The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Organs

The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Organs
She's breathing but is she the one really breathing? "About 123,000 Americans are on a waitlist to receive an organ donation"(Staedter,
"Human–Animal Hybrids Growing for Organ Transplants") becoming increasingly desperate for an organ that is given priority to higher
socioeconomic standings, hence wealthier people are the one's overcoming organ failure, while there has been an overwhelmingly drastic increase of
deaths due to organ failure. Thus, there is a vital necessity for organs that the waiting list of donors can't meet, creating the organ market an increased
alternative that ridiculed issues bordering on the demand of organ transplants. The practicality of artificial organs through an increased funding can
lead to a beneficial output ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout the article, "The Role of Federation Programs in the Transfer of Biomedical Technology" the Associate Director National Library of
Medicine presents the valid and relevant discussion on the role federal programs input into the transfer of biomedical technology by going in–depth on
the link between the government and economic funding for the research of artificial organs as the pathway for future medical technology. Phillips
mentions in the key concepts in presentation to support his argument that federal programs are critical for the advancements and sources possible for
conducting more reliable research on artificial organs, by suggesting that the prime contributor to the opportunities posted in disseminating cutting edge
research has been the American Society for Internal Organs (ASAIO). Moreover, he makes the note that federal programs have enabled the growth of
(ASAIO). The author also issues the claim that in the 21st century there has been a large–scale emergence of the molecular century as was adhered by
President Bush who signed the 21st Century Nanotech Research and Development Act in 2004 that committed $3.7 billion to nanotechnology research.
Additionally, cost effectiveness in comparison to conventional therapy, demonstrates a higher viability of artificial organs in the long run is
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My 12 Pair Of Legs Analysis
An Analysis of the Aesthetic Innovations of Prosthetic Limbs in "My 12 Pairs of Legs" by Aimee Mullins This communications study will define
the aesthetic beauty of prosthetic limbs in "My 12 Pairs of Legs" by Aimee Mullins. Mullins provides insight into the beauty of prosthetic legs from
the perspective of the fashion industry. The potential for aesthetic uses of prosthetic limbs, such as legs, provides a way for women to move beyond
the "cheetah style" legs, and to also provide a more visually realistic looking limb. In essence, Mullins provides an aesthetic oratory on the potential
uses for women's prosthetic legs for aesthetic beauty. In Mullin's video, she begins by defining her innovations in the prosthetic limb industry by the
design

Hanger Limb Research Paper
Robotic Prosthesis
Prosthesis have been around since the early 1400 century. One of the first functioning limb replacement was created around the renaissance times. It
was a replacement hand for a general who lost a hand in war. The hand was constructed from copper and steel.
By the late 1500 century, a French Army barber/surgeon Ambroise ParГ© was to be considered the father ofprosthesis surgery. He was one of the best
when it came to saving enough limb to allow for a prosthetic limb. By this time the advancement in these fake limbs had grown from crude made
hands to fully functioning legs. 'As the U. S. Civil War dragged on, the number of amputations rose astronomically, forcing Americans to enter the field
of prosthetics. james Hanger, one of the first amputees of the Civil War, developed what he later patented as the "Hanger Limb" from whittled
barrel staves.'(Kim M. Norton) For many years a perfect prosthetic was not a thought. Many people that had to have a limb cut off would not have a
very usable fake limb. Most of the time the remnants of the limb where down in the field to soldiers and were not done properly. Since the limbs
were cut off very roughly many people would die do to disease. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The prosthesis has gone from a steel mechanical leg to a fully functioning robotic leg. This leg can walk like a human and make not having a limb
no longer a challenge. A downside to these types of prosthesis is that they are very expensive. And average robotic arm can cost at a minimum of
11,000 dollars according to Aaron Saenz. These arms are a base model to keep in mind. Most of them can't do things like read impulses from your
brain. A new discovery with moving the nerves of an arm to the lower bicep led to the invention of the first fully functional thought controlled robot
prosthesis.(Jon Hopkins' Applied Physics

Informative Speech On Skin Cancer
When thinking about the prominent organs that make up a human body, one might think of the heart, the lungs or the brain. Rarely do people think
about their skin as an organ but it is actually the largest and plays just as an important role in allowing human life as other vital organs. Because it is an
organ it can be affected by cancer, a disease where body cells begin to divide at an abnormal rate, crowding out normal cells. Skin cancer is the most
prevalent form of cancer in the United States accounting for about 50% of all cancer cases reported annually, according to the American Cancer
Society. Although skin cancer has become the most common form of cancer it is also one of the most preventable by following these steps: becoming
properly informed, taking the proper preventative measures and knowing your treatment options if you are ever diagnosed. Skin ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
An estimated 2.8 million cases of BCC were diagnosed in the U.S. and rates continue to grow. In fact, it is the most frequent diagnosed of all
cancers, being responsible for the majority of all diagnosed skin cancers. Although it is very common it is also fairly easy to treat if treated early,
because BCC almost never spreads from where the original tumor was found. Basal Cell Carcinoma commonly looks like an open sore, red patches
or scars and can sometimes resemble skin conditions such as eczema which is why it is important to get them checked out by a physician as soon as
they are noticed. People with fair skin are the most common to be diagnosed with basal cell carcinoma, because lighter skin tends to be predisposed to
skin damage like being sun burnt. Although skin color is a factor, the largest contributing factor is the intensity and extended exposure to the sun.
Which is why BCC is most commonly found in places exposed to the sun, the face being the most common place to find the skin

Prosthetic Leg Essay
For a long time, war, disease, injury, natural disasters, accidents and injuries have brought some injury survivors to this world. Since the limbs is an
important organ in human life and labor, the amputation have brought many influence for their life. While, the emergence of a human prosthetic help
them solve many inconveniences.
The oldest knew the prosthetic leg is from 300 BC in Capua, Italy which is made of copper and wood. With the development of science and technology,
Present prosthetic is made of new materials and electronics. 1 Compare to traditional human prosthetic using of mechanical cable control. The new
human prosthetic have multiple degrees of freedom. The new human prosthetic have use the new materials and electronics. It ... Show more content on
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It has been control by many complex signals.
It is hard to control same degrees of freedom from number of mapping. Currently, prosthetic could not have a fully functional with limit size and weight.
Through the EMG patterns to analyze the method of control and coordinated the human prosthetic with other organs are two main problem in future
prosthetics. It also has multiple difficulties in daily life, Such as waterproof. There have small connectors and wires inside the human prosthetics. It
could cause some security risks when it has been used. The safety is one of important issue for producing human prosthetics. We should find optimal
way to avoid it in the future.
The traditional human prosthesis is expensive. It cannot been use in the war–torn where many people have lost multiple limbs. As the development of
technology, it have 2–3D printer to create custom prosthetics for people which is cost considerably lower than before.2 It will be more useful for the
third–world countries. But only reduce production costs is not sufficient. The price for raw material is still expensive. In the future, it may need to find
a cheaper material to replace existing materials. And the new material should does not affect the function of

