The Purisima Formation

The Purisima Formation
The Purisima Formation is extensively allocated "in central California from coastal exposures at
Point Reyes in Marin County to more extensive exposures in the Santa Cruz Mountains from the
coast in San Mateo and Santa Cruz Counties inland to the San Andreas Fault." These scattered
visible rock formations are part of the Purisima Formation because they all share a few specific
characteristics: They all have interbedded mudstone, siltstones, and very fine–grained sandstones,
with abundant shell debris. The Purisima formation was created "about 3 to 7 million years ago
during the late Miocene and the Pliocene through a 4 million year period of deposition: The
deposited rocks record a shift from deeper offshore conditions (primarily siltstone
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Friday Night Lights: Review
Friday Night Lights is a non fictional novel following a high school football team in the midland of
Texas. Odessa, Texas is the home to what used to be a powerful oil mill but since the oil ran low the
small town has only relied on football to keep it going. The author of the book follows a high school
program, Permian Panthers, during their season as many players go through life lessons outside of
the football field. The author uses several key characters for the Permian Panthers, Ivory Christian,
Boobie Miles, Brian Chavez, Jerrod McDougal, Mike Winchell, and Don Billingsley. Each of these
players see the themes of poverty, priorities, principles, and humbleness. I chose the football as my
poster image because it symbolizes the importance

Symbolism In Friday Night Lights
"From the twenties through the eighties, whatever else there hadn't been in Odessa, there had always
been high school football" (Bissinger 35) epitomizes the book in one succinct sentence. However,
the book doesn't blatantly state superficial information about football; it follows the Permian
Panthers through an entire season and reveals the emotions of a handful of football players.
Throughout various parts of the book, Bissinger beautifully utilizes symbols in order to create a
better perception for the readers on the lives of the souls in Odessa. The symbols, include, but are
not limited to; the railroad tracks, the Gary Edwards case, and the school spending reveal the various
facets of life in Odessa. The railroad tracks, which split right through Odessa, symbolized the split
between African Americans and Caucasians and the racism ubiquitous in the heart of the South in
the mid–20th century. Bissinger defined the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
To give us a better understanding of this phenomenon, Bissinger utilizes symbols to create a better
understanding of what Odessa has been through and how committed it is to high school football.
The railroad tracks mark an important schism between races in the town that was prevalent in towns
like these. A star football player from Carter High School in Dallas had ambiguous grades that led a
fracas and a huge decision to make that showed that high school football prevailed when compared
to education. Moreover, when thoroughly examining the district funding for Permian High, more
funds are directed towards athletic supplies than English supplies, showing once again that high
school football is a priority in Odessa. Only by utilizing these symbols throughout the plot, the
readers were truly able to relate to the lives Odessa's population and how engrossed they are in high
school

Friday Night Lights by H.G. Bissinger Essay
H.G. Bissinger's Friday Night Lights brings to mind the cold, autumn nights of 1988 where a town,
just like any other rural town in America, was brought together in such a raw and emotional way.
From the rise and fall of Boobie Miles to the push for the playoffs, it is clear that 1988 Odessa was
swept up in the glory of football to replace the grandeur of the 1950s, which seemed to deteriorate
throughout that hectic decade. While a modern reader may view Bissinger's masterpiece as a tale
from a dated and faraway place, several factors have kept it in the public's eye. What is it about
Friday Night Lights that still resonates today? The answer can still be found in the same rural towns
of America. Though it may seem incredible, Texas is ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Furthermore, the English department at Permian High School was starved of necessary learning
materials so funds could instead go towards the football program. Gerrymandering even occurred in
the school district so Permian could hold on to its precious team and receive all of the talented black
players from the poor side of town. Practices such as the ones mentioned above are by no means
extinct. In my own school district of Round Rock, Texas, similar things occurred.
Though my district prides itself on preparing students for college, football is still king. It seems as if
Round Rock requires at least one of its five 5–A schools to be good at football. In 2010, Cedar
Ridge High School was created in the Round Rock Independent School District. Strangely enough,
once Cedar Ridge opened, all high schools seemed to be concerned about their football teams. All of
the extraordinary players were primarily from the area of the city that Cedar Ridge was being built.
Rather than being proud of Round Rock for accommodating more people due to the school's
location, citizens were angered when Cedar Ridge became the new powerhouse in football. Citizens
of Round Rock not being able to put instances such as this in perspective and celebrate a new school
is a major similarity to the Odessans of 1988. A community and its culture hold a

High School Football Athletes Essay
The mindset that society thrusts upon most high school athletes can take away from academics and
other opportunities they may have for their future. For many high school football athletes, they are
primarily focused on one thing throughout their high school years: sports. Evidence 1: In towns such
as Odessa in Friday Night Lights, players are swallowed up by the glamour of football and neglect
most things not related to football, rather than balance sports with academics. "It was a phenomenon
that Trapper had seen dozens of times before, a kid so caught up in it all that there was no room for
anything else, another kid for whom nothing in life would ever be so glorious, so fulfilling as
playing high school football. Trapper didn't see the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When they focus too much on football or whatever sport they are playing, than their grades falter,
and they lose their chance to get a solid degree. One student that broke the trap that high school
athletes fall into is Brian Chavez, a student at Permian High School in Friday Night Lights. "As the
number–one student in his class, his aspirations extended far beyond the glimmer of expectation that
a Texas school, any Texas school, might be willing to give him a football scholarship. He had set his
sights differently, zeroing in on a target that seemed incomprehensible to his family, his friends, just
about everyone. He wanted to go to Harvard" (Bissinger 13). Chavez is essentially the antithesis of
all his peers and classmates; instead of making football the high point of his entire life, he values his
future and education over the present glory of football. Despite being pressured into setting aside his
future dreams in order to better the team, he does not fall into the trap his society had set for him.
Chavez ended up enjoying Permien football as well as going to Harvard, so he is the prime example
of how high school athletes should carry themselves. But unfortunately, it is extremely tough for
most athletes in towns such as Odessa or Winthrop to do so. High school football encapsulates their
entire lives, and the pressure put

