The DNA is the basis of our genetic code, we could almost say that we are all made of DNA; therefore all studies are trying to understand this important part of us. Over time, they have discovered that DNA contains all the instructions that control the development and function of every cell in our body. What we know is that the DNA is able to divide itself, replicating and giving two daughter strands which contain exactly the same information from DNA mother. Then these are transcribed into RNA and finally translated into proteins, this is what we know as the central dogma of genetic information. Although nature seems to be so perfect there are some cases where this beautiful process fails, and this is where certain diseases are originated and can cause multiple problems. Scientists are increasingly closer to find answers and perhaps their studies can help in the future. New treatments for Alzheimer's, autism and depression, could be developed. It could be the starting point for future researches on genes involved in these diseases. Knowing which genes are involved, people who are not sick yet, might prevent some disease. These findings help us understand how diseases work and where they come from. Encourages doctors and scientists to find more about this genes, to achieve excellent results that could benefit many people. It gives us hope and determination to achieve incredible things in this medicine area; we know that humans are able to find and develop things that we have never imagine. We know that DNA is the basis of everything, thus if we understand certain parts of it and what is involved on it, we would be able to control many diseases that affects society nowadays. With these discovery we would be contributing to industry and researches. new hypothesis could change the way we see things, and would make researchers focused in other cell structures such as ribosomes. The cause of some diseases might not be in the DNA, but on the malfunctioning of ribosomes, in that way we must look for the real cause of them. In my opinion this is a big step for medicine, although there is not yet a certain result, and they have to investigate more about the genes, they have a great part of the investigation that can guide them to find the solution to multiple diseases. I think that this kind of researches benefit a lot our society, because they are trying to improve people’s life, by finding the different places of de brain where illnesses are originated. With this project we can start thinking on possible cures and treatments for Alzheimer's, autism, depression and other disorders. It's good to start investigating on other cellular structures that may be quite involved in the most complex processes of DNA. Scientists may have never wondered what real role of ribosome is. Thinking about new hypotheses and that maybe the ribosome is the central point is crazy but good, because they could be right.

1. Forget the selfish gene: Evolution of life is
driven by the selfish ribosome, research
suggests
María Camila Jaramillo
Medical student
3rd semester
Molecular Biology 2015-01
Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana
Lina María Martínez Sánchez
Neuroscientists lead global consortium to crack
brain's genetic code
AND

4. INTRODUCTION
 The DNA is the basis of our genetic code, we could almost
say that we are all made of DNA; therefore all studies are
trying to understand this important part of us. Over time,
they have discovered that DNA contains all the instructions
that control the development and function of every cell in
our body. What we know is that the DNA is able to divide
itself, replicating and giving two daughter strands which
contain exactly the same information from DNA mother.
Then these are transcribed into RNA and finally translated
into proteins, this is what we know as the central dogma of
genetic information.
 Although nature seems to be so perfect there are some
cases where this beautiful process fails, and this is where
certain diseases are originated and can cause multiple
problems. Scientists are increasingly closer to find answers
and perhaps their studies can help in the future.

5. Neuroscientists lead global
consortium to crack brain's
genetic code (January 21,2015)
 A big team of 300 scientists identify eight
common genetic mutations that appear to
age the brain an average of three years.
 They focused on genetic data from seven
regions of the brain that coordinate
movement, learning, memory and
motivation

6. HOW DID THEY REALIZED IT?
 They screened millions of "spelling
differences" in the genetic code to see
which ones affected the size of key parts of
the brain in magnetic resonance images
(30,717 individuals).
 With those images, they discovered eight
genes that may erode or boost brain tissue
in people worldwide. Any change in those
genes appears to alter
your mental bank account
or brain reserve by 2% or
3%

7. WHAT WERE THE RESULTS?
 They identify eight genetic variants associated with
decreased brain volume, (several found in over one-fifth of
the world's population). People who carry one of those eight
mutations had, on average, smaller brain regions than brains
without a mutation but of comparable age; some of the
genes are implicated in cancer and mental illness
“This crowd-sourcing and sheer wealth of
data gives us the power to crack the
brain's genetic code”

8. WHAT DO THEY WANT?
The discovery could help to
develop some new therapies
and interventions for
Alzheimer's disease, autism
and other neurological
conditions.
 Also the study could help
identify people who would
most benefit from new drugs
designed to save brain cells.

