Abnormal Psychology And Culture-Bound Syndromes

Abnormal Psychology and Culture-Bound Syndromes
Abnormal Psychology and Culture–Bound Syndromes
As many of us know, there are unlimited differences in cultures around the world from religion to the way we communicate with one another. What
many of us may not know, however, is that there are actually specific psychological disorders found only in certain areas of the world. There are
several well known culture–bound disorders as well as variances in disorders and on theoretical reasons behind the disorders themselves that will be
discussed throughout. To be clear, not all of the strange things people do all over the world are disorders nor are culture–bound syndromes limited to
any one region. Anorexia/bulimia nervosa, for example, is a disorder found in the west but not in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
These types of things are so specific that they are almost incomprehensible to those not brought up with them. Another factor of a culture–bound
syndrome is how the culture will react to it (Matsumoto, 1994). In susto a person suffers from depression thought to be caused from "soul loss"
(Matsumoto, 1994). When this happens to a person, a native healer will carry out sacrifices to the earth in attempts to get the soul back (Matsumoto,
1994). This could easily be a subconscious way to involve one's self with his community or get some attention or any number of things. All of these
reasons are why it is important to have a good grasp on the culture of where a person is coming from. Since the DSM–IV has been updated to include
about 25 culture–bound syndromes, there has also been added an "Outline for Cultural Formation" (Smith & Smith, 1997). This outline is to help get a
solid feel of a person's cultural background. The five categories are "1) Cultural identity of the individual. 2) Cultural explanation of the individual's
illness. 3) Cultural factors related to psychosocial environment and levels of functioning. 4) Cultural elements of the relationship between the individual
and the clinician. 5) Overall cultural assessment for diagnosis and care. (Smith & Smith,1997)" The DSM–IV added culture–bound syndromes it
thought were common enough to see in America (Smith &
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Analytical Summary Of The Article 'The Deadly Noodle'
Analytical Summary Practice
In The Newsweek article, "The Deadly Noodle," Michael Hastings, Stefan Thiel and Dana Thomas (2003) present two significant reasons that
contribute to worsening peopleВґs health condition. Hastings et al. (2003) illustrate that health condition is becoming weaker due to the consumption
of bare calories in the food which is resulting in acquiring certain disease, such as obesity. On the other hand, the authors emphasize that decrease in
health condition is also connected to the reduced times of physical exercises such as riding bikes, countryside workings, and salary–job arrangements.
The first reason Hastings et al., mention is the weight gain as a result of eating food with insufficient calories. Hastings et al., stresses that almost
50 % of the population from Samoa has been diagnosed with obesity when compared to 30 years ago. In other words, the number of obesity has
increased due to the people choices of consuming canned corned beef, popular in England. However, the authors do not detail if this source of obesity
is only related to the canned beef consumption, presumably there might be some unclear evidences that played roles in gaining weight. By the same
token, the authors also remark that a similar case had been noted in Fiji due to the swap from the production of their own fresh fruits and vegetables
practices to canned soda and sheep fat ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(2003), likewise point out that the fact of not being physically active plays a crucial in doubling cases of obesity. According to Hastings et al.
(2003), people in 1st, 2nd and 3rd world countries are doing less physical activities such as riding bikes, working in the fields. Instead, people spend
more time sitting in cars, in factories, in offices, in front of the TV, developing "Couch–potato" syndrome, only eating and drinking. In addition, the
authors comment that wage–labor patterns are other contributing factors in culture–bound

Ap Psychology Case Study Chapter 1
In reading chapter one I was interested Define that each chapter would be built and covered upon a case report from a client. First chapter also
described Dr. Tobin will provide a diagnosis for each case of the chapter with the diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, fifth edition
(DSM–5)(American Psychiatric Association, 2013). The chapter also described the stigma of labeling psychological disorder in the criteria needed to
do it by applying the 5 criteria for psychological disorders that are generally used by Healthcare professionals in what would make the clinical
significance. Chapter one also hits on the humanitarian approach of psychology and goes throughout the history starting with how psychologically
Disturbed people were placed in homes for their protection but in turn those homes became overcrowded and became places of neglect due to lack of
understanding and available treatments. Is chapter also went through the importance of clinical research and the evolution of evidence–based
treatments? ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
We also hit the definitions up for client, a patient and a clinician and go over the diagnostic process in which decisions are made when it comes to
patients receiving treatments in hospitals and Outpatient Care that is covered by insurance companies who utilize diagnostic codes. Other aspects that
I felt were important the Highlight in this chapter were cultural bound syndrome and cultural formulations. Both are topics were also brought in other
psychology courses I attended at Charter Oak State College. Where the clinician assessment also identifies the client origin and culture as well as
cultural beliefs in psychological disorders and how those cultures may interpret particular

Cultural Competence And Health Promotion, Disease...
Culture may be defined as the learned and shared beliefs, morals and values that guide a group's lifestyle and ways of thinking (Leininger &
McFarland, 2009). These concepts are passed down inter–generationally and provide the foundation of a group's way of life. Culture is often compared
to a blueprint; it guides the actions that impact caregiving, health and well–being. Extending far beyond ethnicity and social formalities, culture,
includes religious, socioeconomic, geographic, occupational, and sexual orientation–related beliefs and values. Many healthcare providers believe that
overcoming linguistic barriers or having a rudimentary understanding of a few ethic practices, is enough to address the diverse needs of the client.
However,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to fully grasp an understanding of the importance of cultural competency in healthcare, it is vital to be aware of the demographic shifts in the
United States alone, as it is rapidly growing and increasingly becoming more diverse. In 2006, about one in three Americans was a minority (U.S.
Census Bureau, 2007) and Hispanics have surpassed African Americans as the largest minority group, comprising 15% of the population. The
demographic shifts are changing so rapidly that the U.S. Census Bureau predicts that by 2042, no single ethnic group will comprise the majority
percentage of the population. In turn, this would make more than half of Americans a member of a minority group. With these changing demographics,
every healthcare worker will care for culturally diverse clients and need to know how to provide culturally relevant care.One of the first steps to
providing culturally competent care is to learn about the predominant cultures cared for within a particular healthcare system. This means utilizing
community and government resources, analyzing the demographics of the surrounding population, and seeking patient input. Nurses can become
culturally competent simply by having daily cross–cultural interactions with both their colleagues and their clients (Killian & Waite, 2009, p. 2).
Simply inquiring about ethnically diverse clients, provides a better foundation and framework for becoming a

