Wired: In Fixed and Wired configuration, the devices are
fixed at a position, and they are connected through a physical link to
communicate with other devices.
• For Example, Desktop Computer.
• Fixed and Wireless: In Fixed and Wireless configuration, the devices
are fixed at a position, and they are connected through a wireless
link to make communication with other devices.
• For Example, Communication Towers, WiFi router

• Mobile and Wired: In Mobile and Wired configuration, some devices
are wired, and some are mobile. They altogether make
communication with other devices.
• For Example, Laptops.
• Mobile and Wireless: In Mobile and Wireless configuration, the
devices can communicate with each other irrespective of their
position. They can also connect to any network without the use of
any wired device.
• For Example, WiFi Dongle.

Computing – Information
processing
• Binary Language
• ASCIICodes
• Logic Gates
• Quantum Computing
• Quantum states of subatomic particles to store
information
•Biocomputing
•Amino acids

WHY BIO
COMPUTING ??
❑ Moore’s Law states that silicon
microprocessor complexity will double in
every 18 months.
❑ To overcome the limitations of current
Computing Technology BIO-Chips made up
of DNA is used as a substitute for silicon
chips.
60

WHAT IS BIOLOGICAL
COMPUTING?
❑ Biological Computing means such a computing
process which use synthesized biological
components to store and manipulate data
analogous to processes in the human body.
❑ The result is faster computing process that
operates with great accuracy.
❑ Main biological component used in
Biological Computing is : DNA
61

based on Chemical reactions
The presence of the particular product
that results from the pathway can serve
as a signal, which can be interpreted—
along with other chemical signals—as a
computational output based upon the
starting chemical conditions of the
system (the input).

In biomechanical computers, however, the
mechanical shape of a specific molecule or set
of molecules under a set of initial conditions
serves as the output.

Biocomputers can also be
constructed to perform electronic
computing.

In bioelectronic computers, the measured output is
the nature of the electrical conductivity that is
observed in the bioelectronic computer. This output
comprises specifically designed biomolecules that
conduct electricity in highly specific manners based
upon the initial conditions that serve as the input of
the bioelectronic system.

Bio-computeras Successor to Silicon

WHAT IS DNA?
❑ DNA Stands for De-Oxy Ribo Nucleic Acid.
❑ A hereditary material found in almost all living
organisms.
❑ Located inside the nucleus of a cell.
❑ Helps in long term storage of information.
❑ DNA is stored as a
code made of four chemical bases(A,T,G,C).
-These bases are like 0’s and 1’s used in Silicon
Computers.
69

STRUCTURE O F DNA
❑ The two strands of DNA
molecule are anti parallel
where each strand runs in
opposite direction.
❑ Complementary base pairs
Adenine(A) & Thymine(T)
Guanine(G) & Cytosine(C)
❑ The definition of a strand is one piece
of a fiber, fabric or similar material. An
example of a strand is one piece of
hair
❑ Strand is defined as to leave, often in a
helpless position or to form
something by twisting fibers or
similar materials together.
71

WHAT IS A DNA COMPUTER?
❑DNA computer is a molecular computer
that works biochemically to solve
complex problems and different
possible solutions are created all at
once.
❑It computes using enzymes that react
with DNA strands and cause chain
reactions.
72

PROPERTIES O F A DNA
CO MPUT ER
❑Dense data storage.
❑Massively parallel
computation.
❑Extraordinary energy
efficiency.
73

APPLICATIONS OF DNA
COMPUTING
❑ DNA chips
❑ Cryptography
❑ Genetic Programming
❑ Medical Application
❑ Cracking of coded messages
❑ DNA fingerprinting
74

ADVANTAGES OF
DNA COMPUTERS
75
❑ Cheap resource & plentiful supply.
❑ DNA biochips can be made cleanly so no toxic
materials are used.
❑ Many times smaller in size than current Computers.
❑ Parallel Computing
❑ Low power- The only power needed is to keep DNA
from denaturing.