Analysis: The Permian Period
The Permian Period was the final period of the Paleozoic Era. This period lasted from 299 to 251
million years ago. The transition from the Paleozoic Era and the Mesozoic Era was the Permian
Period. During the end of the Permian Period, Earth's largest mass extinction occurred. The time
period was named as it was by a British geologist named Roderick Murchison in 1841. He went on a
tour to Imperial Russia to include the, "vast series of beds of marl, schist, limestone, sandstone, and
conglomerate" overlay the Carboniferous formations in the eastern part of Russia. Murchison named
it after the kingdom of Permia, and the present city of Perm near the Ural Mountains of Russia.
During this period, Gondwana and Euramerica formed Pangea. The collision of tectonic plates
caused volcanic activity. This ended up forming the Urals, Alps, Appalachians, and Rocky
Mountains. Pangea was shaped like the letter "C". The northern landmasses would become Europe
and Asia. North and South America formed from the curved part of the "C." India, Australia, and
Antarctica made up the lower part of the land mass. In this landmass was the Tethys Ocean. There
were also glaciers in ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Synapsids had a skull with a single temporal opening that is believed to have developed into
mammals. Sauropsids had a skull with two openings and were the ancestors of reptiles, including
birds and dinosaurs. During the early period, Synapsids were the dominant group. The earliest
Synapsids were the Pelycosaurs; it included a genus called Dimetrodon. The animal had a large
lizard like body with a bony "sail" on it's back. However the skulls, jaws, and teeth are closer to
mammals than reptiles. Lystrosaurus was another genus of the Synapsids; it was 3 feet long and
looked like a cross between a lizard and a hippopotamus. A Lystrosaurus had a flat face with two
tusks and legs angled away from the body (similar to the typical reptilian

The Importance Of Football In Friday Night Lights
Within sports, pressure is always there; you have to learn to deal with it. H. G. Bissinger's book,
Friday Night Lights, hones in on the football team the Permian Panthers of Odessa. Through this
focus on the team, one can see how football is an integral part of the town thriving, maintaining its
hopes and dreams. Despite the racial and social divide within the community, those Friday night
games become a place where dreams may be made possible. In this way, sports, specifically
football, not only have an impact on the players but the community as well.
Within the novel, one can see how athletics, specifically football, holds more importance than
education for the town of Odessa. Because of this, players on the team start to be treated differently,
like men rather than teenagers. In which, players become improperly prepared for the future and
tend to only make it out of Odessa through athletic ability alone. As for one of the players, he learns
the hard way the effects of such emphasis on athletics over education: "I've got no idea what I want
to do. I've got no idea what school I want to go to. My SAT won't be worth a shit. And no football
school wants me." (Bissinger, Epilogue) This highlights sports in society, as well as the four agents
of socialization due to parental and educational impacts. Because of this, players follow a path that
has been shaped for them rather than shaping their own path, causing future difficulties. For the case
of Permian Panther players,

The University Of Texas Of The Permian Basin Essay
Global Poverty
Naraly Rodriguez
Dr. Davor Jedlicka
Introduction to Sociology Fall B 2016
The University of Texas of the Permian Basin
Essay Topic #3: Global Poverty
Being poor can mean something to one individual compared to another. Whether it is not having
clean water to drink or not being able to afford a new laptop. Poverty is very broad, without a single
definition. Africa has the majority of the poorest countries in the world. With that being said, the
overall African income levels have been dropping moderately to the rest of the world. Statistics
show that in Sub–Saharan Africa, only 15% of women are agriculture landowners. There are
different types of poverties, relative, absolute and subjective poverty. Relative poverty is a state of
living where people can afford necessitates but are unable to meet their society's average standard of
living. Relative poverty is the idea of keeping up with those individuals around you. Second, there is
absolute poverty that demonstrates the lack of basic necessities, which include food, clean water,
safe housing and access to healthcare. Those who live on less than $1.25 a day have defined this. In
addition, in 2011, 17 percent of people living in the developing world lived at or below $1.25 a day.
I currently live on $52.00 a day and I find myself to barely manage necessities. It's been crystal clear
lately on what I can afford and what I need. Lastly, subjective property is composed of many
dimensions, when

Permian Time Frame
The Permian Time frame was the last time of the Paleozoic Time. Enduring from 299 million to 251
million years back, it took after the Carboniferous Time frame and went before the Triassic Time
frame. By the early Permian, the two–extraordinary mainland's of the Paleozoic, Gondwana and
Euramerica, had crashed to frame the supercontinent Pangaea. Pangaea was formed like a thickened
letter "C." The best bend of the "C" comprised of landmasses that would later wind up present–day
Europe and Asia.
North and South America framed the bended back of the "C" with Africa inside the bend. India,
Australia and Antarctica made up the low bend. Inside the "C" was the Tethys Sea, and the greater
part of whatever is left of Earth was the Panthalassic Sea. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The Permian (alongside the Paleozoic) finished with the Permian– Triassic annihilation occasion,
the biggest mass eradication in Earth's history, in which almost 90% of marine species and 70% of
earthbound species kicked the bucket out. It would bring great into the Triassic for life to recoup
from this catastrophe. Recuperation from the Permian– Triassic termination occasion was extended;
ashore, biological communities took 30 million years to recover.
The Permian saw the broadening of the early amniotes into the genealogical gatherings of the warm
blooded creatures, turtles, lepidosaurs, and archosaurs. The world at the time was overwhelmed by
two mainlands known as Pangaea and Siberia, encompassed by a worldwide sea called Panthalassa.
The Carboniferous rainforest crumple left behind huge districts of leave inside the mainland

Essay on Friday Night Lights
Brant Norlander
2/20/11
Sociology of Sports
Prof. Delany
Friday Night Lights Sustaining the ambitions of not only themselves but the alumni and town of
Odessa, Texas is a lot to ask from a young adult. That's exactly what Permian football provides to
the people of Odessa, where the post economic boom of the oil business has left the town in a
racially tense, economic crisis. The lights on Permian High School's football field are the only
sanctuary for the west Texas town. Socially and racially divided, Odessa's mass dependence on high
school football constructs glorified expectations for the football team to temporarily disguise the
disappointments that come with living in a town tagged as the "murder capital" of ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
He is eventually cleared to play through court cases and relentless commitment by the school's
administration. In the midst of all the madness and all of the hype surrounding high school football
in Texas, it is clear that there is no recognition of the importance of education. There is so much
emphasis put into high school football in these communities like Odessa that athletes pour all of
their hopes and dreams into it. Ultimately once these you athletes are eventually stripped of the
game of football, their futures are jeopardized and their lives are irrevocably damaged. They are
finally exposed to the real world more underprepared than ever. Fundamentally all that is left is a
few memories of athletic stardom and still an inadequate education. Bissinger does a good job of
depicting Permian's sex roles which emerge from the social significance surrounding the football
team. Gender inferiority is abundant throughout Permian's socialization. The football identity was
something that was revered. The girls of Permian desired anything having to do with their football
team, while their proximity to the epicenter of the program gave them more honorable status within
the schools social

