Marburg Virus

Marburg Virus
Marburg Virus
The Marburg virus was founded in 1967 when outbreaks of haemorrhagic fever started in
laboratories in Marburg. "A total of 31 people became ill, including 25 laboratory workers."(Public
Health England Marburg,2014) "The laboratory workers all had contact with the blood, organs or
cell–cultures from imported African green monkeys."(Public Health England Marburg,2014) Virus
belongs to the Filovirus family." Currently there is no vaccine for the virus."(Public Health England
Marburg,2014) The Marburg virus can be transmitted through body fluids, causes severe symptoms,
has treatment and can be prevented . Marburg virus affects humans and non–human primates. "To
transmit the virus from person to person requires contact ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
However, when it occurs, it has the potential to spread to other people, especially health care staff
and family members who care for the patient."(CDC,2014) "Therefore, increasing awareness in
communities and among health–care providers of the clinical symptoms of patients with Marburg
hemorrhagic fever is critical."(CDC,2014) "Better awareness can lead to earlier and stronger
precautions against the spread of Marburg virus in both family members and health–care providers."
(CDC,2014) "Improving the use of diagnostic tools is another priority."(CDC,2014) "With modern
means of transportation that give access even to remote areas, it is possible to obtain rapid testing of
samples in disease control centers equipped with Biosafety Level 4 laboratories in order to confirm
or rule out Marburg virus
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Similarities Between Bacterial Infections And Viral Fevers
Disease has become the most common threat to mankind in the past 20 years, with scientists
believing that with the world becoming more familiar with both unnatural and natural disasters that
disease will only rise. (Jasparro.C, Johnson–Freese.J, 2014) (WHO, 2014). It can be categorized into
two main species; bacterial infections and viral fevers. The two genera pose as the largest risks to
humanity due to both having the ability to be contracted through various types of transmission and
cannot be treated without serious and specified medical aid. (Messenger, Ali. M, Barnes, Amber. N,
Gray, Gregory C, 2014). This review will discuss a number of studies specifically in the genetic
composition of both diseases and how each attacks the body, the approaches involved in what makes
Ebola not only diverse from bacterial infections, though other types of diseases in general, and will
briefly discuss what the similarities between bacterial infections and viral fevers are.
The Ebola virus is one of few viruses labelled into the haemorrhagic fever Filoviridae and is
classified as an RNA viral fever. Consequently, word filo originates from the Latin meaning
threadlike which structurally explains the physical appearance. (Weissenhorn, W. Dessen. A Calder,
L. Harrison, S. Skehel, Wiley, D. C. Molecular, 1999). Due to the highly pathogenic nature of the
virus, the Filoviridae is associated with two main species; the Marburg–like virus and the Ebola–like
virus. The Ebola virus is

Margibi County In Monrovia
METHODS
Context and community description
Home to more than 200,000 people, Margibi County is the second–most densely populated county
in Liberia. Located in the South Central region of Liberia, it borders Montserrado county, home of
nation's capital of Monrovia. Residents here experience extreme rates of poverty–most without
access to essential assets, electricity, running water, or flushable toilets (LISGIS citation). Margibi
County residents also experience substantial barriers to accessing healthcare. The Liberia Institute of
Statistics and Geo–Information Services report that between 56–69% of Margibi residents live more
than 40 minutes from the nearest health facility (citation needed), a fact that had exacerbated the
challenges associated ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Both the Epi–Info–VHF and DHIS 2 databases were cleaned and prepared by epidemiology
department staff at the WHO Country Office, Liberia to produce a historical dataset of unduplicated
cases. Consistent with the WHO's Ebola Situation Reports, three categories of EVD incidence were
included in this study–suspected, probable, and confirmed cases. Suspected cases included any
person that had experienced symptoms consistent with EVD (e.g., high fever, vomiting) or had
come in contact with persons that had suffered symptoms of EVD or a dead or sick animal. Probable
cases are defined as those suspected cases evaluated by a physician. Confirmed cases are those
suspected cases that were confirmed positive for EVD antigen through laboratory testing. Including
suspected cases, rather than those persons examined by a physician or experienced laboratory
confirmation for EVD diagnosis, captures persons without access to healthcare, an important
segment among those affected by the

The Filoviridae Family Corresponds To The Order Of...
The filoviridae family corresponds to the order of Mononegavirales. This growing family of
pathogens are filamentous, enveloped viruses with a genome that is negative–stranded RNA (1
& 2). This family is known to be one of the most pathogenic viruses affecting humans and is mostly
found in bats (their main reservoirs) (3 & 4). It is believed that these viruses are transmitted from
person to person through body fluids or through objects that have been previously contaminated
with body fluids (5). After transmission and incubation period (three to
21 days), the initial symptoms are headache, fever, vomiting and diarrhea. After, the virus may cause
viraemia, coagulopathy, haermoorhagic fever and liver/ multi–organ failure; which in many cases ...
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The envelopes of EBOV and MARV are composed of glycoproteins (GP). GP are essential for the
entry of the viruses into the host cell by attaching to its cell surface (10). GP is a homotrimer of GP1
(membrane protein) – GP2 (transmembrane protein) heterodimer linked by disulfide bonds (11 &
12). The mechanism on how GP1 and GP2 drive the introduction of the virus into the host cell is not
well understood yet (7). However, it is known that is characterized by three steps: attachment,
uptake, and membrane fusion (7). GP1 is involved in adhesion of the receptor with the host cell
surface, whereas GP2 is involved in the virus–host cell membrane fusion and entry (13). In most
cases GP1 is believed to bind to different glycosaminoglycans
(GAG) from the host cell i.e. heparin sulfate, to be able to efficiently enter the host cell (2).
GAGs are negative, unbranched polysaccharides found in mostly all cells surfaces but differ in
composition between species (4). It is believed that GAGs are not the only possible way of
attachment for filoviruses to the host surface, meaning that there are other host factors that aid in
viral entry (2). After attachment, virions get into the host cell through micropinocytosis followed by
endosome trafficking which leads to membrane fusion (7). A low pH due to the endosomal events is
what leads to the initiation of membrane fusion (7).
G protein–coupled receptors (GPCR) are the biggest and most diverse family of protein in

Ebola Research Paper
Ebola By Aidan Fish The ebola virus has been traced back 10 million years before humans!
When ebola gets into your body your immune response sends specialised cells to attack the ebola
virus but the ebola uses these cells to replicate and continue growing and spreading in the body,
eventually your body can't go on for much longer so they use all their power at once to destroy the
ebola virus but it most of the time does more damage than good. The ebola virus infects people thru
contact with bodily fluids and enters thru cracks in the skin like a cut, the fluid can be from sexual
reproductive fluids to a simple sneeze. Ebola will start with a high fever and eventually lead to
internal bleeding and fluids you will throw up alot and have diarrhea. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Year Country Ebolavirus species Cases Deaths Case fatality
2017 DRC Zaire 8 4 50%
2015 Italy Zaire 1 0 0%
2014 DRC Zaire 66 49 74%
2014 Spain Zaire 1 0 0%
2014 UK Zaire 1 0 0%
2014 USA Zaire 4 1 25%
2014 Senegal Zaire 1 0 0%
2014 Mali Zaire 8 6 75%
2014 Nigeria Zaire 20 8 40%
2014–2016 Sierra Leone Zaire 14124* 3956* 28%
2014–2016 Liberia Zaire 10675* 4809* 45%
2014–2016 Guinea Zaire 3811* 2543* 67%
2012 Democratic Republic of Congo Bundibugyo 57 29 51%
2012 Uganda Sudan 7 4 57%
2008 Democratic Republic of Congo Zaire 32 14 44%
2007 Uganda Bundibugyo 149 37