FU TU RE
❑ Taiwan introduces world's 1st DNA chip
❑ They are planning to use this Chip on ID
card to crack down frauds using fake ID
cards.
76

77
❑ DNA computers showing enormous potential,
especially for medical purposes as well as data
processing applications.
❑ Still a lot of work and resources required to develop
it into a fully fledged product.
❑ in the future, biocomputing may be used in the
identification and treatment of various diseases and
cancers.
FU TU RE

Comparision..
• DNA COMPUTERS
⚫Slow at single operation.
⚫Able to simultaneously
perform millions of
operation.
⚫Huge storage capacity.
⚫Requireconsiderable
preparation before.
•MICROCHIP BASED COMPUTERS
⚫Fast at single operation.
⚫Can do feweroperation
simultaneously.
⚫Smallercapacity.
⚫Immediate setup.

Application
• In 1994 Leonard Adleman presented the first prototype of a DNA computer.
The TT-100 was a test tube filled with 100 microliters of a DNA solution. He
managed to solve an instance of the directed Hamiltonian path problem.. In
Adleman's experiment, the Hamiltonian Path Problem was implemented
notationally as “travelling salesman problem”.
• For this purpose, different DNA fragments were created, each one of them
representing a city that had to be visited. Every one of these fragments is
capable of a linkage with the other fragments created.
• These DNA fragments were produced and mixed in a test tube. Within
seconds, the small fragments form bigger ones, representing the different
travel routes. Through a chemical reaction, the DNA fragments representing
the longer routes were eliminated

It isn’t too hard to imagine that one day we
might have the tools and talent to produce
small integrated desktop machine that uses
DNA,as a computing substrate along with set
of designer enzymes.
substrate-
the surface or material on or from which an
organism lives, grows, or obtains its
nourishmentthe substance on which an enzyme
acts.

OPTICAL
COMPUTERS
presented by,
k.Vamsi Krishna
14A81A0576.

CONTENTS
:
➢What is optical computers.
➢Why optical computers.
➢Example.
➢Optical computation.
➢Optical components.
➢Advantages.
➢Disadvantages.
➢Conclusion.

WHAT IS OPTICAL
COMPUTER…
❖ An optical computer is a computer that uses photons in
visible light or IR beams to perform digital computation .

WHY OPTICAL
COMPUTERS...?
❖
❖
❖
In silicon computers, the speed of computers was
achieved by miniaturizing electronic components.
They are immune to electromagnetic interference, and free
from electrical short circuits.
They have low-loss transmission and provide large bandwidth;
i.e. multiplexing capability, capable of communicating several
channels in parallel without interference.

EXAMPLES
●Optical computers use light for storing and
transmitting and operating on data.
Consider E-mail
.txt format
Electronic
To Photonic
Converter
•Fiber optic
cables

OPTICAL COMPUTATION
❖
❖
❖
❖
❖
Light in the place of Electron
Uses optical components
Transistors, logical gates etc. are simulated using optics.
All-optical components require a high level of laser power
to function as required.
Send pulses of light instead of pulses of electricity

OPTICAL COMPONENTS...
❖
❖
❖
VCSEL-vertical cavity surface emitting micro laser
VCSELs have high performance and low cost advantages
Emits light in a cylindrical beam vertically from the surface
of a fabricated wafer.

Bit-Serial Optical Computer
OPTICAL COMPUTING

A DVANTAGES...
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
➢
• Increase in the speed of
computation. Free from
electrical short circuits.
• Have low- transmission loss and large
bandwidth.
• Speed of light in photonic circuits will be
close to speed of light in vacuum
• Capable of communicating several
channels in parallel without interference.

DISADVANTAGES
➢Optical components and their production is
expensive.
➢Optical components are not miniaturied enough yet.
➢problems of exact manufacture.
➢In compatibility.
➢Due to interference caused by dust particles.

CONCLUSION
❖ Optical technology promises massive upgrades in the
efficiency and speed of computers, as well as significant
shrinkage in their size and cost.
❖ Even though pure Optical computer has many challenges
hybrid opto-electrical computer can be expected very soon,
and in near future pure optical computer too..

NANO COMPUTING
Nano computing refers to computing systems
that are constructed from nano scale
components.
The silicon transistors in traditional computers
may be replaced by transistors based on
carbon nano tubes.
The successful realization of nano computers
relates to the scale and integration of these
nano tubes or components.
The issues of scale relate to the dimensions
of the components; they are, at-most, a few
nanometers in at least two dimensions.

