Crime And Disorder Legislation, Sentences And Orders

Crime and Disorder Legislation, Sentences and Orders
Pre–court measure There are 2 pre–court measures that are given to young people before they get
taken to court, they want to help give the youths a chance to change their ways. The 2 measures are
Reprimand and a Final warning. A reprimand is a verbal warning given to the youth by a police
officer. The child may then be sent off to a youth offending team to complete voluntary work also
known as community service, this will help to teach the youth a lesson not to punish them. A final
warning is given to a child who admits that they are wrong in the offence they have performed. The
child must then be assessed by a series of activities to help see the causes of their offending. Anti–
social measures ASBO's (anti–social behaviour orders) and ... Show more content on
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The offender will be made to pay the money to the court which will then be passed onto the victim.
Compensation will be taken into consideration for personal injury, loss or damage which has
happened from the offence. Child safety order This order is given to given aged 10 and over and its
intentions is to help and support them if the court feel as if they are at a risk of being involved in
anti–social behaviour. The child may be given a curfew, this is to make sure that they are in after a
certain time so they do not get the chance to commit any crimes. If they breach the curfew they must
then be supervised by a social worker. Parenting orders It is given to a parent and this requires them
to attend a 3 month programme. This programme will help parents to deal with their child's
behaviour and stop them offending. The child may then be given a curfew and it is down to the
parents to make sure their child is attending school and that they are there on time to help them get a
better education. Reparation order A reparation order gives the offender a second chance to make
things better, the offender may be asked to either help repair the damage from their offence, write a
letter of apology to the victim, verbally communicate with the victim to talk about the impact of the
offence or have to do community service. There are punishments if you do not do what is asked
from you, you could be fined, be given a curfew or be re–sentenced
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Criminology Personal Statement
I have applied to study criminology & sociology because I strongly believe that the crime rate is
greatly affected by environmental & social factors. Examining why someone commits crime can
lead to exploring prevention, rehabilitation & treatment, and I am very interested in these topics. I
have excellent interpersonal, time management, problem solving, organisational & research skills;
these are used every day in my work as a personal trainer where I manage and support my clients,
motivating them to achieve & maintain their goals. I teach group exercise classes to a maximum of
40 people at a time where I need to structure and lead sessions, as well as being aware of everyone's
different learning styles: visual, auditory & kinaesthetic, factoring ... Show more content on
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I am there to make sure their rights as a detainee are upheld; appointments can range from police
interview, formal charges being made, fingerprinting, identification or a police search. I am also a
mentor for young people, where my position provides an opportunity for them to choose to talk to
someone who is not the police or social services..My skills transfer into this role along with
assertiveness, the ability to analyse a situation and act accordingly, open mindedness, excellent
communication, empathy, punctuality & confidentiality. I have experience in putting action plans
into place to help and support youths and I am aware of the need to report any safeguarding issues to
my line manager. Sport is one of my pastimes and I get a great sense of pleasure and achievement
from challenging my body and seeing what it can achieve. I have taken part in events such as The
Mallorca 312 (a 312km cycle in one day around the whole island), various cycling & running events
in England and in May 2018, I will compete in The Great Wall Marathon in China. Exercise releases
endorphins which has a positive effect on our bodies and our brain. Sport England conducted a 12
week exercise programme which showed participants were significantly less likely to reoffend if
they participated for 8 weeks or more of the

The Criminal Justice System Is Failing Children And Young...
This essay seeks to discuss the statement of "The criminal justice system is failing children and
young offenders in the UK" by considering both whether our justice system is delivering the
overhaul of the youth justice systems aims of
Providing the criminal justice system with an appropriate selection of sentencing choices and
focusing any sentencing on preventing re–offending by stopping the vicious cycle young offenders
tend to fall into. This report will also discuss the widely shared opinion that our justice system is
severely inadequate for UK 's young people therefore failing to rehabilitate young offenders and
strongly promote and enforce "restorative justice" as Sir Alan Beth MP (The Chair of the Youth
Justice Committee) intends to. According to UK Governments official crime rate stats, In 2015 there
were around 950,000 arrests made in England and Wales, of which 94,960 were of people aged 10–
17 years. This immediately shows how obligatory it is for our system to be constructive for young
offenders and therefore advantageous for society in decreasing crime rates within young people.
UK Criminal Justice System : subsection 1 : the importance of the Youth justice system.
The Uk 's youth justice system can be criticised for being to lenient on young offenders as the UK
beholds many laws that ban any physical / mental abuse towards the offenders and human rights that
prevent any in humane living conditions other offenders in the world may face such as in places

What Are the Major Issues That Cause Inner City Youth to...
SOCIAL POLICY PROJECT
MODULE: SS3P02N
Question: What are the major issues that cause inner city youth to join gangs and become
delinquent? Discuss whether the New Labour Government's policies have been effective in solving
these issues?
2010
Project by: Alice Mutumba
Student No: 05038460
CONTENTS PAGE
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 Summary
The perception that gang culture in relation to youth crime is growing in the UK is intensified by the
media, it is very rare to read a daily paper these days without coming across some mention of gang
related crime. In order to understand why some of the young people living in the global city join
gangs it is important to have a clear definition of what a gang is and to also investigate the role of
the media ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
value of property stolen, physical and emotional impact) but also the costs of responding to it e.g.
cost of the criminal justice system. The Home Office analysis suggests that an individual offender
might cost the tax payer on average of £300,000 to get through the system. It is estimated that young
people aged 10– 16 years are responsible for around 25 per cent of crime, thus a total cost in the
region of £6bn is spent per year on fighting youth crime (including crime against business and the
public sector). (Data taken from the YAP impact assessment on the Home office website cited
15/12/09)
1.3 New Labour 'Tough on Crime'
The way in which young people are represented and understood in relation to crime has changed
rapidly over the last century, undoubtedly the biggest change came about after the moral panic
caused by the murder of the toddler James Bulger by two 10–year–old boys in February 1993. Since
then youth crime in general has been at the centre of public, media and government scrutiny.
Not wanting to appear soft on crime Tony Blair as shadow home secretary in 1993 declared that
Labour would be "tough on crime and tough on the causes of crime". He laid down the contours of

New Labour's so called 'respect agenda'. In which he differentiated between what he called the 'law–
abiding majority' and the 'unruly minority'. Thus there has been no surprise that under the New
Labour Government young people have become subject to

