Pros And Negatives Of Nuclear Power

Pros And Negatives Of Nuclear Power
Positives and Negatives of Nuclear Energy Sources (KF3)
As with every energy source, nuclear power plants have numerous advantages and disadvantages.
While the threat of a nuclear meltdown and the pressing issue of nuclear waste is unavoidable,
nuclear power plants are extremely important in our everyday lives. Without nuclear technology,
there would be no x–rays, space exploration and the world as we know it., ,
Perhaps the main disadvantage of nuclear power plants, is the generation of nuclear waste. However,
new technologies in 4th generation reactors are minimising the creation of waste and using old
waste as their primary fuel., While the threat of a nuclear disaster like Fukushima is still "fresh in
our minds", fossil fuels have done more damage than Chernobyl and Fukushima combined.
Additionally, the likelihood of a nuclear disaster is decreasing with new technologies, that eliminate
human error., Nuclear power plants can also be seen as a "beacon for terrorist attacks",, since one
bomb could result in another Chernobyl. Furthermore, while the cost of building a nuclear power
plant is high, it is still cheaper than the rising prices of renewables (see Figure 7)., A common
misconception is that "the transition from nuclear power plants would be cheap and smooth."
However, this is far from the truth. Nuclear power plants will always be needed to provide a
baseload of electricity, since renewables are inefficient and incapable, regardless of the few negative
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The Nuclear Debate On Nuclear Weapons
The Nuclear Debate
Joe Archbold
POL433
11–4–2014
Abstract
Beginning in 1945 with the detonation of nuclear weapons, the international system has been an
ever–changing climate regarding nuclear weapons. Beginning with the 40 year deterrence of nuclear
force during the cold–war and continuing up until the present day. One of the hot button issues of
nuclear weapons is the argument whether or not nuclear weapons are necessary or a necessary evil.
Carl Sagan and Kenneth Waltz are the forerunners of this debate. Sagan's school of thought is liberal
where Waltz uses his own "structural realism" or neorealism to tackle the issue. A further question
explores the idea of rationality when it comes to nuclear weapons. With the threat of ... Show more
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This event left the world in a state of awe. The raw power and sheer destructive force of these
bombs were unrivaled by any weapons other states possessed. The bombing of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki came at the tail end of World War II and arguably were the reason the war came to an end
shortly after. If this statement holds true, one weapon had the power to end any conflict, either
through force or the threat of the use of force. The first nuclear bombs set a precedent for other
nations to follow: the pursuance of nuclear weapons will ensure a nations' security.
Following World War II, the Soviet Union successfully created nuclear weapons. Now two nations,
the USA and USSR both possessed these weapons. For analytical purposes, it can be assumed that
these are the only two great power states, since they are the only ones in possession of nuclear
weapons. One more assumption in this model needs to be made to analyze further states pursuance
of nuclear weapons: The world operates under realist conditions.
Realism, as proposed by Thomas Hobbes, falls back to a "state of nature" in which war was an
inevitable consequence. The fight for power and need to be dominant would create a war of all
against all creates a breeding ground for conflict. However, the threat of force, or use of force with
nuclear weapons by both parties creates a stalemate of sorts. Using a nuclear weapon, granted the
other state has

The Democratic People 's Republic Of Korea
The Democratic People 's Republic of Korea (DPRK) is a self–reliant and insular state. It's paranoia
and mistrust of the Republic of Korea (ROK) and the United States (U.S.) has contributed towards
the relentless drive for expansion of its military capabilities under the 'Military First' (Songun)
policy, this equates to 22% of GDP . This has been an aggressive expansion focussing on its nuclear
and missile capabilities. The overt testing of the nuclear capability has caused concern amongst the
international community. The political picture is also uncertain; Kim Jong Un continues to try and
consolidate his position, under significant political, economic and military instability and a constant
threat of regime change. The economic ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(3) The humanitarian effect should DPRK suffer state failure. I will draw a conclusion and highlight
the pertinent implications of state failure on international security.
The impact of a North Korean failure in a regional context would be catastrophic, creating far–
reaching consequences across a mosaic of issues. It is widely acknowledged that a collapse would
lead to civil war, with no central government or recognised regime in power. Regional 'warlords' or
former military officials would run large swathes of the country unregulated and with access to a
plethora of military hardware including nuclear and, or biological weapons. This may lead to
skirmishes or planned incursions across the international boarder using artillery, special forces or
WMD. There will be numerous factions loyal to different masters in military, insurgent or criminal
terms. There would certainly be a humanitarian disaster, mass fleeing of refugees towards the ROK
and Chinese boarders, with a semi–starving population of 23 million. As a consequence this would
see the ROK quickly enter the conflict with the main objective of stopping the proliferation of the
WMD and forming a 'United Korea'. On the back drop of civil war and the associated second and
third order effects this would be difficult for the ROK to achieve in isolation. The alliance with the
U.S. would be fundamental in delivering a 'United Korea'. The

Questions On The Republic Of Marshall Islands And India Essay
3.2. Dated 19.05.2015 [10] The Order (Dated 16.06. 2015), had fixed the time–limit for filing of the
Pleadings on jurisdictional question to 16.12.2014 and 16.06.2015, for the Republic of Marshall
Islands and India, respectively. The Republic of Marshall Islands had submitted it within the limit.
Whereas, by a letter dated 05.05.2015 and received in the registry on 06.05.2015, Mr. Amandeep
Singh Gill, Co–Agent of India, held that for the reasons so specified the Co–Agent on behalf of the
Government of India requests a Three–Month extension, beyond 16.06.2015. The Court further
stated that the permission cannot be granted without the consent from the Government of The
Republic of The Marshall Islands. Therefore, By a letter dated 08.05.2015 (received in the registry
on the same day), Mr. Phon van den Biesen, Co–Agent of the Marshall Islands stated that they had
no objection if India wants the extension and the same can be granted for the submission of the
Counter–Memorial. Considering the views of both the parties, The International Court of Justice
granted the extension until 16.09.2015 and the copy of the same was given to both the Countries
(i.e., The Republic of Marshall Islands and The Republic of India). The court further contends to
reserve subsequent procedure for further decision. The order passed by the Bench, S. No.
Authorities Designation 1. Mr. ABRAHAM The President. 2. Mr. YUSUF The Vice President 3. Mr.
OWADA Mr. GREENWOOD Mr. XUE Mr. DONOGHUE Mr. GAJA

The Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant Disaster
In the world, many countries have nuclear power plants. There are about 438 reactors around the
world(Nuclear Energy Institute). I will inform you about the nuclear accidents and a brief
background about nuclear power plants. Nuclear reactors make electricity for towns, cities, and
other places.
¨The first self–sustaining nuclear chain reaction test was in December 2nd 1942( Anderson 1).¨ After
that came more nuclear reactors and with more nuclear reactors, comes the greater chance of an
accident. Throughout the world there has been only 99 accidents, but most of the nuclear accident
have been quite minor. But three out of those 99 accidents were quite major. The three major
accidents were at Fukushima, Japan, Chernobyl, Ukraine, and Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania.
Fukushima Japan is the biggest nuclear disaster and only the second disaster to give off a level seven
on the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Three Mile Island nuclear power plant was designated as a Historical Marker on March 25,
1999. The meltdown began in the non–nuclear secondary system on March 28,1979, then a pilot
operated relief valve was stuck open in the primary system that allowed large amounts of coolant
out. This disaster could have been prevented but many of the workers were improperly trained and
human error played a factor. There were no deaths but it made the way for new regulations for
nuclear power plants. Workers started to clean up the Three Mile Island disaster in August 1979 and
ended in December of 1993.
The last and final disaster I will be talking about is the Chernobyl disaster in Pripyat, Ukraine. The
Chernobyl nuclear power plant disaster is the worst nuclear power plant disaster on history. An
explosion in the nuclear core during an emergency shutdown is what all started this. The nuclear
disaster occurred on April 26, 1986. The Chernobyl disaster was a seven on the International
Nuclear Event