Prosthetics During The Civil War
Prosthetics has always been part of most of our history, and it has come a long way since then. Forms of prosthetics date way back to the Civil
War, and has made a lot of progress throughout the years. During the Civil War, many soldiers would have to be amputated everyday to save their
lives. For example, in the text "I Will Not Get Out of Heart Yet," it states that "Soldiers shot in the arm or leg on the battlefield were highly likely to
develop potentially fatal infections, and the only way to prevent a painful death was to cut off the damaged body part." Despite this fact, prosthetics
were extremely uncomfortable to wear and were considered "crude contraptions" and " were usually made of wood or steel ––– that were awkward
and painful to wear." Many soldiers did not like having prosthetic limbs, as they were uncomfortable to wear and awkward to move around with. ...
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Lexi had to go through nine surgeries and she had lost her leg. Lexi had to be fitted with her own prosthetic leg, and she would face many
struggles while doing simple activities, like standing, walking, and running. According to the article, " Lexi Youngberg: Invincible," it states that
"The prosthetic leg is waterproof, so Lexi can hit the waves whenever she wants."(Neville, 8) It also states that " Lexi has several types of legs:
one for swimming, showering, and wakeboarding, and an activity leg for daily wear and playing soccer."(Neville, 8) This means that prosthetics
nowadays have the ability to be waterproof, so that owners can feel more normal, and they can feel more connected with others. The second quote
tells you that prosthetics nowadays offers many varieties in limbs. One person can have multiple limbs for different tasks, like, Lexi has two different
legs for swimming and playing soccer. The foot has to be different because it can't move on its own, and it has to be waterproof for

Artificial Organ Failure Essay
There are multiple positive and negative effects to implementing an artificial organ into a human with health problems. According to Niharika Arya on
Buzzle, "The time taken to create or grow an artificial organ is lesser than the waiting period for finding a suitable donor whose organ matches with
the recipient's body perfectly." Over the years, organ donors have become less and less common, and the need for more organs have become prominent
everywhere; but, with the help of artificial organs, people no longer have to feel obligated into donating their precious organs. Unfortunately, there are
risks in everything and not everything is perfect. Therefore, artificial organs are no exception. The chances of organ failure are high, considering the
fact that how the body reacts to a new organ is different amongst all people. If the artificial organ transplant did fail, the ... Show more content on
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Some religious people are worried if implanting artificial organs into a human body is a form of playing God. Others are only concerned about the
extremely high prices that could cause problems for low–income people. Amongst those apprehensions, people fear that scientists would soon use
artificial organs for the sake of human enhancement (i.e: replacing bones with stronger, artificial ones). Also, if the treatment happens to fail, who
would be held accountable for it? Would it be nobody or the surgeon? There is no correct way to answer how ethical artificial organs are. After all,
how could one answer such a question full of different possible choices? What exactly does the future of bioprinting have in store for this world? One
could never be too sure. Despite the fact that artificial organs seem alien to a profuse amount of people, its current state in development justifies that
bioprinted organs have the potentiality to do great things to those in

Transhumanism And Open Bionics
Freddie Mercury once asked, with the voice of a whistling rocket, "Who wants to live forever?" [1]. This song was written for the sci–fi action film
Highlander (1986), the story of immortal swordsmen fighting in New York City [2]. However, this is a work of fiction and fantasy. To truly surpass the
bounds of humanity, to live potentially live forever, we must look to science and technology. Research into prosthetic bodies and implants provides the
scaffolding for controlled evolution. Nevertheless, such enhancements are not amoral. We must examine the implications of human enhancement
before taking our first steps into Transhumanism.
Origins of Transhuman Technology
The philosophy of Transhumanism states that mankind can promote "the evolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Due to its interest in technology and pro–social causes, Google in this scenario could be a potential investor in Open Bionics. Until recently, its
corporate motto was "Don't be Evil," which is quite similar to medical practitioner's oath of "do no harm" and signals benevolence[10]. More
importantly, Google's Calico project researches solutions for aging, which is seen as a disease and threat to humanity [11]. While Calico is more
theoretical than practical–its findings are not publicly disclosed–its motive and potential outcomes are laden with age–defying insight [11]. Its
ambitions stop short of immortality, but the quantification and manipulation of the aging process is of direct Transhumanist interest and therefore
laden with its

Why Is Animal Testing Inaccurate
Animal Testing: The Genocide of the 21st Century
Somewhere, in the United States, an animal is in terror. It cowers fearfully as scientists hold it down, and a doctor grips a massive, sharp needle next
to its neck, ready to inject the animal with a lethal dose of a new, experimental drug. The animal is one of 26 million other creatures facing the same,
painful, fate annually (The Hasting Center). Animal testing is the downfall of humanity, a practice of humans testing chemicals, drugs, and cosmetics on
animals. Animal testing is an atrocity that is an unnecessary and dangerous ordeal to the subjects being tested on. The fact that it is cruel, is highly
inaccurate, and that there are many other ways to achieve the results being pursued all ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Granted, despite the extremely low success rate of passing drugs, the few that do end up succeeding save and improve human lives all around.
However, this practice is hurting animals at our expense, and we don't even have to experiment on these animals to get the results being strived for.
There are many alternatives to animal testing, some even more productive and accurate than the current, inhumane tests. Artificial skin is one of
these. Artificial skin is large sheets of lab made skin cells. This would be very useful for cosmetic testing because if the substance being tested was
toxic, animals would not get rashes or being injured. Also, this would be a limitless source of testing material, and provide more accurate results
because the skin is much more similar to a human's than an animal's. Another possible solution is in vitro testing. This is when scientists extract
human cells and do tests on them in petri dishes. Once again, this too is more effective than animal testing because there are real human cells instead
of animal cells. But, the cells are not entirely effective because they are not in the body and are not responding they way they would in their natural
environment. An even better solution is body chips. These miracle workers are chips with organ cells in them. It acts as the cells "environment" and
makes it respond normally to drugs and disease. The