Recidivism In Juveniles Essay
Juveniles offenders demonstrate higher rates of substance abuse indifference to non–offending
juveniles. Recidivism increases more often with substance abuse and mirrors a deeper involvement
in the juvenile justice system. The likelihood that a youthful offender will have extensive interaction
with the system is in part due to drugs and alcohol use. Substance abuse has also produced
rebellious behavior in juveniles. More serious offenses are linked with severe substance abuse and
increase the rates of offending. Moreover, the younger the child is at the beginning of substance use
usually reflects greater chances for severe and continuing offending. Potential prognostication
includes gender, personality, early "troublesomeness," parental ... Show more content on
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I believe that the geographic environment of where these juveniles live is also a factor when the
involvement of substance abuse is present when dealing with recidivism, meaning how easy it is to
access drugs and alcohol. The root of the problem starts either two places at home or within the
juvenile's peer relationships. There are currently 15 juvenile drug courts here in Michigan. There is a
specialized docket within the juvenile or family court system, which selects delinquency cases. In
some cases, status offenders are designated a certain Judge. Because the juveniles have problems
with drugs and/ or alcohol the youths are referred to this docket. The juvenile drug treatment court
judge maintains close oversight of each case through regular status hearings with the parties and
their guardians. There is a team of representatives from treatment, juvenile justice, social and mental
health services, school, vocational training programs, law enforcement, probation, the prosecution,
and the defense and this is all coordinated by the judge that oversees the whole thing. Over the
course of a year or more, the team meets frequently (often weekly), determining how best to address
the substance abuse and related problems of the youth and his or her family that have brought the
youth into contact with the

Effectiveness In Youth Justice Research
In order to explore how one can ensure effectiveness while working within the youth justice system,
we must explain what is meant by being 'effective'. Before studying the topic, my personal working
definition was that being effective in youth justice is "working in a way which is proven to work to
reduce recidivism". Effective practice has been defined by the Youth Justice Board as "practice
which produces the intended results" (Chapman & Hough, 1998) and specific practice can
ultimately be classified into five categories:– 1. Research–proven 2. Promising evidence 3.
Emerging evidence 4. Treat with caution 5. Ineffective (Archer, 2013) On the surface, this system of
classification implies that to be effective means using practice which is ... Show more content on
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The outcome of this questionnaire will categorise them as being either a visual, auditory,
kinaesthetic or mixed styles learner. Should they be categorised as a visual learner, then efforts will
be made to incorporate strong elements of imagery into the course of the intervention. This could
include pictures, diagrams, flow charts or timelines which would better aid them in understanding
the topics under discussion throughout the programme. Auditory learners may benefit from one–to–
one or group discussion, mnemonics and video of juvenile/adult offenders recounting their personal
experiences with regard to specific areas of offending. I have found that these specific kinds of
video are often very impactful on the young person and can lead to positive discussions and
increased

Safer School Partnerships
The National Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children (NSPCC) is a registered charity
which aims to prevent and stop any form of cruelty or harm to children. 90% of their funding comes
from public donations, and in 2014 they managed to reach out to 278,700 children through their
school`s service. They work to prevent abuse from ever happening, protect those who are at risk and
help children who have been abused to try and rebuild their lives. Â£600 pays for the NSPCC
School`s Service to talk to 1 class of primary school children about the signs and dangers of abuse
and where they can go to for help should they ever need it. They help parents to keep their children
safe by running and highlighting campaigns like the â€ ̃Underwear Rule`, ... Show more content on
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They aim to prevent offending by young people in a particular area and work closely with other
agencies that may be involved. They will identify factors to help prevent offending such as helping
young people into education or employment, working on aspects of their behaviour, working with a
drugs worker and providing family support. Education workers in Youth Offending Teams liaise
with school`s to arrange for the continuing education of young people who go into custody.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Kamen, Teena, `Teaching Assistants Handbook Level 3` (2011) Burnham, Louise, `Brilliant
Teaching Assistant` (2011) www.bbc.co.uk/schools/parents/types–of–school www.cafcass.gov.uk
www.citizensadvice.org.uk/education/schools www.education.gov.uk â€" Every Child Matters
www.everychildmatters.co.uk www.foundationyears.org.uk www.gov.uk â€" publications
www.gov.uk â€" collections â€" national curriculum www.gov.uk/government/collections/statistics
www.gov.uk/government/organisations/dfe www.gov.uk â€" organisations – Ofsted www.gov.uk â€"
SEN overview www.hse.gov.uk/legislation/hswa.htm www.hse.gov.uk – RIDDOR
www.legislation.gov.uk â€" data protection www.legislation.gov.uk – ukpga www.nga.org.uk
www.nhs.uk â€" change4life www.nspcc.org.uk www.parliament.uk â€" data protection
www.researchbriefings.parliament.uk/research briefing

The Role Of Protective Factors That Are Involved With Risk...
Fourgere stated, "Resilience is one of purported protective factor that has been highlighted as being
of potential importance." This was stated in regards of some protective factors that are involved with
risk factors in offenders. Protective factors are those supposedly known to relate to positive
outcomes. Protective factors are those conditions or attributes such as skills, strength, resources,
supports, or coping strategies in individuals, families, communities or larger societies that help
people deal more effectively with stressful events and mitigate or eliminate risk in families and
communities. Resilience is the capacity to recover quick from difficulties. This is a trait or
characteristic that has been thought to keep some young offenders from reoffending, Structured
Assessment of Violence Risk in Youth (SAVRY), Structured Assessment of Protective Factors for
Violence Risk, and Short–Term Assessment of Risk and Treatability are some risk assessment tools
that related to resilience. Resilience has been identified as both a personal quality or characteristic,
as well as a means of coping. Forensics concluded resilience being a trait, a quality that makes one
person different from another, or a characteristic, a special quality or trait that makes a person thing,
or group different from others. Both defined show a few similarities but remained distinct depending
solely on the individual and their circumstances. Individuals who show self–efficacy, perseverance,

Examples Of Diversity In Higher Education
DeMya T. Wimberly HED59060 Diversity In Higher Ed Dr. Gore I would like to open by
identifying leadership theories that fit me the best. Honestly I believe all three fit me and I will
begin with a brief backstory to explain why. Prior to coming to the University of Toledo I spent 17.5
years working for the Lucas County Juvenile Court specifically at the Lucas County Youth
Treatment Center where our charge was to save the taxpayers of Lucas money by lowering the
amount of youth who were committed to the Department of Youth Services in Columbus (Juvenile
Prison). Our program focused on arming offending youth with the skills to re–orient safely back into
the Lucas County Community. We could house 44 youth 36 male, 12 female at maximum capacity
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I utilized "Situational Leadership" depending on the task for example as I mentioned before our
ultimate goal was to return youth safely to the community. To accomplish our long term primary
responsibilities I utilized the "Expressive Theory" were our group well–being and work as a unit
was pivotal in ultimately helping the youth assigned to our unit. We accomplished this by having
weekly Wednesday team meetings were staff, the Therapist assigned to our unit and myself as a
team reviewed the cases of the residents up for review usually 4 each week, discussed phase
movements, the unit dynamics overall and instituted individual or unit wide interventions if needed.
As the unit Supervisor I regularly met with staff at least once every other week, performed annual
performance evals, and checked on their well–being often. This was a stressful field and I wanted
them to know that they, their input and contribution mattered. I continuously gave staff feedback,
encouragement and even at times appropriate disciplinary action. I often received compliments from
our Administrator about how smoothly our unit ran and how it seemed to run itself. This was due to
my belief of training staff to do my job or to become Shift Leader/Supervisors and I never felt
threatened and I was very open with my staff about theirs and my goals for them