Essay on The Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Description
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), the Marburg Virus, or the Marburg
hemorrhagic fever (MHF), is a very deadly virus. It has a fatality rate anywhere from 24% all the
way up to 88% if an outbreak occurs. The Marburg virus takes its name from Marburg, Germany;
which is the place where it was initially detected in the year of our Lord 1967. There were other
outbreaks of this virus in Frankfurt, Germany and also in Belgrade, Serbia. The main carrier of this
virus is believed to be the rousettus aegypti, or fruit bat. Once a human has come into contact with
this virus it is easily spread among other humans. Most notably through through bodily fluids
exchanged through sexual intercourse or when coming into contact with the ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The areas where bleeding can start are the intravenous areas. This can be very problematic as a
patient will continue to bleed when being given fluids through an IV. You can bleed from the nose,
and the gums around your teeth. In females bleeding can also occur from the vagina. During this
extreme phase of the virus, the patient will continue to have a high fever. This can result in the
patient becoming confused, easily frustrated and quick to anger. Once this high fever has set in,
males can suffer from a symptom called orchitis; which the inflammation of one or both of the
testicles. Death usually happens around the eighth or ninth day after the first of the symptoms,
usually due to severe blood loss and shock.
Often times the Marburg Virus can be misdiagnosed with as other illnesses such as: malaria, typhoid
fever, shigellosis, cholera, leptospirosis, plague, rickettsiosis, relapsing fever, meningitis, hepatitis
and other viral haemorrhagic fevers. The Marburg virus can only be diagnosed definitively by a
laboratory using the the following tests: enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), antigen
detection tests serum neutralization test, reverse–transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT–PCR)
assay, and a virus isolation by cell culture. Because of the severity of this virus tests are sent to
laboratories that have only the highest of biological agent protection. There is currently no treatment
or vaccine for the Marburg

Informative Speech About Ebola
Today I will be writing about Ebola and if it will become a worldwide pandemic.
To start off, I will briefly explain what Ebola is. Ebola (also known as Ebola Virus Disease or EVD)
is a severe virus that started in late 1996 and was first misdiagnosed as a new form of malaria. I can
understand why they diagnosed the patients with malaria, the early symptoms were similar, but the
main reason is that they never knew Ebola even existed. Soon after, 1st September to be more
precise, there was a large outbreak and there were approximately [1]280 deaths and only 38
confirmed survivors. The Ebola virus can spread very easily even though it is not airborne, though it
is waterborne and can be passed on through close contact as well as STD's and through mother to
child. The area that has been most infected is in Africa because of the lack of facilities and
healthcare staff available in the area as well as poor training. Another reason is that the burial rituals
include kissing touching and close contact. This causes Ebola to spread faster since it can stay on a
dead persons' body for up to six months
There are many symptoms for Ebola including the following;
[2] Fever
Severe headache
Joint and muscle aches
Chills
Weakness
Nausea and vomiting
Diarrhoea (may be bloody)
Red eyes
Raised rash
Chest pain and cough
Stomach pain
Severe weight loss
Bleeding, usually from the eyes, and bruising (people near death may bleed from other orifices, such
as ears, nose, and rectum)
Internal bleeding

Ebola: More Research is Needed To Find a Cure Essay
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever is a severe and often deadly illness that occurs in humans and primates.
Ebola viruses are members of the filovirus family. The Ebola virus causes the infection of this
disease. There are four subtypes of the Ebola virus that have occurred in humans: Ebola Sudan,
Ebola Zaire, Ebola Ivory Coast, and Ebola Bundibogyo. There was also a case of Ebola that
occurred in a non–human in Reston, Virginia. The Zaire virus was the first Ebola virus discovered
and it is also considered the most deadly form of the virus.
Since its discovery until the year 2014, there were only 1850 cases of the virus and only 1200
people died from it. The Ebola virus first emerged in 1976, in the African countries of Sudan and ...
If it were to spread to more developed places like Europe, Asia, or even America, the death toll
could reach into the millions because there is no known cure to stop this disease. A pandemic of
Ebola could very easily cripple the global health and socio–economics of the world powers.
Symptoms of Ebola hemorrhagic fever include: headache, sore throat, fever, weakness, joint and
muscle aches, followed by vomiting, diarrhea, and stomach pain. In some patients internal and
external bleeding occurs. Scientists do not understand why some patients that retract the disease are
able to recover from it while others die. One explanation that is thought of is that those who die
from Ebola do not have a developed immune response to the disease. Low white blood cell counts
are also found in patients that contract the disease. People that catch disease are those who come in
direct contact with blood, bodily fluid, or semen that is infected with the Ebola virus. Some
scientists have theorized that the virus begins with a human that comes in contact with an animal
that is infected. The most common form of spreading is with person–to–person contact with and
individual who has the disease. Hospital workers and family members who take care of individuals
who have contracted the disease are the ones that are most often at risk of spreading the Ebola virus.
In countries

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever
Marburg hemorrhagic fever (Marburg HF) is a rare, critical pyrexia which affects both non–human
and human primates. Marburg HF results from the Marburg virus, a distinct animal–borne RNA
virus apart of the filovirus virus. The only other known member of the filovirus family is Ebola. The
virus was first identified in 1976 when there was an outbreak of the hemorrhagic fever in the labs of
Marburg, Frankfurt, Germany, and Belgrade, Serbia (WHO). Throughout the lab, thirty one became
infected, beginning with the laboratory workers, then followed by other medical personnel and
family members who tried to take care of them. Out of the thirty one people who were ill, seven
deaths were reported (CDC).
The first people who were infected had been exposed ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Chills and fever result from the body attempting to fight off the virus by raising the body
temperature and killing the virus (Stöppler). The virus also attacks the organism, in which body
aches, headaches, and weakness are all signs of the immune system fighting the virus. Overtime the
symptoms worsen with vomiting, chest pains, coughing, sore throat, and stomach pain for the same
reasons as the weakened immune system. Due to organ failure and hemorrhaging that occur five
days after the fever, there is often bleeding from eyes, ears and nose (Huizen). Symptoms can also
become increasingly severe and may include pancreas inflammation, severe weight loss, shock,
delirium, liver failure, and multi–organ dysfunction. People infected appear as though they are
"ghost–like" as they have set, motionless faces and deep–set eyes (WHO). Marburg virus has been
found in African monkeys, chimps and other nonhuman primates. The virus is transmitted to
humans through an infected animal's bodily fluids, by blood and waste products. By blood, people
can catch the virus by handling infected animals, and also by those who have operated on an
infected animal and got the disease from them. Through waste products, people can be contaminated
by visiting places that have been infected with organisms that carry the Marburg virus. In addition,
just like what had happened in the first fever outbreak with the few