9. PERSONAL OPINION
 In my opinion this is a big step for medicine, although
there is not yet a certain result, and they have to
investigate more about the genes, they have a great
part of the investigation that can guide them to find the
solution to multiple diseases. I think that this kind of
researches benefit a lot our society, because they are
trying to improve people’s life, by finding the different
places of de brain where illnesses are originated. With
this project we can start thinking on possible cures and
treatments for Alzheimer's, autism, depression and other
disorders.

10. Forget the selfish gene: Evolution
of life is driven by the selfish
ribosome, research suggests
(January 7, 2015)
New research challenges the selfish
gene theory, proposing instead, that if
anything is "selfish" it must be the
ribosome
“selfish
gene
theory” says
cells and
organisms exist
simply as
packages to
protect and
transmit genes.

11. "WHAT DOES DNA WANT?"
So who does want to do replication and translation?
The resting position of DNA is very tightly curled up. It is so hard to unravel that
researchers do not fully understand how the various helper molecules uncurl
and unzip it for replication and translation.
the answer is: It wants to sit curled up in a knot. DNA does not want to
replicate or translate.

12.  Is a large and complex molecule found in all
living cells. It contains the machinery for
translating the genetic information from DNA into
the proteins that perform all the work of the cell
and make up most of its structure. It is composed
of two types of molecules: proteins and RNA
RIBOSOMES
rRNA, purely
structural, forming the
scaffold or skeleton of
the ribosome "machine
tRNA translates the
mRNA message into
amino acids, which
are strung together on
the ribosome to make
a protein.
mRNA transcribes
the genetic
information from DNA
and carries it to the
ribosome

13. "We have demonstrated
that rRNA contains the
vestiges of the mRNAs,
tRNAs and "genes" that
encode its own protein
structure and function.
Ribosomes are not
simply the passive
translators DNA," says Dr.
Robert Root-Bernstein.
If ribosomes want to reproduce themselves, the rRNA
would have to contain three things: the "genes“, the
mRNAs to carry its own genetic information and the
tRNAs to translate the mRNAs into proteins.

14. PERSONAL OPINION
 It's good to start investigating on other cellular structures that
may be quite involved in the most complex processes of
DNA. Scientists may have never wondered what real role of
ribosome is. Thinking about new hypotheses and that
maybe the ribosome is the central point is crazy but good,
because they could be right and in that way earlier theories
wouldn’t have sense anymore. This would be a
breakthrough, because in that way many diseases might
originate from the malfunctioning of ribosomes, therefore,
researches would begin to look for new things in these
nuclear structures.

15. MEDICAL UTILITY
 New treatments for Alzheimer's, autism and
depression, could be developed.
It could be the starting point for future
researches on genes involved in these
diseases.
Knowing which genes are involved, people
who are not sick yet, might prevent some
disease.

16. These findings help us understand how diseases
work and where they come from.
Encourages doctors and scientists to find more
about this genes, to achieve excellent results
that could benefit many people.
It gives us hope and determination to achieve
incredible things in this medicine area; we know
that humans are able to find
and develop things that we
have never imagine.

17. We know that DNA is the
basis of everything, thus if
we understand certain parts
of it and what is involved on
it, we would be able to
control many diseases that
affects society nowadays.
With these discovery we
would be contributing to
industry and researches.

18. new hypothesis could change the way we see
things, and would make researchers focused in
other cell structures such as ribosomes.
The cause of some diseases might not be in the
DNA, but on the malfunctioning of ribosomes, in
that way we must look for the real cause of
them.

19. BIBLIOGRAPHY
 Neuroscientists lead global consortium to crack brain's genetic code,
University of Southern California, 2015. [Internet] 2015 Jan [Fecha de
acceso 3 febrero de 2015]. Disponible en:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150121144839.htm
 Forget the selfish gene: Evolution of life is driven by the selfish ribosome,
research suggests, Aarhus University, 2015. [Internet] 2015 Jan [Fecha de
acceso 3 febrero de 2015]. Disponible en:
http://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/01/150107101405.htm