Ethical Dilemmas In Social Work
Entry 2 and 3
Throughout the three years of being on the program, I also encountered many ethical dilemmas with
young people and other professionals. For instance, in the first year I saw a member of staff stealing
some cleaning products at a children's residential home. When I approached the worker, I asked her
why she had taken the cleaning products and she explained that she is a single parent working part–
time and her wages were not enough to buy household essentials for her family.
In this scenario, I found it difficult to decide whether I should tell my supervisor or keep it a secret.
Being raised by a single parent, I could understand how difficult it was for her to work part–time
hours and still be able to provide for her family. Although I value trust and honesty, I knew that if I
told my supervisor the worker might lose her job, hence why I decided to keep it a secret. However,
I told the worker not to do it again because it was not fair on the young people. Despite this, a
deontologicalist argue that I did the wrong thing by keeping what I witnessed a secret. On the other
hand, a consequentialist would argue that I did the right by keeping it a secret because I ... Show
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While working as a trainee youth worker at the Youth Offending Team (YOT), I was appointed to
help young people to get into education, employment or training. In one of my session, an ethical
dilemma occurred when a young person decided that he did not want to put that he had a criminal
record on a job application form. In order to protect the young person's identity he will be referred to
as M. When I asked M why he had lied in the form, he explained that employers might not interview
him because of his criminal past. Being a Black male myself, I could understand some the of the
issues M was facing. However, I was aware of how my person views and beliefs could impact upon
my work with

Preventing Youth Crime
Outline and evaluate strategies used by criminal agencies to control youth crime.
An estimate number of 10 to 17 yr olds in UK in 1999 was 2704392 males and 2561681 females.
These young people represent of the general population and are also often the group who elicit the
most concern and discussion within local communities and the media. There is a big interest in the
consistent crimes in this age group, resulted in a lot of research being made.
Therefore this essay will be establishing research done by various criminal agencies that help to
prevent youth crime occurring and evaluating this research critically. Preventing youth crime before
it happens is the first and best way to protect society. The Youth Justice Strategy ... Show more
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The Crown Prosecution Service is headed by the Director of Public Prosecutions (DPP), who reports
to the Attorney General.
Other prosecuting authorities include the Serious Fraud Office, the Inland Revenue, Customs and
Excise Commissioners, local authorities, and trading standards departments, all of which will
prosecute cases. Any Individual citizens can bring private prosecutions for most crimes, but some
need the consent of the Attorney General; these cases may be taken over by the DPP.
An Independent Inspectorate (HM Crown Prosecution Service Inspectorate) reports on the
performance of the Crown Prosecution Service and the prosecution Group of HM Customs and
Excise.
In 2001, a unified National Probation Service for England and Wales was formed, which was led by
a National Director, who reports directly to the Home Secretary. The service supervises and watches
offenders in the community, which is under direct court orders and being on release from custody on
licence. It also prepares reports for the courts to help with sentencing. Certain young offenders can
be supervised by local authority social services departments or youth offending teams.
HM Inspectorate of Probation has both an inspection and an advisory role, and also monitors any
work that the Probation Service carries out in conjunction with the voluntary and private sectors.
The prison service is

Policies And Procedures In Schools
It is essential that all schools have policy and procedure framework to follow. They explain what
your organisation does and how you do it. Policies and procedure define rules, resolve conflict and
clarify principles. They are guidelines and standards for all those associated with the organisation to
follow. They support effective decision making on what can and cannot be done. A clear framework
avoids misunderstanding
Policies and procedures should always be clear and concise so they are easy to understand and
follow. They should emphasise the spirit of the rule: clearly identify the purpose and the scope. They
should not over link or contradict each other.
Policies and procedures are created with Acts and legislations in mind. They can be ... Show more
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They observe children and monitor their progress, they would also work closely with parents or
carers to ensure a child is developing and progressing effectively.
Youth workers plan, organise and oversee community projects. A youth worker will work with
children aged 11–25 and from all backgrounds. They need very strong communication skills and
aim to help young people reach their full potential in everyday society.
NHS Team, school nurses, have a varied job role within a school environment. For reception
children the school nurse takes height and weight measurements, they also do a sight and hearing
test. They do home visits for families in need. Advice and support is given about health education
and with public health agendas, e.g. healthy eating. Immunisation clinics are also completed by the
school nurse. They are also a main point of contact for any safeguarding issues that may have arisen.
The NHS team can advise on conditions like asthma, diabetes and eczema, they work closely with
GPs, health visitors and other health and social care staff. The NHS might also be referred to in the
event of a child requiring speech therapy or occupational

Social Policy And The Access Of The Judiciary System
What is Social Policy and the link to the Judiciary system
Social policy aims to improve human welfare and to meet human needs. Important areas of social
policy are wellbeing and welfare, unemployment insurance, pensions, the NHS, social housing,
family policy, social care, child protection, crime and criminal justice and labour issues. It was said
problems of children who were deprived or abused have been connected closely with issues
concerning young offenders (Spicker.uk, 2015).This statement involves various roles from
professionals in the judiciary system. Under the Children's Act 1998 the local authority's functions
where to provide services which support children and their families (Anon, 2015). Social workers
would have had involvement during the individual's young life and have already taken action in
order to prevent the abuse therefore preventing young offenders. In turn victim support would
support the individual if they are required in a court setting; they will advise if they are feeling
worried, nervous or afraid. If an individual becomes a young offender the Youth offending teams
within the court support them by; staying in touch with a young person if they're sentenced in
custody, charged with a crime and has to go to court or if a young person is arrested. The youth
offending team work closely with the probation services (Gov.uk, 2015).
Leeds Crown Court
The first impression of the Crown Court building is initially imposing and intimidating; however the

Mentoring Program to Reduce Juvenile Recidivism
Introduction
Youth are often confronted with socio–economical and political challenges including poverty, ethic
and minority status and are often cited as at risk for committing long–term community problems like
rise in crime due to substance abuse, school drop–out and several forms of academic failures,
delinquencies, criminal offenses and unemployment (e.g. Grisso, Vincent & Seagrave, 2005;
Champion & Mays, 1991; Fellmeth, 2002). According to Grisso and his colleagues (2005), the
argument that in order to help young offenders that were placed under rehabilitation centers
reconnect to community and avoid recidivism is to provide them education and employment
opportunities upon release. It is in this area where mentoring programs to ... Show more content on
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B. Mentoring Programs in Reducing Recidivism
Studies suggest that young people are often at risk of re–offending (e.g. Sharkey, et al, 2003;
Vincent & Seagrave, 2005). Sharkey and his colleagues explained that youth often reoffend since, as
they prepare themselves in returning to their respective communities, they are usually confronted by
similar situations that had influenced their behaviors prior to committing offenses. Another group of
researchers however show that youth engaged in education, employment and other productive
endeavors in their communities within 6 to 8 months after their release are less vulnerable to commit
another offense (e.g. Keating, et al., 2002, Bullis, et al, 2002, Grossman & Tierney, 2008). In the
literature, mentoring programs are often advocated as an effective intervention in helping young
offenders in fostering one–to–one relationships (a young offender with a caring adult) and in
connecting them to promising education and employment opportunities upon their release
Supporters of this view highlight that positive relationship with caring adults strengthens the
protective factors which help young offenders to overcome structural and institutional hurdles to
having healthy and productive lives. Keating,