Protista Essay
Protista are simple eukaryotic organisms where the DNA is enclosed in a nucleus inside the cell.
Protists are not animals, plants or fungi. Protists can be classified in to four general subgroups, the
plantlike algae, animal–like protozoans, fungus–like slime molds and water molds. Protozoa are
mostly the predators and parasites, for example, Amoeba sp. and Paramecium sp.. They live in water
and moist terrestrial habitats.
From all the microbes, viruses are the simplest and tiniest, just a ball of genes wrapped in a shell,
about a millionth of an inch across. Viruses are unique because they only alive and able to multiply
inside the cells of other living organisms, also called the host cell. Viruses are found in about every
material and environment on earth from soil to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Application of microbe in industry/industries with examples
Microbes usually applied in agriculture industry because expert find out that microorganism found
in the soil can help to improve agricultural productivity. For example, microbes like Agrobacterium
tumefaciens are used in plants and this will cause the plants to be genetic engineered so that they
become more resistant to certain pests, herbicides and diseases. Furthermore, microbe like Bacillus
thuringensis is used in plant too in order to supply protein that is lethal to insects when they
consume it. This can reduce the use of chemical insecticides and become more eco–friendly to the
environment.
Furthermore, microbes are key component in food industry. Fermentation processes can be carried
out by using the microbes like lactic acid, yeast, moulds and bacteria to make food products like
beer, bread, yoghurt and cheese. For example, the bacterium Lactobacillus acidophilus is used to
produce yogurt. Besides, bacterial acetic acid fermentation can produce vinegars. A microbe called
Aspergillus sp. is used in the production of alcoholic beverages and also commonly used in the
large–scale fermentation in the production of Japanese

The World Health Organization Response
I. Attention Getter: Have you ever wondered what would life be like if there were no responses to
disease outbreaks? Every day we are exposed to microorganisms that may or may not be fatal to our
health. Imagine getting an Eagle Alert saying that there has been a recent outbreak of Ebola in the
Hattiesburg area. What would you do? It is not up to use to handle the situation but it is up to the
World Health Organization (WHO) to respond to a terrifying event such as that.
II. Significance: WHO's are the people that we count on to keep the world a safer place from
dangerous diseases. It shines a light on how effective the World Health Organization response is
towards the outbreak of Ebola.
III. Credibility: WHO.int gives credits to what their responses are and why it is important to the
world.
IV. Specific Purpose Statement and Central Idea: Although WHO's is an organization for controlling
the outbreaks of virtuous diseases, many people may want to know what is going on within the
worlds health organization. There are some agreements and disagreements to WHO's continuation of
handling the situation. Today, I will inform my audience about why WHO's should or should not
handle the Ebola situation.
V. Preview: First I will discuss what is Ebola and the World Health Organization. I will then present
to you the accomplishments and why they should be able to handle the situation. Lastly, I will talk
about the failures towards the Ebola virus and they should not continue to

Informative Essay On Ebola
In September 2014, during my military drill reserve weekend while waiting for our influenza stand
down, someone in my unit made a comment, "Soon we will be getting an Ebola vaccination?"
Another reservist asked me if the Ebola virus is airborne like the influenza virus. Few military
personnel would choose to be deployed in Afghanistan with constant mortar attacks rather West
Africa. What is the Ebola virus? Key facts: Ebola formerly known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever
Background Ebola virus first appeared in 1976 in Nzara, Sudan and Yambuku, Democratic Republic
of Congo, later occurred in a village near the Ebola River, from which he disease takes its name.
Current out break West Africa cases as early as March 2014 in Guinea, Sierra Leone and

Avian Bornavirus Research Paper
Avian Bornavirus The Bornavirus was first recognized in 1885 in cavalry horses in the town of Born
in Saxony, Germany. Since then the disease has made itself known in many species including birds,
horses, cattle, sheep, dogs, and foxes. Which is how we have all the different genotypes of this
disease. In 1995 it was found in cats who have "staggering diseases" and in 2000 a researcher found
the Borna virus in an ostrich farm and in other wild birds. Avian Bornavirus (ABV) it is also a RNA
virus meaning it not only affects the digestive system but it also damages the spinal cord and the
brain. Researchers believe that ABV is one of the main causatives of PDD in birds and can lead to
Macaw Wasting Disease. The Bornavirus triggers an autoimmune

Ebola Virus Chapter Summary
This book took place in the late 1980's, and it is based upon an outbreak of the Ebola virus in a
monkey house located in the Washington, D.C. suburb of Reston, Virginia. The first occurrence of
an Ebola–like virus (Marburg) takes place in Kenya and a French expatriate named Charles Monet is
the first to die from this disease. His terrible and excruciatingly fatal death is described in the most
horrific details by Preston. The hospital staff who treated Monet became infected with the virus as
well, traveling fast throughout the hospital and carried on more deaths. The Marburg virus was first
to explode in a vaccine factory in Germany in 1967. Over the next several chapters, the book
describes outbreaks that occurred four years before Monet's death. Preston then goes on to
explaining how ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Some of the people who were infected first in the story were visiting a site in Kenya called Kitum
Cave. A U.S. scientific expedition goes there in hopes of finding the origins of these viruses.
Unfortunately for the U.S. scientists and military, the mission is unsuccessful, but the doctor who
put the expedition together was able to stow the equipment used when the cave was treated as a Hot
Zone. This experience and equipment made the eventual decontamination project at Reston possible.
The story ends with the book's author visiting Kitum Cave to explore the place that is still suspected
to be home to Ebola's host. Through all his research and writing on the book, he has learned how to
keep himself as safe as possible during his explorations. Rather than searching for the actual origin
of the virus, however, he is searching for the origin of the story. It's scary to think that this has
happened in our own society, and one little mistake can go a long, horrific road. Always remember
to vaccinate and keep your immune system strong, because you never know what dangers are
coming your

Marburg Virus Research Paper
No, doctors haven't found a cure for Marburg, but they treat this fever with antibodies.Doctors state
that antibodies fight against Marburg very welly. Even though there isn't a cure infected "patients are
given supported hospital care" (Marburg virus disease history,sThe CDC states that "Marburg is a
rare severe Hemorrhagic fever"(Marburg Hemorrhagic fever). Marburg was first recognized in 1967
in Germany.Fruit bats maybe the reservoir of Marburg. The first people who caught Marburg we're
exposed to monkeys. Scientist say that this virus is transmitted through direct contact of body
fluids.Marburg has countless amounts of symptoms, has no cures, and kills almost every host
(CDC). In this manner Marburg was first found in Frank, Germany in

