Mannitol Salt Agar Lab Report

Mannitol Salt Agar Lab Report
Mannitol Salt Agar (MSA) differentiates halophile bacteria, and bacteria's ability to ferment
mannitol. Fermenting mannitol results with a yellow halo around colony from the acid produced
(staphylococcal species). MSA is composed of enzymatic digest of casein and animal tissue
(nitrogen, vitamin carbon source), D mannitol (carbohydrate), NaCl (7.5%, halophiles), phenol red
(indicator pH 6.8 turns yellow), and agar (coagulate), with a final pH of 7.4. Unknown 6 did not
grow since it is gram negative, and cannot tolerate the high salt concentration. Also there was no
yellow halo since the colony did not survive therefore could not metabolize mannitol. This is
because there is not a thick peptidoglycan wall; therefore the cell will go through ... Show more
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Durham tubes differentiate a microorganism's ability to ferment sugar (mannitol, dextrose, and
lactose) that may produce a gas, but acidic byproducts will turn solution yellow. Unknown 6 was
yellow in all three test tubes suggesting acidic conditions (fermentation occurred), however lactose
and mannitol were cloudy, dextrose remained clear. There was no gas present in any of the Durham
tube. Urease broth determines if a organism can hydrolyze urea with urease. It contains urea,
nutrients, pH buffers, phenol red (indicator). Unknown 6 tested negative because it remained yellow
and clear, therefore the pH did not rise, because no acid was produced from hydrolyzing urea. Sulfur
Indole Motility Media (SIM deep) differentiates microorganisms that reduce sulfur, produce indole,
and are motile. H2S is reduced by cysteine catabolism, or thiosulfate, and HCl, p–
dimethylaminobenzaldehyde, n–amyl alcohol (Kovac's reagent). SIM deep contains nutrients,
peptone (tryptophan), iron, sodium thiosulfate. Unknown 6 tested negative to sulfur reduction and
indole production, and remained yellow (after Kovac's reagent was added), and it is non–motile
since the agar remained clear. Kliger's Iron Agar (KIA) differentiates glucose, and lactose
fermentation to acids and gasses, specifically sulfur reducers. It contains small amounts of glucose
(to be exhausted), phenol red (indicate acid), lactose (secondary sugar). Fissures are the result of gas
byproducts. Unknown 6 fermented glucose, it failed to ferment lactose. It remained red with a
yellow butt, the surface was pink. It tested negative for H2S, or gas formation.Simmons Citrate Agar
tests an organism use of citrate as the only carbon source. Citrase hydrolyzes citrate into oxaloacetic
and acetic acid. Oxaloacetic acid is hydrolyzed into pyruvic acid and carbon dioxide. It contains
sodium citrate (carbon source), ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (nitrogen source), nutrients, and
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Lysine And Protein Balance
influences our sleep, emotions, appetite, and sexual activity.
Threonine
Helps to maintain the proper protein balance in our body. It also is involved in the liver functioning,
aids antibodies, and maintains the normal func– tioning of our central nervous system.
Lysine
Lysine helps in the prevention of herpes infections and cold sores. It plays an essential role in
growth, manages cholesterol levels, and absorbs calcium.
Valine
Valine is required for muscle repair, growth, and metabolism. It regulates the nitrogen balance in the
body and it also assists in the regulation of the blood sugar and energy levels.
Histidine
This is essentially needed during periods of stress, growth, and recovery from illness and injury.
Histidine