The Youth Justice System in Europe Essay examples
In my view the youth justice system should be dealt in a better way with few amendments. This will
not imply that the young children mischievous acts won't be dealt without any response. There are
many various ways that can be dealt, like transfer of resources to children services, various forms of
provisions and some special staff to deal with adolescents. The extensive and unfortunate scaling
back of youth service over recent years has led to a loss of such expertise.
The age of criminal responsibility in England and Wales is 10 years .In other terms we can also say
that children who are below the age of 10 years won't be charged or for that matter arrested for a
crime.
In Europe 14 or 15 is more usual, with some countries like ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Section 43 (Sub–Section 4) – provides that to the offence of Voyeurism towards a young child' at
Section 26 of the 2009 Act but in that there has been no reference to consent, as children under the
age of 13 years are deemed to lack the capacity to consent to sexual activity.
The increase of age of responsibility was supported by National Association for Youth Justice
(NAYJ). The NAYJ believed that by not increasing the age of responsibility it will demonstrate
criminalization of children at such an early stage. They say that it is against the international
standard of children rights. The Beijing rules, say that the minimum standard for the administration
of juvenile justice, should not be too low, bearing in mind the facts of emotional, mental and
intellectual maturity. Scotland has a different age of criminal responsibility that is 8 years, but
children cannot be prosecuted below the age of 12 years. United Nations Committee on the rights of
child constituted a more different view on internationally accepted minimum age in 2007. It is stated
that State parties are encouraged to increase the minimum age of criminal responsibility to the age
of 12 years as absolute minimum age.
Doctrine of doli incapax was their earlier to protect the younger children. It generally required the
prosecution to add evidence that not only the young offender had committed the crime and it was
just not an act of mischievousness or naughtiness. After the

Interview With Norman Hore
Interview with Norman Hore, the Director of Education (and the founder) of Rapid English on
21/07/2016 Norman: 'I was extremely fortunate to meet the Education Officer from Reading Youth
Offending Service about 15 years ago and she became really enthusiastic. I was seconded to the
service and started to develop the Communication Course from the ground up. Therefore, Rapid
English was already a tried and tested paper–based approach which then became increasingly an
interactive computer–based system. Once this had proved its worth, other Youth Offending services
around the country requested to use the Communication Course. It is now used widely around the
country and notably in Nottingham which is, I imagine, how you heard about us'. (Interview: ...
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Previous strategies have proved to be ineffective and Nacro has campaigned for the Ministry of
Justice (MOJ) to implement a plan that would see the legislative provision demanding
accountability and constant monitoring of program efficacy. The provision should be that of
inclusive terms, embracing young women and the young black minority ethnic (BAME). For it to be
feasible, both targeted programs, whether in custody or in the community, they have to be culturally
subtle to be able to design person centred programs incorporating individual needs and aims. Nacro
will always refer to the (Harris Review 2015), from which it was concluded that every young person
going through the criminal justice system is susceptible. Also, in the review are recommendations
which state that, by putting young offenders in custody, this should always be the last action to be
taken because the recorded recidivism rates are said to be caused by custodial sentences. The above
sentiments have been welcomed by (Pettersson 2016), who argued that the young people's narratives
are testimony of a failed custodial system and a violation of a vital developmental path that
adolescence inherently nurture desistance. However, the program Beyond Youth Custody (BYC) is
part of the Youth in Focus (YIF)

Personal Statement For Criminology
I am intrigued in studying Criminology for the purpose of wanting to have a deeper understanding
of the causes and consequences of crime and exploring how certain crimes affects our society. I am
looking forward to analysing what crime is and what exactly is classified as criminal behaviour. It is
known that one's culture, age gender or even ethnicity portrays different rates of criminality. But
how do we differentiate a defence from an excuse?
I would say there wasn't a point in my life that made me want to study criminology, I went slowly
from wanting to be a teacher, to a doctor, to a midwife then to now wanting to be a youth offender's
officer. All the careers I had looked into had something to do with helping people. To me this was
very important. I knew that whatever I chose to do it had to have ... Show more content on
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I believe that humans are affected by experience which might led them to different life choices and
with this I believe that because humans aren't fixed and given a person can change and turn their life
around with the right support and guidance. I desire to be accepted on this course primarily because
I have the right qualities and drive to successes on this course and I plan on taking this opportunity
first–hand. I desire to enhance my knowledge about the aspects of crime and the means of how we
conduct ourselves and understanding why crime is such a substantial part of our world. I want to
study criminology, to ultimately help me to pursue my aspirations of becoming a Youth Offender
Officer. I am a confident and hardworking person, who always tries my best and overcomes any
challenges. I like to put myself out of my comfort zone and try new things. I like to enjoy myself as
well as working hard. In college my skills have developed in many ways and I have become a
confident speaker and an every ego student. The type of person I am would really help me thought
out the course I've picked because I am a broad thinker and

Juvenile Delinquency Is Participation Of Illegal Behavior...
Juvenile Delinquency is participation of illegal behavior by minors. Although it is no single path to
juvenile delinquency, the presence of several risk factors often increases a youth's chance of
offending. Risk factors have been defined as those characteristics, variables, or hazards that, if
present for a given individual, make it more likely that this individual, rather than someone selected
from the general population, will develop a disorder(May 2014). Risk factors predict an increased
probability of later offending but it is true that certain protective factors may work to offset risk
factors. To determine this, an assessment is given to the juvenile. This risk assessment will configure
the type of intervention that will best suit the individual youth needs in order to decrease their risk of
offending. The top three key social factors that contribute to juvenile delinquency in the 21st
Century are family, peers, and community. In this paper I will focus on the different aspects of each
top key social factor and the affects it will have on the juvenile. Family is the biggest influence for
early on–set juvenile delinquency risk factors, primarily affecting children 6–11 years of age
(Shader). Children learn basic concepts about good and bad from their family; they make their
values and set the norm for society. Majority of the adolescents who show delinquent behaviors at
an early age in any form come from families that could not give firm foundations to the children.

