Master in Management Engineering Pangasinan State University Urdaneta City

1. Tourism, Environment &
Enterprise Development
ENGR. JOHN A. LIWANAG
Discussant/Lecturer
Master in Management Engineering
Pangasinan State University
Urdaneta City, Pangasinan
Prof. Jo B. Bitonio, DPA

2. Llano del Muerto waterfall in El Salvador Lacandon Jungle in Mexico
Fernando de Noronha in Brazil Masai Mara park reserve in Kenya.

4. Definition:
Ecotourism is a form of tourism
involving visiting fragile, pristine,
and relatively undisturbed
natural areas, intended as a low-
impact and often small scale
alternative to standard
commercial (mass) tourism. Its
purpose may be to educate the
traveller, to provide funds for
ecological conservation, to
directly benefit the economic
development and political
empowerment of local
communities, or to foster
respect for different cultures
and for human rights.

5. Ecotourism is a form of
tourism that involves
visiting natural areas—in
the remote wilderness or
rural environments.
According to the definition
and principles of
ecotourism established by
The International
Ecotourism Society (TIES) in
1990, ecotourism is
"Responsible travel to
natural areas that
conserves the environment
and improves the well-being
of local people." (TIES,
1990).

6. Its Purpose
Generally, ecotourism
focuses on socially
responsible travel, personal
growth, and environmental
sustainability. Ecotourism
typically involves travel to
destinations where flora,
fauna and cultural heritage
are the primary attractions.
Ecotourism is intended to
offer tourists insight into
the impact of human beings
on the environment, and to
foster a greater
appreciation of our natural
habitats.

7. Eco-Tourism Criteria
A 2002 summit held in Quebec
led to the 2008 Global
Sustainable Tourism Criteria, a
collaborative effort between
the UN Foundation and other
advocacy groups. The criteria,
which are voluntary, involve
the following standards:
"effective sustainability
planning, maximum social and
economic benefits for local
communities, minimum
negative impacts on cultural
heritage, and minimum
negative impacts on the
environment." (Clarkin and
Kähler, p. 423)

8. Criteria
• Involves travel to natural
destinations;
• Minimizes impact on the
environment;
• Builds environmental
awareness;
• Provides direct financial
benefits for conservation;
• Provides financial benefits and
empowerment for local people;
• Respects local culture; and
• Supports human rights and
democratic movements

9. Advantage over Mass-Tourism
– conservation of biological diversity and
through ecosystem protection
– promotion of sustainable use of biodiversity,
by providing jobs to local populations
– sharing of socio-economic benefits with local
communities and indigenous people s by
having their informed consent and
participation in the management of
ecotourism enterprises
– tourism to unspoiled natural resources, with
minimal impact on the environment being a
primary concern.
– minimization of tourism's own environmental
impact
– affordability and lack of waste in the form of
luxury
– local culture, flora and fauna being the main
attractions
– local people benefit from this form of tourism
economically, often more than mass tourism

10. Its Economic Benefits
Ecotourism Society Pakistan (ESP)
explains "Ecotourism is a travel
activity that ensures direct
financial support to local people
where tourism activities are
being generated and enjoyed. It
teaches travellers to respect local
cultures of destinations where
travellers are visiting. It supports
small stakeholders to ensure that
money must not go out from the
local economies. It discourage
mass tourism, mass construction
of hotels, tourism resorts and
mass activities in fragile areas".
For many countries, ecotourism is
not simply a marginal activity to
finance protection of the
environment, but is a major
industry of the national economy.

11. Its Economic Benefits
The increased contributions of
communities to locally managed
ecotourism create viable economic
opportunities, including high level
management positions, and reduce
environmental issues associated with
poverty and unemployment. Because
the ecotourism experience is marketed
to a different lifestyle from large scale
ecotourism, the development of
facilities and infrastructure does not
need to conform to corporate Western
tourism standards, and can be much
simpler and less expensive. There is a
greater multiplier effect on the
economy, because local products,
materials, and labor are used. Profits
accrue locally and import leakages are
reduced.

12. Its Economic Benefits
The multiplier effect arises
because of the induced increases
in consumer spending which
occur due to the increased
incomes — and because of the
feedback into increasing business
revenues, jobs, and income
again. This process does not lead
to an economic explosion not
only because of the supply-side
barriers at potential output (full
employment) but because at
each "round", the increase in
consumer spending is less than
the increase in consumer
incomes.