Hikikomori In America Essay
As the world they grow up in, culture tends to shape and nurture the people within it. Within Western society, the modern rise in social and cultural
pressures have warped people's perception of themselves and others, resulting in a large increase in mental disorders, such as anorexia and
depression. However, while the Western world is suffering from body image issues, Asian countries have seen a rise in youth who are socially
withdrawing for extended periods of time. In Japan, such a term is called "hikikomori." It is a quickly developing syndrome in which adolescents "lock
themselves away in their rooms for months, years, or even sometimes decades at a time, with minimal social contact" (Rosenthal and Zimmerman 82).
Though these two conditions... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In comparison to America, Japanese society has a large reliance on the way in which people interact. Their heightened sense of self–awareness cripples
their interactive and social skills. Furthermore, social expectations lead them to be restrictive in expressing their thoughts and prevent many youths
from relaying their honest opinions (Li and Wong 602). In Japan, individuals use their skills and abilities as a way to prove themselves to others as
opposed to Western cultures where they aim to differentiate themselves (Toivonen, Norasakkunkit and Uchida 5). The change from collectivism to
individualism in Asia has caused the need for individuals to conform to social norms, resulting in a rise of youths who depend on their parents. These
parents then have a tendency to be overprotective of their children and, as such, they are less likely to develop necessary social skills. While many
American students may yearn to leave home after graduating high school, in Japan, it is not an uncommon occurrence for children to spend much of
their lives with their parents (Furlong 314). With a crippling lack of social skill and a hindered ability to build interpersonal relationships, many youths
are becoming reluctant to join society (Li and Wong

Multicultural Excellence
1 Within the four components of Multicultural Excellence, I have experienced a greater expansion of my awareness in the discrimination of women
in the education system. During my high school education, none of the history classes I took included in their curriculum a chapter on Title IX, and
why it was added. In doing my Title IX research project, I became aware that in our recent history, before 1972, that there were quotas set in place,
limiting the number of female students in a University. I am glad that legislation has passed removing quotas, but I also became aware that women are
currently still a minority within the STEM majors. I believe this is due to our social construct here in America.
My knowledge of how I can become an ally has ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This concept can be found on page 67 of our textbook. Individualistic cultures place the importance on the individual and competing with each other.
Collectivistic cultures place importance on the group's needs, and conforming to take the place within the group. In understanding this concept, I then
begin to understand the worldviews of other people. This also plays an important role on how the family is structures. If I have a client in the future
who has a collectivistic culture, I need to remain aware, and respect this, and work to develop a therapeutic plan that holds to their values, and alleviates
their stress, without projecting my own individualistic thoughts onto the client. In this way, I can provide support in the way that they need it.
A3.1 In the film, "Let's Get Real," I watched as a child acted as an ally for a child who recently immigrated from Iran. While the other children
were teasing him, in a language he did not understand very well, one child decided to stand up, and in doing so created a friend, and provided
support for a child who really needed it. Later, the child reported how good it felt to have a friend, and how he was able to learn English through this
friendship. It has helped provide me insight on the injustices on how people in the Big 8 of Diversities Culture group, who don't speak the dominant
language, are poorly

The Health And Nutrition Status Of The Population
United States accesses the health and nutrition status of the population through the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and national centers
(CDS). However, for health concern of the US population CDS conduct the survey based on dietary intake of zinc. It held with the different population
that includes infant, pregnant women, adolescent and adult who are non–Hispanic white, non–Hispanic blacks, and Mexican Americans. The study
shows mean of the non–Hispanic white, non–Hispanic black and Mexican American that. "zinc intakes were significantly higher in non–Hispanic
whites than in non–Hispanic blacks (P < 0.01) and Mexican Americans (P < 0.01) for men and women aged 51–70 y and в‰Ґ71 y due to higher zinc
supplement... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The disclosure of zinc has symptoms like a flu fever, chill, sweating, headache weakness, and fatigue. The symptoms occur after a few hours of
exposure. Smoke decreases the berthing capacity of lung cause the infection in the lung. Zinc also acts as a neuromodulator (released by a neuron and
transmitting information to other neurons) and bound with the ion channel, calcium channel and kainate channel which responsible for the neural
surgery (plum, Rink, Haase, 2010). Zinc Toxicity has a differenthealth impact on body organs. The study shows that lower exposure has extended the
period of the chronic illness. Some long–term effects associated with excessive zinc intake. It includes "sideroblastic anemia, hypochromic microcytic
anemia, leukopenia, lymphadenopathy, neutropenia, hypochromic microcytic anemia, and hypoferraemia" (Nriagu, 2007). These illnesses are cure
with zinc supplements with or without copper. By inhalation of zinc powder and fumes can cause chronic respiratory syndromes. However, zinc is
usually distributed in the brain, GI tract, Muscle, bone, liver, kidney, heart, sperm, uterus, and lung. The highest amount of zinc is present in the
prostate. Entire blood has 5mg/ L and less in plasma. "The biological half–life of zinc is about 280 days." Distribution of the zinc is regulated by the
age and the body tissue to some extent. The concentration of zinc amount is increase with age and decline zinc level at the age of 40–50 years in

Treacher Collins Syndrome: A Literature Review
It was known that facial development is a complex process that involves neural crest cells, a population of migratory cells that give rise to the majority
of the connective tissue, cartilage and bone in the head during embryogenesis. Additionally, it was acknowledged that defective formation, proliferation,
migration and differentiation during the neural crest life cycle could potentially result in craniofacial anomalies (Dixon et al., 2006). The authors
utilized previous knowledge to study Treacher Collins syndrome, which was known to be an autosomal dominant condition (Valdez et al., 2004)
characterized by hypoplasia of facial bones. Predominantly the zygomatic complex and mandible, lateral downward sloping of palpebral fissures,
abnormal middle/external ear structures resulting in hearing impairment and cleft palate (Dixon, 2000).... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Which functions in transcription of rRNA by interacting with upstream binding factor (UBF), an RNA polymerase I present within the nucleolus
(Dauwerse et al., 2010). It was acknowledged that Tcof1 is expressed throughout the neuroepithelium strongly where its role is crucial for cell survival
(Dixon et al., 1996), which was supported by an earlier study that demonstrated Tcof1 +/– haploinsufficient mouse models developed Treacher Collin's
syndrome due to widespread apoptosis of neuroepithelial cells, defective synthesis and proliferation of neural crest cells and deficiencies in ribosome
biogenesis (Valdez et al.,

Cultural Diversity : A Cultural Assessment, Diagnosis And...
Engaging into the importance of multicultural competence, awareness of such competency has become a significant necessity in the area of mental
health, and various fields of psychology (Hayes, 2008). It is essential for a counselor to be multicultural competent in order to develop a therapeutic
alliance with a client, while understanding their cultural identity. Therefore, culturally competent knowledge, attitudes, and skills of diverse culture, is
necessary, in proper treatment and diagnosis. Nonetheless, the complexity of cultural diversity can contribute to challenges in assessment, diagnosis
and or treatment. It is further understood; by understanding one's social history, psychosocial history, presenting problems, along with other pertinent
information regarding a cultural responsiveness in a diagnosis, and how it would be beneficial to individuals of various social, ethnic, and other
minority groups in order to make a treatment plan based on the findings of a cultural assessment (Sue & Sue, 2013). Nonetheless, cultural influences,
often neglected, are needed to incorporate the challenges cultural groups face when seeking treatment. Therefore, I have found it applicable to use
"ADDRESSING," framework in therapy as a resource for developing cultural and relevant assessments in addition to the onset symptoms presented in
the client in the case study of Mrs. Hudson. The use of "ADDRESSING" acronym is designed to obtain age, developmental and physical disabilities