Friday Night Lights: Structure Functional Theory Essay
Functionalism views society as the stability and assimilation of a range of forces that function
within it. While society is a separate entity with a life of its own, there are individual elements
contributing to that stability. Functionalism as a sociological theory emphasizes assimilation rather
than the dissociation of society. Therefore, the society is seen as a whole that is compromised of
parts which give one another their identity and their function. The part, whether that is education,
such as a school, or sports, such as a football team, operates in relation to the other parts, and cannot
be entirely understood in isolation from the other parts. All the parts are interrelated, and when there
is a disturbance in any one of the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The individuals in Odessa have "shared values or generally accepted standards of desirability"
(Wallace and Wolf 18) regarding their feelings of high school football and the meaning of coming
together as a town in support for the team. Hence the values that are placed on football, solidarity,
and winning the theory of functionalism can be seen and applied in Friday Night Lights. In order to
live up to the reputation of the town and peers, the Permian Panthers and the coaches set goals so
that they will have a winning season. The goal that is set is to win the state championship and
nothing, including injury will change that goal. This occurs when Boobie Miles, the star running
back, chooses to play in spite of a torn ALC, rather than yielding to the unimaginable pain that he is
in. The team imposed a structure, which establishes the goals and values of the team, therefore
reinforcing the team's solidarity to winning the championship not only for them but for the town. In
spite of the team and coaches setting the goal, Boobie's injury while playing against Midland,
sidelines him for the rest of the season. It is at this junction in the movie that we the injury of one
player affecting the entire team, which leads to the break–down of the whole community. Change is
seen within the team's attitudes and new ways to play without their star running back. In addition,
the desire to win changes the coaching

Essay On Friday Night Lights
H.G. Bissinger tells the story of the obsessive town of Odessa, Texas in his book, Friday Night
Lights. This town has a toxic obsession with high school football and wastes away the week, only
seeking the excitement of Friday nights that are filled with Panther football. The expectations held
for the athletes of Odessa are suicidal and the preparation for life outside of high school is almost
non existent. The town of Mount Vernon, Iowa also lives for Friday nights, however it has a healthy
balance between the thrilling football nights and ordinary, day to day life. Mount Vernon athletes are
held to reasonable standards and are thoroughly being prepared for a successful future. The town of
Odessa is an insane town with twisted ideas that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Most coaches just expect their players to show up, follow the rules, and try their best. If a player is
on time and doing their best at practices, then the coaches are usually happy and satisfied. Mount
Vernon coaches would actually be angry at their players if they lied about having an injury, because
that would result if the player being out of the the season longer than if they taken a break to heal
their wounds. While coaches want to win games in Mount Vernon, just as the coaches of the
Permian Panthers, they still respect the health of their players and almost always put them first.
Permian high school has little to no academic expectations for their student athletes, especially the
football boys. If someone was injured on the team, the coaches didn't expect them to go to class.
Bissinger states, "There was no point in coming to school just to go to class" (Bissinger 49). These
boys are being taught that academics aren't important because football will be their only future. If
these boys do attend their classes, their academic ability is way below average. '"Even though you
have trouble reading, I think you read good. I hope that you become a professional football player,
said Shauna"' (Bissinger 50). Isn't it sad that a high school boy's reading ability is so bad that a
young girl knows that that isn't normal? The academic system for Permian athletes is setting up
these kids for total

Essay about The Ancient Relatives of Mammals
The mammalian line of descent reaches back to over 300 million years. The ancient relatives of
mammals were extremely different in terms of appearance from living mammals, and are often
mistaken for reptiles (for example dinosaurs). In reality though, these relatives of mammals, called
synapsids, are more like mammals than reptiles. Synapsids are often described as "mammal–like
reptiles" because they show both reptilian and mammalian traits. They lived right before the
Mesozoic Era, during the Permian Period (286–251 mya). Synapsids derive their name from the fact
that they had only one temporal opening on each side of the skull (called laterotemporal fenestrae),
just like all mammals. Many synapsids had features that were considered ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
They are believed to have hunted larger herbivores in packs (similar to wolves). Lystrosaurus was
another hippo–like aquatic creature. Cistecephalus lived underground, where it most likely dug for
insects and worms. Estemmenosuchus was another Permian carnivore whose skull had many bony
outgrowths. According to Neo–Darwinian theory, all the functional diversity (the various synapsid
types) was wiped out as the reptiles of the Mesozoic Era overtook the synapsids. It is usually said
that only the basic structural plan of modern day mammals was derived from the synapsids. This
view is technically flawed because in terms of fossilized remains (the only basis by which the
structure of an extinct animal can be remade), only a small amount of traits consistently
distinguished mammals from reptiles. In damaged and fragmented fossils, these traits are practically
undetectable. So how can one tell what the basic structural plan that was derived from synapsids
was?
Regardless of this, only one thing is known for sure – Non–mammalian synapsids did not evolve
from reptiles. We know for a fact that non mammalian synapsids have something to do with the
origin of mammals, but what happened to these fascinating creatures during the Mesozoic Era and
how they gave rise to "real mammals" is unknown.
The information we have on these unique group of animals is in fact very hazy and confusing, but
perhaps with more researchers and new information, the

Permian Tank: Article Analysis
The newspaper article entitled Lay–offs ahead for Permian Tank involves the closing of the
manufacturing shop at Kilgore's Permian Tank located in Kilgore, Texas. At the time of the article's
publication, Kilgore's manufacturing shop was in the process of having to shut down which has
since caused around thirty–five people to be without a job; leaving only four employees that were
since able to [possibly] keep their jobs. Kilgore's Operation was not only a source of local jobs in
the community of Kilgore but the company is also a partner in economic development with the
Kilgore Economic Development Corporation (KEDC), the KEDC Advanced Technology Center and
Kilgore College. The article then went on to tell the financial history of Kilgore's

Friday Night Lights Essay
Friday Night Lights
Is High School football a sport, or is it more than that to some people? Recent newspaper headlines
include such items as coaches abusing student athletes; fathers of athletes murdering coaches, and
mother's disabilitating cheerleading candidates to assure their daughters make the cheerleading
team. In Odessa, Texas high school football is a major contributor to the society of a small town in
Texas society. Every Friday night, 50,000 people fill the stadium to see high school students put
their lives on the line to win a football game. H. G. Bissinger writes a novel called Friday Night
Lights, about a year in 1988 where High School players prepare and play on the High School team,
and what an impact they have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This novel develops characters that engage in sex, to teachers cheating so their high school football
players can continue to participate on the football field. Many people have a major affect on football
and society in this novel. One of the major characters was Boobie Myles. Boobie was supposed to
be the star athlete on the Permian football team. In the beginning, Boobie was arrogant to his
teammates and wasn't a good team leader. All Boobie cared about was winning and getting to the
next level of football to satisfy his athletic needs. When Boobie is injured, he realizes he took
football for granted and would do anything to play again. The team needs Boobie and Boobie needs
the team. Coach Gaines realizes Boobie was seriously hurt and gives an inspiring pep talk to the
team about how the players need to put their heart in the game and how lucky they are to be playing
for Odessa.
H. G. Bissinger is the author of this book and the narrator. He is very descriptive about each
individual on the football team and how they impact society. Bissinger's word choice and sentence
fluency is excellent. He establishes his characters, develops the plot, and builds the novel to reach a
climatic conclusion. The sentence fluency is well structured and easy to read. Bissinger's writing
will not allow you to put the book down when you start reading the novel.
This book