Prosthetist Research Paper
Prosthetists are members of the medical field who specialize in the design and construction of artificial prosthetics for those with missing or partially
missing limbs. Through evaluating the needs of each patient, prosthetists must specifically design a device which molds to the patient's body, instruct
them on how to properly maintain the device, and further record their progress. Overall, this occupation requires intensive attention to detail, creativity
in solving problems, and communication skills.
A prosthetist's primary duty is to design and manufacture artificial limbs. This job slightly differs from an orthotist, who is trained to create
supportive braces and inserts for those with disabling conditions. In constructing an artificial limb, a prosthetist's first task is to assess the deficiencies
of the patient, and find the measurements for the device. This is done by taking a mold of the part of body which is to be supported either by the
brace or artificial limb. After making this mold, the device is then manufactured. Not all prosthetists are directly involved in this process, but many
work adjacent to workshops, where they personally build the devices. After creating the device, they must carefully test its effectiveness on the patient,
and make any necessary adjustments for increased comfort or performance. Once the patient is instructed on how to properly care for the device, the
prosthetist must make future ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They must then undergo a four year degree program, during which they study the many aspects of prosthetics. This includes a detailed study of gait
analysis, kinesiology, diagnostic imaging techniques, impression taking, diagnostic fitting, static and dynamic alignment of socket, and model
rectification. The curriculum also includes the opportunity of gaining clinical experience in the

Replacing Amputated Limbs with Prosthetics
CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION Prosthetic limb is an artificial device that is used to replace the amputated part of the patient's limb. Myo
prosthetic limb takes the signals from the patient's muscles, which are live, to operate the artificial limb that is being used to replace the
amputated part of the arm. Through the mechanical and electrical technologies' applications it tries to copy the movement of the actual limb. In
most cases, the bicep or triceps muscles can be used to retrieve those signals which are to be processed further through circuitry. Other than that,
any other muscle that is active and can give the slight electrical signal can be used to process the signal. Myo prosthetic limb comprises of
electrical portion, that is the circuitry, as well as the mechanical portion that is the actuator and gripper. The signals that are received can be used to
actuate the gripper through which any object can be picked, held and released as per the requirement of the patient. Multiple prototypes were
developed and improved in the previous years. But they needed few improvements to make them work perfectly. The improvements were done this
year. The signal acquisition and gripper actuation were improved which resulted in the more efficient response of the limb. The response of the
gripper was greatly improved as well. The overall reliability of the system was increased significantly and was brought to a level where it could be
represented as a product. The circuitry was

Prosthetics
Currently, in the U.S., there are nearly 2 million people living with limb loss (ZieglerвЂђGraham, MacKenzie, Ephraim, Travison, Brookmeyer, 2008).
After undergoing surgery, there are two basic options of prosthetics that amputees can choose from: non–microprocessor prosthetics and microprocessor
prosthetics. Non–microprocessor prosthetics are solely mechanical in function whereas microprocessor prosthetics use computer technology to sense
when to apply resistance to improve the stability of the patient's gait (Morrison & Topping, 2012). Stability and functionality of the prosthetic is
especially important in regaining previous mobility abilities for people with lower limb loss. However, many private insurance companies decline
coverage of microprocessor ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Through a Prosthetic Evaluation Questionnaire (PEQ), examiners can determine a patient's level of satisfaction, mobility, frustration, well–being,
appearance and more. This helps to measure the prosthetic function as well as the quality of life related to the prosthetic in a test that is determined to
be reliable for lower–limb amputees. With this test, patients were found to have a 20 percent improvement with the microprocessor prosthetic for both
K2 and K3 amputees (Hafner & Smith, 2009). About 90 percent of patients prefer the active control of the microprocessor prosthetic than the passive
control of the non–microprocessor prosthetic (Kannenburg et. al., 2014). These results prove that the microprocessor prosthetic not only functions
better than the non–microprocessor prosthetic, but also helps the patient's overall well–being and mental

Prosthetics History
Prosthetics: A History and Analysis of Their Impact Think of all the things that are taken for granted each and every day because of how accustomed
the mind becomes to them; two legs for walking, two eyes from which to see, two ears from which to listen, and a mouth from which to talk. While
these abilities may seem basic to most, they mean the world to those who lack these abilities. Thankfully, with advancements in technology and
innovation, prosthesis have been introduced and continually improved to give everyone an equal chance at succeeding and enjoying life. Before
diving into a brief history and analysis of prosthesis, it is important to take into account, what exactly is a prosthesis? It is defined as "A device, either
external or ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The use of Bluetooth technology: The use of Bluetooth technology helps double amputee patients to regulate stride, pressure and speed in their
prosthetic legs. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
3.Microprocessor knees: With an onboard computer, patients with above knee amputations now have greater control over activities such as walking,
stopping, and moving up inclines. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
4.Myoelectric Technology: these limbs are controlled by placing muscle sensors against the skin at the site of amputation. This technology allows for
greater, control and precision in five fully functioning fingers. (5 Major advancements in robotic prosthetics, 2012)
5.Targeted muscle reinnervation: Although it is a process still in it's infant stages, amputees are slowly coming to control prosthesis with their minds.
This technology reenergizes the nerves from the amputated limb in a different part of the body. The amputee proceeds to think the action prompting
these nerves to react, which then sends a message to the microprocessor in the robotic limb, which preforms the action. (5 Major advancements in
robotic prosthetics,

The Importance Of Gadils
The use of collagen, alginate, and chitin fibers have increased in medical and surgical applications due to the promotion of healing (Pillai, Paul, &
Sharma, 2009). When alginate fibers are used for wound–contact layers, the reaction between the alginate and the exuding wound forms a sodium
calcium alginate gel (Horrocks & Anand). The gel is hydrophilic in nature, permeable to oxygen, and impermeable to bacteria, and make a contribution
to the creation of new tissue (Horrocks & Anand). Gauze, lint, and wadding the other textile materials used for wound–dressing applications (Rajendran
& Anand, 2002). Gauze is an open–weave, absorbent fabric coated with paraffin wax and mainly used for the treatments of burns and scalds. In ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Compression bandages are designed to exert a required amount of compression on the leg when applied at a constant tension. They are used for the
treatment and prevention of deep vein thrombosis, leg ulceration (Partsch et al., 2008) . They are made of woven and contain cotton and elastomeric
fiber yarns or warp and weft knitted in both tubular and fully fashioned form (Partsch et al., 2008). Another kind of bandages is called Orthopedic
cushion bandages, mainly used under plaster casts and compression bandages to provide padding, comfort (Rigby et al., 1997b). Nonwoven orthopedic
bandages are produced from polyurethene foams, polyester fibers, or polypropylene fibers containing blend of natural and synthetic fibers (Rigby et al.,
1997b).
2. Extra–corporeal devices:
Artificial kidney, liver, and lungs are the mechanical organs used for blood purification. They are called extra–corporeal devices and represent another
category of medical textiles (Peppas & Langer, 1994). The artificial kidney is made of a bundle of hollow regenerated–cellulose fibers in the form of
cellophane that contain the unwanted waste materials (Hongu & Phillips, 1997). Numerous layers of the artificial kidney composed the multilayer
filters that made of needle–punched fabrics are designed to extract the unwanted materials rapidly and