Anorexia Nervosa As A Culture Bound Syndrome
ering from Anorexia–Nervosa within western countries, compared to that of 3.2% of females suffering from Anorexia–Nervosa in non western
countries (DiNicola 1990:253), it is not surprising that Anorexia Nervosa has been labeled a Culture–Bound Syndrome. There have been three
prominent hypotheses as to why this particular disease is considered so. The most prominent of these hypotheses is that westernized media's ideologies
of thinness and beauty have influenced young females into developing a "fat–phobia," also responsible is the incompetent ability of western
biomedicine in diagnosing the disease, and finally westernized socio–culture's influence on anorexia outside of western regions.
Culture–Bound Syndromes were first pegged by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Although no biological issues have been found that cause Anorexia Nervosa, there are many hypotheses as to why this is such a rapidly spreading
disorder within Western culture.
This specific culture varies greatly in terms of what is considered socially acceptable, from other cultures. Within the Western world, being thin is
glamorized as the ideal female body type. The image of the skinny female body being ideal has infiltrated the collective consciousness of most
women within our culture, due in large part to mass media which helps disseminate and exploit this very untenable and unhealthy ideal, in which
young vulnerable girls have little escape. This Westernized social factor engraves and stresses upon society 's accepted standards of beauty and
social inclusivity, which all too often translates into an overwhelming belief that if a young woman does not physically ascribe to this notion, that she
is less worthy of love and affection (Simpson 2000: 65). This dangerous pandering of unhealthy superficiality has caused increased levels of body
dysmorphia, which in turn leads to a structural suffering by the aversion of food as a means to loose weight.
Two Psychiatrists, Joel Kevin Thompson and Leslie J. Heinberg (1999), studied the "media's influence on body image disturbance and eating disorders"
(Thompson,.et Heinberg:Dec 17, 2002) , basing their research within the

Summary Of Suriname
Tessa Vossen and colleagues illustrated the back
–story of Suriname and its role in slavery, studies of illnesses as well as native medicines. Vossen's
provides a combined analysis towards the role herbal plants and natural medicines in attempt to grasp the intersection of the relationship between slaves
and type of medical care provided. "Through the examination of distinct conceptions of the human body, physicians were able to demonstrate
intellectual, social and physical constructs of healing for it" . Perceptions of health and illness include ailments generally centered to certain geographic
regions or cultural groups. Some cultural bound syndromes were often treated with medicinal plants with the aim of curing ailments that manifested
during ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cases where this wasn't so, the CBS was usually treated by rubbing plants on legs and joints of the child to make children walk sooner. Another
remedy called "vaccinations" was implemented. Vaccination was the rubbing of juice from herbs into skin incisions and was commonly practiced
by most slaves. Furthermore, Evil eye in Suriname was described as a sickness that babies and sometimes adults could get when a person looked
too strongly at them or admired them too much while secretly being jealous. This could affect the victim's wellbeing, whether intended or not. To
cure or prevent evil eye, slaves in Suriname bathed their babies or themselves with water containing Reckitt's Blue. Reckitt's Blue was sometimes
also rubbed on various body parts of the child such as: ears, palms and head. People also "used herbal baths, jewelries such as bracelets and waist
beads or applied different substances to their skins in order to ward off spirits" . In addition, another cultural bound syndrome atita was known by all
populations of slaves in Suriname. The ailment atita was mainly defined by the color appearance of the fecal matter of baby's which was tainted yellow
and carried the consistency of diarrhea. The presence of this symptom resulted in the manifestation of diaper or body rash. Treatments usually included
herbal baths, plant decoctions, and

Defining Abnormality With Consideration of Cultural...
Defining Abnormality With Consideration of Cultural Differences
Cultural differences are always a problem when defining abnormality. What one would consider completely normal in one culture would be
considered abnormal in another, for example the island of Java often set fire to a ball soaked in petrol and then play football with it. Here that
would be considered wrong and abnormal but is an everyday occurrence for the people of Java. This concept doesn't only apply to eastern cultures;
the English could be defined as abnormal by other cultures definitions, even by other western societies e.g. it would not be considered normal by the
Italians to wait at a red light when there are no other cars ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When using this approach to define abnormality you would first have to consider what is normal behaviour for that particular culture otherwise a person
could be incorrectly diagnosed as abnormal.
Cultural differences are also a problem for the 'Failure to Function Adequately' definition of abnormality. This classification of abnormality involves a
person who conforms to their 7 characteristics of the abnormal as having ill mental health. Examples of these characteristics are vividness,
unconventionality and observer discomfort. This definition does not state the extent of the characteristic in order for it to be abnormal, for example
we could class the Native Americans who perform the sun dance (a ritual which involves ripping ropes out of the chests of dancers) as abnormal as
we would experience discomfort from watching this behaviour, whilst Native Americans take great joy in this activity and it us used as part of their
celebrations.
Other attempts to define abnormality are also limited by cultural differences, for example the DSM refers only to disorders found in westerners, it
does not mention culture bound syndromes, for example Koro which is found solely in South East Asia and Pibloqtoq which occurs mainly in cold
climates e.g. Greenland Alaska and the Canadian Arctic. Many disorders in the DSM are specific only to western society;

Anthropology Sudden Infant Death Syndrome Summary
Anthropology is rooted in western dominated knowledge, but this does not mean that "we" in the West have all the answers. In the United States there
are unsolved mystery that pertain to both the medical and the anthropology field. In The Essence of Anthropology, sudden infant death syndrome
(SIDS) is discussed as an issue that results in the death of babies. SIDS has more prominently occurred in the United States and this might be a result
of babies independently from their parents. While the practice of having a baby sleep independently is common in the U.S., it is common throughout
the world to have a parent to co–sleep with their baby. This may be the answer to reducing the high rates of SIDS in the U.S. and consequently shows
that the United

Hikikomori Research
One major limitation of this research is the availability of research, in English. Since
hikikomori predominantly occurs within Asian cultures, and we focused in on Japan; there was
limited research about hikikomori available, in English. The research which was located mainly
focused on whether hikikomori should be considered as a culture bound disorder or whether is
exists within the spectrum of disorders found in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual. Further
research which helps to understand the symptomology and effects of hikikomori within Japanese
culture would help mental health practitioners to determine where social withdrawal in Japan
falls. It is the opinion of this author that hikikomori appears to be culturally specific

Discuss Reliability and Validity of Diagnosis
Discuss reliability and validity of diagnosis A reliable and valid diagnosis is one which is correctly reasoned from a satisfying premise and agreed
upon by psychiatrists using the same diagnosis system. However, there are many factors that make the process of determining a diagnosis intricate.
For one to obtain a reliable and valid diagnosis, one has to be sure that the classification systems themselves are valid and reliable. Because the concept
of abnormality is so complex it is particularly difficult to define and this affects diagnosis. Also, there are a number of cultural and ethical
considerations one must consider when making a diagnosis, some of these include culture–bound syndromes, culture blindness and racial/ethnic bias....
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This makes it incredibly hard to determine whether the differences in diagnostics between different cultures is due to the environment or if there is
real differences A third cultural consideration in diagnosis is culture blindness; this is the problem of identifying symptoms of a psychological
disorder if they are not in the norm of the clinician's own culture. There are also ethical considerations when diagnosing mental illness. One of these
considerations was mentioned above; it is the idea of being stigmatized for having a mental illness. Many people are afraid that once they are given
a diagnosis, society will look down on them as being inferior. Schell (1966) argued that once given a 'label' one will begin to act as they think they are
supposed to, this is known as the self–fulfilling prophecy. This would lead to an increase of symptoms and hence, may lead to a misguided
diagnosis. The concept of confirmation bias will also take issue when diagnosing a patient, the clinician may be lead to believe that because the
patient is seeking help, he/she does infact need help In the late 1990's GlaxoSmithKline claimed that they could cure shyness, in effect, 15% of
children were diagnosed of social anxiety disorder. GlaxoSmithKline are now being sued for making this drug named Paxil. 4000 people who treated
their kids with this noticed that it didn't work and that their kids showed withdrawal symptoms. This goes to show that sometimes drug