Permian Mass Extinction Essay
The Permian mass extinction occurred 251Ma and is recognised as having the largest volcanic
eruption as one of the main antagonists to the event, it is also responsible for ~96% of all species to
be wiped out. The main theories for the Permian event are the Siberian traps and the possibility of an
impact event but the latter is widely disregarded.
Global disasters tend to be an unfortunate coincidence of events. The combination of the
background conditions in the late Permian of increasingly high atmospheric CO2 levels and global
temperatures could possibly of been enhanced by the eruption of the Emeishan Traps at 260 Ma
(REF NEEDED), which could have led to conditions that arguably could have led to a mass
extinction without any further ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When normalised to a common standard, these all lie within error of each other, and indicate an
eruption age of about ~250 Ma (REF NEEDED).
There are several questions that still need to be answered before a real understanding of the Permian
mass extinction can be documented; what were the atmospheric and oceanic conditions prior to the
eruption of the Traps? Can we better constrain the CO2 concentration of the late Permian
atmosphere? What made the end–Permian extinction so severe and prolonged?
Was it the confluence of events outlined in this review (including the prevailing global climate,
volcanism), or are some of these factors secondary? For example, we have little idea of the mass of
methane hydrates in the Late Permian ocean floor. These and many other questions will need to be
addressed before we fully resolve the cause of the end–Permian mass extinction. However, there is a
growing realisation that flood basalt volcanism has the potential to be the primary trigger for mass
extinctions, rather than meteorite impacts or other external

High School Football in Texas is Out of Control Essay
Abstract: High school football in the state of Texas has become out of control. The sport is no longer
played for the sake of the school but rather has become a Friday night ritual to these small towns in
Texas. The players are no longer just high school kids inter acting in school sports but have now
become heroes to these small town communities. Communities simply no longer support their local
high school team but rally in pride of their hometown rivalry against another team. School
administrators and coaches no longer are teachers and mentors for the kids but are the equivalent to
what in professional football are team owners and "real coaches". Parents have become agents and
sacrifice their jobs and homes so that their child ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
According to many, the game has become out of control in Texas, but continues to draw crowds in
by the thousands. For as long as most of us can remember, academics and sports have co–existed in
the school system. Sports should support the academic program. It should supplement learning, team
playing and enhance life skills. It should be fun, not life–threatening, is should be part of life, not
your whole life. In Texas, academics gets swept aside in favor of football, parents quit their jobs and
uproot the family in search of better football schools, and students and players alike spend most of
their high school years in a football–crazed state of mind.
Over seventy thousand dollars was spent in 1990 for the Permian Panthers travel budget. The
business community is one of the main reasons this figure is so high, every year the community
fights for who will get certain pages in the Permian program booklets that are sold at each game.
The programs generate over fifty thousand dollars and are about thirty to forty pages long. In 1988
the Permian yearbook alone generated over twenty thousand dollars "...virtually every lawyer,
doctor, insurance firm, car dealer, restaurant, and oil field supply business in town had taken out an
ad." (Bissinger 40) The yearbook ran two hundred and twenty four pages and had over five hundred
business ads. Every year that the Panthers would go to state competition every business would
completely decorate their

The Global Warming That Took Place At Permian Triassic...
Introduction
One of the most devastating weather extremes happened 250 million years ago. A massive volcanic
eruption (that occurred in an area now known as Siberia) caused increase in carbon dioxide and
methane levels resulting in the extreme global warming. Today, the remains of this volcanic activity
are called Siberian traps. The origin of Siberian traps is considered to be a mantle plume that burst
through Earth's crust releasing large volumes of basalt lava. Radiometric dating showed this
volcanic event took place approximately from 251 to 250 million years ago (Reichow et al., 2009).
Siberian traps erupted over several vents releasing around 2.5 million km3 of basalt lava that
covered up to 60% of Siberian craton (Fedorenko et al., ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Floating and swimming species, plankton and nekton, underwent significant extinctions. There was
a large land animal and plant death, but it was not as devastating as it was for marine species.
Furthermore, the recovery of ecosystem took very long time, for example there were no reefs and no
coal beds for millions of years (EDIT+CITE). Seeing the extent to which global warming can affect
biodiversity, it is clearly important to find main causes of it.
Lines of evidence First line of evidence is that volcanic activity from Siberian traps lead to increased
amount of carbon dioxide. The eruptions of basalt lava were accompanied by large volume of CO2
(Self, Schmidt, & Mather, 2014). Accumulation of CO2 has long lasting effects on global warming
due to its long lifetime. Study conducted by Archer (2005) showed that 400 km3 of flood basalt
would release 2 gigatonnes (Gt, 1 Gt = 1012 kg) of carbon. Overall, Siberian traps allowed up to 11
000 Gt of carbon to be released (assuming lava volume of 2.5 million km3). The CO2 degassed
during the volcanic period equals total 5000 ppm rise in atmospheric CO2 levels. The volcanism
lasted around couple of hundreds of thousands of years, meaning the release of CO2 was prolonged.
Thus, atmospheric CO2 was most likely doubled in levels during this eruptive period (Berner,
2002). Doubling of CO2 levels in atmosphere is could have increased the global temperature for 1.5
– 4.5 C (Houghton et al., 2001). Furthermore,

Using Paleomagnetic Data For The World 's Landmasses Of...
A supercontinent, known as Pangea, was formed by the aggregation of all the world's landmasses in
the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic. This concept of a supercontinent was originally proposed by Alfred
Wegener (Wegener, 1915). He suggested that all continents assembled into a single supercontinent,
approximately 300 million years ago, and then according to the theory of plate tectonics, began to
break apart 175 million years ago (Rogers et al., 2004) Immense geologic and geophysical evidence
have been presented, by Wegener and others, to support this theory for the Late Triassic–Early
Jurassic. However when analyzing the paleomagnetic data for the Late Paleozoic time,
inconsistencies are present which suggest a very different Pangea construction. These
inconsistencies are seen in Late Paleozoic paleomagnetic data apparent polar wander paths
(APWPs) for Laurussia and Gondwana. To fit Wegner's Pangea reconstruction, the APWPs suggest
a substantial crustal overlap and shearing (Domeier et al., 2012). This paper looks to review
proposed alternative reconstructions for Pangea, using paleomagnetic data as the quantifiable
method for determining the supercontinent's location.
Paleomagnetic data as evidence for Plate Tectonics
Paleomagnetism is the study of earth's magnetic field as preserved in the magnetic orientation of
certain minerals. For example, when igneous rocks are formed, during cooling, certain minerals
align themselves with the earth's magnetic field and