13. Natural resource management
Natural resource management can
be utilized as a specialized tool for
the development of ecotourism.
There are several places throughout
the world where the amount of
natural resources are abundant.
But, with human encroachment on
habitats these resources are
depleting. Without knowing the
proper utilization of certain
resources they are destroyed and
floral and faunal species are
becoming extinct. Ecotourism
programs can be introduced for the
conservation of these resources.

14. Negative impact of tourism
Ecotourism has become a source of conflict
over control of land, resources, and
tourism profits. In this case, ecotourism
has harmed the environment and local
people, and has led to conflicts over profit
distribution.
In a perfect world more efforts would be
made towards educating tourists of the
environmental and social effects of their
travels.
Very few regulations or laws stand in place
as boundaries for the investors in
ecotourism. These should be implemented
to prohibit the promotion of unsustainable
ecotourism projects and materials which
project false images of destinations,
demeaning local and indigenous cultures.

15. Direct environmental impacts
Ecotourism activities are, in and of themselves,
issues in environmental impact because they
may disturb fauna and flora. Ecotourists
believe that because they are only taking
pictures and leaving footprints, they keep
ecotourism sites pristine, but even harmless-
sounding activities such as nature hikes can be
ecologically destructive.
In the Annapurna Circuit in Nepal, ecotourists
have worn down the marked trails and created
alternate routes, contributing to soil
impaction, erosion, and plant damage.
Where the ecotourism activity involves wildlife
viewing, it can scare away animals, disrupt
their feeding and nesting sites, or acclimate
them to the presence of people. Wildlife-
observer disruption drives cheetahs off their
reserves, increasing the risk of inbreeding and
further endangering the species.

16. Environmental hazards
“…deforestation, disruption of ecological life
systems and various forms of pollution, all of
which contribute to environmental
degradation.”

17. Protected Areas Management
Republic Act 7586 - National Integrated
Protected Areas System (NIPAS) Act of 1992 –
sets the establishment of protected areas in
the Philippines to maintain essential
ecological processes and life-support systems,
to preserve genetic diversity, to ensure the
sustainable use of resources found therein,
and to maintain their natural conditions to the
greatest extent possible.

18. Statistics (2004)
- 209 sites (approx. 2.5 million hectares) identified as initial
components of NIPAS;
- 99 sites (aggregate area of 2.9 million hectares) already
proclaimed as protected areas under the NIPAS;
- Other areas are still being assessed and proposed for
proclamation;
- Region 1 has a total of 16 proclaimed protected areas
(25,701.95 hectares) comprising national parks, national
marine parks, national marine reserve, game refuge and bird
sanctuary, wilderness area, watershed forest reserve,
mangrove swamp, protected landscape/seascape and natural
monument/ landmarks
Source: Biodiversity Management Division, PAWB

19. List of Initial Components under NIPAS in R-1
Name of Protected Area Location Legislation Date Area
A. (National Parks)
- Paoay Lake NP Paoay, IN RA 5631 6/21/69 1,744.00
PD 1554 6/11/78 340.00
- Bessang Pass NS Cervantes, IS Proc. 55 8/10/54 304.00
(Proclaimed as Bessang Pass Natural Monument/Landmark under Proc. 284 dtd April 23, 2000)
- Northern Luzon Heroes Hill Santa/Narvacan, IS Proc. 132 7/09/63 1,316.00
- Agoo Damortis NP Agoo/Rosario, LU RA 4570 6/19/65 10,946.95
(Proclaimed as Agoo-Damortis Protected Landscape & Seascape under Proc. 277 dtd April 23, 2000)
- Manleluag Spring Mangatarem, Pang. Proc. 612 9/03/40 91.70
(Proclaimed as Manleluag pring Protected Landscape under Proc. 576 dtd March 10, 2004)
- Tirad Pass NP Cervantes, IS Proc. 294 7/20/38 6,320.00
- Hundred Island NP Alaminos City, Pang. Proc.667 7/18/40 1,676.30
Proc. 1816 1/30/79
Proc.2183 4/27/83
PD 189 5/11/73