Robotic Prosthetics Vs. Real Limbs
We are all so used to using our limbs, most of us wouldn't know what to do without them. However, some people, because of accidents or sickness,
have lost theirs. Through the use of prosthetics, they can have some of that use back, though it still can't compare to a real limb. But, recent
advancements in robotic prosthetics and a steady increase in capabilities show that prosthetics may eventually be replaced with robotics, and may
become just as good as or better than real limbs.
While robotic prosthetics are a recent development, prosthetics have been around for a long time. In the Funk & Wagnalls New World Encyclopedia,
It gives a short history of prosthetics. They were first carved from wood, more than two–thousand years ago, because it ... Show more content on
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Prosthetics require pre–programed movements and take practice to be able to use right, although connecting prosthetics right into our nervous systems
could fix this problem(Atzori, Manfredo). There are also only a few areas on prosthetic limbs right now that can feel. Scientists have been
experimenting with synthetic skin that can feel temperature, to improve senses, but this hasn't been used on limbs yet. Robotic prosthetics are nowhere
near perfect, but advancements like these show progress toward making this the future of prosthetic limbs.
Robotic prosthetics are in use now, although they aren't nearly as advanced as some of the ones just mentioned. Some amputees have them, and they
are able to perform basic tasks like walking and picking things up. However, movements are still limited and the lack of senses prevents the kind of
precision our own limbs provide. They are also very expensive so most people don't have access to them. An average robotic leg is around one–hundred
thousand dollars, and may not even be very versatile. Many don't allow much movement, and often are not waterproof. They are a good start, but have
much to

Organ On A Chip
INTRODUCTION
In recent years, the field of biomedical engineering has been growing and gaining significant importance all across the world. Scientists have been
striving to find cures to some of the most potent diseases of this modern world and looking to find methods of assisting the many people struggling
with various types of disabilities. A newly rising technology in biomedical engineering is the Human Body on a Chip, orOrgan on a Chip. The Organ
on a Chip is a multi–channel 3–D microfluidic cell culture chip that stimulates the activities, mechanics and physiological responses of entire organs
and organ systems. At first glace these chips don't look like anything more than very thin pieces of plastic, but when filled with cells from ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to statistics, over 100 million animals are burned, crippled, poisoned, and abused in United States labs every year. Also, up to 90% of all
animals used in U.S. labs are not counted in the official statistics of animals tested. However, through the use of the human chip, the process of animal
testing can be significantly reduced because of the chips ability to mimic real life human responses to drugs and medical

My Prosthetic Design
The sport of choice for my prosthetic design will be skateboarding. The design would be similar to the left picture above except with a few slight
alterations. The first alteration would be to shorten the prosthetic so it would be tailored for a BK amputee. Another important feature would be a light
durable frame that has some give– possible small shock absorbers in the ankle area to absorb jumping impact. The foot design would look similar to
the picture shown on the right except the ankle joint would have fluid movement and allow better stabilization for landing What is different about
controlling a passive prosthetic leg versus an intact human leg? With a passive prosthetic leg, the movement is limited and control would stop at the

Stump Research Paper
Stump and Prosthesis Care
When an arm or leg is removed, it is important to care for artificial body part that replaces it (prosthesis) and for the remaining end of the arm or leg
(stump). Caring for the stump and prosthesis will help you be comfortable, active, and healthy.
HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR STUMP
Cleaning Your Skin
Wash your skin with a mild, antibacterial soap at least once a day.
Wash your skin after getting dirty or sweaty.
After you have washed your skin, pat it dry. Then let it air–dry for another 5 to 10 minutes.
Do not soak your stump in a warm or hot bath for longer than 20 minutes at a time.
Avoid shaving hair on the stump. Hair that grows out after being shaved is more easily irritated by theprosthesis. ... Show more content on
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This can keep the scar soft and help it heal.
Do not put creams and lotions on your stump unless your health care provider says it is okay.
Do not use lotions that contain petroleum jelly or skin care products with an alcohol base. These products can be harmful to your skin. They can also
damage the lining of the prosthesis.
Consider using an antiperspirant spray on the skin of the stump.

Other Instructions
Every day, look closely at the skin on your stump. Use a mirror with a long handle to check areas you cannot see, or ask a friend or family member to
check those areas. Look for areas that are reddish, swollen, or look irritated. Pay extra attention to places where the stump and prosthesis rub together.
If you were instructed to wear a compression stocking when you are not wearing the prosthesis, make sure to wear it as directed by your health care
provider.
HOW TO CARE FOR YOUR PROSTHESIS
Cleaning Your Prosthesis
Use hot water and antibacterial soap to wash your prosthesis.
Attaching Your Prosthesis
Make sure your prosthesis is clean before you attach it to your stump. All the parts that touch your skin should be clean and

Helicase Drug Therapy Case Study
In the case of Helicase–primase drug therapy, there are drugs candidates that are already past the pre–clinical stage of development. The mode of action
for Helicase–primase drug therapies involves inhibiting viral DNA replication as by targeting down the DNA polymerase complex. In contrast to
current therapies that target the DNA pol gene either directly or through nucleoside analogs. This offers a better strategy for dealing with a potential
HSV infection in a immune–compromised host by not allowing the virus to replicate potentially resistant progeny (11). Clinical trials have been
conducted with HSV targeting drugs ASP 2151 Amenamevir, and AIC316 Pritelivir to evaluate their efficacy and safety in HSV infections. ASP2151
is a non–nucleoside, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within cell culture it was shown to be 10 times more potent than Acyclovir (11). Phase I of the clinical trials showed the HSV replication was
inhibited within the tested dosing region. It was also concluded the drug stayed in its active form up to 80 hours, far greater than Acyclovir with no
reported negative side effects (1). Within the Phase II placebo controlled trial it was reported that viral sheading and lesion rates were decreased in
a dose dependent manner. Even though the trial was considered small with only 156 subjects, no adverse effects or viral resistance was reported.
Clinical isolates have remained treatable by Pritelivir, but their have be instances for resistance selected for in tissue culture (14). As for updates for
resistance, one mutation has been reported in the helicase gene although this has remained in cell culture (15). Although cell culture does have a
higher tendency to select for resistance, this dose raise the issue of utility for the novel drug down the line. AIC316 is expected to enter into into Phase
III of the clinical trials within the near future. With the clinical trials still proceeding on AIC316 safety is still being evaluated, and strategies are still
being devised. All options are being investigated such as combination therapies with current therapies to decrease the chance of resistance