Commentary On The Book 'Raiders Night' By Robert Lipsyte
Extremely Intense
The book, Raiders Night by "Robert Lipsyte" was a very different book compared to other 9th grade
books. If you go to the library, and pick any book off the shelf. I doubt you'll find one involving
drugs and steroids. At the same time it was a great book, I loved the intensity. For me it was very
easy to relate in life, I was never the big guy that everyone knew. I was just there for football
nothing else. Moving on...
The raiders night was taken place in a town called Nearmont takes us through the eyes of a football
team and how flaws can make a team better than it already was. As a team they are able to overcome
there problems. Matt an 18 year old is starting his senior year of high school. He is the captain of the
Raiders

Bryophytes: The Beginning Of The Permian Period
The common land plants are thought to have originated 450–500 million years ago from a group of
freshwater green algae called charophytes (Domozych). These algae emerged on land and thus
spawned the first plants, bryophytes. Bryophytes are non–vascular plants who first appeared 354–
409 million years ago in the Devonian period, and are only found on land (Evolution). Since they
lived on land, they had little support and relied on their cells' turgor pressure to keep them upright
(Evolution). Turgor pressure is the force that is generated from fluid pushing against the cell wall
which allows the plant to stand upright (Friedl). Bryophytes include three divisions: mosses,
hornworts, and liverworts (Bryophyte). Bryophytes do not have roots ... Show more content on
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In fact, there are at least 250,000 known species of angiosperms leaving them the most diverse plant
group (Evolution). Angiosperms have three features that set them apart from gymnosperms: flowers,
double fertilization, and embryos with an ovarian wall (Evolution). Angiosperms' flowers are what
carries the male and female reproductive systems (Evolution). Double fertilization is when "two
male gametes (sperm nuclei) are released from the pollen tube into the ovule. One of these sperm
nuclei fuses with an egg cell in a similar way to gymnosperms. The second nucleus (which
degenerates in most gymnosperms) fertilizes other cells in the ovule called polar nuclei. Most
commonly, two polar nuclei fuse with the sperm nucleus to form a triploid endosperm nucleus. The
tissue that forms from this fusion is called endosperm, which in most angiosperms provides
nutrients for the developing embryo" (Evolution). Finally, after embryo fertilization has occurred,
the ovarian wall that protects the embryo will become fruit

The Great Dying: The Permian-Triassic Death
The dinosaurs appeared after the greatest mass extinction event occurred. This is known as the
Permian–Triassic extinction. It has been estimated to have occurred around two hundred and fifty
million years ago. (6) It is also known as the Great Dying with over ninety percent of species dying
off, leaving the Earth essentially a wasteland. It led to the extinction of "57% of all families, 83% of
all genera and 90% to 96% of all species. 53% of marine families, 84% of marine genera, about
96% of all marine species and an estimated 70% of land species, including insects."(7) By the late–
Permian, global temperatures were very hot, with them being the highest ever on the planet. The
Great Dying, as it is known to scientists, resulted in

Friday Night Lights Sparknotes
Friday Night Lights: A Town, A Team, and A Dream is a 1990 non–fiction novel wrote by H.G.
Bissinger. The story chronicles the pressures and expectations of the Permian Panthers football team
in socially divided Odessa, Texas. Throughout the story, challenges are presented with each of the
protagonists: James "Boobie" Miles, Mike Winchell, Don Billingsley, Gary Gaines, Brian Chavez,
and Ivory Christian. The book begins with the author talking about his motivation to write the book.
Also the author discusses the importance of Permian's game against Midland Lee High School (their
arch–rivals). Tensions were rising greatly, and by the end of the game, star tailback Boobie Miles
quits the team and Permian lost 22–21, leaving them in a three–way tie, with only two spots open in
the 5A playoffs.
The initial chapters discuss the town of Odessa and its history, unique facts, its people, etc. One of
the major topics discussed is the demographics of the town's two high schools: Odessa and Permian
high school. Also, other social issues such as crime rate, murder rate, and segregation (which is also
dedicated to chapter five). Multiple chapters in the book discussed in depth about characters Boobie
Miles, Mike Winchell, and Ivory Christian. Each of these players had varying backgrounds, and
motivations about why they played football. These chapters also discuss the lives of players off of
the field, and how the academics at Permian were backseat to their powerhouse football team.

Friday Night Lights, By Steven Hilliard Stern
In the book, Friday Night Lights, H.G. Bissinger depicts the culture of a small town called Odessa
where economic instability, racial prejudice, sexism, and poverty are common. The one thing this
town can truly hang onto is the local high school football team. In Miracle on Ice, directed by
Steven Hilliard Stern, the head coach of the American Olympic Hockey Team Herb Brooks is
determined to gather up an American team to beat the Russians in their own game, ice hockey. In
both works, unity is an important theme that is reached through different means. In Miracle the
elements of socioeconomic class and race were not a factor in unifying the team. While in Friday
Night Lights those factors were extremely important throughout the context of what unity means in
the story. The unity in Miracle is more constructive because it was more easily achieved because it
was more well defined, it was simply to defeat the Russians and bring glory and pride to the nation.
Whereas in Odessa the mission was more unclear. In a time where America was facing a "Crisis in
Confidence" the U.S. Olympic Hockey brought the nation together. Although Permian football was
effective in unifying and giving hope to many of its citizens, the football culture was also used to
create division among different races and social classes ,and therefore was destructive.
Representative sports is a common theme in both works which contributes to the unity within both
communities. In Sports Unites and Sports Divides,

Permian and Cretaceous Mass Extinctions Essay
Assess the different hypotheses put forward for the mass extinctions at the end of the Permian and
Cretaceous (KT) Periods.
A mass extinction is an event in which at least 25–75% of species in the global environment are
eradicated in a short period of time. Where as a regional extinction event is when the extinction is
confined to a specific zone. Five mass extinctions have occurred throughout time, two of the most
well known of these are the Permian and Cretaceous extinction events.
There are several hypotheses that are used to explain the causes of mass extinctions. Climate
change, the warming or cooling of global environments over a short period of time, can lead to other
occurrences. Shifts in climate can cause extinction by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
A crater, the Bedout crater, in Australia has been discovered. A bolide impact would have lead to
mass death of marine and terrestrial organisms. The force of the impact could have released methane
from stored organic matter and large earthquakes. These earthquakes would have triggered the
volcanism in the Siberian traps, leading to the release of large amounts of CO2 and sulfur dioxide.
These gases combined with methane previously released would have created a noxious atmosphere,
combined with climate change that killed a large scale of life.
It is most likely that a simultaneous occurrence of the different global environmental changes was
responsible for ending the Permian period, and the lives of 96% of species. Each environmental
issue is a major geological event, and amplified the other events, leading to catastrophic
environmental situation, in which barely any life could survive.
The Cretaceous – Tertiary mass extinction, commonly referred to as the KT extinction, occurred 65
million years ago. As the most recant extinction event it is more easily studied as more evidence has
been preserved than for the earlier extinctions. This extinction is the most commonly known, as it is
the extinction of the dinosaurs, but the smallest scale mass extinction with only 76% of species
dying out.
Evidence for catastrophism at the KT boundary can be found in a layer of greenish