Classicism, Positiveism Adn Social Construction
Sharlin Janar
K208
With reference to the learning activities in Week 2, discuss the purpose and functions of the youth
justice system in England and Wales in terms of your own practice and experience.
Introduction
In this assignment I am going to discuss the purpose and functions of the Youth Justice System. I
will start by exploring the build up to the legislations that underpins the Youth Justice System which
is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. I will also discuss the purpose and functions of Youth Justice
System and how my role contributes to their declared objectives. Finally I will conclude by
indicating the effectiveness of the Youth Justice System.
Discussion
In 1996 a report was published by the Audit ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When assessing a young person's needs, I use 'The Scaled Approach' framework' Asset, created by
the YJB. Asset is a structured assessment; it provides a concise perception into the welfare of young
person, identifying needs and risk to the public and the probability of re–offending. With this
information I am able to identify and address specific risk factors, creating effective intervention
programmes, building on protective factors. This contributes to the youth justice systems objective
to prevent the likelihood of re–offending.
In order to create and deliver structured interventions tailored to individual needs, I provide young
people with a 'What Do You Think' form (questions directed at their personal life) to gain an
indication of their views. I use a VARK (Visual/Aural/Read/Write/Kinaesthetic) questionnaire which
helps me identify their learning styles. For interventions to be effective and to reduce the likelihood
re–offending, I build on protective factors such as interest's, hobbies and establishing future goals to
help young people focus on positive areas of their life.
Panel meetings allow me to incorporate the main aims of the Youth Justice System. Prior to the
meetings, I liaise with Victim Support to ascertain whether the victim or a representative would like
to participate in the process of restorative

A Reflection On My Professional Visit At The Youth...
this essay I will be looking a critical incident reflection which I had when I went for my professional
visit at the youth offending team in London. Using Reflection will be used to reveal how well or
badly the situation was handled by the staff this will then enable me to see how the incident and the
overall reflection has influence personal learning for me
Hogston and Simpson (1999) says that reflection is "a process of reviewing an experience of
practice in order to better describe, analyses and evaluate, and inform learning about practice". The
incidents occurred during the first day of my placement the incident was that some of the young
people refused to interact with me as they didn't know who I was and that trust was not built up
beforehand many of the youth's thought I was the police coming in to ask them questions about
themselves and their personal lives as many of these young people are still very vulnerable I didn't
presume them. Within any type of helping relationship building up that trusting relationship is
essential as it allows the person to feel safe to share what they have experienced with you as an
individual, Geldard and Geldard (2004) emphasize how important it is to build up a relationship at a
very early stage of meeting the client. Reid and Westergaard (2011) then go on to say once this
relationship has developed the helper will then be able to listen to the young person's story.
I feel that relationships are the key step that's why I think that

The Department Of Juvenile Justice
The Department of Juvenile Justice (DJJ) appointed a new commissioner at the beginning of 1983,
at this time the department was facing many organizational issues. The state legislature had
previously passed legislation affecting the environment in which the organization operated affecting
the population it was originally intending to serve. Internally the DJJ faced many challenges
involving organizational goals, routines, engaged staff, and new leadership. It is recommended that
the organization take actions to adjust to the environment and align its goals with the new
legislature. The newly appointed commissioner should adjust her management towards a task–
orientated leadership until the critical director and staff positions are fulfilled. Once the department
directors are in place, directives can be established to develop department routines. Hired
management can then enforce standard operation procedures as needed to optimize the performance
of the organization.
Service Population and State Regulation
A change in service population at Spofford was a result of new legislation passed in 1978. Public
concern and legislature in New York had a significant impact on the Department of Juvenile Justice;
Spofford was to absorb serious juvenile offenders due to the Juvenile Offender Act. This resulted in
a shift of the service population from status offender to include more serious juvenile offenders
(Varley, 1987, p. 6). This change in legislation and youth population

Youth Justice System
Abstract Just like adult offenders with mental health, we also are faced with youth in the justice
systems that have mental health issues as well. Seeing as mental health for youth reaches such a
broad spectrum for young offenders and their brains are still maturing, unlike in adults, it is tricky to
pinpoint main causes in a precise definition across the board. Being so, mental health is often
misdiagnosed in young offenders. Some behaviours that are similar to adolescence growing up such
as acting out are not taken serious nor seen to be a mental health disorder. In reality these
corresponding behaviours could be underlying symptoms of mental health issues. Not only can these
disorders be a genetic trait but they could also stem from traumatic experiences. These youth who
seem to present or maybe sometimes not present with mental health often end up in our youth
detention centres. These youth with mental health make up an extensive subgroup in our justice
system. For a long time this has been a crisis because our courts were unaware of the impact and
also don't know how to address this issue. Trying to balance the needs of these youth, keeping their
... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
How the youth justice system deals with young offenders who suffer from mental illness has
changed over the years, starting from 2011 when the first mental health court for young offenders
was established in Toronto. Although youth mental health has existed in juvenile detention centres
for decades, only recently has the youth justice system made changes to help with better handling of
these special cases. A new specialty court was recently introduced into our youth justice system.
This new court system was designed to help address the needs of youth in the justice system who
present mental health issues, and also with the goal to deter any youth from

Social Problems and Social Welfare
For many of us when we hear the term "Homeless" the first image that often springs to mind is a
person huddling in a sleeping bag or cardboard box in a doorway of a city street. Whilst media
imagery and information released by charities can support this picture the problem of homelessness
encompasses a far wider range. This discussion looks at homelessness with a particular emphasis on
young people – that is young people typically aged between 16 and 24.
In its simplest form Homelessness means not having a home. In this context a home is not just a
house, it is a permanent, private roof over your head, a place of security with community links and
support. It should be of a decent standard and affordable. (Shelter Nov 2005)
The statutory ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Homelessness Act 2002 widened the classification of homeless people having a priority need to
include 16–17 year olds, care leavers aged between 18 and 20 and persons who are vulnerable due
to them being in care, prison, armed forces or fleeing violence and/or threats of violence. This is a
step in the right direction but bearing in mind we are considering young people to be 16–24 where is
the support for persons 18 years +? There is still a significant gap here considering the lower
minimum wage and benefit levels available in this age range.
Other legislation places duties on Social Services departments to provide for people in and leaving
care namely The Children Act 1989 and The Children (Leaving Care) Act 2000.
What is the impact of homelessness on young people? The "More than a roof" report acknowledged
that historically government's investment in affordable housing has been significantly too low.
Council House stock has been depleted through the successful Right–to–Buy scheme but these
stocks have not been replaced. Whilst there has been a required move away from "council housing"
towards housing association accommodation, an ever increasing population combined with this
under–investment has left a significant gap in the countries overall housing stock. Regional factors
are also worth considering – The "prosperous South East" corner of the UK has attracted a migrating
population seeking

How Youth Workers Can Help With The Issue Of Young Offenders
This essay will examine how youth workers can help with the issue of young offenders, with the use
of relevant policies along with historical and current context to show how. It will also point out key
policies and legislative frameworks linked to young offenders and how these policies promote social
justice and equality.
The term young offender refers to a person (male or female between the ages of 10–17) who has
been convicted of or cautioned about a criminal offence. The term 'young offender' is often used
because the criminal justice system deals with young people who offend in a different way to adults
who offend (ACS Distance Education 2011). Crime is a widespread issue in society and criminal
activities are beginning to get worse. Along with that a lot of young people are now getting involved
in criminal activities. Statistics show that there were over 47,000 criminals between the ages of 16–
21 committing crimes (Whitehead 2014). There are many reason why young people choose to
commit crimes, these would include problems at home, peer pressure, boredom, poverty etc. it was
found that poverty is one of the main reasons that young people turn to crime due to job cuts and
other factors (Association of Chief Officers of Probation 1993). A report was carried out in
Southmead and it showed that young people were the only group that were identified as criminals
(Brent 2006:26). The main conflict between adults and young people seems to be based around
behaviour in public.