A New Form Of Punishment And Social Control
As school issues such as school refusal (Lock 1986) and ADHD/ADD (Conrad and Bergey 2014) began to be recognised as serious social issues,
these socially undesired behaviours became regarded as medical conditions in which require helps from medical experts. Anthropologists provided
critical views of contemporary medicine and scientific understanding of human conditions and struggles (Kleinman 1996, Lock 1993 and Rhodes
1996). Conrad and Schneither describe the medicalization of deviance as "deviant behaviours that were once defined as immoral, sinful, or criminal
have been given medical meanings. Some say that rehabilitation has replaced punishment, but in many cases medical treatments have become a new
form of punishment and social control" (1992, 1). Rhodes points out our attitude toward medicalization as "...the vulnerability of self, body, and
society to illness engages us, to a greater or lesser extent depending on context and inclination, in the same problem faced by clinicians: the need to
act, to provide useful understanding or in some other way to contribute to the alleviating suffering" (1996, 170). Medical labels for common anxiety
among university students, therefore, are associated a concern that those abnormal psychological conditions lead to other social issues in Japanese
society. Medicalization of hikikomori and NEET highlight and illustrate the process in which how clinical conceptions expand into everyday life and
how Japanese society addresses social

Cultural Bound Syndromes
Culture–bound syndrome The term culture–bound syndrome was included in the fourth version of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) which also includes a list of the most common culture–bound conditions (DSM–IV: Appendix I).
Included in DSM–IV–TR (4th.ed) the term cultural–bound syndrome denotes recurrent, locality–specific patterns of abnormal behavior and troubling
experience that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM–IV–TR diagnostic category. Many of these patterns are naturally considered to be
illnesses, or at least afflictions, and most have local names. Although presentations conforming to the major DSM–IV–TR categories can be found
throughout the world, the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Medical care of the condition is challenging and illustrates a truly fundamental but rarely discussed aspect of the physician–patient relationship: the
need to negotiate a diagnosis that fits the way of looking at the body and its diseases of both parties. The physician may do any of the following:
Share the way the patient sees the disorder, and offer the folk medicine treatment, recognize it as a culture–bound syndrome, but pretend to share the
patient's perspectives and offer the folk medicine treatment or a new improvised treatment, recognize it as a culture–bound syndrome but try to educate
the patient into seeing the condition as the physician sees it. The problem with the first choice is that physicians who pride themselves on their
knowledge of disease like to think they know the difference between culture–specific disorders and "organic" diseases. While the second choice may be
the quickest and most comfortable choice, the physician must deliberately deceive the patient. Currently in Western culture this is considered one of
the most unethical things a physician can do, whereas in other times and cultures deception with benevolent intent has been an accepted tool of
treatment. The third choice is the most difficult and time–consuming to do without leaving the patient disappointed, insulted, or lacking confidence in
the

Three Mile Island Effects
The Impacts of Three Mile Island on the Nuclear Industry as a Whole At four o'clock in the morning, on March 28th, 1979, reactor two at the Three
Mile Island nuclear power plant overheated due to a cooling pipe that was mistakenly closed. After a series of mechanical and human errors, reactor
two partially melted down. To release pressure in the chamber radioactive gasses had to be released into the atmosphere. Residents of nearby town
Londonderry, Pennsylvania, were not evacuated as they were never exposed to unsafe levels of radiation. It was not for hours after the incident at the
power plant had been of concern that the mayor of Londonderry was alerted. Citizens of Londonderry and the nearby areas were unaware of evacuation
and contingency... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
"Expert Discourages Conversion Of Three Mile Island Plant to Coal." New York Times. Accessed November 12, 1979. http://www.nytimes.com/1979
/11/12/archives/expert–discourages–conversion–of–three–mile–island–plant–to–coal.html?_r=0.
This article explains the conversion plan briefly.
The China Syndrome. Directed by James Bridges. Produced by Michael Douglas. Performed by Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, and Michael Douglas. IPC
FIlms, 1979. DVD.
This movie led to some of the anti–nuclear sentiment at the time.
The China Syndrome. Directed by James Bridges. Produced by Michael Douglas. Performed by Jane Fonda, Jack Lemmon, Michael Douglas. Los
Angeles: Columbia Pictures, 1979. DVD.
This movie provided powerful social and political commentary about nuclear power at the time.
The Editors of EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica. "Atomic Energy Commission." EncyclopГ¦dia Britannica. Accessed February 07, 2017. http:/
/www.britannica.com/topic/Atomic–Energy–Commission–United–States–organization.
Funk, Cary, and Brian Kennedy. "The Politics of Climate." Pew Research Center: Internet, Science & Tech. October 04, 2016. Accessed February 07,
2017. http://www.pewinternet.org/2016/10/04/the–politics–of–climate/.
This statistic provided helpful insight into the public perception of nuclear power

Culture-Bound Stereotypes And Cultural Differences
After reading the text, viewing the different cultural videos, and the culture of emotions video I started to realize many common themes and
connections to build my knowledge base. One very important difference across all materials for this course was the difference between western and
eastern/non–western cultural beliefs, specifically when looking at indigenous healing practices. It is clearly essential for the helping professional to be
knowledgeable about cultural backgrounds and culture–bound syndromes that may occur for each cultural population. As the text stated, culture–bound
syndromes are disorders specific to a cultural group or society but not easily given a diagnosis (Sue & Sue, 2013). There is a chart in the text that
describes

Culture Breed Syndrome
To begin, culture bound syndromes are diseases or illnesses associated with a particular culture or group of people. There are many different forms
of culture bound syndromes associated with many cultures all across the world. I will be discussing brain fag syndrome; a culture bound syndrome
that is present today in Nigeria. I will also go over the symptoms, treatments, studies, and my thoughts associated with brain fag syndrome. In 1994,
Prince identified brain fag syndrome in Nigerians (Aghukwa 2014: 315). There have also been instances when individuals who were not Nigerian
were diagnosed with this brain fag syndrome. However, the syndrome seems to be much more present in the Nigerian culture than in any other
culture in around the world. According to Adayonfo and Akhigbe (2015: 90), "Prince called the syndrome, brain fag since this was a phrase used by
the students to describe the illness." This makes me wonder if the reason brain fag affects so many individuals is... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Statistics have also shown that brain fag syndrome is more common among men than women. However, this evidence is not valid because females
were taken out of school at an early age. The females are too young to have been able to identify with having the syndrome. With that being said, there
are more males in schools, so it is obvious that more males would be known to have this culture bound syndrome.
Brain fag syndrome involves the somatic and cognitive parts of the brain. According to Adewuya (2009: 135), "symptoms consists of pains and burning
sensations around the head and neck, inability to grasp the meaning of written and spoken words, inability to concentrate, poor retention, fatigue,
sleepiness, blurring, eye pain, and excessive tearing. As you can see, there are many symptoms related to brain