The Hot Zone By Richard Preston
Introduction With horrifying details and graphic evidence that could scare even the toughest of
people, Richard Preston tells the story of any American's worst nightmare in his nonfiction novel;
The Hot Zone. The words on the cover, "A Terrifying True Story", make it more than clear to the
reader that what they are about to read are some true facts that most would be hesitant to believe.
Preston uses various shocking tales and interweaves factual information and scientific jargon to
present his purpose. One can gather from simply reading the back cover that he plans to graphically
illustrate a series of unfortunate events that led up to a lethal outbreak of deadly viruses all across
the globe. By writing the novel, Preston may be ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Interweaving stories of previous outbreaks in Africa, Preston is able to portray how dangerous the
hot agents can be to the global human population. He splits the novel into four main sections: The
Shadow of Mount Elgon, The Monkey House, Smashdown, and Kitum Cave. These four sections
serve as guidelines for the time periods and topics of the story. Preston begins the story in 1980
where he tells the devastating tale of a man he dubs "Charles Monet" who lived near Mount Elgon,
(an important location in the story and for virus research) a good location for exploring wildlife and
nature. After a visit to a place called Kitum Cave, Monet begins to suffer some very outlandish
symptoms and becomes very ill. He is taken to Nairobi Hospital in Kenya where he infects some of
the doctors and nurses who are treating him for the mysterious illness. A man named Dr. Musoke is
helping to treat Monet when Monet suddenly vomits and the vomit gets into Musoke's mouth. Since
the symptoms are not yet diagnosed, he doesn't think much of it until a couple days later where
Musoke too becomes very ill. David Silverstein, another doctor practicing in Africa, hears about the
odd outbreak in Nairobi and he decides to look more into the issue. Soon enough, he and his team
find out that it is an agent called Marburg (previously discovered in Germany but had traveled to
Africa). Once Marburg is identified as the agent, the novel switches the scene over to Thurmont,
Maryland, where a woman

The Ebola Virus Essay
Disease name Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF)
Four identified subtypes of Ebola: (4)
· Ebola–Zaire, Ebola–Sudan, Ebola–Ivory Coast (cause disease in humans)
· Ebola–Reston (cause disease in non–human primates only) Means of Transmission Person–to–
person transmission
Direct contact of blood, secretions, semen, vomit, diarrhea (1) or organs of infected person
Sexually transmitted – "Transmission through semen may occur up to 7 weeks after clinical
recovery, as with Marburg haemorrhagic fever." (2)
Direct contact of deceased body at burial ceremonies (3)
Indirect Contact: touching contaminated objects such as needles
Aerosol transmission:
"Not implicated in human outbreaks, although transmission in ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They, like humans, are believed to be infected directly from the natural reservoir or through a chain
of transmission from the natural reservoir." (3) Etiological agent: Filoviridae
"Together with Marburg virus, Ebola makes up the family Filoviridae, of the order Mononegavirales
( the non–segmented, negative–sense, single–stranded RNA viruses" (5)
Four identified subtypes of Ebola: (4)
· Ebola–Zaire, Ebola–Sudan, Ebola–Ivory Coast (cause disease in humans)
· Ebola–Reston (cause disease in non–human primates only) General Characteristics: Appearance:
thin and filamentous; comma shaped or branched (1)
"Both Ebola and Lassa virus exhibit the following characteristics: (5)
· insensitivity to antiviral effects of INF
· dominant role of cellular immunity in recovery
· highly glycosylated proteins affecting immune recognition
· moderate cytopathic effects after isolation in mammalian cell culture
· proclivity for infecting macrophages
· immunosuppressive effects following infection

Essay on The Adaptive Parasite
The Adaptive Parasite
Viruses are molecular sharks, a motive without a mind. They have sorted themselves into tribes, and
they infect everything that lives. . . . Unknown viruses are coming out of the equatorial wildernesses
of the earth and discovering the human race. . . . You might call AIDS the revenge of the rainforest.
(Preston 160–61)
After reading Richard Preston's ominous and threatening portrayal of viruses in his article "Crisis In
The Hot Zone," one may be alarmed enough to invest in surgical scrubs and a space suit to wear as a
permanent precaution against these evidently vengeful creatures. In truth, there are lethal viruses
that exist for which there is currently no vaccine or cure, and there are various ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
The process of evolution results when organisms reproduce more individuals than the environment
can support, genetic variation naturally and inevitably occurs, the organisms that are the most
successful within their habitat survive, and those that are deficient and weak are eliminated. The
survivors of this ecological pressure are able to flourish, reproduce, and pass their favorable genes
onto subsequent generations. Many biologists believe that viruses evolved after the appearance of
the first cells and favor the hypothesis that they "originated from fragments of cellular nucleic acids,
[DNA or RNA], that could move from one cell to another" within an organism (Campbell, Mitchell,
and Reece 330). This theory asserts that a portion of DNA or RNA initially became separated from
the remainder of the cell's genome, and the newly formed virus then migrated into another cell.
Isolated fragments of DNA or RNA would be biologically inert; therefore, viruses have been
"engineered by the forces of evolution" to maximize their survival as mobile, parasitic organisms
(Preston 159). Viruses, as mere segments of nucleic acids, have developed various adaptations that
ensure their reproduction, their transport from cell to cell, and their survival at the expense of
another organism.
Viruses have adapted a dependency on the cells of another organism, termed a host, to provide both
shelter and a metabolic means of reproduction. Different viruses have evolved

Argumentative Essay On The Hot Zone
Richard Preston, the author of The Hot Zone, wanted us to believe two things. The first is that the
viruses explained throughout the novel, such as Marburg and Ebola, are nature's defense against the
"infectious parasite" that the human race is on this planet. He emphasizes that the horrible viruses
are the earth's way of punishing the human race for taking over and for preventing their future
expansion. The second thing he wanted us to believe is the idea that the Ebola virus could spread
very rapidly if it's airborne. In today's society, with the use of airplanes, it's very easy for viruses
such as Ebola which are airborne to spread all over the world, and "feed" on a variety of hosts
around the world. In the novel, many of the outbreaks ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
At the ending of the novel, when Preston enter the Kitum cave, he describes how some powerful and
ancient is embedded within the cave. He says that nature itself is unknowable and unstoppable. To
sum it up, Preston believes that nature may use the line of Ebola as a kind of a cure to combat the
destructive human race. With the power of nature as a broad piece of evidence, it backs up the part
of the thesis that Ebola can destroy the world. Another highly accurate argument throughout this
book is that the spread of the viruses such as HIV or Ebola are due to human error. Since these
viruses are spread through direct contact of bodily fluids, whenever humans have sexual intercourse,
eat contaminated meat, build highways like the one near Kitum Cave as pathways for epidemics,
and use infected needles in multiple people, they are actually exposing themselves to devastating
diseases that had no cure and instantly meant death for most people. Since Preston decides to focus
on a small and peaceful town in the middle of Virginia that got infected by dangerous diseases, he is
proving how fragile everyday life really is, and how a town can be wiped out with one person being
exposed to one deadly disease. In the novel, even though most of the scientists took precautions
such as wearing space suits and gloves, they learned that even these precautions isn't a foolproof
way of stopping these infections. The

The Deadly Marburg Virus
The Deadly Marburg Virus
Brent Reitz
GBIO 225
November 13, 2015
The Deadly Marburg Virus The Marburg virus (MARV (originally known as the Marburg
hemorrhagic fever virus)) was first discovered in 1967 during an epidemic in Germany, including
the city of Marburg (WHO, 2015). This is a deadly, and severe disease that is in the same viral
family as the Ebola virus: the Filoviridae family. The virus may be rare, but it is prone to massive
outbreaks in a secreted population causing a staggering high mortality rate.
How the Marburg Virus Affects the Human Body
This hemorrhagic fever is characterized by a sudden onset and presents a fever, chills and myalgia to
those who are infected. After five to seven days post exposure, the infected ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Many of these strains are closely related to one another. The first recognized cases of MARV was in
Germany and Serbia in the year 1967 when an "outbreak" occurred (Mehedi, 2011). This was nearly
a decade before the Ebola virus was found. Even though the origin of the virus was discovered in
African in the African fruit bats, the outbreak began in Europe. During the outbreak, it was
discovered that the source of exposure was to blood and tissue of African green monkeys that were
presumably imported from Uganda (Mehedi, 2011).
One theory presented is that, since primates were infected by the virus in the African landmass,
individuals who come in direct contact with the monkeys are more vulnerable to becoming infected
due to the close genetic link humans have with primates. Unlike Ebola, there have been only three
outbreaks of MARV, and sporadic reports of infection known to date. MARV has the uncertain
dissimilarity of being the only human pathogenic hemorrhagic fever to have been imported into
western countries. This shows that not only the original MARV epidemic in Europe, but also two
recent imported cases in the Netherlands and the United