Patrick Orr Case Study: Criminalization Of Young People
Patrick (Pat) Orr Case Study
Every childhood is worth fighting for
There are too many children whose rights are neglected by laws and institutions, who endure harsh
and retributive punishments that stigmatise and marginalize them further. The lack of appropriate
crime prevention efforts, support to parents to ensure a safe family environment, and education and
employment opportunities for young people who are old enough to access employment, can lead to
imprisonment and recidivism becoming a pattern for young people who are left with few
opportunities to re–shape their future (The International NGO Council on Violence Against
Children, 2013).
Criminalization of young people is discretionary as there are no pre–determined imperatives for
governments and state agencies to process particular types of young people's behaviour as crimes
and react by treating the perpetrators as criminals. Yet, those in power chose to criminalize young
people and apply the processes of formal intervention, regulation, control and punishment, and
govern them in an uneven and inconsistent manner within and between youth justice systems
(Goldson, 2013).
Crime is a cause and consequence of the breakdown of relationships. Research from the Prison
Reform Trust (2013) illustrates how the absence of a family environment and wide–ranging social
relationships can contribute to offending behaviour; in fact, that research has found that 76% of
children in custody have an absent father. Nonetheless, the

The Role Of 2 Youth And Community Organisations
The piece will discuss an interagency project application between 2 youth and community
organisations, with the aim of securing local authority funding set within the youth commissioning
process. This piece will discuss a number of key components which are essential towards an
effective partnership and the success of a joint funding proposal. Furthermore this paper will provide
a number of areas that need to be considered and avoided in the process of the bid being rejected or
suspended.
It is 'over the last 30 years' that youth and community groups have experienced a 'major change in
the ways public services have been perceived, managed and provided. Merton et al (2009:94) claim
'the business model has prevailed and public services, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
PQQ requires an organisation to prove they have relevant required measures and is 'suitable and
sufficiently well managed to be capable of doing the work set out in the proposal, for example
experience and knowledge, insurances and policies Hoggarth et al (2009:76).
According to the National Youth Agency (2012: 10) 'there are a number of different descriptions for
the commissioning process. However, essentially all follow a process of understand, plan, do and
review', which Merton (2009:99) states; 'is important to recognise that the full commissioning
process is more that procurement. If the commissioners, who may also be known as the Children's
Trust, are doing their job properly, they will have an eye to completing the full cycle of
commissioning. A more in–depth look at this cycle can be obtained via NYA (2012:10) the
commissioning cycle diagram or see the commissioning framework for Every Child Matters (2006)
Policy makers have made it clear–cut that 'local authorities can only provide and commission an
integrated youth offer with partners, in particular with organisations and services in the voluntary
and community sector' Merton (2007:105). According to the NYA (2012:3) 'before embarking on
any commissioning it is important to ensure that: there is a commitment to shared vision, values and
principles; there are strong governance arrangements in place; there is a clear remit for the work;
and key partners and stakeholders have been identified.
Inter

Youth Justice System
The main legislation governing the youth justice system is the Crime and Disorder Act 1998, which
sets out the system's primary aim which is to prevent offending and re–offending by children and
young people. The 1998 Act developed the Youth Justice Board and also the Youth Offending Teams
which can be found in every local authority in England and Wales. It is the belief that the main aim
of the youth justice system is to prevent offending and re–offending by young people and children
(National Audit Office, 2010). It is said that they are four arguments which are put forward for the
use of custodial sentencing for young people these are Rehabilitation, Deterrence, Incapacitation and
Retribution. Bateman et al (2005) suggests that the argument

How Claudine Is The Founder Of Taking Positive Steps And...
Claudine is the founder of Taking Positive Steps and Associates (TPS). Claudine has worked in the
social work field since 1992 covering various children services in several local authorities, for
example mother and baby units, children homes, leaving care and the youth offending teams.
Claudine has also worked in the voluntary sector as a criminal justice manager.
Claudine is passionate about education and holds various qualifications inclusive of; a BA in
criminology and social policies and an MA in Youth Crime, Probation and Applied Criminology.
Claudine has also studied MA in Social work, holds a PTTLS (preparing to teach for lifelong
learning) and has undertook further studies in Child Protection Decision Making an Evidence–based
approach.
Claudine has worked with Northamptonshire Police as an arrest referral officer, and she has also
worked as a criminal justice manager for a voluntary organization. During her time as a criminal
justice manager, Claudine was invited by the Metropolitan Police (Hackney) to join them in setting
up the Independent Advisory Group (IAG) which was a recommendation of the McPherson report
(1999). Claudine chaired the IAG for 4 years. During the longest arm siege (fifteen days) Claudine
was very influential in the community and was later presented with a commendation by John
Stevens, (Baron Stevens of Kirkwhelpington). Claudine 's role with the IAG paved the way for the
work she later did with John Coles head of Operation Trident. Once

Children With Child Abuse And Neglect
There are different types of programs that are available for youth and families where child abuse and
neglect is apparent. Such programs that are available for young people and non–offending family
members are Forensic Interviews, Family Services, Therapy & Counseling, and Prevention
Education. Other programs are available in different areas for families where youth are showing
different types of outcries to help non–offending family members and the child get the help that is
needed for several of reasons. Such other programs are that which is similar to as a residential
treatment program.
Each state has programs that are set up in dealing with the crisis of child abuse and neglect. Each
state across the nation is looking into the different program in which they have and how the
programs need to be adjusted so that the needs of the children and families are a better fit. Through
the different programs that have been set up, some states have seen some improvements in the
programs for child abuse and neglect while other state's are seeing failures for the different
programs. Through the research on the various programs, some states are seeing a decline in how
many youth is having issues after becoming adults with going into the corrections system. While
other states are not only seeing a rise on how many children are entering the state 's custody due to
child abuse and neglect, but the young people are going into the corrections system as adults. With
some states seeing a

Indigenous Australia 's Criminal Justice System
While Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people (Indigenous Australians) represent only about
3% of the total population of Australia, in 2013, they comprised over 27% of Australia 's prison
population (an increase from 25% in 2009). In the same year, the incarceration rate for Indigenous
Australian prisoners was 15 times higher than the rate for their non–Indigenous counterparts, an
increase in the ratio compared to 2011 (when it was 14 times higher) (ABS, 2013). It is evident from
statistical data, that there is a clear over–representation of Indigenous Australians in Australia's
criminal justice system. The figures are even more startling for Indigenous youth, who are 25 times
more likely to be in detention than their non–Indigenous ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
While the cause of indigenous over–representation in prison remains a complex and contentious
issue, it will not be the focus of this essay. Instead, this essay will assess programs and policies
which have been proposed as measures to limit or reduce Indigenous incarceration rates. In general,
programs and policies either aim to divert offenders from being imprisoned (diversion), reduce
recidivism/ repeat offending (rehabilitation) or prevent indigenous people from committing crime at
all (early intervention). This essay will discuss programs for indigenous adults but will direct
significantly more attention to juvenile offenders. It will be reasoned that programs, which target the
underlying causes of indigenous crime, have the greatest potential to reduce indigenous offending
and re–offending.
Restorative justice incorporates a number of programs which serve to primarily address the needs of
the victims, the offenders (who must admit to their offence) and the needs of the wider community,
rather than to simply enforce punishment or satisfy abstract legal principles (Daly & Nancarrow,
2010). Diversion schemes, a branch of restorative justice, include courses of action which prevent
juvenile offenders from entering or continuing in the criminal justice system. Diversion can occur at
most points