Nuclear Proliferation In Canada
Given the progress of globalization, international security has become an entailment that all
countries must work on in order to guarantee the perennity of world peace. However, this quietude
is threatened by the growing menace of nuclear proliferation. Canada, as a party to the Non–
Proliferation Treaty (NPT) since 1969, leads anti–proliferation campaigns to ensure global
disarmament.
As a NNWS, Canada has conducted a national non–proliferation and disarmament policy
throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. After ratifying the Convention on Nuclear Safety in 1994,
Canada published the Nuclear Safety Control Action (NSCA) in 1997, thus establishing the
Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission, which aims to monitor Canadian nuclear activity as well ...
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Besides being a signatory to the NPT, it is party to the Comprehensive Test–Ban Treaty (CTBT)
since 1998, and it takes part in numerous international coalitions that work on nuclear issues, such
as the G7 bloc and the Nuclear Supply Group. Moreover, Canada has firmly supported the
elaboration of a Fissile Material Cut–off Treaty (FMCT) conducive to the prohibition of fissile
material for nuclear weapons. It has also sustained the Statement of Interdiction Principles
emanating from the Proliferation Security Initiative (PSI) in 2003. Subsequently to the events of
2006 and 2009 that led to the adoption of the UNSCR 1718 and 1874, Canada has imposed
economic and commercial sanctions on the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. Those sanctions
were reinforced after the DPRK's 2016 nuclear test, which Canada's Foreign Affairs minister
Stéphane Dion has condemned, as a violation to international agreements.
Canada strongly recommends enforcing the Non–Proliferation Treaty as well as related treaties and
amending them to fit the rational requisites of hesitant non–signatory states. Furthermore, Canada
believes that the negotiation and elaboration of the proposed FMCT agreement is necessary, as it
would restrain the spread of nuclear weapons. Canada also urges the International Community to
establish a coalition fit to mediate talks between the DPRK and concerned countries, in order to find
a solution that would be advantageous to all

Tsunami: A Natural Disaster of Biblical Proportions
On March 11, 2011, Japan was struck by a natural disaster of biblical proportions. The devastating
effect of the earthquake which led to a tsunami on this day was particularly brutal. According to the
New York times, nearly 20,000 lives were lost due to this catastrophic event. The purpose of this
essay is to analyze the fallout from this disaster and propose three important lessons that have
significant learning value that may be helpful in preventing such wide scale effects as seen in Japan
nearly a year and a half ago. The most important issue related to this earthquake and tsunami is its
preventability. Are such events preventable? It appears that such natural events at this size are
particularly unavoidable. Life itself is precious and not one person is aware of the finality of its
ending, however the titanic effect and loss of life due to the whims of nature has left serious mental
problems for the entire region this disaster impacted. It is post traumatic syndrome on a national
level which has serious implications on the day to day society events that occur. The most lasting
threats this tsunami has impacted are the radiation fallout of nuclear power plants in the region. An
independent parliamentary commission released a report in July of this year and concluded that "
that the crisis was a preventable disaster rooted in government–industry collusion and the worst
conformist conventions of Japanese culture," a damaging and important result. If indeed these power

Essay On Nuclear Safety
Name Instructor Course Date of Submission Specifications for Nuclear Safety Requirements and
their Implementation in Nuclear Installations 1. Introduction: The transition toward slow–carbon
emissions not only requires adherence to new regulations, but also focus on new roles. Specifically,
the functions of energy transmission networks and power plant operators continue to evolve
(Glachant et al. p.2). Such dynamics will proceed at a much faster pace in the coming decades. In
light of the changing regulatory requirements, the plant operators must keep in mind the varied
time–scales for the required actions. In addition, safety is vital to the welfare of plant operators
(IAEA a p.165). Maximum safety can be achieved by taking into account ... Show more content on
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2.3 Contamination Control: To avert radiation contamination, the operators periodically undertake
radiation protection practices, such as radiation mapping and contamination checks. They also
supervise the use and storage of contamination control instrumentation (IAEA–a p.79). 2.4
Protecting Nuclear Plants from Missiles and Extreme Winds: Operators have installed safety metal
nets to safeguard nuclear plants from wind–induced damage and related missiles extreme. The
radiator generators are also equipped with additional concrete barriers that provide protection from
falling objects. This has effectively reduced the ultimate heat sinks and the likelihood of AC power
losses (IAEA–a p.110). 2.5 Demarcating Signal Zones for Iridium–based Satellite Communication:
Nuclear plant operators have introduced clearly demarcated zones for iridium satellite
communication signals. In these areas, signal interference from buildings and cooling towers is
minimal. The regions are clearly sign–posted to save the time involved in locating them during
extreme incidences (IAEA–a p.111). 3. Consequences of Safety Requirements for Operators The
implications of safety requirements to operators include: 3.1 Reduced injuries: Safety requirements
in a nuclear plant are vital to reducing injuries that may occur during installation works. Generally,
the risk of

Essay about Chernobyl Risk Assessment
Background and literature Review The Chernobyl accident was a disastrous nuclear event that
happened on 26th April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine. The Chernobyl
disaster is classified as a level 7 event according to the International Nuclear Event Scale (only two
events have been classified this high in the past) and has caused damages that consist of the cost of
500,000 workers and 18 billion rubles, 31 deaths according to the Soviet casualty count (this is still
being disputed) and between 4000–27000 affected future deaths due to radiation exposure [G1].
Casual Chain The main reason that could be attributed to the cause of the Chernobyl accident was
due to the irregular condition of the reactor on the day. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Public and All people in the area. Government and stakeholders of the reactor. Entire Industry and
business centre within area. Massive financial loss and reimbursement. Massive injury, death and
radiation exposure. Area completely abandoned and evacuated. Initiating Event Exposure Outcomes
Consequences Risk Assessment 4.4 Method of Analysis Low (RPN = 1 to 100)Acceptable |
Moderate (RPN = 100 to 500)Tolerable with Monitoring | High (RPN = 501 to 750)Not Tolerable |
Extreme (RPN = 750 to 1000)Not Tolerable | Table 1.4 – Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA)
| RiskID | Risk Description and Impact | Initial Risk Rating | Risk Treatment Plan | Residual risk
rating(After Risk treatment) | | | Probability | Severity | Detectability | Risk Priority Number (RPN)
(RPN) | | Probability | Severity | Detectability | Risk Priority Number | 1 | Reactor explosion and
radiation release from poor management or faulty system. | 8 | 10 | 8 | 640 | Safety and proper
training. Improve and update system and create backups. | 1 | 10 | 3 | 30 | 2 | Production and
operation risk | 7 | 5 | 5 | 175 | Implement new software for management and organization | 3 | 5 | 2 |
30 | Table 1.4 – Failure Mode and Effect Analysis (FMEA) | RiskID | Risk Description and Impact |
Initial Risk Rating | Risk Treatment