Epilepsy And Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Epilepsy and Autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) are both genetic disorders stemming from multiple possible origins. Both disorders share multiple
similarities, including cell growth, synapse development and function, and regulation of gene transcription. An incorrect or non–functioning synaptic
protein causes many mutations within genetics that predispose one to both ASD and epilepsy. In addition, a recent study found that epilepsy was
diagnosed in some form in 44% of children with ASD. Conversely, 54% of adolescents with epilepsy are later diagnosed with a form of ASD.
The University of MontrГ©al conducted a study to further findings in the very under–researched field of neuroscience and to encourage proper
diagnosis within their field. Scientists there postulated that the deregulation of the function of the synapse due to a severe genetic mutation of the SYN1
gene was the causal element of disorder in both ASD and epilepsy. This synapse gene focused on is known to be necessary in the formation and
development of the synaptic vesicles, which carry out communication between the neurons. . A large MontrГ©al family was used as a sample and
microsatellite markers were evenly distributed throughout. To carry out their study, many elements were included to ensure proper level of statistical
significance. This included genotyping, linkage analysis, screening of DNA for possible irregularities, and additional research conducted on
lab–affected mice through hippocampal cultures and

Cultural Bound Syndromes ( Cbs )
The subject of cultural–bound syndromes (CBS) is one of the most interesting of the study of medical anthropology and psychology. The term is used
to refer to particular conditions or symptom complexes, cognitive, behavioral or affective, which are apparently unique to specific cultures (Balhara,
2011). These culture–related specific conditions may occur due to a particular set of environmental conditions combined with distinctive cultural
practices within the limited area of occurrence, for that reason being exotic and somewhat rare. The way they are experienced is heavily influenced by
their culture. They range in deadliness from causing comparatively insignificant and perhaps harmless medical complications to grave ones and
sometimes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Several of these disorders have however been contested by modern medicine as being fallacious in their label as culture–bound while others have held
their ground as fact.
Examples of these cultural conditions include Kuru, which is a lethal, incurable, degenerative West–African (predominant in Guinea) disease affecting
the central nervous system. It is caused by a prion found in humans and said to be transmitted via endocannibalism. Another condition is the Windigo
psychosis which referred to a paranoia characterized by cannibalistic psychological predispositions among Native American tribes such as Cree, Ojibwa
and Chippewa due to food scarcity during winter. Those affected would suffer severe anxiety, sometimes resulting in suicide to avoid turning into the
flesh–eating Windigo monsters. Yet another of the reproductive kind with a psychological connection is the Oriental (mainly Indian) Dhat (O 'Neil,
2010).
The Dhat Syndrome
This culture–restricted condition has been mainly associated with the Asian continent, the Indian subcontinent in particular, and is also known as the
sexual psychosis of the Orient or the anxiety of semen–loss. It is quite common, especially among the Indian people and it mainly occurs in young men
from their late teens to their forties. The word dhat is derived from "dhatu", a Sanskrit word, meaning elixir constituting the body (Mehta, De, &
Balachandran, 2009). In clinical psychology, it is characterized by

Culture Bound Syndrome Analysis
Culture bound syndrome is a broad rubric that encompasses certain behavioral, affective and cognitive symptoms associated with certain cultures. It
may be unreasonable to except one term to describe different concepts. In medicine and anthropology, a culture bound syndrome, culture specific
syndrome is a combination of psychiatric symptoms that are considered to be recognizable disease only within a specific culture (Singh, 2011). The
symptoms derived from the usual behavior of the individuals associated with the culture and are the reason many stress/distress activities. However, the
available information and literature on these conditions suggest that at least some of them are/have been more widely prevalent than being considered.
There... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The treatment that is mainly used for this illness is dispelling of myths by psycho education. Also reassuring the patient, treating any underlying
psychiatric disorder, and giving symptomatic relief by medications are also used to treat this syndrome. Clinicians suggest that the most effective way
of treating this syndrome is through anti–depressant medications and anti– anxiety drugs (Brown, 2013). There are many therapy that aim to solve
problems concerning dysfunctional emotions, behaviors and cognitions through a goal oriented systematic procedure (McMurray). Though the origin
of this condition is deeply rooted with overvalued role of semen in their culture, sexual awareness and improved literacy rates might able to convince
the general population of its inorganic nature. It is assumed that Dhat syndrome is mostly found one the subcontinent of India, especially India;
however there are many other countries that also faced this illness. Many countries such as China, Sri Lanka, Pakistan, Russia has the syndrome with
same exact symptoms but with different names. In Sri Lanka, it is known by "Sukra Pramela", while in many south east countries, it is known by
"Jiryan" This syndrome is mainly found in the region with low socioeconomic status. They tend to seek help from local healers instead of professional
doctors and healthcare

Nursing Intervention
can only be healed by a traditional healer i.e. a voodoo priest. ("Culture–bound syndrome", 2017). Nursing intervention is key in both cultures as it
gives direction where a patient may be too inclined to a practice that may affect them negatively. Nurses are supposed to first learn of the culture at
hand and give recommendations as to how the patient may be assisted. The Chinese highly value their families as this is the structure of stability and
continuity. Children are highly valued, they are educated keenly as they are the predecessors both in arts and culture. The most important lesson they
are taught is respect as this is the core value of the Chinese culture. The work of the adults to nurture each other and take care

The Differences Between Western And Other Forms Of Medicine
Culture is social phenomena which includes practices, discourse and material expressions, which, over time, convey the continuities and discontinuities
of societal life held in common (1). Every culture has their own values, norms, religions and an almost common outlook on everything. This includes,
but is not limited to, their take on acceptable clothing, moral code of conduct, gender roles and of course, mental illnesses. Not every culture is very
open to the idea of psychiatric conditions or anything deviating from the norm. Some cultures have psychiatric conditions exclusive to just them.
While, as it is in most cases, the conditions remain relatively similar across cultures. The stark difference is in the nomenclature. The diagnosis and
treatment of mental illnesses in various cultures have been the focus for the last few decades. The 'new cross cultural psychiatry' has brought to light the
major differences between Western and other forms of medicine. Cultural relativists argue that one cannot separate the person's mental illness from
their social and cultural background. Whereas, the universalists believe that the biological explanation of these illnesses surpasses culture. Although,
both of these theories agree that culture does in fact, play some role in the aetiology and functioning of the disorders (2). Anthropological orientations
have been judgemental to use the Western form of diagnosis in non–western cultures. They have insisted on regional classifications