Ibuprofen: Breaking The Barrier
Drugs can be given through different types of routes. For example, giving medicines orally. This is a
systemic route, which involves the process of absorption. Absorption is when a drug moves from its
original site and enters the bloodstream. When a drug is administered orally, this can be in the form
of capsules, tablets or caplets. The drug is absorbed, by passing through the intestine. The use of oral
drugs, are more popular, because they are more convenient and easy for patients to take (Boarder,
Newby & Navti, 2010). Ibuprofen is transported to the liver and kidney. In this case, Ibuprofen
Lysine is the active ingredient in Nurofen maximum strength migraine pain 684mg caplets (Reckitt
Benckiser Healthcare Ltd, 2016). This is used to treat symptoms of migraines and ... Show more
Lysine is the salt of ibuprofen, and ibuprofen is an acid. This extra ingredient makes this medicine
stronger than just taking ibuprofen alone, it also increases the rate of absorption. The gastrointestinal
is where absorption of most drugs takes place, and this is where ibuprofen is absorbed. Ibuprofen is
bound to proteins, The amount of ibuprofen in circulation reaches its peak concentration, 1–2 hours
after it has been taken with food. However, when taken without food it reaches its peak 45 minutes
after it has been taken. The amount of ibuprofen lysine 400mg in circulation reaches its peak
concentration 38 minutes after it has been taken on an empty stomach. (Reckitt Benckiser
Healthcare Ltd, 2016). The active ingredient in Nurofen back pain 300mg sustained–release
capsules is ibuprofen. Sustained–release tablets are drugs in a capsule form that release the drug
steadily. This takes longer in comparison to other doses. The amount of ibuprofen 300mg in
circulation in the body reaches its peak concentration, 1–2 hours after it has been

Identification And Quantification Of Amino Acids
Abstract
The topics of these experiments are both important processes known as identification and
quantification. They were also used to review and introduce new lab methods such as titration and
the Bradford assay. The identification was used to determine the identity of unknown amino acid
#11 and the quantification was used to determine the concentration of unknown protein #11. The
identity of amino acid #11 was found to be lysine, and the concentration of protein #11 was
calculated to be 0.51 ± 0.019 ug/uL with a 3.67% error, reflecting accuracy in the results.
Introduction
Identifying amino acids and quantifying protein are common yet important experiments performed
in the field of biochemistry, with each having multiple ways to execute the experiment. In
determining the identity of an unknown amino acid, an acid base titration was chosen and can be
utilized by way of creating a titration curve. This allows for the determination of pH, which can be
used to identify different groups on an amino acid and distinguish the correct amino acid. Due to
amino acids being amphoteric with a basic amino group, an acidic carboxyl group, and sometimes
an acidic or basic side chain, two titrations were performed with one using hydrochloric acid (HCl)
as the acidic titrant and the other using potassium hydroxide (KOH) as a basic titrant. By observing
the titration curve, the experimentally obtained equivalence points can then be used to compare
against literature values of amino

Histone Protein
The unique and primary proteins of DNA, the highly basic histone proteins have been found to be
ubiquitous and conserved among eukaryotes. DNA and histones co–exist as a closely associated and
highly coiled structure. The purpose of such a structural organization is to compact DNA; which
would otherwise be too long to be accommodated within the restricted boundaries of a single cell.
Core histones (H2A, H2B, H3 and H4) and Linker histones (H1) are the two types that this unique
protein is composed of. These Core histone exhibit a structured organization with H2A and H2B
forming dimers and H3 and H4 forming tetramers. Along with approximately 146 base pairs of
DNA, these core histones form a heterotypic nucleosome complex; weighing about 206 ... Show
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Since this is the only part of the histone protein which exists in an uncoiled state, it is subjected to
far more modifications than the core proteins. Structurally, the H1 proteins exhibits a much longer
C–terminal domain as compared to its N–terminal domain surrounding a highly conserved central
globular domain. This C–terminal domain is arranged as a β hairpin motif associated with three α
helices. The C–terminal is lined with Lysine residues with alternating Alanine residues. The amino
acid constitution of the N and C terminals of this linker histone is detrimental for chromatin folding.
The N–terminal region is composed of hydrophobic residues and the globular domain is made up of
mostly basic amino acids; however the exact composition still remains to be characterized. Research
has revealed the C–terminal domain by itself is able to bring about an efficient amount of chromatin
fiber folding as the native H1 protein. Phosphorylation of this linker histone protein is the most
studied post translational modification. Research has brought forward numerous examples of cross–
talk found to be essential for regulation of this protein. Acetylation of Lysine at position 34 by HAT
enzyme has been proven to be associated with activation of DNA