Fukushima Earthquake Research Paper
Introduction and Aims
There was the extremely severe nuclear disaster which was triggered by the Great East Japan
Earthquake on 11 March 2011, a level 7 disaster was declared by the International Nuclear Event
Scale because of its extensive and devastating effects. As analysing the effect of Fukushima disaster,
the radioactive fallout has effects on the human health, the environment, the agriculture and
fisheries, even has the implications for the future of nuclear power worldwide (Burnie, 2012).
According to the facts, Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster cannot be regarded as a
natural disaster, it was a profoundly manmade disaster that could and should have been foreseen and
prevented (BBC, 2012).
As analysis, the report would be divided into four parts. First, there are facts and effects of the case
would ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The location of the earthquake was near the Miyagi Prefecture where the Fukushima Daiichi
Nuclear Power Plant located. What is worse, the tsunami was triggered by the serious earthquake
leading to not only the flooding of the emergency generator room and the damage of the diesel
generator, but also the block on aid. Thus, without cooling system, the reactors became overheated
and finally meltdown in the next few days. On the other hand, these accidents were recognized
would happen and a relative report had be handed in to the manager by the engineer of TPECO for
several years ago. However, the company did not take the report seriously because managers would
not believe the risk is realistic. Because of the mistake of managers, the catastrophe may eventually
cause anywhere from 15 to 1,300 deaths and from 24 to 2,500 cases of cancer, mostly in Japan, and
it also had chance to damage environment all around the world (Science Daily, 2012).
Effects from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

Argumentative Essay On Nuclear Weapons
Imagine a weapon that can kill 120,000 people in a blink of an eye. A weapon that can produce
power of over 50 megatons of TNT. A weapon that not only the impact of it hitting the ground is
dangerous but the aftermath of the weapon is just as deadly. And if that's not enough to make you on
edge, what if I told you that this weapon can be detonated from multiple different countries in just a
few minutes if they feel like it. Now are you concerned? Well first let's figure out how and who has
this control before we answer if this weapon is a problem. Nuclear energy is the energy that holds
neutrons and protons together in the nucleus of an atom. This energy is an effective way that can
result in the production of electricity. Whenever one of these physical reactions take place it
engenders a slight loss in mass, however this small loss of mass generates a lot of heat energy. This
is the same principles that Albert Einstein explained with his famous equation, E=mc2. Nuclear
energy, or more specifically military nuclear energy is a "super power" or very special powerful
weapon that is seen as really dangerous or defensive in the eyes of the opposing country. How
dangerous? Dangerous to the point that an average regular sized nuclear weapon that detonates over
a city would burn away 40 to 65 square miles in the blink of an eye. some countries have the
privilege or curse of owning nuclear weapons. Some of these countries include: The United States,
Russia, The United Kingdom,

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Nuclear Power Plant
INTRODUCTION :
Nuclear Power maybe is the best choice to aid electricity generating in Malaysia as it is low in cost,
long lasting power source.
Malaysia established Nuclear Agency and been actively involved in the periodic of reviewing the
option to apply nuclear energy, however, currently there is no further plan to embark on nuclear
power programme.
Technically, it is impossible to build a nuclear plant with 100% safety security. A minimum failure
will always occur and it can due to devastating and catastrophic for human and nature. (spinka)
Most of the countries in the world begin to realize the importance of technology which is more
environmentally friendly and willing to invest millions of dollars in developing hybrid power ...
Placement problem as planting the nuclear energy needs a lot of water supplement to activate and
generate, need to be far from civilization area, not suitable for Malaysia.
–
–
–
4. Nuclear energy is cost effective but it is too RISKY (refer to Fukushima, Chernobyl Nuclear
Power Plant in Ukraine and northern France's accidents).
–Malaysia is considering to built nuclear power plant to support the growing needs of energy in
congested areas but the idea halted after what has unfolded in Japan when Fukushima Power Plant
had a nuclear meltdown.
–Naoto Kan, Japan's Prime Minister when Fukushima struck, had this to say: "Prior to Fukushima, I
believed that such a severe accident would not happen in Japan, I continued nuclear power under
this belief. When Fukushima hit, I clearly knew that my beliefs until then had been completely
wrong." (Malaymail)
–
5. No solution to radioactive waste
France, Russia and UK conduct reprocessing nuclear waste but it will create more hazardous waste.
Nuclear reprocessing plants discharge a large volume of until can cause hazardous radioactive waste
and give serious environmental

Metropolis Terrorism Incident Preparedness Strategy
Metropolis Terrorism Incident Preparedness Strategy
The constantly changing nature of terrorism mandates that Metropolis continues to press forward to
develop a vision and strategy that defines their terrorism preparedness objectives. Employing insight
and identifying eight risk areas, Metropolis has developed this terrorism incident preparedness plan.
The intent of this document is to provide Metropolis guidance and cohesion to support agencies
during a terrorist event using reactionary and resiliency planning. Moreover, the plan will consist of
three parts. Part I will discuss four reactionary and four resiliency areas, Part II identifies impacted
segments of the areas discussed in Part I, and Part III will provide detailed step–by–step ... Show
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The four potential risk areas associated with reactionary planning include tourist facilities and
special events, college research institutions, government facilities, and telecommunications and
radio stations.
The City of Metropolis offers a wide assortment of cultural opportunities with attractive locations
for tourists seeking a vacation, and local citizens and retirees looking for year–round recreational
opportunities. Oceanside features various tourist attractions with 25 miles of beach that provide
residents and tourist with a major theme park, watersports, other recreational activities, movie
theaters, restaurants, and shops. Year–round programs and special events include concerts and
performances that attract large crowds, college and professional sport leagues that attract attendance
between 20,000 and 70,000 fans, golf tournaments, and jazz festivals and concerts. This level of
activity, combined with the size and scope of tourist facilities and events is an area of concern for
tourist facilities and special events because they have several "soft" targets, and have the potential to
influence terrorist attacks. Because the city's population is culturally diverse, Metropolis' tourist
facilities and special events are attractive to domestic and international terrorists and terrorist
groups; therefore, it is an essential part of the reactionary plan for the

Nuclear Power
Nuclear Power a Measured Risk With daily images and reports from the recent nuclear disaster that
resulted from the recent Japanese earthquake and tsunami it is easy to raise questions about the
safety of Nu–clear Power Plants within the United States. Though these images maybe a cause of
concern, nuclear power is reasonably safe and decreases the United States' dependence on fossil
fuels.
Thesis
Quickly after the disaster that occurred in Japan President Obama requested that the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission (NRC) conduct a safety review of the Nuclear Power plants of the United
States (Koch, 2011). Though this report will not be out for a couple of months the track record of the
NRC speaks for it self. Nuclear power plants do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Within the United States the NRC has rigid requirements for all site consid–erations including: the
engineering of barriers that will reduce or prevent the release of radi–oactive materials, population
density including exclusion zones, seismic and geographic considerations including the standards
for design to counter earthquakes, and meteorological, geographic, and hydrographical
considerations (Energy, 2011). The combined efforts of the United States and the International
community have made Nuclear Energy one of the safest forms of power generation.
Undoubtedly, there are many concerns over global warming, which is largely con–tributed to the
burning of fossils fuels. In this respect nuclear power is one of the cleanest means of generating
power. Unlike many other forms of electricity nuclear power does not generate electricity by
burning products. In fact nuclear power does not generate any carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, or
nitrogen oxides (U.S. Energy Information Administration, n.d.), which are green house gasses that
contribute to global warming. Additionally, "Nuclear power provides an environmental benefit by
almost entirely