The Ebola Virus Disease
What Is The Ebola Virus? I'm sure you have recently heard of the Ebola Virus Disease breakouts in
the media all across the globe. But the the real question is: Do you know what the Ebola Virus
Disease is? Do you know why it is so concerning? The Ebola Virus Disease is rapidly affecting
people all over the world. The Ebola Virus Disease has become a serious issue in today's world and
it must be taken care of before it is too late.
The Ebola virus disease is formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever. The virus is now named
after the Ebola River, where the virus was first recognized in 1976 (CNN). The Ebola Virus Disease
has killed more than 3,800 people in the most recent outbreak, most of whom were located in West
Africa (CBS). It is an outbreak ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Many doctors and researchers have contradicting opinions or what is to them factual. Dr. CJ Peters,
who has been studying the Ebola Virus Disease, says that there is not enough data to rule out that the
virus can spread from human to human through the air. Dr. Philip K. Russell, a virologist who did
Ebola research while heading the U.S. Army's Medical Research and Development Command also
said much was still to be learned. He said "Being dogmatic is, I think, ill–advised, because there are
too many unknowns here." Tom Skinner, a spokesman for the Centers for Disease Control and
Protection (CDC) in Atlanta, said that researchers and officials have been basing their responses and
knowledge of Ebola on what has been learned from battling the virus in previous years since its
discovery in central Africa in 1976. He said, the CDC remains confident that Ebola is transmitted
only by direct physical contact with an ill person or their bodily fluids. How the virus spreads will
continue to be examined until a conclusion is made for certain(Willman).
Although it is questionable as to how the virus can spread from one organism to another, it is certain
that a sick person should not be exposed to anyone who is asymptomatic of the virus. People all
around the world are taking precautions for this epidemic. It has been spread from West Africa to
countries as far as Australia, Spain, and the US. There have been one to several cases of the virus
reported in these countries. Earlier this week, the US lost their first patient to the Ebola Virus in
Dallas, Texas after he was confined to a room alone for several days upon his arrival from Liberia
(The

The Ebola virus (EBOV) Essay
1. Introduction
The Ebola virus (EBOV) is a dangerous virus which has a chance of mortality when infected up to
90%. This makes it one of the most deadly viruses for humans in the world. 1, 2 It does not stop
there. Various EBOV outbreaks have fatally infected tens of thousands of chimpan–zees, duikers
and gorillas. It those areas it is a great threat to the wildlife.3
EBOV belongs to the order of the nonsegmented negative–sense (NNS)RNA type viruses, the
Mononegavirales and it is part of the family Filoviridae. EBOV is a member of the genus
Ebolavirus. This genus has five distinct species: Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, Su–dam
ebolavirus, Taï Forest ebola virus and Reston ebolavirus.4 The Ebola virus should not be confused ...
Interferon signaling is the release of proteins by the host cell to communicate to the immune system
that there are pathogens present in the host cell. Second in combination with NP and VP35 it takes
part of the formation of the nu–cleocapsid and third, it is shown that without VP24 there is far les
VP30 in virus–like particles. The last shows VP24 is nessecary for a fully functional
nucleocapsid.13
The polymerase cofactor VP35 is a protein in the nucleocapsid that just as VP24, possesses the
ability to inhibit interferon signaling.14 Also it probably regulates the transcription and
replication.15
VP30 is also in the nucleocapsid and possible has a direct interaction in the transcription of EBOV
RNA. Also it probably regulates replication. 15
The RNA Polymerase L protein is a part of the replication and transcription cycle. It is also believed
that it regulates the enzymatic activities for replication and transcription
The NP plays an central role in virus replication. Also it is necessary, together with VP24 and VP35,
to build nucleocapsid–like structures.6 Although NP is so important for the virus, its exact role is
still unknown.
Figure 1:6 A. This is a schematic diagram of EBOV genome The proteins depicted are the three
prime untranslated region (UTR), nucleoprotein (NP), the viral proteins (VP) 35 and 40, the
glycoprotein (GP), VP30, VP 24, the RNA–dependent RNA polymerase (L) and the five prime
untranslated region.7, 16 The transcription starts at the

The Deadly Ebola Virus Essay
It's a world class traveler, but it doesn't have a passport. It's highly contagious, but it can't be cured.
Ebola: (EBOV) the virus that has captured the attention of viewers worldwide with its recent
outbreak. The World Health Organization has confirmed that 5,288 people have recently lost their
lives to the contagious virus, and due to the rising death tolls, have marked this outbreak to be the
deadliest. The sudden reappearance of EBOV has not only encouraged the continued effort towards
containment, but has also sparked another concern: Could this plaguing virus be morphed into a
weapon? Analysts are now considering EBOV's potential to become the main ammunition in a
revolutionary new form of warfare that would include infused bombs, ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
("Ebola Virus Disease").
Note: Regardless of how tempting it sounds, never eat fruit bats or antelope. In African countries,
these animals are delicacies, but have also been identified as potential carriers of Ebola. According
to NPR writer Michaeleen Doucleff, fruit bat and antelope meat are believed to be hosts for Ebola
(Doucleff). Not only can their meat be infected, but they can also contaminate fruit and pass the
virus onto its consumer. Recent research studies have shown that the infection has the ability to
coexist and replicate in bats but will not kill them nor will it cause them to show any sign of
infection, making them the perfect carriers (Leroy et al. 575).
The sneezing, the coughing, the congestion, the feeling of an elephant sitting on your chest... having
a common cold is a form of terror in it of itself. What if this virus could affect thousands at a time
with the push of a button? More frightening than that, what if the same method were used to spread
a far more fatal virus, such as Ebola? With the recent outbreak, scientists are beginning to direct
their attention to a new threat... the possibility of an Ebola bomb.
In his interview with Great Britain's "The Sun", Cambridge University Professor Peter Walsh stated
"A bigger and more serious risk is that a group manages to harness the virus as a powder,

Infectious Diseases : Disease Control And Prevention
Introduction The human body is comprised of an abundance of microorganisms that are considered
part of our normal and healthy microbiota.8 Most of these microorganisms are typically not
injurious, but under certain conditions or when a patient is immunocompromised, some
microorganisms may produce infectious diseases.7 Infectious diseases are ailments caused by the
opportunistic pathogens already present in our bodies or other harmful microorganisms that were
acquired from traveling, hospitals, outdoors, or encountering another infected human.8 According to
Woolhouse and Gowtage–Sequeria, there are 1,407 recognized species of human pathogen, 58% of
which are zoonotic and 177 are regarded as emerging or reemerging.13 The leading public health
institute is the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and they are responsible for
securing and progressing the health of the public by researching known and identifying new
infectious diseases, preventing and regulating the spread of infectious diseases, providing accurate
information to healthcare communities and to the general public, and implementing strategies to
reinforce our public health system.3 Infectious diseases play a crucial role in public health because
without the knowledge and analysis of them our population would not have the proper information
to assure their health and our healthcare communities would not know what precautions to take
when treating a patient with an infectious disease.3 According to