Evaluating The Future Of Medicine
Where do you think the future of medicine will be in the next decade? With diseases and illnesses advancing, technology has been improving and
advanced innovative ways have been surfacing. Something that has modernized our way of life without even realizing it is a printer. Did you ever
foresee that printers could do other than put ink on a piece of paper? Three–dimensional printing is revolutionizing our modern day lives as we speak.
Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public's attention is 3D medical printing, or also known as bio printing.
3D medical printing will revolutionize the medical field and makes lives easier. This emerging technology will enable future 3D printers to produce...
NASA launched a 3D Printing machine towards the International Space Station to develop parts in zero gravity, which will aid in future
innovations in Astronomy. This new technology produced by NASA is one of the best upheavals that have occurred in that field. The Oak Ridge
National Laboratory has built a complete car body through 3D Printing. The car took less than twenty hours to print. Although the car model is not
permitted for use and its sole purpose is to be a model for upcoming inventions, this will significantly decrease the cost of cars in the future when
we will be able to drive 3D printed vehicles. In 2014, the first 3D printed skull as successfully implanted in a woman. Doctors in the Netherlands
reported that they have for the first time successfully replaced most of a human skull with a 3D printed plastic one and saved someone's life in the
process. The surgery lasted 23 long hours and took place at the University Medical Center Utrecht. The patient suffered from severe headaches due to
a thickening of her skull. Due to this condition, she slowly lost her vision and her motor coordination was suffering. Usually in brain surgery the
doctors temporarily remove part of the skull to reduce pressure, but later on put it back or replace by an artificial implant. In this groundbreaking case,
doctors inserted an entire plastic skill that was manufactured with the help of an Australian medical device company that

Essay On Prosthetic Devices In Night And Fog
According to Carroll, the "prosthetic device" allows us to see the things that we normally see, but in a way that we would not be able to see without
their intervention and how the person taking the shots perception. The prosthetic device can be the use of a camera, telescopes, or any mechanical
tools that can capture the movement and nature of the subject to "overcome visual shortcomings and to see what is otherwise visually unavailable"
(94). Like shots captured in a film, photography can show us how to look at things as if they are right in front of us. However, the photo is taken from
the angle that the photographer has control of and places limitations on what we are viewing. Thus, not giving us the 360–degree view of how we
would perceive the subject. This relates to Carroll's statement of looking at someone or something in real life and in film are different because we
are not actually seeing with our own two eyes. As viewers of film, we are aware that the film is not accruing in real life. In this case, we cannot
consider film to be real seeing. Therefore, the prosthetic device does... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The usage of narrative, sound and imagery sets the scene of how the people lived their lives during that period. Even though, there are graphic
images and videos recording of places where people walked in and never returned from, you could never fully experience the lifestyle of those who
lived or worked for those Nazi Concentration Camps because we were not there. In Carroll's opinion, we would not be fully emerging ourselves in
experiencing the life of those in the concentration camps because we were not present when this was happening. However, the usage of imagery, sound
and narrative bring a real–life feel to the film that documents a concentration camps during the Holocaust. For, giving us

Bionic Body Research Paper
Natalie Rolfe Mrs. Williams Anatomy Essay 2 18, December 2017 The Bionic Body Bionics are being used all over the world. They are used to help
people who have lost a body part. With these limbs they can do almost anything that a person with their original arm could do. More and more
people keep getting the limbs everyday. Bionic body parts are used to help people who have a problem or that have lost a part of their bodies. These
body parts are mostly used to replace parts that were lost due to a terrible accident or that are lost due to disease. In the article it states "Artificial
limbs, or prostheses, are used to replace a missing body part which may have been lost due to trauma, disease or congenital defect." Bionic body parts
are used

Prosthetic Arm Rehabilitation
Using Arm Prosthetics to Aid Patient Rehabilitation in Occupational Therapy
Megan Rafferty, Drew Petersen
Patients with amputations face large restrictions on their daily activities and functioning due to some of the problems that they encounter with the
block prosthetic limbs available. Part of the reason for this restriction is that body powered prostheses lack the ability to function at more than one
degree of freedom at a given time. Despite only being able to successfully perform the particular motion in a given plane of movement, the restrictions
can be frustrating and also prevents the prosthetic arm from maximizing its potential. A recent surgical technique, targeted muscle reinnervation
(TMR), transfers residual arm ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This allows the patient to develop sufficient endurance required to proceed with TMR myoelectric prosthetic training. As a result of the redirected
pathways from the brain to the host muscle, the OT must have in–depth knowledge of peripheral nerve distribution in order to perform the appropriate
strengthening exercises. In addition, the therapist must know the details of the surgery and the possible effects for every patient since each case is
unique. An occupational therapist's knowledge of TMR is also advantageous for a myriad of patients who are physically active, due to the commonality
of shoulder dislocations. Patients with prosthetics have an increased number of EMG signals, which result from more intuitive, controlled upper body
movements with less effort[p1] . Additionally, these developed prosthetic movements are more efficient and fluid without the necessity of switching
between degrees of freedom. Patients with TMR demonstrate increased performance in comparison to conventional myoelectric control (Stubblefield,
2009). For example, TMR patients were 50 percent faster in a clothespin–moving test and improved in the Assessment of Motor and Process Skills. Due
to the twofold effects of surgical and postoperative therapy intricacy, TMR provides the opportunity for clinical skill enhancement through the guidance
of occupational therapists and thus

