THIS ABOUT FAMILY PLANNING

1. SCHOOL OF HOME
SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
TECHNOLOGY
Lungu J.M

2. CSE
• CSE lectures continues
• CSE lectures continues

5. Lesson Outcomes
• Upon completing this unit students should be
able to:
- Identify a variety of contraceptives.
- Identify a variety of contraceptives.
- Explain how to use different types of
contraceptives correctly.
- Demonstrate prevention of unintended
pregnancies/STIs through abstinence/ contrace

6. Introduction
• Many are the cases when pupils/students find
themselves pregnant and yet it was not their
intention.
intention.
• Such pregnancies may be termed as unintended
pregnancies and in most cases they are
preventable.
• Do you not think so?

7. Cont…
• An unintended pregnancy is a pregnancy that is
reported to have been either unwanted (that is,
the pregnancy occurred when no children, or no
the pregnancy occurred when no children, or no
more children, were desired) or mistimed (that is,
the pregnancy occurred earlier than desired).
• Unintended pregnancy is a core concept that is
used to better understand the fertility of populations

8. Cont…
• Unintended pregnancy mainly results when:
- One fails to abstain.
- Does not use contraception; or is inconsistent
- Does not use contraception; or is inconsistent
or use of effective contraceptive methods
incorrectly.
• How best then can one prevent pregnancy?

9. Best Way to Prevent an unintended
Pregnancy
• Is not to have sex, of course. Choosing
abstinence not only protects you from
pregnancy, but also from sexually transmitted
pregnancy, but also from sexually transmitted
infections (STI).
• If you do make the decision to become sexually
active, make sure you know how to reduce your
risk of getting an STI and prevent unplanned
pregnancy.

10. A Girl can still Become Pregnant
even if:
• She is having her period.
• It is the first time to have sex.
• She urinates right after sex.
• She urinates right after sex.
• She douches right after sex.
• A man pulls his penis out of her vagina before he
ejaculates.

11. Cont...
• She jumps up and down after intercourse.
• She had not had her first period yet.
• She is under 12 years of age.
• She is under 12 years of age.
• A man touches the outside of her vagina with his
penis.

12. Use of Contraceptives - Introduction
• One reason why there are so many unwanted
pregnancies is that both partners think that
contraception is the other’s responsibility.
contraception is the other’s responsibility.
• If a person is willing to make love, then s/he
must be willing to choose & use suitable
contraceptives. Do not just hope for the best.
• Millions of babies are conceived by accident
even though there are several contraceptives.

13. Food and Nutrition (major) / Home
Management (minor)Courses

14. Cont…
• If you are sexually active and do not want to get
pregnant, always use contraception.
• There is no method of contraception that gives
• There is no method of contraception that gives
100% protection.
The male latex condom is the only contraceptive
method considered highly effective in reducing
the risk of sexually transmitted diseases (STD's).
Birth control pills, Implant and IUDs do not.

15. Female Contraceptives
• Combined Pill: - Has two hormones so it is
more reliable in preventing pregnancies but has
• more side effects.
• more side effects.
• b) Mini-Pill: - Contains a smaller amount of
one hormone. It causes thick mucus in the
cervix so that sperm cannot pass through. It is
not reliable but has fewer side effects. Oral
• Estrogens and progestin prevent ovulation.

16. Cont…
• The pills have to be taken every day as directed
and do not work after vomiting or diarrhoea.
• Side effects of the pill can be nausea, headache,
• Side effects of the pill can be nausea, headache,
breast tenderness, weight gain, irregular
bleeding, and depression.

17. Examples of Pills

18. Depo-Provera
Department of Nutrition Science:
•

19. Depo-Provera
• is a hormonal contraceptive injected into a
muscle on the arm or buttock every three
months.
months.
• The injection must be repeated every 3 months.
• The menstruation can become irregular and
sometimes even absent.

20. Implants

21. Implants
• Implants (such as Norplant or implanon) are
made up of small rubber rods, which are
surgically implanted under the skin of the upper
surgically implanted under the skin of the upper
arm, where they release the contraceptive
steroid levonorgestrel.
• Their protection lasts from 3 to 5 years. Side
effects include menstrual cycle changes, weight
gain, breast tenderness and loss of bone mass.

22. Intra-Uterine Device (IUD)

23. IUD
• is a T-shaped device inserted into the uterus by
a health-care professional. The IUD can remain
in place for 5- 10 years.
in place for 5- 10 years.
• Sometimes the IUD can be expelled and a
woman has to check each month after her period
with her finger if she can still feel the threads of
the IUD.
• Side effects - abnormal bleeding and cramps,
but this usually only occurs during and

24. Female Sterilisation

25. Female Sterilisation
• Female sterilisation is done surgically.
• The tubes are legated, preventing the egg-cells
from encountering the sperm cells and
from encountering the sperm cells and
preventing any future pregnancies.
• It is a permanent form of contraception.