NANO COMPUTING
The issues of integration of the components
are twofold:
1) The manufacture of complex arbitrary
patterns may be economically infeasible
2) Nano computers may include massive
quantities of devices.
Researchers are working on all these issues
to bring nano computing a reality.

NANO COMPUTING
Nanocomputer refers to a computer smaller
than the microcomputer, which is smaller than
the minicomputer.
Microelectronic components that are at the
core of all modern electronic devices employ
semiconductor transistors.
The term nanocomputer is increasingly used
to refer to general computing devices of size
comparable to a credit card. Modern Single-
Board Computers such as the Raspberry
Pi and Gumstix would fall under this
classification.
Arguably, Smartphones and Tablets would

NANO COMPUTING
EXAMPLES
Without nanotechnology, we wouldn't have
many of the electronics we use in everyday
life. Intel is undoubtedly a leader in tiny
computer processors, and the latest
generation of Intel’s Core processor
technology is a 10-nanometer chip. When
you think a nanometer is one-billionth of a
meter, that’s incredibly impressive!

• Quantum computers are trying to overcome
supercomputers.But still research is going on
• In 1998 Isaac Chuang of the Los Alamos National Laboratory,
created the first quantum computer (2-qubit) that could be
loaded with data and output a solution.
• Quantum computing is the use of quantum phenomena such
as superposition and entanglement to perform computation.
• Computers that perform quantum computations are known as
quantum computers.
• Quantum computers perform calculations based on the
probability of an object's state before it is measured - instead
of just 1s or 0s - which means they have the potential to
process exponentially more data compared to classical
computers.
• A single state - such as on or off, up or down, 1 or 0 - is
called a bit.
• A quantum computer encodes information into quantum states
and computes by performing quantum operations on it.
Quantum Computing

• The “IBM Q Experience,” launched in 2016,
now consists of 15 publicly available quantum
computers ranging from five to 53 qubits in
size.
• The quantum computer can do GBS 100 trillion
times faster than a classical supercomputer
• The quantum computer has 233 megabytes of
hard disk space
• QCL (Quantum Computer Language) is the
most advanced implemented quantum
programming language.

Companies Implementing Quantum
Computers
• China is leading country in implementing
quantum computing
• They spent US$10 billion dollars
• XANADUis a Canadian quantum
technology company with the mission to
build quantum computers that are useful
and available to people everywhere.
• Google declared that we achieved
“Quantum Supremacy”
• In 2016, IBM was the first company to put
a quantum computer on the cloud

1.The qubits in the device shown here will
be cooled to under 1 kelvin using a dilution
refrigerator.
2.Quantum computers are believed to be
able to solve certain computational
problems, such as integer
factorization (which underlies RSA
encryption), substantially faster than
classical computers.

What is quantum computing?
• An ordinary computer chip uses bits.
These are like tiny switches, that can
either be in the off position – represented
by a zero – or in the on position –
represented by a one. Every app you use,
website you visit and photograph you take
is ultimately made up of millions of these
bits in some combination of ones and
zeroes.
• There are certain things exists like

How do quantum computers
work?
• Instead of bits, quantum computers use qubits.
Rather than just being on or off, qubits can also
be in what’s called ‘superposition’ – where
they’re both on and off at the same time, or
somewhere on a spectrum between the two.
• Eg:Take a coin.When u flip their is uncertainity
always
• Superposition is like a spinning coin, and it’s
one of the things that makes quantum
computers so powerful. A qubit allows for
uncertainty.

• Electrons and photons sometimes behave
like waves, and sometimes like particles.
Until they’re measured, they can even
appear to be in both states simultaneously,
or in two places at once – a phenomenon
known as quantum superposition
• Feynman was the first to realise the
implications.
• That’s a problem for classical computers.
They work using bits – tiny switches that
How do quantum computers
work?

• If we want to find a path of 10 cities
supercomputer can solve easily in
seconds but if I add2000 cities it may take
2000 years
• Quantum computers have the potential to
rapidly accelerate the development of
artificial intelligence. Google is already
using them to improve the software of self-
driving cars.

Applications
• better and cheaper drugs,
• vastly improved solar panels
• financial markets
• to improve weather forecasts
• to model the behaviour of individual
electrons
• Cryptography -Quantum encryption keys
could not be copied or hacked. They
would be completely unbreakable.

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