The Permian-Triassic Period
Mesozoic Era:
The dinosaurs and the mammals appeared during the triassic period,Roughly 225 million years ago.
The dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago. The Mesozoic Era lasted about 180 million years,
and is divided into three periods, the Triassic, the Jurassic, and the Cretaceous.
The Mesozoic Era is an interval of geological time from about 252 to 66 million years ago. It is also
called the Age of Reptiles, a phrase introduced by the 19th century paleontologist Gideon Mantell .
The Permian–Triassic boundary, at the start of the Mesozoic, is defined relative to a particular
section of sediment in Meishan, China, where a type of extinct, eel–like creature known as a
conodont first appeared, according to the International commission on stratigraphy. Life and climate
The Mesozoic Era he Mesozoic Era began roughly around the time of the end–Permian extinction,
which wiped out 96 percent of marine life and 70 percent of all terrestrial species on the planet. Life
slowly rebounded, eventually giving way to a flourishing diversity of animals, from massive lizards
to monstrous dinosaurs.
The Triassic period from 252 million to 200 million years ago, saw the rise of reptiles and the first
dinosaurs, the Jurassic period , from about 200 million to 145 million years ago, ushered in birds
and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The current locations of the continents and their modern–day inhabitants, including humans, can be
traced to this period. The era began on a big down note, catching the tail end of the Cretaceous–
Paleogene extinction event at the close of the Cretaceous period that wiped out the remaining non–
avian dinosaurs. The global climate of the early portion of the Cenozoic Period was much warmer
than it is today, and the overall climate of the Earth was much more consistent regardless of
proximity to the

Permian Extinction
Over the course of its 4.5–billion–year history, the Earth has seen the rise and fall of many
populations of organisms. However, in Earth's history, there have been five big mass extinction
events, characterized as "periods in Earth's history when abnormally large numbers of species die
out simultaneously or within a limited time frame." (BBC) These events are cataclysmic enough to
wipeout at least 50% of all organisms living during that period. The causes of mass extinction are
many from the asteroids that sealed the fate of the dinosaurs to the volcanoes that choked out air to
96% of the organismic population during the Permian extinction, however one of the most recent yet
potent mechanisms of bringing upon a mass extinction are humans. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
In the span of 50 years, the population of humans on this planet have reached all–time highs and
continue to rise and with this rise comes the effects of overpopulation. The planet cannot sustain so
many people during such a short span of time. Not only is there a loss of space for new generations
of humans to live on, but there has been an excessive use of natural resources before there is a
chance to replenish them such as food, natural gases, and water. The problem of overpopulation
seems to truly encompasses all other aspects of the factors leading to the sixth mass extinction such
as habitat loss and global warming. The population must be feed and because of this, million upon
millions of acres of land once inhabited by a whole ecosystem have been converted to farmland to
provide food for the growing population. In addition, the increase in leads to an increase in waste
and therein arises a problem: where to put the waste. In the United States alone, "4.39 pounds of
trash per day and up to 56 tons of trash per year are created by the average person" Landfills seemed
to be the perfect solution for this problem, however, over the years, "landfill managers have been
emphasizing just how quickly they are running out of space. The more people there are on the
planet, the more waste is being produced. Some of this waste is quite toxic, and even landfills which
are

Thrinaxodon: The Permian Extinction
Thrinaxodon was one of the descendants of the survivors of the Permian extinction and serves as
one of the most well and understood transitional fossils from the early Triassic; Robert Broom
became famous for finding specimens of early hominids in South Africa. Archeaocete whales had
nostrils on the end of their snout rather than a blowhole like modern whales and dolphins; Leigh Van
Valen pointed out archeaocete whales had blunt triangular teeth similar to land dwelling, hoofed
mesonychids. Pezosiren portelli shares the characteristic dense rib bones of sirenian but with fully
developed limbs of a quadraped; Daryl Domning discovered a nearly completely intact skeleton of
Pezosiren portelli in one of the Jamaican bone beds. Eocene horses can

Essay On Permian Mass Extinction
The Permian mass extinction, that struck about 250 million years ago, caused a mass extinction of
reef and shallow water communities. Groups that lived on the seafloor and filtered organic material
from the water for nourishment suffered the greatest extinction. Those include corals, shelled in–
vertebrates, and a variety of sea lilies. Others marine groups includes trilobites, zooplankton and
snails. Even though these species died in the water, living organisms on land were not much better
off. Terrestrial vertebrates and insects both experienced a big loss in each of their groups. Also
suffering a big loss was the insect family due to the lack of plant life and food. Seventy Eight
percent of reptiles became extinct and sixty seven percent of the amphibian family became extinct
during this time period.
The warming of the Earth's climate, the changes of waves in the oceans and the increased amount of
carbon dioxide from volcanic activity and Siberian traps caused this mass extinction. Oxygen on
Earth is essential for all living things to survive on Earth. Without oxygen all living things would
parish. When the carbon dioxide levels rose, the oxygen levels dropped substantially. How do we ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The initial stage was thought to have been a deadly drop in sea level that led to a loss of habitat
stability. The second stage would possibly have been the volcanic eruptions and the release of
carbon dioxide into the air causing oxygen levels to decrease. The final stage would possibly have
been the rise of the sea levels causing massive floods and destroying near shore habitats. Having all
of these three stages at one time would have caused this massive kind of extinction. However, if
only one of these stages had happened this extinction would not have been nearly this massive.
Studies show that even though this mass extinction may have seemed like a fast–moving process, it
took over a million years to