Tissue Engineering Essays
Tissue Engineering
Tissue engineering, labeled by Time.com as the number one hottest job for the 21st century, holds great potential for medicine and the treatment of
chronic diseases and disorders. With tissue engineering, familiar problems like the rejection of foreign tissue by the body, the severe shortage oforgan
donors, and the inefficiency of artificial devices may be solved. However, this cutting edge biotechnology has already spurred intense controversy over
the ethics and morality of creating spare human body parts.
The goal of tissue engineering is to grow tissues and neo–organs that can be used for transplants. Tissue engineers must first decide what type of cell
they want to use and stimulate to grow. Because animal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In addition to giving the growing cells a shape to grow into, the scaffold distributes the cells about 2–3 mm apart and allows the cells better access to
nutrients and means of waste removal, which is important when trying to grow an evenly distributed functioning organ. For larger, solid organs, such
as the liver, pancreas, and kidneys, blood vessels need to be created so the organs have adequate blood supply. By covering the engineered organs with
growth factors, angiogenesis, the formation of new vasculature, can be prompted.
Although tissue engineers and researchers have already succeeded with creating new skin, blood vessels, bone and cartilage, the more complex
organs are difficult to reproduce because of their different functions. Researchers must also be concerned with the mechanisms of growing the tissue.
For instance, the advantages and disadvantages are not yet clear for the length of time the cells should be exposed to the growth factors or the
difference between growing the tissue outside the body or implanting the scaffold inside the body and letting the tissue grow there. Scaffolding and
injectable polymers that form scaffolds in irregular areas (like bone fractures) are also being improved. Much more research is being conducted in
order to grow the hearts, livers, breasts, kidneys, and other valuable organs that so many people need.
Although tissue engineering has great application for helping ill patients, it

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Knee Replacements
Introduction Latest advancement in polymer science enhanced the manufacturing of innovated medical products. These products are considered as
lifesaving that is associated with the modern techniques of building human parts. Scientists are working on making spares for human parts for various
reasons. Some operation of transferring animal orgasms into human were failed, others produce negative effects for human. Yong indicates that pigs
have the ability of providing human parts such lungs or livers and it will work appropriately into human hosts2. Nevertheless, many operations of
transporting kidneys or hearts were failed. Some scientists faced many problems in transferring the living parts from an animal to human; as many of
the transplanting operations were failed, they decided to build or engineer human parts from... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Nowadays the current generation demands total knee replacements that would suite their lifestyles, where it was done only on old people with severe
medical conditions in the past. The need for making these knee replacements was evolved and pushed to fit the youth generations as well. As
polymers are being concerned, knee replacements like titanium or cobalt chromium are used to replace the regular knee, but it comes with a risk.
According to Greengard, if patients did not notify surgeons with metal allergy before the operations, it can lead to troublesome complications after the
surgery. Greengard also claims that failure in this operation can lead to infection in the knee location, pain, stiffness, wearing, instability and other risks
that can come from different associated health factors14. It can be deduced that the percentage of risk low. Nevertheless, total knee replacement could
be a solution for patients who are in a critical condition. The only problem that remains is the lifespan of the polymer in the joint, which can cause
health hazards in the long

Mini Skidneys: Article Analysis
In the article "Queensland scientists sign deal to create 3D printed artificial mini skidneys". (n.d), Professor Melissa Little explains how Scientist at
the University of Queensland have an agreement with a US company to 3D print artificial kidneys. They are using human cells mixed polymer as the
ink to build 3 dimensional shapes. These artificial kidneys are used for testing drugs for toxicity. By testing drugs using 3d printed tissue, it will save
money and time.
Elizabeth (2014) stated that 3d printing technology is being used in the medical industry. It is being found in dentistry and in one case over 75% of a
skull was replaced. Elizabeth (2014) goes on the say that 3D printing is being used to print living tissue which is used ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
(n.d) explained that there is a group of scientist from Harvard, Stanford and MIT that have been able to create a material from seaweed, print out the
shape of blood vessels then covered them in a protein. Capillaries form approximately a week later. the article "Scientists print human circulatory
system". (n.d), one hurdle that scientist must overcome is a development of a method to print a human circulatory system. The article continues with,
this is the crucial system that brings blood and nutrients to the organs in the body, which is the same system that removes waste. Without this
circulatory system in place, the cells die. Even with these advancements there is still a long way to go to be able to print human organs "Scientists print
human circulatory system".

How Digital Printing Is Revolutionize Our Modern Day Lives?
Where do you think the future of medicine will be in the next decade? With diseases and illnesses advancing, technology has been improving and
advanced innovative ways have been surfacing. Something that has modernized our way of life without even realizing it is a printer. Do you ever
foresee that printers could other than put ink on a piece of paper? Three–dimensional printing is revolutionizing our modern day lives in our own
selves as we speak. Although there are several types of 3D printing, one version that has caught the public's attention is 3D medical printing, or also
known as bio printing. This emerging technology will enable future 3D printers to produce synthetic human tissue, and eventually human organs and
transform how doctors and patients view medicine.
The use of 3D Printing dates back to 1980's when Charles Hull developed stereolithography (3D Printing). Hull received a BS in engineering and
physics from the University of Colorado in 1961. He was successful in integrating the computer for developing parts based on digital information.
3D printing is a printing process that allows digital data to create 3D objects. The creation of a 3D printed object is achieved using additive
processes. In an additive process, laying down successive layers of material until the entire object is created creates an object. Each of these layers
can be seen as a thinly sliced horizontal cross–section of the eventual object ("What Is 3D Printing?). NASA launched a

Why Do We Need To Continue Animal Testing
Animals shouldn't be used for scientific or commercial testing. Animal testing is any test or scientific experiment involving a live animal being forced
to go through something that will probably cause them suffering, lasting harm, distress or pain. Taking your pet to the vet is nothing like what is done
to the animals in the experiments. Animals are purposely harmed in laboratories and typically killed when the experiment is done and they're no longer
needed. In the scientific establishment it may seem more conservative to continue animal testing because "it is easier and more comfortable to simply
do what has always been done." They can take the test results from animals and easily compare them to previous tests.
Animal testing has contributed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The replacements also wouldn't necessarily mean putting human patients at risk. It also does not mean putting a stop to any medical progress. Instead,
using alternatives for animal testing will provide better results and be more humane. There are many other alternatives for animal testing. In vitro
testing, such as studying cell cultures in a petri dish, can produce better and higher quality results than animal testing since human cells can be applied.
Microdosing, the administering of small doses that won't cause adverse reactions, can be used in human participants, whose blood is then examined.
Artificial human skin can also be made from layers of skin cells grown in test tubes and can generate more convenient results than studying chemicals on
animal skin. Microfluidic chips, "which are lined with human cells and recreate the functions of human organs, are in advanced stages of
development." The chips are accommodated with tissue samples from various parts of the body that are connected by microchannels that a blood
substitute flows, imitating the pathways and activity in the body. This testing procedure allows more complex statistics than in vitro