How Did The Soviet Union Develop A Command Economy
The industrial expansion of the Soviet Union resulted in one of the greatest economic growths for a
single country that the modern world has ever seen. This economic growth ultimately led to the
USSR becoming one of the world's only two superpowers in the post–WWII era. Much of the
country's economic growth occurred because of the USSR's use of a command economy, which is
"an economy in which production, investment, prices, and incomes are determined centrally by a
government" [1]. Using a command economy, the USSR was able to force industrialization in
certain sectors in which pre–Soviet Russia highly struggled. One of these sectors was the Nuclear
Power sector. Ultimately, Soviet successes in the nuclear power industry were highly evident ...
First, as mentioned above, failure to mention reactors design flaws led to distrust in the
infrastructure of the Soviet Union. While many scientists and researchers such as Valeri Legasov
had noticed that there were issues with the reactors design prior to the disaster, and mentioned so in
personal journals, the discovery of their failure to speak up lead to the questioning of Soviet
leadership [5]. Additionally, these issues became worse upon the discovery of KGB classified
documents that discussed various issues with the construction of the Chernobyl plant between 1971
and 1988 [7]. These compounding issues identified flaws

Progress— A Word That Has Become More Than Familiar,...
Progress– a word that has become more than familiar, especially to those living in the twenty–first
century. In the past few decades, humans have advanced in every aspect of their lives. However, in
any situation, there are two sides to a coin. Progress and advancement both have their downsides,
and, unfortunately, in some cases, the negatives far outweigh the positives. One such case is
obvious– nuclear weapons. This subject did not stay untouched by the film industry, and out of the
threat of nuclear weapons came out a monster– Godzilla (Gojira). In the introduction of "Japan's
Nuclear Nightmare: How the Bomb Became a Beast Called Godzilla," Peter H. Brothers, a science
fiction film and book reviewer, asserts that the movie deals with a ... Show more content on
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Beginning with the Cuban Missile Crisis, the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and the
detonation of the Tsar Bomba, nuclear weapons and competition between rival countries have
always been taking place. According to Brothers, Godzilla is, in a way, a symbol of "man's
tampering with science" and "atomic and nuclear power." The writer further asserts that without the
bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, it is highly unlikely that Godzilla would have been created.
The monster's actions, according to him, are a direct representation of the suffering the Japanese
people had to go through, and the message the movie carries is more relevant than it ever was. In
fact, according to the former United States Secretary of Defense, William J. Perry, today's "nuclear
dangers [...] are in fact more likely to erupt into a nuclear conflict than during the Cold War." With
an unqualified and arrogant egomaniac running the world's most powerful country, the threat of a
nuclear war remains a possibility. The relations between the U.S. and Russia are it its worst since the
Cold War ended; things could get much worse as President Trump painfully (for the people) gets
through his four years in office. If a nuclear war does take place, Godzilla will be just as relevant as
it was following the tragic events of 1945. This

Three Mile Island Nuclear Power
To answer the question, the author will compare and analyze the three incidents that occurred in
different parts of the world, in countries with different government regulations and policy
establishments, and caused by different triggers: the Three Mile Island nuclear power plant (NPP),
U.S., Chernobyl NPP, Ukraine (former Soviet Union), and Fukushima Dai–ichi (Fukushima I) NPP,
Japan.
These accidents were chosen because they constitute worst yet valuable examples of what can – and,
occasionally, does – go wrong in the nuclear power production realm, and because they shape our
understanding of the caused harm. They also embrace a thirty–five year period, during which
nuclear power underwent significant regulatory development worldwide, aiming to address growing
concerns with respect to short– and long–term effects of such disasters on human health,
environmental, social, and economic factors. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The criticism was particularly directed at the organization, procedures, practices and especially the
attitudes of the NRC and the nuclear industry. Apparently, the valve at TMI had previously failed on
eleven occasions. More disturbing, however, is the fact that similar system failures had earlier
occurred in several other NPPs across the country (Perrow, 1981), which obviously had not been
addressed by managements, waiting for disaster to happen. Lack of due diligence in ensuring the
critical procedures are followed, and lack of regulations enforcement by regulatory agencies is
evident here. Such consistent neglect of responsibilities demonstrates normalized and
institutionalized deviance, and, given multiple occurrences it is clear that such culture exists
industry–wide (Lee and Ermann, 2002; Vaughn,

Chernobyl Informative Speech Essay
Attention Getter: There are currently 442 active nuclear power reactors worldwide according to the
Nuclear Energy Institute. Of all of the reactors worldwide, 14 have been classified as accidents
where the public has been exposed to radiation. The most devastating of these incidents was the core
meltdown of reactor 4 at Chernobyl, better known as the Chernobyl disaster.
Introduction:
Today I am going to tell you 3 things about Chernobyl. * First, I am going to tell you what
Chernobyl was. * Second, I will tell you Why it happened and * Finally, I will tell you what the
effects were and why it's relevant today.
Body 1 "What was Chernobyl"?: * April 26, 1986 in the early morning hours, an explosion rocked a
thriving ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
* These 2 critical errors (withdrawing the rods and slowing the reaction too rapidly) made the
engineers incapable of increasing the power within the reactor. * This was a safety precaution that
the engineers overrode. * Normally, in a situation where the reactor becomes unstable two fail safe
measures were in place. * First, the power of the reactor could be increased to re–stabilize the
nuclear reaction * And Second, the engineers could wait 24 hours to allow the reaction chemicals to
dissipate * The Engineers however, had already disabled the first failsafe be removing the control
rods. * The engineers also continued to turn off addition safety precautions including the emergency
reactor cooling system. * This system was designed to help stop the reaction if too much heat was
generated. * The emergency energy supply was also shut down, meaning there was no additional
energy to run the plant. * The experiment continued and the turbine generators were also shutdown.
* The electrical supply to the reactors water pumps was reduced as a result of the experiment,
reducing the amount of cooling water passing through the reactor. * Because of this, water within
the reactor core began to boil. * This was troublesome, since the cool water was used to reduce the
heat of the reaction. * As the rate of nuclear reaction continued to accelerate, addition graphite
tipped control rods

The Cuban Missile Crisis: A Significant Role In...
"We're eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked" (Dean Rusk). The Cuban Missile
Crisis put the world on the edge of its seat, and was the closest anyone has ever gotten to full–scale
nuclear war. Even though the event lasted a mere two weeks (from October 14–24, 1962), it played
a significant role in international politics, and its effects can still be seen today. The Cuban Missile
Crisis is significant to current international relations because it taught two very important lessons;
that information is crucial to successful negotiations, and that it is important to know when to
compromise. The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis can be traced from both post–World War II
negotiations and the Cuban Revolution. After the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
As Mary Roberts said," The Cuban Missile Crisis had a sobering impact on its protagonists"
("Cuban Missile Crisis). That is to say, its effects caused the world to take a step back and realize
what had just happened. Sure, the Cold War hadn't ended, however it led the international
community to come together to try to prevent similar nuclear crises from occurring. Today, a similar
issue presents itself as North Korea tries to assert itself as a nuclear capable nation. During the
missile crisis it was ,"...the Soviet Union's determination to achieve, at least, a nuclear parity with
the United States" ("Cuban Missile Crisis"). Today, though not nearly to the same caliber, North
Korea has been determined to continue its nuclear missile tests. In January of this year, North Korea
conducted its fourth nuclear weapons test, defying international sanctions once again ("North Korea