Essay about The Ebola Virus
The Ebola Haemorrahagic Fever, or Ebola for short, was first recognized as a virus in 1967. The
first breakout that caused the Ebola virus to be recognized was in Zaire with 318 people infected and
280 killed. There are five subtypes of the Ebola virus, but only four of them affect humans. There
are the Ebola–Zaire, Ebola–Sudan, Ebola–Ivory Coast and the Ebola–Bundibugyo. The fifth one,
the Ebola–Reston, only affects nonhuman primates. The Ebola–Zaire was recognized on August 26,
1976 with a 44 year old schoolteacher as the first reported case. The Ebola–Sudan virus was also
recognized in 1976 and was thought to be that same as Ebola–Zaire and it is thought to have broken
out in a cotton factory in the Sudan. The Ebola–Ivory Coast was ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Along with the easy which the Ebola virus spreads, the symptoms that go along with the virus make
it difficult for doctors to treat and diagnose. The symptoms of Ebola are a fever, headache, joint and
muscle aches, vomiting, stomach pain, sore throat, diarrhea, weakness and occasionally read eyes,
rashes, hiccups, and internal and external bleeding and since these symptoms are not specific to
Ebola, it is difficult to clinically diagnose and can often be confused with other viruses. The ELISA
testing, short for enzyme–linked immunosorbent assay, and virus isolation are a couple of examples
of the types of laboratory testing that can be done to diagnose and Ebola patient. Because of how
easily it can be transmitted, it is extremely difficult to treat and there is no approved, official
treatment. As of now, there is not standard treatment but usually the patients are given fluids and
oxygen, have their blood pressure monitored and other necessary treatment. To prevent transmission
and spreading the virus, the doctors use extreme caution and wear head to toe protective gear and
isolate the patient. Even though the Ebola virus is common in Africa, there has been no known
outbreak in the United States. Another difficulty facing scientists and the treatment for Ebola is that
the natural reservoir for the virus unknown. The natural reservoir of a virus is it's long term host of
the

The Stories Of Cinderella, Snow White, And Sleeping Beauty
Most of us grew up watching and reading the stories of Cinderella, Snow White and, Sleeping
Beauty all of which were produced by Disney. But what if I told you that the versions you grew up
watching and reading are far from the original versions depicted by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm,
better known as the Brothers Grimm. In their tale of "Cinderella" there was no fairy godmother, the
step sisters cut off portions of their feet to fit into the slipper and none of the animals talked or sang,
but rather plucked out the step sister's eyes as punishment for the mistreatment of Cinderella. Which
begs the question, what inspired the brother's to write these types short stories, which are so not
what is recognized today as a "fairy tale"? The rags to riches tale of Cinderella (the Brothers Grimm
version) the maiden later known as Cinderella goes from a beloved and cherished daughter, to a
household slave after the death of her mother and father's remarriage to a cruel step mother and two
heartless step sisters. To which is very similar to the Disney version most of us are familiar with
today. The authors do a good job of laying out the magical portion of the tale which was created
through the tears she shed every over the tree branch she planted at her mother's grave that
flourished into a tree and produced a white bird at each of her visits that granted her whatever she
wished for.
The authors keep to a more realistic setting in the story that was true to their era and German

Questionnaire about Ebola
TEST METHODS/BIOHAZARD
EBOLA Questionnaire
Have you been suffering strange symptoms?
Do you want to know how to stop your illness from spreading?
Are you scared for your life?
Take this test to find out what you should do!!!!!!!
1) Do you throw up a black substance mixed with blood?
a) True
b) False
2) Do you experience an extreme aching behind your eyeball?
a) True
b) False
3) Do you experience multiple red spots and hemorrhages on your body? a) True
b) False
4) Do you have a very high fever all the time? a) True
b) False
5) Have you become very irritable within the past few days? a) True
b) False
6) Have you experienced many of your close friends or family starting to have the same symptoms
as you?
a) True
b) False Look at the next page to determine what your answers mean!!!
If you answered no to all of these questions, then there is no need for you to worry.
If you answered yes to most or all of these questions, then read the information below.
↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓↓
Hello. If you are reading this, then it means you have most or all of the symptoms listed above. This
is very, very bad. You more than likely have a hot virus called Ebola. Ebola is very dangerous, and
will not leave you with a pretty death. Don't take this magazines

Ebola Virus Disease And Its Effects
Ebola Virus Disease is often referred to as a virus that causes severe bleeding, organ failure, and can
lead to death. It was formally known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever. Ebola can cause disease in
humans and also in non–human species, such as monkeys, gorillas, and chimpanzees. Altogether,
information about Ebola Virus Disease will include: the background, transmission, symptoms and
diagnosis, and treatment and prevention.
Ebola Virus Disease was given it 's name from the Ebola River in the Democratic Republic of the
Congo. The disease first appeared in 1976 in two outbreaks occurring simultaneously. One occurred
in South Sudan and the other in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. In the Democratic Republic
of Congo it took place in a village near the Ebola River, hence its name. The most current outbreak
in occurring in West Africa. Reports say that it is the most complex and largest outbreak since it first
appeared. This current outbreak of the Ebola Virus Disease has had more deaths than all other
appearances of the disease combined. The most effected countries include Guinea, Liberia and
Sierra Leone. These countries have weakened health systems and very limited resources. With
limited resources it makes it extremely difficult to stop the spread of such diseases. Therefore, Ebola
appears in mainly in underdeveloped counties with limited resources and weak health systems.
The transmission of the Ebola Virus Disease occurs in many different ways. Transmission of

The Hot Zone Summary
The Hot Zone is a true story that begins with a man named Charles Monet in 1980. Charles was a
French expatriate living in Kenya that began showing symptoms of a Marburg Strain within days
after a trip with a girlfriend to Kitum Cave. The symptoms include: constant headache, throwing up
blood, bleeding from the anus, lost of spine control, expelling of intestinal lining, then death.
Charles had these symptoms and eventually died. This virus became known as Ebola Sudan because
it was discovered in Sudan and ninety percent of those who come in contact with it die. In the next
chapters, Richard Preston describes accounts of the Ebola virus such as the death of a nurse in Zaire.
A group of missionaries were giving medicine to the local tribes and as a result, the nurse and
hundreds of others die because of the use of dirty needles. Afterwards, Preston tells of an exposure
in a monkey house in Maryland. All the monkeys started dying so scientists were asked to come take
some samples. The virus was identified to be a new strain of Ebola that was very similar to
Marburg. A secret operation was set to contain of the monkeys before the virus could spread. Later,
tissue and blood was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The story goes from encounter to encounter of the deadly virus and the book covered a lot of time
but it did so by telling of exposures that had a couple years between each other. Preston is very
descriptive, he is not overly wordy to the point that it is boring to read, but there are some facts and
details that are unnecessary. I like how he gives a lot of background before a case, but at times I
think I could do without so much detail. The overall flow of the book was pretty good. Preston's
writing was not choppy and was easy to read. On the other hand, the way he tells the story is a bit
confusing. Although he tells the date at the top of the page, it was confusing at times when he
jumped back and forth between