Pumpkin Hair Loss
Most of the people, especially men suffer from severe hair loss that ultimately results in
androgenetic alopecia. Genetic factors are the primary causes for androgenetic alopecia, though
there are many more reasons. There are topical Minodoxil and Finestride approved by FDA are good
medication for androgenetic alopecia as it hold the accountability of curing over 30 % of people. In
this context, many natural products are being tested as alternative therapies, among which pumpkin
seed oil has been seeming to be a potential productive treatment for androgenic alopecia. Pumpkin
Seed And Hair Loss For hair loss treatment for men, extracted oils of pumpkin seed are being used
for treatment. Excessive secretion of dihydrotestosterone can cause problems for men mainly in later
life. DHT can cause loss of hair in men by shortening anagen, which is the growth phase of hair,
leading to progressively weaker and finer hairs followed by a total stunted growth. There are
supposed to have some DHT of our own, most men would have felt better and ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As a building block of protein amino acids such as L– Lysine plays a crucial role in formation of
hair. These seeds of pumpkin help patients to intake L– Lysine, since these are concentrated source
of calories. These amounts vary per seed and that is important for growth and health of hair. What
Are The Results? The researchers have found after conducting a research that 44% of the group
members, taking seed oil had improved growth of hair and 51% remain unchanged and 2.7 % had
slightly more baldness at the end of six months. Consumption of pumpkin seed oil safe than drugs
Researchers have found that it is safe to use pumpkin seed oil in order than drugs in order to treat
balding. The use of drugs has created adverse effect to people during hair growth. It has resulted in
erectile dysfunction and enlargement of male boobs

Healthy Eating Speech Essay
Day 3 – Saturday
Format: LF Copy
Theme: Natural Beauty Foods to Glow
–––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––
Morning
It's been great to hear some thoughts on yesterday's healthy eating overview. It's reminded me just
how individual we are and how diverse our experiences and journeys are too. For some the next five
days will be a healthy challenge, and others it's a normal way of eating for optimum health and
wellbeing.
Also, to remind you that the #28NBR is a general guide and doesn't cater for everyone's individual
needs. Always check with your own medical practitioner if have any concerns or specific
requirements.
We know our beauty regimes aren't confined to our bathroom... Our natural beauty should be part of
our daily life, supported by ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Breakfast: Small bowl quinoa porridge, berries, sprinkle of chia seeds – use almond or walnut milk.
Morning snack: Glow & go green smoothie (or if you're like me, you can choose to have it with
breakfast and skip the snack)
Lunch: Left over quinoa, with half an avocado or tin of tuna/mackerel plus mixed salad with herbs,
drizzle olive or avocado oil, sprinkle of apple cider vinegar.
Afternoon snack: Sliced red capsicum, cucumber or celery and carrot stick with hummus.
Dinner: Small piece salmon with stir fried vegetables with a sesame seed / seaweed sprinkle.
To drink: Sip water with lemon or a natural herbal tea that includes liquorice.
Here is a great selection of some of my favourite and delicious #28NBR recipes to inspire your
clean, healthy eating guide for the next five days. Breakfast
Go + Glow Green Smoothie
Beauty Breakfast Bar
Skin Moisturising Milk – pear, ginger, turmeric almond milk
Quinoa Breakfast Bowl
Lunch
Crisp Iceberg & Sautéed Vegetable Salad
Green Goddess Salads
GREEN LEAVES | how to create a salad repertoire
Sweet Potato and Pomegranate Salad Recipe
Avocado Lime Dressing