Friday Night Lights Book vs. Movie Essay
Friday Night lights
Is High School football a sport, or is it more than that to some people? I've learned that the book is
more sociological, which means that it focused on our human society of racial issues and also
emphasizes the economy and the divide between the wealthy residents of one city versus the more
working–class denizens of another are all subjects that are given an in–depth examination. This is
more of the main or focal point of the whole book and in not so much in the movie. Although
Bissinger's story is a true–life recounting of the 1988 football season of the Permian High School
team, it reads like fiction and even though I believe his book is superior, the theatrical adaptation
still stands apart as one of the great ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In Odessa, Texas high school football is a major contributor to the society of a small town in Texas
society. Every Friday night, 50,000 people fill the stadium to see high school students put their lives
on the line to win a football game. H. G. Bissinger writes a novel called Friday Night Lights, about a
year in 1988 where High School players prepare and play on the High School team, and what an
impact they have on a small city in Texas.
The novel begins with preseason football in the heat of a Texas summer. The players and coaches
practice over 4 hours a day in 100–degree weather. The media is affecting every player pushing for a
state championship and college scouts at every practice. The boys who gave completely of
themselves for their sport are unique personalities. From dedicated quarterback Mike Winchell to
Harvard–bound Brian Chavez to the inscrutable Ivory Christian, the team was full of young men
who were singular human beings, each one bringing something special and indefinable to their
group. And that's just scratching the very surface.The book recounts the tragic story of Boobie
Miles, team's star running back who had been highly recruited by all of the major programs. He is
expected to attend and earn a scholarship to a large state college. The community

The End Permian Mass Extinction Essay
Introduction Think of a world which existed 290 million years ago. As you look out
over the terane in front of you, you think that you are on an alien planet. You see volcanoes spewing
ash and lava. Beside them is the ocean which is swarming with many different species of
echinoderms, bryozoans and brachiopods. As you look down onto the sea floor you are amazed at
the countless number of starfish and urchins. Some animals leave you can't even describe and you
have no idea even what phylum they belong to. This is a world at its height in diversity of oceanic
species. Millions of wonderous species existed at this time in the ocean and most of them will never
appear again in earth's history. In the geologic time scale, a million ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The concentration of Ir was at least an order of magnitude higher than the background values and
this is characteristic of most Upper Permian and Lower Triassic boundaries. The scientists go on to
say that "the existence of a rich Ir anomaly on a global scale within the K/T boundary layers of both
marine and continental facies has been interpreted as highly impressive evidence for an impact
origin. Another discovery that may serve as a marker of an event is microspherules. A variety of
microsherules have been discovered in the PTB layers of the Meishan section (Xu et al., 1989). The
origin of the microspherules could be multiple. They are small circular indentations in the rocks and
the most abondent elements are Si or Si–Al. Mircospherules are similar to cosmic dust. Since a large
amount of microspherules occurs in a thin layer of PTB layer it can serve as another event marker.
 Maxwell (1989) who got his information from Clark et al. (1986) said that The
elemental in boundary clays across China suggest that there is a remote possibility that the
predominantly illite boundary clay is a remote possibility that the predomonantly illite boundary
clay resulted from the alteration of ejecta dust from a comet impact, but the most likely source was
ash from a massive volcanic eruption. The trace elements suggested that the dust was
highly acidic and the ratios of TiO2 and AL2O3 are low enough to support the volcanic dust
scenario

Essay On Friday Night Lights
The television series Friday Night Lights gave a glimpse to the rest of the world what Texas high
school football is made of. In the series, the entire town of Dillon, Texas is obsessed with the
football team and they do everything to support the boys; the players, cheerleaders, rally girls,
coaches, and even managers are glorified in the small West Texas town. They feel like celebrities
and are treated like it, but the stardom does not last forever. The song Devil Town was written for
this series and with its repetitive lyrics and the dragging sound of the music, it describes the life in
Dillon without any actual details. The music and lyrics of the song simultaneously start, creating a
feeling of hurriedness, and not leaving any time for the listener to think about the music and the
feeling it creates on its own. This reflects the lifestyle teenage boys were thrown into upon the
entrance of high school and their rushed, and somewhat forced, decision to join the Panther football
team. Halfway through the song, the music becomes ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The words "devil town" sound much more pronounced than the preceding lyrics in the line and that
emphasis of the singer's voice adds to the shock of the name– calling. In addition to this, is the
speaker's name– calling of his friends and himself as "vampires." When sang, the word is very
drawn out and sometimes sounds like four syllables which further highlights the word and its
meaning in the context of Friday Night Lights. Instead of bowing down to the people of Dillon like
every other person, the speaker is calling him and his friends blood– sucking monsters. This is
considered borderline blasphemy against the football "religion," as it is often referred to as in Texas.
Accentuating the word "vampire" as the singer does, only pushes his disappointing realization to the
listener

Friday Night Lights Byh.g Bissinger
Sports are so glorified in some areas that schools will put athletics in front of academics. This is
exactly what happened the book Friday Night Lights by H.G Bissinger. BIssinger explains that the
town of Odessa houses the school Permian where everyone grows up on football. The school and the
town give so much praise to the football team that some football players couldn 't care less about
class and eventually the teachers don't care how those players do in class. Mount Vernon is a place
where the students are expected to do well in class first and everything else is second. The school
has extracurriculars, but knows the school's main job is to give students an education. Permian and
Mount Vernon are opposites on the scale of sports and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Permian doesn 't look forward to kids doing great things in academics.
Mt. Vernon does have other things to look forward to in the town so they would never spend 5.6
million on a stadium. The booster club is only willing to buy jerseys for the team every four years,
and those are varsity only jerseys. That means the freshman are wearing jerseys up to ten years old.
In fact the school did its first major improvement to the field in decades. The school put in brand
new bleachers into the side of a hill because they don 't want to spend the money to make a real
stadium. The money for these bleachers didn 't come from the town directly either. It came from
hard work of fundraising and the players and players parents doing most of the work. Bryce Cox, a
Mt. Vernon lineman, drew a picture that sold for five hundred dollars. It is all going to the football
program because the program is doing anything to get money for better gear and more opportunities
on the football field. With attention all the time on the football team, some players think football is a
job and everything else is in the way. Everything else includes school. Classes take a back seat as
players go to class, but zone out to focus on football. All that matters to them in winning on Friday
nights because that is what has been instilled in them. Boobie hated classes between the friday pep
rally and the game and

Eras
There are many theories about how earth came to be, and one of them a scientifically detailed
explanation. In this theory, it is said that earth's history has been broken up into four main eras. The
Precambrian, Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Eras. Each of these eras have there own
accomplishments, or milestone events, that occurred within the time period. From one–celled
organisms to dinosaurs, it all eventually leads up to the first sightings of humans. The first era to
occur was the Precambrian Era. One of the first events to happen in the history of the earth is the
Hadean Eon. The Hadean Eon was the time period in which earth's surface hardened and became
solid. Scientists found out the location of the layer that the Hadean Eon occurred ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
One of the Cenozoic Era's milestones is development of mammals. Mammals ruled the Cenozoic
Era after being some of the only surviving species after the mass extinction of the dinosaurs. Fossils
of mammals can be found using radioactive dating to show when these mammals dominated the
Cenozoic Era. And the last event to talk about is the placement of some of the continents and land
masses. India collided with Asia between 55 and 45 million years ago, and Arabia collided with
Eurasia 35 million years ago. Scientists can date these events by taking the direction that the plates
are moving and "reversing" the