Analysis Of The Letter ' Letter From The Holy Spirit '
Letter to Utinger – This letter is Zwingli's efforts of defending himself and dispelling false rumors
about him having inappropriate relations with a daughter of a high official. After saying how he has
taken a vow of celibacy and that studying theology and Scripture weakens any sensual desires, he
does concede that he had relations with her in a time of temptation. So, he denies the rumors that he
seduced her (and possibly raped her) and says that not only was the decision mutual, but also that
the entire town of Einsiedeln knew about it and did not care. Of the Freedom of Choice in the
Selection of Food – After some of his friends broke the Lent fast by eating some sausages, Zwingli
used the opportunity to preach on this matter in 1522. He says that the decision to fast or not to fast
does not matter, so long as Christians are given a choice to decide for themselves in the first place.
His argument comes from the desire to listen and receive guidance from the Holy Spirit. Besides, he
says, the fasting of Lent and other seasons is yet another form of works, and therefore does not
matter in regards to salvation as only the grace of God can save a person. Petition to the Bishop of
Constance – In light of his own relationship with Anna Reinhard and the fact that other members of
the clergy are taking wives for themselves, Zwingli writes to the bishop to beg him not to oppose or
interfere in the matter of married clergy. Vows of celibacy are for the very few, Zwingli

Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever Research Paper
In the year 1967 a disease called the Marburg virus (MVD), formerly known as Marburg
hemorrhagic fever, was discovered. MVD was identified during epidemics in Marburg and Frankfurt
in Germany and in Belgrade in the former Yugoslavia (now Serbia) from importation of infected
African green monkeys from Uganda. Thirty–one people became sick, first the laboratory staff,
followed by several family members and medical personnel who took care of the ill laboratory
workers. Seven deaths were reported. The very first people infected were researching the imported
African Green monkeys or the tissue of the monkeys while conducting research.
The main host of the Marburg virus is the Egyptian fruit bat,
Rousettus aegyptiacus. Ordinarily you cannot tell ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Incubation: 2–21 days, averaging 5–9 days. 2. Generalization Phase: Day 1 up to Day 5 from onset
of clinical symptoms. MHF ( Marburg Hemorrhagic Fever ) presents wit a high fever ( 40*C ) and a
sudden onset of a severe headache, with the following symptoms, chills, fatigue, nausea, vomiting,
diarrhea, pharyngitis, maculopapular rash, abdominal pain, conjunctivitis, and malaise. 3. Early
Organ Phase: Day 5 up to day 13. Symptoms include prostration, dyspnea, edema, conjunctival
injection, viral exanthema, and CNS symptoms, including encephalitis, confusion, delirium, apathy,
ad aggression. Hemorrhagic symptoms usually happen late and herald the end of the early organ
phase, leading either to eventual recovery or worsening and death. Symptoms include bloody stools,
ecchymoses, blood leakage from venipuncture sites, mucosal and visceral hemorrhaging, and
possibly hematemesis. 4. Late Organ Phase: Day 13 up to day 21+. Symptoms bifurcate into two
constellations for survivors and fatal cases. Survivors will enter a convalescence phase, experiencing
myalgia, fibromyalgia, hepatitis, asthenia, ocular symptoms, and psychosis. Fatal cases continue to
deteriorate, experiencing continued fever, obtundation, coma, convulsions, diffuse coagulopathy,
metabolic disturbances, shock and death with death usually occurs between Days 8 and

The Four Families of the Filovirus Ebola
The filovirus Ebola consists of 4 families: Marburg, Ebola Zaire, Ebola Sudan, and Ebola Reston. It
is a rather simple virus in structure; each contain a single strand RNA strand and 7 different proteins,
3 which are only slightly understood and 4 that are completely unknown. The virus harms the
immune system like the HIV virus, but Ebola causes an explosive attack. The virus is associated
with the measles and mumps family, pneumonia viruses, parainfluenza viruses which include colds,
and respiratory system related viruses. Unlike common viruses which are ball–shaped, Ebola's shape
represents that similar to a shepherd's crook, a long snake–like thread that looks like a worm.
Because the Ebola virus has a distinct structure, it has been classified as a "thread virus" in its own
family of viruses, the filoviruses.
Meet the sisters:
Marburg– (1st discovered)
She originated from an African organism but received a German name. First identified in an old city
of central Germany in 1967, Marburg devastated the town, killing 1 out of 4 victims and causing
effects that resembled rabies. Scientists analyzed the virus structure and found strands and strands of
tangled rope, some wrapped in looks similar to donuts. In this way, for some time, Marburg was
called stretched rabies, its worm–like shapes stretched out unlike the rabies virus which is bullet–
shaped.
Effects–
Marburg attacks human tissue like nuclear radiation, damaging the nervous system and especially
the brain. Victims

A Short History Of Disease Chapter Summary
As the second part of this reflection paper, I selected a book 'A Short History of Disease' by Sean
Martin. He is a writer and filmmaker also known for his other famous books like The Knights
Templar, Alchemy and alchemists, the Gnostics. His films include Lanterna Magicka: Bill Douglas
& the secret history of cinema. The most alluring thing which conceives me to cull this book is a
history of the disease, as a medical professional, it's always tantalizing to know from where all these
begins and this book reaches up to my expectations as it started from the first ever recorded disease
in the history of mankind. He isn't lying when he say this a history of the disease. He starts from the
earliest bacteria to evolve on the earth, long before there was anything around to infect. This book is
divided into seven chapters, each chapter describes the history of diseases in a particular era.
Chapter One: Prehistory, Chapter Two: Antiquity, Chapter Three: The Dark and Middle Ages,
Chapter Four: The New World, Chapter ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Smallpox believed to be brought by a Portuguese explorer in 1506 who also bring tuberculosis. This
disease brings to America by African slaves which kill more than half of the population of Indians,
from there this disease spread to Mexico, Colombia, Cuba, Peru, Puerto Rico, Venezuela, and
Yucatan. In the 17th century, this disease spread to North America killing large numbers of people.
Great pox which is known as syphilis nowadays is another disease after smallpox which dominates
this era. This disease is supposed to be traveled with a crew of Columbus who introduce this disease
in Europe. This disease traveled to India with Vasco de Gama who also introduce the world with a
new type of skin disease which is known as scurvy. Another disease which shows its glimpse is
epilepsy. Arabs consider it as 'divine disease' and Babylonian consider it was caused by 'touch of

Protein : Essential Pathway For Ebola Virus
NPC1 Protein is The Essential Pathway for Ebola virus
Introduction
In 2014, the most widespread Ebola virus disease (EVD) epidemic had infected more than 28,000
people in ten countries. It has taken more than 11,000 lives since the disease was first discovered in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, 1976, according to World Health Organization.
EVD takes 2 to 21 days before the first symptom shows up. The symptoms include fever, diarrhea,
vomit and more. Ebola virus (EBOV) is classified as a single strand RNA virus. It enters the host
cell via the receptors on cell surface, and reproduces itself inside the cell. The reproduced EBOV
attacks dendritic cells, causing malfunction of the system and failure of multiple organs (1). The
fatality of EVD is 50% in average, but the rate could vary from 25% to 90% depending on the cases.
However, it has been discovered that people who got Niemann Pick Type C (NPC) disease resist to
EBOV.
NPC disease is a rare disease that caused by NPC1 or NPC2 protein gene mutation. Both NPC1 and
NPC2 are transportation proteins on cell surface for glycosphingolipids and cholesterol respectively.
The symptom of the disease varies among different individuals. Affected individuals could have
enlarged organs or lung disease because of the accumulation of cholesterol and lipids. Moreover,
children with NPC disease often result in progressive neurological problems that lead to disability or
premature death. Although it is known that patients who have