Persuasive Essay On Fukushima
Fukushima Possibly Dwarfed by Deliberate Nuclear Dumping by U.S., Europe, and Soviets
The most egregious facet of the ongoing fiasco that is the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear incident is
widely accepted to be the intentional release of hundreds of tons of radioactive water into the oceans
surrounding the reactors. In terms of total radioactivity released into the environment, Fukushima
has already surpassed the Chernobyl incident of the 1980s, that Soviet–sized lead balloon
(plutonium balloon?), which is the only other Level 7 event on the International Nuclear Event
Scale. But another seemingly forgotten relic of the Cold War could pose an even greater nuclear
threat to our oceans, although it has yet to receive the same level of scientific and political scrutiny
as these two accidental events.
The end of World War 2 also marked the beginning of the Nuclear Age. And immediately, military
research labs, bomb–making facilities, and power plants that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Nevertheless, the public research concerning the Fukushima disaster and its fallout should also
apply to these prior cases.
Several research groups have shown that the radioactivity from Fukushima has already had
deleterious effects on fish such as tuna all the way across the Pacific, on the west coast of North
America. A recent study in the respected Journal of Ornithology clearly showed a link between the
rising radioactivity from Fukushima and a significant recent drop in the abundance and diversity of
birds in the region.
However, given government disquietude regarding the subject, little to no research has explored the
effects of intentionally dumped radioactive waste in our oceans. It is only to be seen whether
Fukushima is indeed the largest disaster, or whether the intentional dumping of waste in our oceans
is, in fact, the silent

What Is The Danger Of Using Nuclear Power?
What Is The Danger of Using Nuclear Power?
Tatsue Kobayashi
Acknowledgements
I appreciate the help received from Kirsty, the teacher of this course, English for Academic Purpose
Level 4. And, I would also like to thank all member of this course for valuable discussion and
encouragement.
Abstract
Nowadays, people argues the danger of nuclear power, because the remarkable disaster occurred in
Japan, 2011. The earthquake and Tsunami killed many people, and caused the accident of
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants. In this article, the research about the danger of nuclear
power plants is conducted by based on previous researches and literatures . The first part is analysis
of the accident, the second is the impact on society and bad influences on human body, and lastly,
the prediction of earthquake follows . Throughout this article, the bad influences of nuclear power
are discribed . Nuclear power has strong power to kill people, and this is the largest factor to show
the danger of nuclear power.
1. Introduct ion
On 11th March 2011, the catastrophe hit the east part of Japan, and many people were killed by the
earthquake and the following Tsunami. The earthquake and the Tsunami disabled to supply
electricity for Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plants. Although cooling system is necessary for the
safety on nuclear power plants, it had also stopped, then three units of Fukushima Daiichi nuclear
power plants went on meltdown. According to World Nuclear

Nuclear War: The Cold War
It was a time of panic and paranoia, terror and turbulence. It was the Cold War, and at the height of
this tempestuous period was the Cuban Missile Crisis, the closest the world has ever come to a
nuclear war. The governments of the Soviet Union and the United States were at a political and
martial standstill. Both belligerents knew that a war fixed around nuclear weapons would
accomplish nothing; mutually assured destruction was inevitable (Delgado, 122). Although the
pressure between the United States and the Soviet Union does not stand as strong today as it did in
years past, disputes over nuclear policies still linger. Not only do nuclear armaments clot the
modern–age political system, a nuclear war would wreak havoc on societies, ecosystems, ... Show
In 2015, the Doomsday Clock, a symbolic countdown to the end of the world, was changed to three
minutes to midnight. This is the closest the world has come to total destruction since 1983 (Bulletin
of Atomic Scientists). Current nuclear policy is not even putting a dent in reducing the reach that
thermonuclear weapons have. Currently, most countries have an unlimited supply of radioactive
material, a key ingredient in the production of atomic weapons. In addition, the ceiling for any
number of nuclear weapons owned by a nation is too low. Until worldwide sanctions similar to these
can be imposed, current policies are useless (Glaser et

Natural Disasters in Nuclear Energy
Natural Disasters in Nuclear Energy Development
Carlaine Puckett
Strayer University
Abstract
The modern day dependency on fossil fuels has led to a global search for ethical and
environmentally–sound alternative energy. Among the most powerful is nuclear energy, though it is
mired in controversy. This essay describes, among other things, the nuclear energy process, and with
it the weaknesses. Amid the hope of one day using nuclear energy as a "green" energy source, there
is much fear of devastation, due to the four main nuclear disasters in Earth's history. After the most
recent nuclear disaster, Fukushima, Germany reversed their stance on nuclear energy, denouncing
any future involvement with the research, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Once we are liberated from our dependence upon fossil fuels, we can leap into the sustainable future
nuclear power promises to provide. Nuclear energy is created through a complicated scientific
process. This process utilizes an amount of natural resources so small that it is by far the most
productive form of alternative energy. Uranium deposits are found in rocks around the world. The
rocks are crushed and then leached to dissolve the uranium. "Yellowcake" (uranum oxide U308) is
precipitated out of the solution and converted into gaseous form. It is then enriched with the U–235
isotope, turned into pellets, and incased in long metal tubes known as fuel rods. These fuel rods
comprise the core of a nuclear reactor. Water is poured over the reactor to regulate its temperature.
During this part of the process, the water is converted to steam which is channeled through turbines,
thus creating electricity (WNA, 2011). The above mentioned process contains weaknesses.
However, through planning, and error scientists have been able to minimize, if not even eliminate
the treat level from these weaknesses. At the uranium mines, tailings are produced, which are the
materials that can be left over after the mining process. During the operation of nuclear energy small
amounts of radioactive isotopes are released. At the reactor site, spent nuclear fuel, including
plutonium

Nuclear Technology As A Solution For Constantly Growing...
Conclusion A number of factors contributed over the years to the notable reduction of the global
tendency to use nuclear technology as a solution for constantly growing energy needs. No doubt, the
disastrous psychological and economical effects of the three accidents – the Three Mile Island,
Chernobyl, and Fukushima are major factors. Another one is the lasting threat to the planet's natural
environment. Moreover, thousands were affected by and still physically and mentally suffer from
exposure radiation; the cost of vast evacuation and consecutive placement of hundreds of thousands
uprooted people and live stock involved millions of dollars and caused immeasurable stress and
hardships. It is hardly a surprise, then, that hundreds of millions worldwide expressed their strong
opinions opposing nuclear energy. Further, an ongoing disagreement among scientists and internal
governments about overall convenience of nuclear devices, led to the search and promotion of
alternative energy sources such as wind, solar, and bio fuels. Disasters never happen because of a
single factor. It usually involves a chain of unfortunate events on many levels of the system that
allowed the accident to happen: machinery malfunction, operator's mistake, unauthorized departure
from a standard procedure, communication failure, or design flaw. A delay or a total lack of public
information about the danger is common to all accidents. It also appears that the first responders
often are not timely