Savoury Snacks
Red Dip (Capsicum + Cashew)
Crackers
Hummus
Dinner
Smashed Green Pea Patties
Pumpkin Soup with Asian Aromatics
Salmon for the Family
Veggie + Quinoa Soup
Red Lentil Curry Recipe
(please wrap copy around image)
As Winter is well and truly here, this is one of my favourite recipes – Indian red lentil curry – to
warm you and your

The Biological Role Of Isoketals
To fully understand the biological role of isoketals in oxidative injury and counter their detrimental
effects, efforts to identify selective scavengers of isoketals were undertaken. A lead compound,
pyridoxamine (PM) was first discovered as a carbonyl scavenger in 1996 by Billy G. Hudson and
colleages (Booth, Khalifah et al. 1996), and identified through initial screens, where Amarnath and
colleagues determined second–order reaction rates for a series of primary amines relative to N–α–
acetyl–lysine (Amarnath, Amarnath et al. 2004). Pyridoxamine is a vitamer in the vitamin B6
family, and through our studies, PM was found to effectively intercept isoketals from adducting to
cellular amines. Through the initial screen, pyridoxamine was found

The Pros And Cons Of Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park was a theme park created to have live dinosaurs. These dinosaurs were created by
researchers extracting dinosaur blood from fossilized mosquitoes. A small group of scientists were
invited in to tour the park, and hopefully endorse it. A man named Denis shut down the security
system to try and steal embryos. By doing this he turned off the electric fences which allowed the
dinosaurs to escape and attack. The group got split up but eventually escaped in a helicopter. There
are many reasons why I do not think they should try to clone dinosaurs. These include moral/ethical
concerns, safety concerns, and ecological concerns. Cloning is real and possible. To clone an animal,
researchers first remove a mature somatic cell such as a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
However, none succeeded. First, they made all the dinosaurs female. Because the dinosaurs had
amphibious DNA and no males were present, they began changing their sex which allowed them to
reproduce uncontrollably. Next, they had electric fences but, these were deactivated when Denis
attempted to steal embryos. Lastly, they put the Lysine Contingency in place. Lysine is an amino
acid essential for life. When cloning dinosaurs, the Jurassic Park workers removed this from the
clone. They intended to feed it to the dinosaurs so if they needed to quickly end them they could just
stop feeding it to them. Whenever they started reproducing and changing sex though, lysine was
passed to the babies if it was in the mom's system. This lysine contingency failed because they could
not control lysine in the offspring since it was already in their DNA. If we started cloning dinosaurs
today, very serious ecological problems would arise. Today, the food chain operates in a systematic
and orderly fashion. If we were to introduce dinosaurs to it, the food chain would become
unbalanced and discombobulated. They also could be very harmful to society. As one can see in the
movie, it is very hard to contain them. There were not big cities and heavily populated areas when
dinosaurs were here. It would be unfair of us to expect them to automatically

Jurassic Park Bioethics
The Bioethics of Genetic Engineering and Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park is a story of how this man decides that it is a great idea to resurrect the dinosaurs. The
best scientists came together and took the tiniest form of remains possible to be able to be found.
The DNA hidden in the earth, was invaded by these people. they believed everything was under
control and they were eliminating every single possibility for these creatures to cause destruction
anywhere. They said they were going to make a theme park, enjoyable for everyone; making it
possible for people to see the magnificent wonders we have missed out on in this time. They were
wrong. The creation of the dinosaurs, the Lysine Contingency, and the scientific ethics all played a
major role ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is the banner statement or scientific ethics in all of mankind. If people stopped to think about if
they should other than that they could, we might would save ourselves a lot of trouble. Jurassic Park
is but one example; abortion and cloning are two big one in the world today. The people created
Jurassic Park only wanted money and the credit for making a scientific dream a reality. They
became power hungry and money thirsty; and it came to them after some work in a shiny box ready
to be presented to the world. Donald Gennaro, the lawyer, states, "We're gonna make a fortune off
this place."(21:29) Proverbs 16:16 "How much better to get wisdom than gold, and good judgement
than silver!" the people of Jurassic Park did not think about what would go wrong; even if it is
negative several lives could have been saved. Thinking about the most miniscule details could have
saved the park and made it thrive; but they were arrogant and would not look past the outstanding
work they were doing scientifically. Ecclesiastes 3:1 "There is a right time for everything, and
everything on earth will happen at the right time." Real world issues facing us today are cloning and
abortion; in my opinion, abortion is more of a cruel act. To think about a life being stripped without
its own opinion is