26. Emergency Contraception

27. Emergency Contraception
• Must be taken within 72 hours of unprotected
sex in order to prevent an unplanned pregnancy.
• A woman must take 1 Norlevo and a second pill
• A woman must take 1 Norlevo and a second pill
12 to 24 hours later.
• Beside Norlevo, most combination (estrogens
and progesterone) birth control pills can also be
used (2-4 birth control pills), 12 hours later a
second dose.

28. Femidoms

29. Femidoms
• Are for women and used only once. They act as
a mechanical barrier, preventing direct vaginal
contact with semen, infectious genital discharges
contact with semen, infectious genital discharges
and lesions. Condoms are the most effective
method for reducing the risk of infection from the
viruses that cause AIDS and other sexually
transmitted diseases (STD’s). It is important to
put a condom on properly before intercourse.

30. Male Contraceptives - Condoms

31. Using a Model

32. Using a Banana

33. Condoms
• are usually made from latex rubber and can be
used only once.
• Some have spermicide added to kill sperm.
• Some have spermicide added to kill sperm.
• They act as a mechanical barrier, preventing
direct vaginal contact with semen, infectious
genital discharges, and genital lesions.
• Most effective method for reducing the risk of
infection from the viruses that cause AIDS/STIs
other sexually transmitted diseases (STD’s). It is

34. Male Sterilisation

35. Image Cont…

36. Male Sterilisation
• Also (vasectomy), is a quick operation performed
under local anaesthesia with possible minor
postsurgical complications, such as bleeding or
postsurgical complications, such as bleeding or
infection.
• The ability to get an erection and an ejaculation
does not disappear.
• A man will not notice any difference in
ejaculation. The body will absorb the sperm cells

37. Natural Methods
• The natural methods of contraception help a
woman to understand when she is going to
ovulate and when she is likely to conceive if she
ovulate and when she is likely to conceive if she
has intercourse.
• The couple stops having intercourse during the
fertile days when a woman could get pregnant.
• Note: Do not be cheated about the natural
methods of contraception!!!

39. Withdraw/Interrupted
Intercourse/Coitus Interruptus
• The man takes his penis out of the vagina just
before he ejaculates so that none of the sperm
will get inside the woman and fertilise the ovum.
will get inside the woman and fertilise the ovum.

40. Periods/Rhythm Method

41. Period/Rhythm Method
• Every month the woman marks on a calendar
the days of her period and after a few months
she will notice a pattern.
she will notice a pattern.

42. Body Temperature and Mucus Chart

43. Temperature Method
• A woman needs a special thermometer which
shows the very small changes in a woman’s
body temperature during each menstrual cycle.
body temperature during each menstrual cycle.
• The normal body temperature is 37oC. When
ovulation occurs the body temperature rises
slightly by about ½ a degree Centigrade.
• Every morning the woman puts the thermometer
in her mouth or vagina for five minutes before

44. Cont…
• she gets out of bed or drinks anything.
• It will be noticed that about 14 days before her
next period, her temperature rises for a few
next period, her temperature rises for a few
days, a sign that ovulation is taking place. The
temperature goes down again just before the
next period.

45. Mucus Method

46. Cont…
• Every day, except during her period, the woman
has to observe the mucus in her vagina with a
clean finger.
clean finger.
• During most of her cycle the mucus is sticky like
paste (cloudy white) and does not stretch.
• During the fertile days the mucus is slippery and
clear (like raw egg white). This fertile mucus
stretches for 3 or 4cm between the fingers. The
fertile mucus usually occurs for a few days half

47. Estimated Effectiveness of Methods
of Contaception
• Estimated Effectiveness:
• Male Latex Condom ------------ 86%
• Female Condom ----------------- 79%
• Female Condom ----------------- 79%
• Diaphragm with Spermicide --- 80%
• Oral Contraceptives ------------- Over 95%
• Injection (Depo-Provera) ------- Over 99%
• Implant (Norplant, Implanon) -- Over 99%

48. Estimated Effectiveness Cont…
• IUD (Intrauterine Device) -------- 98-99%
• Surgical Sterilisation -------------- Over 99%
• Emergency Contraceptives ----- 75%
• Emergency Contraceptives ----- 75%

49. No. of Ladies who get Pregnant with
Different Methods

50. End of Presentation
• THANK YOU FOR YOUR ATTENTION