Disasters Caused By Natural Disasters
Disasters are a series of disruptions involving widespread human, material, economic or
environmental losses and effects, which exceeds the capability of that affected community to cope
up with its already present resources. Disasters have been happening ever since the beginning of
time. Every disaster can be classified as either a human caused disaster which basically involves the
negligence or irresponsibility of one single person or a group of people, or natural caused disasters.
Natural disasters may happen due to volcanic eruption, earthquakes, tsunamis, etc. and many other
causes. Sometimes disaster can also be intertwined between both human caused and natural
disasters. In this essay we are going to talk about some of the most famous engineering disaster
which has an intertwined fate with natural and human caused effects. The disasters also range from
ground, to air, to sea and also space disasters. On May 6, 1937, the Hindenburg arriving from
Frankfurt was one of the biggest airship disasters took place in Lakehurst, New Jersey. This disaster
was a mixture of both human caused and natural cause. The actual cause of the disaster was never
found although many hypotheses had been proposed, but it is said that the ignition of fire was
caused by some form of electricity. However, there has been a lot of controversy about the fire's
fuel. The fabric skin of the airship, or the hydrogen that was used as buoyancy was suggested as the
initial fuel for the fire. Helium was

Nuclear Energy: The Use Of Uranium For The Atomic Bomb
Nuclear energy has been a big issue since 1956 to choose whether or not this large, costly amounts
of energy should be used. In the begin of the 1960's, nuclear energy has gone through multiple
changes of its use. Nuclear power was originally used during the Manhattan Project in the
development of the atomic bomb. In United States there conferences held to understand what to do
with this, the outcome was, "The MAUD Committee had two summary reports in July 1941. One
was on 'Use of Uranium for a Bomb' and the other was on 'Use of Uranium as a Source of Power'.
The first report concluded that a bomb was feasible and that one containing some 12 kg of active
material would be equivalent to 1,800 tons of TNT and would release large quantities of ... Show
It is not safe for the environment or to the people that work at nuclear plants. There have been many
accounts of nuclear power plants fail or even imploding because of the usage of nuclear energy. For
instance the Chernobyl disaster that had occurred on 26 April, 1986 in Russia. It is said that, "The
Chernobyl accident dominates the Energy accidents sub–category, of most disastrous nuclear power
plant accident in history, both in terms of cost and casualties. It is one of only two nuclear energy
accidents classified as a level 7 event (the maximum classification) on the International Nuclear
Event Scale, the other being the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan in 2011. The struggle
to safeguard against scenarios which were, at many times falsely, perceived as having the potential
for greater catastrophe and the later decontamination efforts of the surroundings, it involved over
500,000 workers and cost estimated to 18 billion rubles (308658382.05 US Dollars). During the
accident, blast effects caused 2 deaths within the facility and later 29 firemen and employees died in
the days–to–months afterward from acute radiation syndrome."–Wikipedia. Another disaster is the
Three Mile Island Accident. In 1979 Three Mile Island nuclear power plant in Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania, was destroyed because of a cooling malfunction. According to the plant operators
that, "After a radiation leak was discovered on March 30, residents were advised to stay indoors.
Experts were uncertain if the hydrogen bubble would create further meltdown or possibly a giant
explosion, and as a precaution, Governor Thornburgh advised 'pregnant women and preschool age
children to leave the area within a five–mile radius of the Three Mile Island facility until further
notice.' This led to the panic the governor had hoped to avoid; within days, more than 100,000
people had fled surrounding towns."history.com

Iran And The Iranian Hostage Crisis
In 1979, the Iranian hostage crisis would occur; this event would damage and sever ties between
Iran and the United States for years to come. Over the years, Iran would have hard–line leaders that
would only further isolate themselves from western powers and more specifically the US. It would
be another 30 plus years before Iran would seek out the US and have a conversation between the
two countries; leading to what might be a possible change in policy for a country that has been
isolated from the international stage.
Iran's presidential election in June 2013 was won by Hassan Rouhani and led to him taking over for
the hard–liner Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. President Rouhani has been known to cooperate with the
West, specifically when he was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Former President Ahmadinejad set Iran back years by putting Iran into extreme isolation from the
international community. His continued badgering with the international community, eventually lead
to a nuclear stand–off with world powers. With what seems to be the Ayatollah's blessing, President
Rouhani has so far shown promise to ease the country's relations and assume a solution on the
nuclear issue. "For Washington, meanwhile, the election offered stark confirmation that its strategy
is working, at least to a point. The outcome confirmed that political will for a nuclear deal exists
within the Islamic Republic. In other words, the path out of isolation and economic crisis is perilous,
but Iran's new president, who has sometimes been dubbed "the sheikh of diplomacy," may just be
the right man at the right moment to walk it." (Maloney, 2013)
If President Rouhani can bring his country out of sanctions, resume oil exports and trade, they can
become a functioning country again. Although, there is a slim chance that Iran doesn't continue to
support terrorist organizations and continue nuclear enrichment in some capacity. As long as
President Rouhani remains president, it is expected that he will do as much as possible to continue
to further his country and bring them out of isolation with the world and specifically the west.
The following event

Nuclear Accidents On The International Nuclear And...
Nuclear accident according to Article 1 of the Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear
Accident was defined as any accident involving facilities or activities from which a release of
radioactive material occurs or is likely to occur and which has resulted or may result in an
international trans–boundary release that could be of radiological safety significance for another
state.1 In addition, International Atomic Energy Agency also sees it as an event that has led to
significant consequences to people, the environment or the facility.2 However, it is easier to discuss
nuclear accidents basing on the International Nuclear and Radiological Event Scale (INES)
introduced by the IAEA where each accident is classified based on a number of criteria and
indicator.3 There are seven nonzero levels on the INES scale, four of which starting from level four
to seven is specific towards nuclear accident where it range from accident with local consequences,
accident with wider consequences, serious accident and lastly major accident.3 Regardless of the
classifications, it is without a doubt that all of the accidents whether they can be called as minor
difficulties or fully deserve their place among the worst man–made disasters humanity has ever
experienced, they had various catastrophic impacts on human and environments. Each nuclear
accident poses serious acute and chronic risks towards the immediate environments and chronic risk
over a wider geographic area. Furthermore, the

The Issue Of Nuclear Weapons
In 1994, Ukraine agreed to give up its nuclear weapons to become a member of the Non–
Proliferation Treaty. By 1996, all 5,000 of them were removed from its borders and disassembled in
Russia. Today, Eastern Ukraine is under attack by Russian forces. This paper will explore the extent
that nuclear weapons could have played in affecting Russia's decision to carry out its invasion of
sovereign Ukrainian territory. To begin, it should be understood that this analysis focuses on
alternative possibilities and therefore impossible to prove or disprove. Instead, this should be viewed
as a play on facts and behaviors of the states involved and applies arguments made by different
theorists regarding nuclear weapons. The big question that needs answering is whether or not Russia
would have invaded Ukraine if Ukraine still had nuclear weapons. To address this, some facts need
expressing. First, had Ukraine not liquidated its nuclear weapons, it would have been the third
largest stockpile in the world after the United States and Russia. Second, when looking at the five
nuclear power states – US, UK, France, Russia, and China – no major nuclear power has gotten into
a nuclear war with another major nuclear power. Nor have they engaged in a direct conflict
involving conventional weapons. They have come close, as seen in the Cuban Missile Crisis, but
they have not traded nuclear missiles or bombs with each other. The only two states that have been
in conflict with each other and have

The Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
Nuclear energy represents only 15% of the electricity produced worldwide ("World Energy Needs
and Nuclear Power"). Though in France, 80% of its electricity production is from nuclear energy
and more than 25% of electricity in Europe comes from nuclear energy ("World Energy Needs and
Nuclear Power"). Nuclear energy represents a very small percentage in many countries' total
electricity production, but this percentage is likely to go up in the coming years ("World Energy
Needs and Nuclear Power"). Nuclear power is generated using Uranium, a mineral of which one of
the isotopes, U– 234 is unstable ("World Energy Needs and Nuclear Power"). The nucleus breaks
down resulting in the emission of heat and radiation followed by a chain reaction ("World ... Show
Nuclear energy is a great way to power quite a few places that are unable to use coal, oil, or any
other kind of energy. People don't like using nuclear energy because they hear nuclear and instantly
think of bombs, but if we could just change that thought, more people would think about nuclear
energy. Currently, there is North Korea, who is working towards nuclear weapons which started out
as just nuclear energy in the 1980's (Stephen Budiansky,

A Poor Allocation Of Our Nation 's Time And Resources
23.7%. That is how many of 600 randomly surveyed students and staff in an independent study at
PNHS said they "Strongly Agree" that their household is generally prepared for disasters (Witek,
Figure 1). In the modern world, everyday citizens live under constant, and generally ignored, threats
like those of nuclear warfare, international terrorism, cyber attacks, natural disasters, and other
large–scale crises. While we go about our daily lives, these potential events linger and yet the
average US citizen stands under–prepared or entirely unprepared for these harsh realities. Despite
this shocking fact, the US Government continues to focus on defending the country rather than
preparing its population. This document will argue as to why this is a poor allocation of our nation's
time and resources and why programs like Civil Defense, popular and commonplace during the
Cold War, should be brought back into the picture for the preservation of the nation and its people.
Our nation and its population should be educated, prepared and exercised for the harsh realities of
the modern world. Along the lines of large–scale disasters, there are nearly infinite scenarios where
things can go horribly wrong in a matter of minutes and hours, as opposed to months and years.
Nuclear war lingers between the US and North Korea (McConnell/Todd), the tension between
Russia and the US remains higher than ever (Khanal), and revived disputes between India and
Pakistan threaten to ignite warfare

Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Research Paper
Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant (NPP) is located in Okuma Town and Futaba Town, Futaba
Country, Fukushima Perfecture, facing the Pacific Ocean on the east side. The NPP is supervised
and owned by Tokyo Electric Power Company. On Friday, March 11th, 02:46 pm, Japan was hit by
an earthquake at the Pacific coast and the earthquake was followed by a destructive tsunami. The
accident was rated 7 on the INES scale. (international nuclear and radiological event scale). 7 is the
highest number on the scale and considered as a major accident. Fukushima NPP consist of 6
reactors and those reactors are boiling water reactors (BWR). Heat in the core is produced by fission
reaction. Water removes heat from the core and turns it into steam. Steam go through a turbine and
drives the generator. Eventually, electricity is produced. Afterwards, steam is condensed by the
cooling system that uses seawater and it goes back to the core. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Resultantly, radionuclide contaminated the NPP area and the surrounding areas. The Japanese
Science Ministry reported that long–lived radioactive cesium had contaminated 11,580 square miles
of the land surface of Japan. When the radioactive cesium spread in the ecosystem it turns into
ubiquitous contaminating water, plants, soil and animals. Food contaminated by radioactive cesium
lead to its bio–accumulation in heart, endocrine tissues, kidneys, small intestines, pancreas, spleen
and liver. Half–life of cesium–137 is 30 years. Since it takes 10 half–lives for the radionuclide to
disappear. Cesium needs centuries to be removed from the environment. The government of Japan
has taken lots of measurements to solve the contamination issues. Workers and public were
evacuated from the contamination areas. Food and water usage was restricted. Fishing was banned
at the coast of Fukushima. Ten tons of seawater is being poured upon the melted cores

Ethical Dilemmas Of War In War
Introduction There are old war customs, which becomes rules and finally laws, that provide protec–
tion to civilians during war, women and children, in generally. One of the reasons is their
incapability to fight in combat, use weapons or harm adult soldier. Ethical dilemma, of sacrificing
small loss in order to safe majority, even civilians, it is not new. Throw history, many of leaders,
generals or officers were faced with some questions. Higher level of protection include non–
combatants civilians, resolutely pro–tected category in armed conflict. Worst case is, if civilians are
casualties during armed conflict, which is not regulated with war customs and humanitarian
conventions, such as war against terror, pre–emptive strikes or nuclear total war, for example.
Principles in Just war theory, which includes periods before and during ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Issue of collateral damage is also covered with other regulations. In NATO publication is regulated
as 'means and methods of attack must be taken with a view to avoiding, and in any event to
minimising, expected incidental loss of civilian life' (NATO Allied Joint Doctrine for Joint
Targeting, 2008, p 1–7). Test of proportionality is closely related to the concrete and direct military
advantage, by same manual, but it also applies level of the risk as acceptable and it is expressed in
percentages for death and injury. Additionally, national or Alliance regulation, such as US/ISAF
Manual, advice 'use lethal actions, where necessary' and 'strike with maximum precision for
minimum of collateral damage'. As alternative option for targeting and use lethal measure, manual
advice 'remember that a prosecution can remove an adversary from the battlefield without creating
collateral damage' (Attack the network Field Guide, 2011, p

The Cuban Missile Crisis And The Soviet Union
The Cuban Missile Crisis became the closest the world had ever been to nuclear war, resulting from
growing tension in the Cold War between the United States (NATO) and the Soviet Union (Warsaw
Pact). Cuba at the time also had ongoing conflict with the United States, after the failed Bay of Pigs
Invasion in attempt to overthrow corrupt government leader Fidel Castro. The Soviet Union and
Cuba's newfound similar plights led to a partnership and the strategic positioning for the Soviet
Union to implement ballistic missile bases in the near proximity of the U.S. ("Cuban Missile
Crisis"). However, the Soviet actions were also in response to the U.S. nuclear missile, the Jupiter,
previously placed in NATO ally country, Turkey. These missiles ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
President John F. Kennedy did not reveal any previous knowledge of the missiles presence at this
time. Initially, the National Security Council thought it would be best to invade and perform a full–
scale attack on Cuba, but in doing so the Soviets would retaliate with nuclear war (Hershberg). After
deliberation with the president and his advisors, their plan of action was to "quarantine" Cuba and
surrounding the island with military ships to turn away any incoming shipments from the Soviets
("Cuban Missile Crisis"). On October 22nd, 1962 in an address to the American people, President
John F. Kennedy publicly confirmed that the Soviet Union had initiated nuclear build up on Cuba
and identified that the "purpose of these bases can be none other than to provide a nuclear strike
capability against the Western Hemisphere" (Kennedy). For 13 days, President Kennedy and
Chairman Khrushchev of the Soviet Union went back and forth through letters addressing the issue
at hand and how each country would be forced to handle any threats compromising their well being.
The near nuclear disaster ended with a collective understanding between Kennedy and Khrushchev
that the Soviets would remove the nuclear missiles, while the United States would not invade Cuba
and also silently remove their missiles in Turkey ("The World on the Brink"). Theoretically, a realist
perspective can explain