Mental Illness: A Cultural Analysis
Attitudes regarding mental illness vary among individuals, families, cultures and countries. Cultural beliefs often shape an individual's belief about
mental illness and form an individual's attitude towards the mentally ill. Cultures differ in what they consider to be normal and abnormal, therefore
mental illness interrelates with what kinds of help individuals will receive, who they will see to treat these disorders and whether or not members
from a certain culture will seek help at all. As stated in our text book "In Latin American and southern Europe, a person having a panic attack may
report feelings of choking, being smothered, and fear of dying." In the United States panic attacks are generally more common and are not considered
as serious they are in other cultures. In regards to researching the relationship ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One is the Universalist view, where there are similarities in mental illnesses across all culture but the expression of the disorders differs. The other
view is cultural relativists, in which some disorders are unique to a culture and these disorders are commonly only understood from the cultural
perspective. Culture plays a part in deciding how serious an illness is, an illness that occurs commonly in the United States may not be viewed as
serious as if the illness was in another country that was not as familiar with the illness. I believe culture plays a very large part in the acceptance and
standards on mental illness. Cultural–bound syndromes, according to our text book, are "symptoms or mental disorders that are specific to particular
cultural contexts and practices." I believe there are probably some instances where culturally–bound syndromes can be found outside cultural contexts,
but not very often. These syndromes are called culturally–bound because that is where the syndrome is most commonly found or where it originates. I
am sure some of the

Culture-Bound Syndromes Essay
Culture–Bound Syndromes By: Central Arkansas University Table of Contents AbstractPg. 3 IntroductionPg. 4– 8 MethodologyPg. 8 – 10 Analysis
& DiscussionPg. 10 – 11 Conclusion & RecommendationsPg. 11– 13 BibliographyPg. 14 Abstract Mental Health as described by LaVeist and
Thomas (2005) is "a state of successful performance of mental function, resulting in productive activities, fulfilling relationships with other people, and
the ability to adapt to change and cope with adversity" (p. 84). Mental health functioning is important regarding a person's well–being, being able to
interact with others in a healthy manner, and contributes many things to... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Culture–bound syndromes as therefore comprised as several different illnesses and afflictions. LaVeist and Thomas (2005) thoroughly expresses the
dynamic nature of culture–bound syndromes when they state: The symptoms of mental disorders are found in all nations and in all cultures; there are
recognizable symptoms that are common worldwide. Mental health researchers have not yet been able to determine whether culture bound syndromes
are indicative of one or more possibilities that include distinct disorders that exist only in specific cultures, and reflect different ways in which
individuals from different cultures express mental illness, as well as reflecting different ways in which the social and cultural environment interact
with genes to produce disorders, or any combination of these. (pp. 101) With the following information in mind, it should be noted that not all
disorders are considered pathological; some behaviors are seen as ways of expressing and communicating distress to members of a certain culture and
are seen as culturally accepted responses (APA, 1994). In fact, cultures experience, express, and cope with feelings of distress in various ways that may
counter what Western societies see as common. Furthermore, at times these cultural differences are

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Ghost Sickness
When the human body falls ill will disease, sickness, or an injury a person's automatic response is to seek out a professional to uncover the root of
the problem to then treat the said illness. A sick body will show physical symptoms of distress when trying to restore its homeostasis, but what if the
mind, not the body, is ill? Recovering from a broken bone would simply call for a cast and time to allow the body to heal itself. Now instead of a
broken bone, imagine a person has traumatizing daily nightmares, physical weakness, the loss of appetite and even energy. To treat said problems one
must first realize this is a mental illness. These symptoms will be diagnosed as Ghost Sickness, which is a type of mental illness called a culture bound
syndrome. This illness is said to be culturally bound because, instead of like most mental illnesses that can be generalized to anyone around the world,
it only affects individuals found in a specific culture and/or geographic location.
To better understand possible causes of a culture bound syndrome, the culture should be first understood. Ghost Sickness affects theNavajo people in
the western United States. The Navajo believe their people have passed through roughly three worlds before this current one. The " Holy People " are
being who can either help or harm them. Their medicine men call upon the Holy People by performing rituals that involve singing, dancing, and the
use of herbs. Someone with Ghost Sickness would be attempted to

Case Study Of The Wendigo Psychosis
Introduction Certain mental illnesses are unique to cultures. They are recognizable only within a particular society, at a particular time. Such disorders
are medically and anthropologically known as "culture–bound" or "culture specific" syndromes. There are a number of fascinating culture–bound
syndromes found around the world, and one such disorder is the Wendigo Psychosis. This mental condition is linked to Native American culture,
specifically to certain northern tribes such as; Chippewa, Ojibwa, Cree, and Inuit. The Psychosis was most popular in the 19th century, and was usually
found to have developed during winter months when families were isolated due to heavy snowfall, and there was not enough food supplies to get them
through the tough months. Symptoms The signs that point to the disorder were thought to be psychosomatic. Depression, distaste for ordinary foods
leading to poor appetite, nausea and vomiting, a state of semi–stupor, are the initial symptoms of the Wendigo Psychosis. Once the symptoms set in, the
victim's... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
From the case studies and witness accounts is was very clear that the individuals suffering from the disorder were not in the right state of mind. They
perceived those around them to look like a variety of edible animals, and were deluded into craving human flesh. Their delusions, when serious, drove
them to act out violently, and attack those around them. Psychiatrists who have studied the disorder have also tried to explain it by applying other
psychological conditions to it. Since one of the main causes for the psychosis is starvation, anorexia is seen to be associated. Individuals suffering
from anorexia have been known to go through extreme and dramatic mood swings, as well as phases of insomnia. Linking these symptoms to the
Wendigo, the delusions could have arisen due to insomnia, or they could have been acting on delusions because of extreme mood

Psychological Abnormality Psychology
When confronted with the topic of psychological abnormality, typically one will think that it is fairly simple to explain and define. However, nailing
down an explicit definition is not as easy as one may think. Saying that it is an action or persistent pattern of thought that is outside of the norm is far
too vague to have any impact on the field of psychology, or help anyone who may be struggling with a disorder. Furthermore, when introducing a
broader scope of understanding abnormal psychology and mental health, the variability of different cultures makes this all the more challenging. This
essay will explain mental health as a whole and it's differences cross culturally. Included will be an analysis of culture bound syndromes and the...
These aspects include deviance, distress, dysfunction, and danger. Deviance is considered as drastic nonconformity to behaviors, thoughts, and
emotions that the society deems or views as necessary to proper functioning within it. It is a deviance from the social norms of that culture. If the
person is inhibited in normal functioning and the symptoms of their disorder are unpleasant or upsetting to the person, this can be categorized through
feature distress. Dysfunction is classified when the behaviors caused by the disorder interfere with the person's daily functioning, and/or his ability to
participate in daily activities in a constructive manner. Lastly, if the person's actions pose a risk of harming others or harming himself this may be
grounds to consider his functioning abnormal. Additionally, if the behavior is consistently careless, hostile, or confused, it may be placing others at
risk. That being said, the categories considered in Western cultures as the basic groups of disorders include depression, social anxiety, and
schizophrenia (Heine, 463). However, when considering this basic criterion it is pertinent to be aware of the context of the situation and the culture that
the individual is a part of and that the behaviors are occurring