Prosthetic Limbs Research Paper
When researching prosthetics, one of the fields I was rather interested in exploring was the technology that goes into the development and design of
prosthetics. The topic is unarguably interesting and becoming more popular for both research and funding purposes. I was curious to see how the
original practice of prosthetics was developed and when they were first used along with how technological advances throughout time have correlated
with developmental advancements in prosthetics. I was quite surprised after learning that the idea of prosthetic limbs was actually introduced an
extremely long time ago. In the year 2000, researchers in Cairo,
Egypt, unearthed what they believe to be the oldest documented artificial body part –– a prosthetic toe made of wood and leather. "The ... Show more
The science has recently started to become more advanced due to funding and research. Further, owing to the poor healing capacity of the nervous
system and an aging population contributing to more persons becoming disabled by problems such as stroke and Parkinson's disease, the demand for
prosthetic solutions is growing."2 I read about a meeting that was held that combined 160 different professionals like scientists, engineers, researchers
and many others all with the hope of creating powerful and adaptive prosthetics. The meetings consisted of making the process of production and
performance more efficient. "Materials scientists would kill to be able to produce a material as amazing as biological muscle, which can retract on
command, stretch by about 70% without damage, and heal its own nicks and tears. Now, researchers say they're getting closer with a synthetic material
that can do all these things, though not as well as natural muscle. The advance could one day be useful in robotics and prosthetics."3 So it's clear that
there are efforts being put towards the advancement of prosthetics but also towards the research and possible

Occupational Therapy Research Paper
Occupational therapy helps to heal a multitude of disabilities; the current high demand for therapists is somewhat due to modern issues, but some have
been occurring since the beginning of mankind. Missing a limb is one problem that has occurred for millennium. There is documented evidence that
humans have tried to replace a missing appendage since approximately 950 B.C. Throughout time prosthetics have mainly been produced with crude
leftover supplies like wood, metal, and leather. More recently, rapid advancements in technology have helped progress theartificial limb from a beam of
wood to a robotic arm controlled by the persons own thoughts. To fully understand the accomplishments of today, it is essential to understand the
evolution ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A major impetus to improving artificial limbs started when the United States encouraged companies to improve prosthetics instead of munitions
(Norton, 2007). The combination of lighter materials and robotics assist has created huge advancements in functionality and has dramatically
improved quality of life and potential for independent living. Even with the advancement of these limbs, the basic mechanical principals are still
the same. Modern times allow for many different types of limbs to be created. Limbs can be created to match skin tone, freckles and fingerprints.
There are three many ways a limb can be made to move. The first is attaching the limb to a moving body part to act as a gear shifter. Another
variation is a motor attached and the person can switch modes by a mechanical toggle shift. The most advanced movement is the myoelectric
capability. This is when electrodes are placed on the muscles of the residual limb. When contracted the arm will move according to which electrode
fired. A microprocessor can also be attached to learn exactly how the person walks (Clements, 2008). Modern prosthetics offer valuable life skills, yet
are very

Prosthetic Trauma Lab Report
Introduction For a person suffering from an above the knee amputation, ease of mobility is a paramount concern. The dynamic relationship between the
two legs is a complex and ever changing one. Different activities add different requirements to the smooth functioning of that relationship. With the loss
of one of the limbs, the simple requirements of basic mobility become extremely arduous. Prosthetic devices were developed to return a portion of an
amputee's normal movement. Early on it was noted that although the artificial limb did replace physical presence of the leg, the dynamic relationship
between it and the intact leg was very limited. Since early prosthetic devices could not adequately replicate the functions found in a normal leg, a
stable gait pattern was all but impossible to achieve. It is important for the amputee's gait to be symmetrical as this will ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The gait of an uninjured person is relatively symmetric due to the active interplay of knee, ankle and hip feedback and interaction. Artificial limbs
attempt to serve the same purpose for above the knee amputees. The manufacturers of the C–Leg device claim that their prosthesis is a significant
improvement to the standard prosthetic still in use. It was found that as walking speeds increased the wearer's gait became more symmetrical. This was
found to be consistent in both prosthetic devices.
While comparing the results, it was found that the increased symmetry at higher walking speeds was due to a shorter contact time of the foot. These
results are echoed in studies conducted comparing other types of prosthetic knee joints [6]. Further analysis showed a distinctive "M" pattern was
found in the graphical representation of the acquired data. At low speeds this

Artificial Heart Devices Essay
Artificial Heart Devices
In its never ending pursuit of advancement, science has reached a crucial biotechnological plateau, the creation of artificial organs. Such a concept may
seem easy to comprehend until one considers the vast knowledge required to provide a functional substitute for one of nature's creations. One then
realizes the true immensity of this breakthrough. Since ancient times, humans have viewed the heart as more than just a physical part of the body. It
has been thought the seat of the soul, the source of emotion, and the center of each individual's existence. For many years, doctors and researchers left
the heart untouched because they thought it was too delicate, too crucial to withstand the rigors of surgery. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Artificial heart devices are indeed a biotechnical wonder. Although they are not yet perfected for permanent implantation, they are the most reliable
substitutes for bad heart parts until other functional, transplantables can be located. The Jarvik–7 was the first artificial device heart which was created
by Symbion Incorporated. This system was used to replace the heart of Dr.
Barney Clark, the first artificial heart patient. The device lasted for one– hundred and twelve days before Mr. Clark sank into an agony of
complications and died. The Jarvik–7 was implanted four more times to replace failing hearts, with similar results, before the federal authorities halted
the procedure.
Other devices have made progress since the Jarvik–7. One of the more successful inventions is the left ventricle assist device (LAVD). This device
incorporates a host of hard won technological advances. Perhaps the most important is its
"bio–compatible" materials, which have allowed the LAVD to function without problems for well over a year in a patient's body. The
LAVD has been implanted in more than seven hundred people for up to seventeen months, as they have awaited human heart transplants(Stipp 38). It is
difficult to fathom the great scientific ingenuity that was required to develop these devices. However, we must not be blinded from seeing the whole
picture. In assuming its role as a
boost