Guns And Gangs Business Plan
The Vision
The mission of Taking Positive Steps Guns and Gangs resettlement initiative, is to end Gang
violence in our communities, thus creating stability in our neighbourhoods. Taking Positive Steps
will be a catalyst that fosters safer communities, by working in a conscientious manner with
disaffected young people, their parents and partner agencies, in order to effect positive change
amongst young people socially excluded, involved in guns, gangs, anti–social behaviour and the
criminal justice system. There is strength in every family, thus, we will aim to reconnect those
young people who have become disengaged to their families in order to strengthen the resettlement
process.
At Taking Positive Steps we recognise that children and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Further details regarding our fees are made available on request.
TPS works in partnership with the following agencies:
Job centre plus
Action mentoring. Leadership and management services
Precious tots' nursery
Dr. Jackie Jeffers of Middlesex University
Faith Groups (National)
Metropolitan Police
Jamaican Police Force (ST ANN'S)
Taking positive steps training services
Taking positive steps is working in partnership with DR Jeffers of Middlesex University to provide
training courses for professionals. We also provide training of crime and their caregivers.
Training offered:
Guns, gangs and the implication for social workers and social care professionals:
Working and engaging hard to reach young people
Foster care and young people on remand
Family mediation and parenting support groups
WE PROVIDE A TEAM AROUND THE CHILD AND FAMILY WITH THE FOLLOWING
COURSES AND SUPPORT
DEAD WITH STREET CRED OR NOT
SUPPORT AND RESETTLEMENT OF YOUNG OFFENDERS
SUPPORT OF FEMALES SUBJECTED TO GANG AND, OR DOMESTIC VIOLENCE
FAMILY SUPPORT AND MEDIATION
PARENTING IN THE 21 CENTURY

Management And Leadership Within Justice Environment
RMIT University Global Urban and Social Sciences
JUST 5723– Apply Management and Leadership within Justice Environment
Educators Name: Irene Pagliarella Name: Joshua Dylan Mallia
Contact Details: 0413122093 Student Number: S3380346
Bail Support Program Service
Background
The Bail Support Program Service began on the month of January in the year 2001 as the Pilot Bail
Advocacy Program and lead by the Melbourne Magistrates Court and Corrections Victoria. In 2003,
the pilot bail advocacy program grew and the management moved to the Magistrates Court of
Victoria. On December 2004 it was fused with the Court Referral and Evaluation for Drug
Intervention and Treatment Program.
The Main Aims and Roles
The Bail ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Provide early treatment, including access to drug treatment and rehabilitation programs. Reduce risk
of the client re–offending. The Bail support program also aids an accused person that would
otherwise be remanded in custody to be granted bail and to remain on bail to satisfy the conditions
of their bail. A decrease of relevant services to aid youth to gain bail and meet the conditions has
been noted as possibly contributing towards the large number of youth on custodial remand, mainly
for the indigenous community and younger people who reside in more remote and regional areas.
Because of this the provision aid in finishing bail orders can partake a critical role in decreasing
rates of custodial remand. The bail Support programs are mainly aimed at the youth or adults, to
distinguish the different needs of the groups. The jurisdictions youth Justice department or non–
government organisations give them. The Bail support program was created from two other bail
programs. The Bail support program main aim is to achieve the successful completion of bail by the
accused that would normally be in custody. Reduce the amount of accused kept in remand because
of lack of treatment, support from the community and lack of accommodation.
Systems Theory

A system is "A set of interrelated and interdependent parts arranged in a manner that produces a
unified whole" (robbins 2006), and Systems theory is the

The Importance Of Inter-Professional And Inter-Agency...
The term inter–professional and inter–agency collaboration (IPIAC) was developed by Whittington
et al (2009) to convey the importance of collaboration at professional and agency level.
https://www.basw.co.uk/resources/tcsw/CG%20–%20Interprofessional%20collaboration.pdf This
term helps to identify how the services and professionals can work effectively together, including
working with service users and carers.
The PCF emphasises the importance of learning about inter–professional work practice as it is
essential component of good social work practice.
https://www.basw.co.uk/resources/tcsw/CG%20–%20Interprofessional%20collaboration.pdf
IPIAC develops an integrated approach to the organisation and delivery of services reducing
inequalities and social exclusions, helping to reduce the barriers for working together (Quinne).
There are some examples of IPIAC such as Youth Offending Teams which are part of the local
council and work with the police, probation officers, health, housing and children services, schools
and education authorities, charities and the local community trying to help young people to stay
away from crime.
https://www.gov.uk/youth–offending–team
In this essay I will talk about why the collaboration is important in social work practice and how the
preparation for the Assessment 1 has contributed to my learning.
https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/c898/d44eb343b0424889f54b292f4a3a42f93372.pdf
Social work practice have been influenced and shaped by

The Impact Of England And Wales Deals With Young People
In most of the jurisdiction in the world children are treated in a different way than adults. Applying
the full force of the criminal law to children and young people has long been held to be debatable.
On this paper we will be critically assessing the way in which England and Wales deals with young
people.
The Children act 1989 and the Criminal Justice Act 1991 were the significant event occurred in the
youth justice system in 1990s which had the combine effect that separates the system of dealing
with children perceived to be in need of care and to be dealt in a separate court namely Youth court.
This was aimed to be a welfare based system. But the increases in the juvenile crime in the 1990s
and widespread publicity over persistent young offenders and the murder of two–year–old James
Bulger by two ten–year–old boys became major concern which forced the main political parties to
reconsider their positions on crime and punishment. As a result the political party committed to be
'tough on crime '. The use of warnings and cautions was criticised and discouraged. Later secure
training orders for 12–14 year old and longer custodial sentence were introduced by the Criminal
Justice and Public Order Act 1994.
Also the common law doctrine of Doli Incapax, 'the presumption that a child between the ages of 10
and 14 year olds could not be prosecuted unless it could be proved that they knew the offence to be
'seriously wrong', as oppose to merely naughty or mischievous, which is a