Culture Bound Syndrome
Windigo Culture Bound Syndrome (CBS) is defined by the DSM–IV as recurrent, locally specific patterns of deviant behavior and troubling experience
that may or may not be linked to a particular DSM–IV diagnostic category. Such patterns of behavior are indigenously considered to be an "illness" or
at least an affliction, and most have names specific to the region or culture in which they originate. Many CBSs are not literally syndromes; they are
more like ways of explaining any of a wide array of misfortunes. In the following pages I will attempt to explain the CBS known as windigo. Over
the course of the following pages I will attempt to describe the various types of windigo stemming from the folklore of the cannibalistic spirit.... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Throughout history, there have been tales of windigo occurrences. In the oldest known English poem, Beowulf, it is recalled that around 550 to
950 A.D a windigo like creature, Grendel, would attack the great hall of the king of Danes during the night to seize men and carry them to his lair
and eat them. According to the poem this happened for 12 years, and the only survivors were those who were able to flee the area where the
creature would capture his victims. The creature's wrath continued until the new king of the Geats, Beowulf, along with the help of a dozen of his
greatest warriors, laid a trap for the creature. During the battle, which ensued once the creature came to the hall to feed that night, Beowulf ripped off
Grendel's arm, leaving it fatally wounded and dying. Once Beowulf had slain Grendel, he continued to he creatures underwater lair to kill Grendel's
mother and stop the cannibalistic wrath caused by these beasts. President Theodore Roosevelt told a more modern tale of a windigo creature. In his
book, Wilderness Hunter, he recalled a tale that was told to him by an old mountain hunter, named Bauman. The hunter told a tale of how his friend
was killed by a half–man half В–beast creature during a hunting trip. Bauman believed that the creature that killed his friend was what is

Jealousy In Shakespeare's Othello
The play Othello by William Shakespeare was published during the 16th century, it is one of Shakespeare's popular and controversial plays.
Shakespeare depicts Othello's race as placing him apart in some respects from the predominantly white European society in which he lives. Jealousy is
another of the main themes in Othello. Iago is the first character to start the sparks of jealousy in Othello, and in the end, causes the downfall of
Othello and Desdemona. In the end, racism and jealousy are the causes of the tragedy in Othello. The most irreparable offense of Othello is to marry
the beautiful, white, aristocrat, Desdemona. As a matter of fact, it is not a sin the love and affection between Othello and Desdemona, but the race of ...
Othello Syndrome is sort of a delusional pathological jealousy, marked by doubting a loyal partner of unfaithfulness. The syndrome was named by the
English psychiatrist John Todd. Observing, controlling, and violence can happen in the relationship, and it requires psychiatric treatment. The illness is
named after Shakespeare's Othello, who murdered his wife Desdemona because he believed she cheated on him. As in the Shakespearean play, the
modern–day patient with Othello syndrome demonstrates with the capacity for violence towards his spouse/partner or himself because of the presumed
cheatings. As in the play, the syndrome can be very menacing and it can result in separation of marriage, murder and even

Transcultural Psychiatry Essay
Transcultural psychiatry studies how culture influences presentations of mental disorders and response to treatment. The understanding of concepts in
transcultural psychiatry is crucial for psychiatrists in training in the UK, given the multicultural and multi–ethnic nature of UK society.
One of the pioneers of transcultural psychiatry, or "comparative psychiatry" as it used to be called, was Emil Kraepelin. In 1904, he travelled to
Southeast Asia to study the local population and developed his "comparative etnopsychiatry". He later conducted comparative studies in American
Indian, African–American and Latin American patients in the US, Mexico and Cuba. (Jilek, 1995)
More recently, the DSM–IV (APA, 1994) was the first classification of mental disorders that incorporated cultural aspects, by recognising howculture
can influence the expression and assessment of certain disorders, providing an outline of cultural formulation of diagnosis, and including
culture–bound syndromes in the classification. This classification received some criticism for addressing culture as a factor only in certain minority
groups, and for listing culture–bound disorders in the "Appendix", rather than in one of the main sections (Alarcon 2009). This view of culture–bound
disorders as restricted to the non–Western world is debated by some who argue that, for example, anorexia nervosa could be considered a
culture–bound syndrome of the Western world (Keel & Klump, 2003).
But what is culture?
Culture

Psychopathy and Culture: Culture-Bound Syndrome
Psychopathy and Culture Culture–bound syndrome is the amalgamation of some somatic symptoms i.e. body pain or disturbed function of any organ
and psychiatric symptoms such as alterations of the experiences and behaviors which are considered to be perceptible diseases in the specific culture.
A list of most common culture–bound syndrome is included in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM–IV) and some of them
are discussed below. Brain Fag: Brain Fag is classified as a culture–bound syndrome which is associated with white collar people in West Africa. This
is a colloquial term that exhibits symptoms like headache, nervousness, irritation and breathing problems or a combination of these. Brain Fag is a
common... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
I will continue to keep the conversation on track and avoid lengthy arguments that delve into the interviewee's social issues or religious beliefs. A
good practice is to conform to socially acceptable question and response to avoid taking the interview towards a discussion or a debate. This is
imperative to our activity because cultural differences can turn the conversation into a contrasting battle of self–beliefs and hamper the evaluative
process. A simple approach is to prepare a list of generic questions that will help you identify the viewpoint of the client. We may begin our
communication with an introduction followed by asking the role of people in their society and beliefs in their societies. The interviewer can move
towards specific questions to complete the remaining activity. It is acceptable to ask for goals and vision, their own personal opinion on a topic
without stirring up a debate or controversy. This part has to be carefully scrutinized to ensure smooth progress of the activity. A counselor has
challenging responsibility to address and personalize themselves according to the needs of the clientele. They play very important part in the student
success maximization (Kring et al, 2007). A counselor must possess the ability to lead, endorse equity and create a harmless learning environment and
establish the necessities of all students through cultural related prevention and counseling programs (Lee, 2001). As part of the basic

Vu482 Task 1
Name: Napatsanan Chattanasiripak
Student ID: GEC OOOOO DT
Dalton College
Unit: VU21482
VU21482 Research Current Issues
Task 1
A1. Wind energy is a clean fuel source. Wind power doesn't use water. Wind is domestic source of energy. Wind power is inexhaustible. Wind turbines
can be built on existing farms or ranches.
A2. I am for wind farms because wind energy is a clean fuel source. Wind energy doesn't pollute. Wind power doesn't use water unlike conventional
electricity.
A3. Wind farms can be very noisy if people live near them. that they could cause headaches and they can't concentrate.
A4. 1 Ocean changes. 2 heat Extremes. 3 food shortages.
A5. b) to generate electricity ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
they are good because they have long history.
A8. No, they aren't because everyone can see something.
A9. Reducing the health risks.
A10. Australian society
A11. Yes is very good because helping you reduce the risks to your health from drinking alcohol.
A12. He need to alcohol a complex role in Australian.
A13. Form enjoyment, relaxation and sociability.
A14. Burden of death, diseases and injury.
A15. affects families, bystanders and broader community.
A16. It is helping you reduce the risks to your health from drinking alcohol.
A17. Drinking no more than two standard drinks on any day.
A18. On a single, the risk of alcohol–related injury increases with the amount consumed.
A19. For children and young people under 18 years, not drinking alcohol is the safest option.
A20. Enjoyment, relaxation, sociability, harm, hardship.