The Horrific Chernobyl Accident Essay
On April 26th 1986 located in Ukraine the catastrophic and disastrous nuclear accident occurred
labeled "The Chernobyl Disaster" occurred. The catastrophe is recorded to be the worst nuclear
power–plant accident to date and the first classified as a level seven event on the International
Nuclear Event Scale. The estimated cost of the damage inflicted is a total of eighteen billion rubles.
The loss of life sparked by the ordeal official thirty–one people by direct cause. The disaster has had
a prolonged effect to environmental and health fields. The total damaged of "The Chernobyl
Disaster" is unknown and remain in the process to be accounted for.
"The Chernobyl Disaster" had a multitude of chronological variables which led to the mishap. ...
One day prior to "The Chernobyl Disaster" the nuclear facility scheduled an experimental test to be
run on reactor four for the nuclear facility. The goal was to solve an unacceptable flaw of a power
outage if an unexpected electrical issue occurred. The process was to identity and measure the
residual energy generated by the reactor could supply enough energy to run critical components of
the reactor until the back–up Diesel generation could kick in before reaching a low–power or shut–
down state. The experiment was to be over viewed by a specially tasked group of electrical engineer
team, and the duration of the operation was scheduled to occur between the day too afternoon work
cycles.
The time schedule for the experimental operation suffered an unexpected delay. The Kiev power
grid suffered a shortage of electricity in the grid. The control grid operator requested the Chernobyl
facility to delay the operation in order to assist in the electricity demand of the peak hour. The
Chernobyl director agreed to the request and officially postponed the operation until their energy
output was no longer necessary. Despite the delay, the staff of reactor four proceeded in necessary
preparation for experiment. The crew disabled non–energy affecting routines and the passive
cooling system responsible for maintaining the reactor four's core; the system supplied emergency

The Cuban Missile Crisis The World On The Edge Of Its Seat
"We're eyeball to eyeball, and I think the other fellow just blinked" (Dean Rusk). The Cuban Missile
Crisis put the world on the edge of its seat, and was the closest humanity has ever gotten to full–
scale nuclear war. Even though the event lasted a mere two weeks (from October 14–24, 1962), it
played a significant role in international politics, and its effects can still be seen today. The Cuban
Missile Crisis is significant to current international relations because it proved the importance of the
need for information, and the importance of taking risks. The history of the Cuban Missile Crisis is
traced from both post–World War II negotiations and the Cuban Revolution. After the end of World
War II, the Yalta Conference marked a turning ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
embargo on Cuba. This decision was treacherous considering at that time, Castro's propaganda
seemed to display communist beliefs ("What Triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis?"). As a result of
the embargo, Castro sought the aid of the Soviet Union to help their economic position ("What
Triggered the Cuban Missile Crisis?"). Had the United States been more willing to discuss a
compromise between Cuba and the U.S., the crisis may have never even occurred. Much of the
information that is available today about the Cuban Missile Crisis was not available to the people
who needed it the most. One of the most devastating issues during the crisis was obtaining the
proper information in order for each leader to make apt decisions. On October 14, an American U2
spy plane photographed military bases in Cuba, which, after close examination, proved the existence
of nuclear warheads (Schroeder, "Cuban Missile Crisis"). However, these photographs lacked in
providing the capability and range of the warheads. More intelligence revealed that there were three
different types of nuclear missiles based in Cuba, ones that could reach a maximum distance of 630
nautical miles, 1020 nautical miles, and even 2200 nautical miles ("USSR Missile Ranges"). With
such long distance missiles, the Soviets could hit nearly every city in the continental U.S.A. ("USSR
Missile Ranges"). Despite having full knowledge of their missiles' capabilities and locations,

Arms Control (Nuclear Disarmament)
Arms Control (Nuclear Disarmament) Arms control refers to any international limitation or
regulation where developing, testing, producing, deploying, or even using weapons is concerned on
the basis that it is inevitable for some national military establishments to continue existing. This
concept points to some type of collaboration between states that are antagonistic or competitive in
general when it comes to military policy, in a bid to lower the chances of war and in the event of
such, to limit its damage (Jones 4). From a broader perspective, arms control is a product of
historical state practices involving disarmament that has seen many successes and challenges since
the 20th century. The two terms have at some point been ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
In the four decades following its entry into force, the NPT has ensured massive growth in the
peaceful employment of nuclear energy. Nuclear applications in water resources, medicine,
environmental management, disease prevention, and food security contribute to improvement of
people's lives around the world on a daily basis. Today, the benefits outlined in NPT's Article IV
have seen widespread acceptance by worldwide nations with the U.S. leading in commitment to
ensuring that benefits accruing from peaceful application of nuclear energy get to be shared
equitably amongst states exhibiting commitment to their NPT responsibilities (Browne, Shetty and
Somerville 385). Moreover, the NPT has proved an important and integral part of sustaining
progress in line with disarmament. This arises from the fact that NPT is the principal legal barrier to
proliferation of nuclear weapons and its party states have vowed to have good faith in pursuing
negotiations regarding effective measures as related to quickest possible cessation of the nuclear
arms race and nuclear disarmament (Jones 11). In fact, since the NPT entered into effect, significant
progress has been made on disarmament with treaties banning chemical and

The Three Mile Island Meltdown
The Three Mile Island accident was a partial nu clear meltdown that occurred on March 28, 1979, in
reactor number 2 of The Three mile Island Nuclear Generating Station in Deuphin County,
Pensylvania, United States. It was the worst accident in U.S. commercial nuclear power plant in
history. The incident was rated a five on the seven – point International Nuclear Event Scale. It's
mean accident with Wider Consequences. The Incident was caused by combination of equipment
malfunctions, design – related problems and worker errors led to partial meltdown and very small
off – site releases of radioactivity. The reactor was destroyed. The cleanup of the damaged took
nearly 12 years and cost almost 1 billion $. The incident indicated fear, stress and

The Cold War: The Cuban Missile Crisis
After the end of World War II, the world entered a state of political, military, and ideological tension
never experienced before. This period, which roughly ranges from 1945 to 1991, is contemporarily
known as the Cold War. It is the last example of a bipolar distribution of power in modern world
history, with the principal actors being those of the Western bloc (under the leadership of the United
States supported by its NATO allies) and the Eastern bloc (under the leadership of the now
extinguished Soviet Union backed up by its allies under the Warsaw Pact). In the midst of the
pressure and unrest that characterized this period, there is a particular event that took place in
October 1962 that caught my attention: the Cuban missile crisis.
The conflict was characterized for the absence of large–scale active warfare between the two main
antagonistic powers; hence the name Cold War. However, the Cuban missile crisis was the closest
the world got to a nuclear exchange, it was the first major showdown of wartime. Humankind was at
the brink of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
While the United States championed a democratic form of government and capitalism, the Soviet
Union championed socialism and a planned economy. They both managed to portray the other as the
complete opposite of what was "right" and went on to build a negative image about their opponent;
hence, leading to the notion of its necessary eradication. In mid–1961, Cuba proclaimed a socialist
revolution after having defeated an invasion intended to overthrow the Cuban government that had
been equipped, promulgated and financed by the United States. As a result, the Cuban
administration stretched ties with the Soviet Union, which, in turn, gave the island increasing
economic and military support by acquiring the sugar production that the American government had
stopped purchasing, and providing conventional

Pros And Negatives Of Nuclear Power

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