Bearable Prosthesis
In addition to outlining a design methodology, it is also important to establish the criteria to assess the 'bearability' of the prosthesis. For this study, a
bearable prosthesis is defined as the successful coupling between a patient and their device, allowing the user to wear it continuously over a prolonged
period of time, projected to be 3–5 years until it requires replacement. Once the prosthetic device and the body have formed a successful coupling,
which in turn affects the users' cognitive process, creating a new form of behavior where the mind forms a seamless connection to the prosthesis. The
more the user is unaware of the device and feels a sense of control over it, the more comfortable the user feels. To assess the outcome of the
relationship formed, a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These criteria were determined in conjunction to the outcome of patient case studies presented in section 3.1. Invisibility is reliant on both the
materiality and physical fit of the device in order for the user to be unaware of the presence of the device. Materiality is important in that the design
needs to be strong and stable yet still provide a comfortable and soft transition to the body. As such, a comfortable fit facilitates the user's ability to
quickly become accustomed to the presence of the device. A sense of control over the device also contributes to successful coupling. By developing a
reactive design that moves in response to the body and operates in a predictable and visual manner, the resultant output allows the user to learn new
behaviors. It allows the user to feel that they have control over the device, allowing reliable coupling to form at a faster rate. Additionally, the results of
the success of the coupling

Artificial Intelligence And Human Science
Imagine living life without the fear of cancer, or injuries, or even a headache. Imagine being immortal. Now imagine looking down at your arms and
seeing metal, or knowing the warmth of that hug you just had was not body heat but just an electrochemical signal that told your brain to feel that way.
Imagine this, for the rest of your immortal life. Technology is improving at an astonishing rate in the field of human science. Artificial hearts and
wombs are successful in transplants, and more utilizable prosthetic limbs are being introduced to the world currently. In college, students are learning
how to program a robot hand that can replicate basic motions of a human hand. From there, scientists are attempting to place artificial... Show more
According to the definition, humans have four limbs and are bipedal, but there are exceptions to that generalization. People who lack one or more
limbs experienced a physical disadvantage in all recorded history, but modern technological advances are helping them to narrow the gap between
themselves and someone who was born with all their extremities. New technologies for prosthetics have changed from a nonfunctional replica of a
body part into a functioning part of the body. One field of prostheses is externally powered myoelectric prosthetics. Myoelectric prostheses can sense
electric signals from muscle contractions at the point they are connected to and are able to carry out simple functions of an actual arm, while
providing more strength and ranges of motion than other current prosthetics. If the residual limb, where the prosthetic attaches to, can still
demonstrate nervous function, a myoelectric prosthetic is a viable option for people who have lost, or were born without, forearms (Behrend). In the
future, it has become a viable possibility that people who lack one or more limbs will be able to perform the same functions as people who have
natural limbs due to powerful prosthetics that can read brain waves and translate them into a code read by a prosthesis which can, in turn, mimic the
function of a normal

Prosthetic Insurance Industry: A Case Study
An estimated 1.7 million United States (U.S.) citizens in the year 2007 were living with the loss of a limb. This number is projected to more than
double by the year 2050 to 3.6 million. This trend is driven by an aging population and the associated increase of amputations resulting from diabetes
and vascular disease (McFarland). Limb amputees face overwhelming physical, emotional, and financial lifestyle changes. They require prosthetic
devices and services which become a lifetime commitment. Problems and solutions of prosthetic devices can be observed through ease of use,
approval of new technology, coverage by insurers, and the viewpoint of the Catholic Church.
Every individual's physical characteristics are unique; thus, different prosthetics ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In II Corinthians 12: 9–10, it states, "And he said unto me, My grace is sufficient for thee: for my strength is made perfect in weakness. Most gladly
therefore will I rather glory in my infirmities, that the power of Christ may rest upon me. Therefore I take pleasure in my infirmities, in reproaches, in
necessities, in persecutions, in distresses for Christ's sake: for when I am weak, then I am strong" (Hartdegen). The Church knows that amputees
struggle with basic tasks in life, but by this they are made stronger. The Catholic Church believes that individuals with limb loss can flourish in life by
God's grace guiding them. God gives them strength even when they feel

The Influences in the Advancements of Prosthetics
From peg legs and hooks to robotic arms and legs, prosthetics have made an outstanding leap. Prosthetics have enabled amputees to regain mobility and
their lives. The advancements in prosthetics have also led to a better understanding in surgical amputation and the construction of prosthetics. The
question is what influenced the advancements of prosthetics and how it affected prosthetics. The answer lies within the history and the physiological
components of prosthetics. Mobility and function, physiological components, and war all played an important role in the advancements of prosthetics.
Mobility and Function The most obvious factor in the influence of the advancements of prosthetics is mobility. Mobility has played a key role in...
Kua and many other prosthetist are challenging the traditional conventions of prosthetics (Munkittrick).
Physiological Components The impact of amputation can have many emotional effects on amputees. Many amputees go through a period of low–self
esteem and emotional adjustment after losing a limb. Some amputees view themselves of having a problem. This viewpoint is not relatively new, it
has been the mindset of amputees for centuries. In the feudal era, knights often had prosthetics made into their armor to appear as if they had all their
biological limbs. However, these prosthetics were virtually useless. These views that affected prosthetics can be easily seen today. Cosmesis is a type
of prosthetic that can model real limbs with extreme detail such as skin color, freckles, and even hair. Besides the limitations of cosmesis, many
amputees report that most people can not distinguish the prosthetic from the real limb (Bowers). Cosmesis is an ongoing study to provide amputees
with a life–like prosthesis that offers function and mobility. The desire to gain independence and acceptance of the prosthesis may also influence the
advancements of prosthetics.
War Throughout history, many people became amputees through serving in the military. War has influenced the advancements of prosthetics. The
Civil War and the World War inspired the advancements of prosthetics and provided a gateway to the rapid

Low Extremity Amputation
Abstract–Lower extremity amputation constitute high percentage of limb amputation which significantly reduce the motion ability and quality of life
of the amputees. Therefore the most important goal in the design of prosthesis is to restore function of the lost limb. Most of the commercially
available ankle–foot prostheses are passive and thus cause many gait pathologies for below knee amputees, such as high metabolic demand, poor
shock tolerance and asymmetric gait patterns. Even though several powered prosthetic devices have been designed and proposed to improve amputee
walking experience by exploiting active elements, these designs yet suffer from heavy and bulky actuators which is necessary to produce the power of
propulsion. In this paper,

The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Organs

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The Pros And Cons Of Artificial Organs