A21. Is formal .
A22. pit–bull dogs be banned.
A23. https://au.answers.yahoo.com.
A24. Yes is very good because everyone like to use Facebook.
A25. She needs to ban pit bull dogs out off Australia.
A26. Because they are dangerous dogs and banning the dangerous does work.
A27. She has evidence responsible for 61 deaths in Australia.
A28. Because dogs that kill and question

Culture Bound Syndrome Research Paper
Patrick Mack Psychology 201 Ms.Mallener April 22, 2017 Culture Bound Syndrome Project 1.Define Culture–Bound Syndrome and lists its symptoms.
Culture–Bound Syndrome is a combination of psychiatric and somatic symptoms that are disease only within a specific society or culture. The
symptoms for Culture–Bound Syndrome are as listed: Headaches, screaming spontaneously, stomach pain, loss of consciousness, and fatigue. There
are several of different groups that are effect by certain syndromes such as African Americans, Asians, Native Americans, Nigerians, Haitians, and
Hispanics, arctic and subarctic Inuit. Just to inform you that just because you belong to a certain group doesn't mean you are going to have it, but
there is a chance you may suffer from it. By learning the syndrome and symptoms you will have a greater understanding for the syndrome your group
may suffer from. Also you would be able to inform others and grant them some knowledge on it as well. 2.Identify a Culture–Bound Syndrome and
lists its symptoms.... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Dhat syndrome is a condition found in the cultures of the Indian subcontinent in which male patients' report that they suffer from premature ejaculation
or impotence, and believe that they are passing semen in their urine. Although there are reports that Native American women can suffer from Dhat as
well. The symptoms for Dhat are as listed: fatigue, weakness, anxiety, loss of appetite, guilt, and sexual dysfunction, attributed by the patient to loss of
semen in nocturnal emission, through urine or masturbation. The is syndrome is also known in the Chinese and Sri Lankans

Shiraev And Levy
A mental disorder is a breakdown in development, mental process, or physical realm created by a problem in the thoughts, emotions, or behaviors
of an individual as noted by disabling conditions on a personal, familial, social, and occupational level (Shiraev & Levy, 2017). To be considered a
mental disorder, there must be distress on the part of the individual affected by the clinical findings (Shiraev & Levy, 2017). Diagnoses of mental
disorders can be challenging because of cultural input. Shiraev and Levy (2017) suggested "subjective experience", "idioms of distress", "diagnoses",
"treatment", and "outcome" are affected by the individual cultures (p. 253). Basically, how a person manifests their symptoms is based on cultural
practices,... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So, we need to have a universal understanding of things or a set of "central symptoms" that transcend indigenous or cultural specificity (Shiraev &
Levy, 2017, p. 256). Shiraev and Levy (2017) show these symptoms to be cross cultural in nature, yet expression may be different based on cultural
adaptation. The text shows neurasthenia as a universal diagnostic label because of its vague constructs it allowed for a lessened diagnosis when a
stronger disorder was not necessary (Shiraev & Levy, 2017). The vagueness of the diagnosis became the universalist global concept of neurasthenia
(Shiraev & Levy, 2017). From a personal perspective without having a global understanding to an applied cultural concept, we run the risk of
diagnosing a hundred different ideals that are basically the same idea only differentiated by the cultural context; likewise, not having a cultural
backdrop limits diagnoses overwhelmingly because many of the big picture disorders require a historical context in order to ensure the right
diagnostic criterion. Conclusively on a macro level, mental disorders are represented by a global set of manifestations based on deviation from the
global norm, outward dysfunction, and personal suffering; however, on a micro level, each culture defines an additional set of local representations,
based on specific cultural expectations, social norms and customs, and other outside factors, which enable a bigger view of mental malfunctions and
disorders (Shiraev & Levy,

Black Skin White Coats Summary
In Black Skin, White Coats, Matthew M. Heaton, discusses three different examples of psychiatric care in post–colonial Nigeria. One of these is an
medical affliction that became known as a culture–bound syndrome, that of Brain–Fag Syndrome (BFS). BFS, was an ailment that would only found
within Nigerian students in settings of higher education, that was thought to have been caused by an overstressing of the brain (p. 121–122). While the
more recent scholarship has called the nature of all culture–bound syndromes into question, Heaton describes how for BFS it was believed that, "the
elements in the indigenous cultures were responsible in some was for the seemingly localized natures of these disorders" (p. 121). BFS is a notable
example of the... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of these is what the author calls, confessional technologies, inspired by the community groups seen within North America and Europe. This relates
to the processes used to try and get people, specifically HIV positive individuals, to speak openly about their diagnosis. This was commonly seen
through the use of workshops, that would bring people together and attempt to create a supportive environment in which people would feel comfortable
sharing their story. Nguyen describes how "the workshops were critical sites of interaction between local volunteers and international consultants who
otherwise spent the rest of their time holed up in five–star hotels" (p.38). One of the unseen effects was in the effect that this system would have on the
existing kinship system. As people who were more vocal had a greater chance at receiving the live–saving medicine they needed, the confessional
technologies "disrupted existing moral economies that had linked disclosure, trust, and social belonging" (p. 33). Nguyen used this process to illustrate
how the successes of one system of care may not always be able to seamlessly be used within another culture without local

LJones Perceptions And Causes Ofpsycho Pathology
Perceptions and Causes of Psycho–Pathology Linda Jones Dr. Harold Beaman PSYCH/650–Psychopathology March 2, 2015 Introduction In principle,
psychopathology is the scientific study of mental disorders and their origin; in addition, this field of study examines the causes, development, and
possible treatment for the disorders. Essentially, psychopathology encompasses three aspects that are considered as directly related to the mental
disorders. These facets include the biological considerations, social issues, and psychological aspects of any mental condition. In fact, the initial
perception of mental illness was associated with religious issues such... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Observably, the disorder mostly treated and cured by the traditional medicine in the culture. Cultural bound syndromes can either cause somatic
complains, or can be simply behavioral with no connection to any effect on the body parts. On the other hand, researchers may choose to suggest
that cultural based syndromes represent behaviors that may be acceptable in certain regions (Wilkinson 2000). Conversely, this disorders maybe
highly disregarded in other areas. Ataque De Nervios Ataque De Nervios is an example of cultural bound syndrome among the Hispanics.
Illustratively, the disorder is characterized by crying hysterically, rickety, out of control shouting, physical and verbal violence, and an extreme high
temperature in the chest. Ostensibly, the disorder is said to be as result of attacks by evil spirits and demonic visitations. In essence, the symptoms
are associated with stressful events such as the death of a loved one, a traumatic experience involving a loved one, divorce, or separation of in a
marriage union. In this regard, this syndrome is only unique among the Hispanics, in other regions it may be viewed as a normal way of venting out
anger. The Diathesis Stress Model In principle, this theory seeks to explain behavior as a predisposition vulnerability that is coupled up by experiences
that are stresses in life. The model takes consideration of the psychological, biological, and situational aspects in life that cause inherent

Abnormal Psychology And Culture-Bound Syndromes

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