20. List of Initial Components under NIPAS in R-1
Name of Protected Area Location Legislation Date Area
B. (Watershed Forest Reserve)
- Ilocos Norte WFR Pauquin, IN Proc.731 9/7/34 2,815.00
Proc.218 6/23/67
- Magnuan WFR Batac, IS Proc.220 7/02/67 47.00
(Proclaimed as Libunao Protected Landscape under Proc. 280 dtd April 23, 2000)
- Bigbiga Spring WFR Narvacan, IS Proc. 431 8/16/39 135.00
(Proclaimed as Bigbiga Protected Landscape under Proc. 290 dtd April 23, 2000)
- SantaWFR Santa, IS Proc. 844 9/26/35 25.00
- Lidlidda WFR Lidlidda, IS Proc. 79 9/17/36 1,228.00
(Proclaimed as Lidlidda Protected Landscape under Proc. 266 dtd April 23, 2000)
- Sta. Lucia WFR Sta. Lucia, IS Proc. 333 10/18/38 174.00
(Proclaimed as Sta. Lucia Protected Landcape under Proc. 296 dtd April 23, 2000)
- Naguilian Watershed Reservation Naguilian, LU Proc.52 4/11/36 90.00
- Tanap WFR Burgos, IN Proc. 803 02/01/71 41.00

21. Local Eco-Tourism Facilities
The Manleluag Spring Protected Landscape in
Brgy. Malabobo, Mangatarem, Pangasinan is a
protected area managed by the DENR. It has
a total area of 1,941.7 hectares zoned as
follows: 412.5 ha for wildlife habitat; 57.34 ha
for multiple use; 539.46 ha for sustainable
use; 15.70 ha for restoration; 825 ha for
buffer; and 91.7 ha for recreation.
The Protected Landscape has low to rolling
and moderately steep slopes of 40% with
elevation of 315 m ASL. It has two hot springs,
which accordingly cropped out in the area due
to an extinct small volcano present in the
area.
Has an annual average of 22,027 visitors and
an annual income of Php341,649.80

23. Local Eco-Tourism Facilities
The Hundred Islands National Park
(Pangasinan: Kapulo-puloan or Taytay-
Bakes) located in Alaminos City,
Pangasinan has 124 islands at low tide and
123 at high tide which are scattered along
Lingayen Gulf and cover an area of 18.44
square kilometres (4,557 acres).
They are believed to be about two million
years old. Only three of them have been
developed for tourists: Governor Island,
Quezon Island, and Children's Island. The
islands are actually ancient corals that
extend well inland, in an area previously
comprising the seabed of an ancient sea.
Lowering sea levels have exposed them to
the surface and the peculiar "mushroom"-
like shapes of some of the islands have
been caused by the eroding action of the
ocean waves.

24. Other Points of Interest: One Pangasinan Alliance or OPAL
(DMA) is an economic alliance of six towns and one city of
western Pangasinan
• Tambobong White Beach in Dasol
• Caves of Dasol
• Tondol Beach in Anda
• Cacupangan Cave System (Bintanilya, Binmatya, Villacorta
Caves)in Brgys Tagudin & Villacorta, Mabini
• Sto. Rosario Cave System (Tubo-Tubo, Bual, Cabalyoriza Caves) in
Brgys San Pedro & Barlo, Mabini
• Caves in Brgy. De Guzman, Mabini
• Balincaguin River in Mabini
• Sawang Falls in Brgy. Villcorta, Mabini
• Nalsoc Cave System (Mel-let, Abot Aso Caves) in Brgy. Colayo,
Bani
• Bolinao Museum in Bolinao
• Hundred Islands Marine Sanctuary in Alaminos
• Oceanographic Marine Laboratory in Alaminos
• Hundred Islands National Park of Alaminos
• Umbrella Rocks of Agno
• Viewdeck in Suasalito, Sual, Pangasinan
• Dumaloy Cave & Sinkhole in Bolinao

25. What we are doing to the forests
of the world is but a mirror
reflection of what we are doing
to ourselves and to one
another.”
― Mahatma Gandhi

26. REFERENCES
– Honey, Martha (2008). Ecotourism and Sustainable
Development: Who Owns Paradise? (Second ed.)..
– Untamed Path Defining Ecotourism. Retrieved on 2009-03-24.
– Randall, A. (1987). Resource economics, Second Edition. New
York, USA: John Wiley and Sons.
– The Encyclopedia of Ecotourism, Cabi Publishing
– Buckley, R. (1994). Research Note, a framework for ecotourism.
Annals of Tourism Research. pp. 21(3):661–669.
– Bar kin, D. (2002). Eco tourism for sustainable regional
development. Current Issues in Tourism. pp. 5(3–4):245–253.
– DENR Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (PAWB)