Youth Crime vs Youth Organized Sports
Introduction: The thesis for my data summative will focus on the idea of a possible correlation
between youth organized sports and youth crime rates. Sports are able to teach youth discipline,
honesty, character building and social skills. Since there are not many variables in the data being
researched most data will be taken from case studies and examples. Although there are a lot of
variables regarding youth crime it would take too much time and effort to try and pinpoint all the
different factors affecting youth crime (socio–economic, cultural influences etc...) and instead we
will focus on two major variables. The rate in which young people are committing crimes in an area
and how much money is being put into organized sports and ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
What followed was a massive improvement in the recidivism rates that Camp Kilpatrick saw. This
was such as successful movement that eventually there was a documentary which was then later
made into a feature length movie in 2006. The movie featured one scene that producers had a bit of
trouble deciding whether or not to incorporate the teams first game. They had suffered a loss that
they were unprepared for and most of the team broke down into tears. This was a big breakthrough
in the program, although graphically or statistically this has no meaning it showed that these inmates
from different gangs, most of whom which were rival gangs were bonding through the sport of
football and were upset that they had attempted to bond together against another team and lost. This
prompted further teamwork among rival gangs and eventually the team found itself in the
championship game in which they lost a close game of 13–7. This alone would not amount to much,
maybe it meant that for one year the detention centre had a good year of inmates who were willing
to look past their differences.
Although the detention centre doesn't keep records or come up with statistics it is generally thought
that out of inmates who participated in athletics 70% do not re offend , when in comparison to the
general population of the detention centre which has a recidivism rate of around 75%6. In short this
means that the according to the camp officials roughly 1/3 of the athletes

The Incarceration Of The United States
Overview
The United States has the highest prison population in the world, with over two million incarcerated
(World Prison Brief, 2016), of whom many are juveniles. It is well documented that youths who
enter this system are more likely to suffer a host of negative health and lifestyle outcomes, such as
alcohol/drug abuse, high school dropout, and mental health problems. Such phenomena occur in
stark contrast with the aims of the US juvenile justice system, which supposedly intends to help
offending youths re–assimilate back into society as productive citizens. As previously mentioned,
incarceration often leads to poor mental health, which when combined with the conditions of
confinement significantly raises the rates of suicide and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Adolescents sentenced within the US juvenile justice system have especially high rates of
recidivism (when compared with their adult counterparts), with male juveniles incarcerated at a rate
five times higher than females (Sickmund et al., 2015). African–Americans are an especially
vulnerable demographic within this group. In numbers similar to the adult incarcerated population,
youths of color are found in disproportionate numbers in every step of the US juvenile justice
system, with African–American youths confined at nearly five times the rate of their white peers
(The Annie E. Casey Foundation, 2013). Additionally, number of prior offences is an important
factor, as first–time offenders are much less likely to re–offend than those with previous offences
(Harrison et al., 2001). Gang–related activity and offenses were avoided for the purpose of this
study, as gang–affiliation has an effect on the juveniles' responses to the "positive peer pressure" of
Teen Court programs. It is important to note, however, that for juveniles, previous incarceration acts
as an even greater risk factor for future incarceration than gang membership (Holman & Ziedenberg,
2006). It is important to note that only participants who completed the program were included in the
analysis. Research shows that of those who participate in Teen Court programs, those who complete
their sentence are significantly

Youth Offender Team Case Study
One of the organizations in the England and Wales juvenile justice system is the Youth Offender
Team (YOT) which was established to aid in the prevention of juveniles before they offend. The
system is designed to issue the juvenile with "reprimands and warnings" that is "referred to as the
Final Warning Scheme" (Evans & Ragonese, 2007, p. 1). One of the primary purposes of the Youth
Offender Team is to review the juvenile's history and examine any offences that the juvenile has
committed. Additionally the team will then identify any behavioral issues that may have contributed
to the juvenile's actions and then recommend a course of action to the court system (Paylor, 2011, p.
222). These recommendations involve various approaches which are ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Then the final assessment score will help the team determine recommend the type of case
management approach to follow or the possible sentencing requirement that should be
recommended to the court system (Paylor, 2011, p. 223). If the juvenile score is less than 25 the
juvenile will probation or community service with additional educational programs for them and
their parents and their interactions would only be limited to the Youth Offender Team. If the juvenile
score is 25 to 41 they would be considered a higher risk and would be required to face a judge that
will order educational programs for them and their parents in addition to treatment programs that
will educate the juvenile with dependency issues. During this time the juvenile would be in contact
with the Youth Offender Team, judges, and other court officials that would be assigned to the
proceedings. Finally, if the juvenile scores a 42 or higher they would receive the same
recommendations as the medium or enhanced program except the judge may require that the
juvenile be confined for a period of time (Paylor, 2011, p.

Young Youth Display Anti Social Behavior
However not all young youth display anti–social behavior while others are deeply influence peer
pressure and wanted to look cool researcher from The MORI demonstrated that 60% of young
people between 10 and 17 years of age wanted more police on the street as protections while 38%
wanted harder treatment for their peer who committed an offence, Hopkin –Burke, 2011 (cited in
Barnard 2011). Although Smith, (2013). Argued that seemed to be discord in the balancing neo–
liberal and neo–conservative approaches within such communities may vary regionally. Both New
Labour and conservative have suggested, that there should be greater emphasis on enforcement
contrasts with the local implementation of social inclusion policies. Both government also share the
belief the eradication of delay was important illegitimacy and the cost effectiveness with the justice
system. While Maguire, Morgan, and, Robert, (2012) have suggested the delay within the system
was sending a message to the youth that nobody care about them. Although Roger, (2005) have
highlighted that while parenting courses could be seemed as successful in the short–term which in
some cases have also reduces the level of anti–social behavior. However in longer term there have
been many concerns have about the long–term efficacy and the cost effectiveness of national
implementation of these strategy. Drakeford, and Butler, (2001) have argued that system replicate
the inconsistent parenting which most young offender

Strategies of Youth Justice Policies
Here we will look at the strategies of youth justice policies and practice with the ideological
motivations and identify and evaluate the social and political context. The 1908 Child Act; Children
and Young Persons Act, the Criminal Justice Act; Crime and Disorder Act 1998 and Anti–Social
Behaviour Act 2003 will be discussed.
Youth justice is a creature of historical development. The structure of the industry is full of
dominant philosophies which have seeped into the foundations, which still monopolise and govern
contemporary practice and although new perspectives have emerged over the recent history, it is
necessary to trace the evolution over the last century to understand the logic behind the practice.
The strategies of youth ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
More young people and 'pre–delinquent' children were being drawn into the 'net' of juvenile justice
and Springhall (1986) remarked that the impact of the 1933 Children and Young Persons Act seemed
to direct young people to court, rather than divert, under the assumption that care and treatment
would follow (cited in Muncie, 2009).
The system legitimised by welfare is always likely to come under attack from those seeking more a
punitive and retributive response. Over the 1950s and 1960s local authority care provided
attendance centres for the neglected and detention centres established by the impact of the Criminal
Justice Act 1948, 'retraining' offenders through punitive labour brought confusion concerning the
control and treatment of juveniles.
The Children and Young Persons (Amended) Act 1952 allowing courts to remand offenders to local
authorities and those supervised following release on license from approved schools had effectively
created two strategies in which the system of control (the criminal justice system) and care (welfare
system) became intertwined.
An enlarged welfare state, part of the Labour Party's vision, brought about the highly controversial
1969 Children and Young Persons Act seeking alternatives to detention by care orders, proceedings
and treatment along with advocating a

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