The Permian Panther Football Team In Friday Night Lights...
There are many major characters in the novel "Friday Night Lights" by Buzz Bissinger, but two of
them stand out to me. To start off, The Permian Panther football team was a very talented group of
high school athletes. Many of the players had good potential into becoming a pro someday. One
specific player that stands out in this novel is Boobie Miles. He was a "star" of the Permian football
team. Going into another year looking to achieve their everlasting goal in becoming "State
Champions." But for Boobie Miles, this got cut short in a preseason scrimmage. He tears his ACL
and will most likely miss most of the season because of his injury. Since the team has lost their
potential "star" of the season somebody has to step up and fill his role,

The Permian-Triassic Extinction
Life on Earth is what makes Earth, Earth. The planet of life almost became lifeless in
history that states back more than 200 million years ago, when 96% of life on Earth was wiped
out (Bagley, 2014). This was the closer of the Permian–Triassic period. This means that the rest
of 4% that survived this tragic event, which is also called the "Great Dying," makes up, and is
what made life today last up until this generation. Before this period, the Earth provided shelter
to many plants and animals on land and in the marine life. There were amphibians and reptiles
with sea creatures under water including the first appearance of corals and ancient squids
(Wignall, 2012). The pangea, which is the 'C' shaped supercontinent, was also beginning ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The plants that were supposed to keep the carbon level in the air
stable has now died, and the increase in temperature has made the carbon dioxide in the water to
evaporate back on land, making the plants living under water die from the lack of carbon dioxide
that they require to survive. The sea creatures that depends on feeding off of sea plants will now
die and decay due to the plants dying from the lack of carbon dioxide. A shower of meteorites
will fall, disrupting the life on land and the atmosphere with a disbalance of chemicals in the air
and the underwater life. Though this happened, the 4% that survived were mosses, therapsids,
which were mammal like reptiles, spiders, and beetles ( Bagley, 2014). These creature has soon
evolved, starting a new generation of life on planet Earth.
Life may have been extinguished 250 million years ago, but the 4% that survived through

this mass extinction is what brought us the jurassic period, and from the Jurassic period, or the
dinosaur age to the Cretaceous period, to the world we are living in today, where global warming
may affect this world today once again, possibly repeating history of a mass extinction

The Mesozoic Era
Jurassic is a period of time with Dinosaurs, rodents and birds. There were also island seas consisting
of sharks, sea monsters and blood–red planktons. The existing plants in that period were cycads,
ferns and conifers. The Mesozoic era was about 245 million years ago to 65 years ago, so it almost
lasted about 180 years in total. The Mesozoic era is divided into three periods of Triassic, Jurassic
and Cretaceous. Mesozoic era means middle animals and it is the era, which the word's fauna has
changed from what is in the Paleozoic era and the most famous organisms of this era are dinosaurs.
In the Mesozoic era, the extinction of more than 90 percent of species in the earth was observed and
the reason behind it was mostly volcanic eruptions and climate changes. On the other hand, this era
had massive changes that represented ecological niches and rise to new creatures such as rodent–
size mammals and first dinosaurs. In Triassic, which was the first period of Mesozoic, the mammals
and first dinosaurs existed. Later than that, the second period was Jurassic, which giant shaped
dinosaurs and other kinds of dinosaurs were developed. Besides that the first flowering plants and
primitive birds, with long teeth appeared in that era as well.
Atmosphere
In Mesozoic era, there were only two continents present in the world. Mesozoic era's climate
compares to the Paleozoic era is more uniform and there were no trace of glacial isotopes observed
in that period. That is because of the

What Is Ocean Chacterification
Ocean Acidification and the Permian–Triassic Extinction Event
Ocean Acidification
In current times, as we consider ways to inhibit CO2 emissions, we look towards the Earth's natural
carbon sinks as possible solutions. Carbon sinks an environment that can hold onto carbon
chemicals for an indefinite time with the act of removing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere
defined as carbon sequestration. The Oceans are one of them. However, when the amount of
atmospheric carbon dioxide elevates in a short period of time, this can lead to Ocean Acidification,
the phenomena where the dissolution of excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere leads to the
lowering of ocean pH (Greene, et al., 2012).
When carbon dioxide reacts with water, becoming carbonic acid, it loses a proton to bicarbonate and
then dissociates again resulting in two hydrogen ions and a carbonate molecule. This increases the
acidity of the ocean as the concentration of hydrogen is increasing, resulting in a lower pH. The
heightened concentration of hydrogen ions results in lowered seawater pH levels. In addition to
elevated dissolved carbon ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Proxy data is preserved physical characteristics of the environment that can stand in for direct
measurements. Some of this data includes ice cores, tree rings, coral reefs, and ocean sediments. For
example, corals build their bodies with calcium carbonate that contains trace metals and isotopes of
oxygen that can be used to determine the temperature of the water the corals grew in. Therefore,
Past Ocean Acidification is often inferred from a decrease in the accumulation & preservation of
Calcium Carbonate in marine sediments, possibly indicated by an increased degree of
fragmentations of foraminiferal shells because geochemical proxy observations are still lacking
(Green, et al.,

Friday Night Lights Movie Essay
My favorite movie is Friday Night Lights, Peter Berg is the director. It is based on a book written by
H.G. Bissingers with same title Friday Night Lights. The book was originally published in 1990.
This story is about the 1988 Permian Panthers High School football team in Odessa Texas.
Bissingers followed the team for the entire football season. The coaches and football players faced
many obstacles during that particular season. They endured racial tensions from the opposing teams
and opposing fans. The Panthers had to form a brotherhood and bond that no outsider could break.
This team was anticipating an undefeated season and to be crowned state champions that year. Their
hopes greatly diminished when their star running back Boobie Miles was injured during the first
game of the season. He ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So they had a lot of parental pressure riding on their backs about winning a championship. Others
had home and girlfriend issues. When they were on the field they had to let everything else go if
they were going to win. They had to live up to the expectations in playing good football and
winning a title with who they had on the field. They had to persevere and dig deep inside if they
were going to win. They needed to gain respect from the fans and community.
When Boobie was active there was a lot of trash talking amongst the players. When he realized he
was not able to play anymore that season, he cleaned out his locker and gave his teammates a pep
talk. This pep talk gave the active players the motivation they needed to push forward. He matured
tremendously and lifted their spirits and gave them a sense of pride to be the best players that they
could be. The third string running back stepped up his game and the team started to win. They had a
running and passing game that would make any fan proud. These players gave everything they had
to play a good

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