The Current Outbreak Of Ebolavirus
On the 8th of August 2014 the World Health Organisation declared the current outbreak of
Ebolavirus to be an international health emergency. This epidemic is the largest ever seen of the
disease, and is located in West Africa – particularly in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone. At present
it has led to over 5,000 deaths, with more than 14,000 people having been infected.
Ebola virus disease (EVD) has been portrayed by some as a major threat to health outside of West
Africa, though this is disputed. There is currently no fully tested prophylaxis nor treatment available,
and the disease has a relatively high case fatality rate. The combination of these factors has resulted
in the disease being prominently discussed in the media around the world, and has generated a large
amount of public interest. The question we are addressing is what would possibly lead to an
outbreak in Europe, and discussing the controls and surveillance presently employed.
Background of the virus
EVD is a disease predominantly affecting humans and other primates. It is caused by members of
the Ebolavirus genus in the Filoviridae family, which are single stranded RNA viruses. There are
five species of Ebolavirus, with the current outbreak being caused by Zaire Ebolavirus (ZEBV). The
different species vary in their fatality rates and geographical distributions (2).
The present outbreak began in a village called Guedecko (????) Guinea, with the disease quickly
spreading to the capital, Conakry, as well

Outbreak of Ebola
Ebola was first recognized in 1976 as the cause of outbreaks of disease in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (then known as Zaire) and in Sudan. About three hundred people in each of the two
nations were infected with the virus, resulting in a mortality rate of 88% in Zaire, and 53% in Sudan
(Bulletin of the WHO 1978). The disease as it was discovered spread through direct contact of
unmans to humans, and then thought, from non–human primates to humans. The epidemic was a
result of unsafe and unsanitary hospital practices, and non–sterilized medical equipment. The
disease was then contained, however sporadic outbreaks of the Zaire and Sudan Ebola subtypes
have risen in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Uganda, and Sudan; one of the latest
outbreaks was in the Democratic Republic of the Congo in September of 2007. Therefore we ask
ourselves, why is it important to discuss the Ebola virus? The answer is simple; because we need to
know how the disease infects humans, and how researchers and medical professionals can prevent
the virus from entering the organism. It is important to know that humans are not the host organism,
or Ebola's natural reservoir; humans simply become infected when they come in contact with the
infected host, such as non–human primate, pigs, or even insects. In 2005, it was reported that fruit
bats may serve as the natural reservoir of Ebola. Fruit bats live in regions of Africa that include
areas where Ebola outbreaks have occurred and

Diagnosis And Therapeutic Strategies Of Ebola Virus
From the first outbreak in DRC in 1976 to the recent epidemic in West Africa (2013 – 2015), there
has been a considerable amount of research done to further the development of the diagnosis and
therapeutic strategies of the Ebola virus. Methods for detecting the virus have improved drastically.
From the initial stage of simply identifying the virus as a whole, diagnosis can now define the
specific species of the virus. Diagnosis processes developed over the years are those that involve
Cell Culture, Antibody Detection, Protein Antigen Detection, Conventional RT–PCR, and Real Time
RT–PCR, which is the current standard for EVD diagnosis. In terms of the therapeutic process, there
is still no cure or vaccine that has been approved or cleared for use on human patients with EVD.
The therapy hence largely depends on the immunity of the patient and general treatment of
symptoms as they occur.
INTRODUCTION
EBOV (Ebola virus) is an enveloped RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae; under the
electron microscope, it appears filamentous (Strong, et al. 2006). The genus Ebolavirus comprises of
five EBOVs; EBOV being identified as the causative agent of the recent outbreak (Broadhurst,
Brooks & Pollock, 2016). Ebola virus disease is caused by three Ebolaviruses – EBOV included. In
humans, the disease is clinically characterized by severe hemorrhagic fever with a 90% fatality rate.
Since its first outbreak (largely in Zaire and Sudan) in the 1970s, two more outbreaks have been

The Epidemic Of Ebola Virus
Children around the world fear the dark because they do not understand it. Much like a child's fear
of the dark, the panic caused by the Ebola virus is largely due to misunderstanding and is often
blown out of proportion. The Ebola virus is discussed in the media because it generates hysteria,
even though it is nowhere near as threatening as it is often claimed to be. Do not make the
assumption that the virus itself is not lethal, as indeed it is one of the deadlier pathogens in the
world; however, a variety of factors contribute to making the Ebola virus a less than perfect killer; in
order to know why, it is important to understand what exactly the Ebola virus is.
In the most basic sense, Ebola has RNA as its genetic material and belongs to the virus family
Filoviridae, the same family as the Marburg virus. According to Peters and Peters (1999), Marburg
virus was first discovered in 1967. It was the first virus of the Filoviridae family uncovered; Ebola
was the second, being discovered in 1976. Ebola was initially encountered in the Democratic
Republic of the Congo, where several outbreaks of Hemorrhagic Fever were documented. Teams
sent to deal with these outbreaks found an almost total cessation of transmission. Survivors,
however, provided an excellent source of data.
The survivors demonstrated that the reason for this cessation was that the virus had killed most of
the medical staff in affected areas. The hospitals in regions such as the Congo are often subpar,

Essay about Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (Ebola HF) is a severe, often–fatal disease in humans and nonhuman
primates (monkeys and chimpanzees) that has appeared sporadically since its initial recognition in
1976.
The disease is caused by infection with Ebola virus, named after a river in the Democratic Republic
of the Congo (formerly Zaire) in Africa, where it was first recognized. The virus is one of two
members of a family of RNA viruses called the Filoviridae. Three of the four subtypes of Ebola
virus identified so far have caused disease in humans: Ebola–Zaire, Ebola–Sudan, and
Ebola–Ivory Coast. The fourth, Ebola–Reston, has caused disease in nonhuman primates, but not in
humans.
Where is Ebola virus ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Ebola HF typically appears in sporadic outbreaks, usually spread within a health–care setting (a
situation known as amplification). It is likely that sporadic, isolated cases occur as well, but go
unrecognized.
How is Ebola virus spread?
Infection with Ebola virus in humans is incidental –– humans do not "carry" the virus. Because the
natural reservoir of the virus is unknown, the manner in which the virus first appears in a human at
the start of an outbreak has not been determined. However, researchers have hypothesized that the
first patient becomes infected through contact with an infected animal. After the first case–patient in
an outbreak setting (often called the index case) is infected, the virus can be transmitted in several
ways. People can be exposed to Ebola virus from direct contact with the blood and/or secretions of
an infected person. This is why the virus has often been spread through the families and friends of
infected persons: in the course of feeding, holding, or otherwise caring for them, family members
and friends would come into close contact with such secretions. People can also be exposed to Ebola
virus through contact with objects, such as needles, that have been contaminated with

Marburg Virus

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