Types Of Collagen Type I Collagen
Since the beginning of 20th century, collagen has been reviewed extensively in studies and
researches. Collagen is the most abundant protein in vertebras and signifies 30% of the proteins in
the body. The composition of collagen is manifested in various parts of the body like bone, skin,
cartilage and blood vessel. Collagen fibre is the main structure in extracellular matrix contributing
great assistance in maintaining the integrity of cells and tissues structures. The major functions of
collagen include the provision of strength and elasticity, along with maintaining rigidity. Till date,
28 types of collagen have been identified and they are classified into few sub–group. A number of
factors distinguish a collagen from another such as morphological characteristics, molecular
compositions, distributions, and functions. Of all types of collagen, type I collagen is the most
abundant form and is responsible for substituting 90% of the body's collagen. In view of the
important of collagen type I collagen in human body structures and functions, the aim of this paper
is to provide in–depth information about type I collagen post–translational modification process, and
diseases that are governed by it.
Collagen has few subgroups and fibril forming collagen is the largest group in the human body.
Type I collagen is found in most of the connective tissues, especially bone, tendon, ligament, cornea
and skin. It provides tensile strength to these structures. The interaction of fibrils

The Roles and Importance of Phosphofructokinase-1 in the...
Role and importance of Phosphofructokinase–1 in the Glycolytic Pathway
Glycolysis and metabolism has been discovered to be one of the most vital processes that occur in
living organisms. Glycolysis is the process that converts sugar molecules into pyruvate, and as it
goes through this process, energy is released in the formation of ATP. The pyruvate molecule that is
produced is then processed even further in the Citric Acid Cycle. The whole process of gylcolysis
involves several steps where glucose, the sugar that's metabolized, is broken down and converted
into several different molecules before it finally becomes pyruvate. During this process, there are
different enzymes that are required for the glycolysis, and each enzyme plays a specific role in
catalyzing the reactions that involve the conversion of each molecule. Before glycolysis is able to
give out energy, energy must be invested. This is done in the first and third step of glycolysis, where
a total of two ATP molecules are invested and the eventual outcome is 4 ATP molecules, but since 2
were previously invested, there is only a NET production of 2 ATP for every glucose molecule. The
first step, which is part of the investment phase, involves the enzyme, hexokinase, and adds a
phosphate group from ATP onto glucose to produce glucose–6–phosphate. The third phase does
something similar to hexokinase and will be the main subject of this report.
This enzyme happens to be phosphofructokinase–1, which is used in

What Is The Theme Of Jurassic Park
Jurassic Park Theme Essay In the movie, Jurassic Park, released in the year 1993, dinosaurs are
brought back to existence and turned into an amusement park intended for human pleasure. Jurassic
Park tells a story of dinosaurs that are scientifically created to be used as a tourist attraction for
individuals. However, this amazing attraction goes fatally wrong when the dinosaurs escape their
habitats resulting in the deaths of many people on the island. This film warns viewers against current
and future practices humans are involved in while attempting to control and exploit nature. Over the
course of history, humans have attempted to control and define nature in numerous ways. For
example, in modern times people try to predict the weather ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Today, there are several other things that are taken advantage of besides the ways science can affect
nature. Humans have a tendency of taking advantage of other humans. An example of this factor is
when people try to use other people for money. To some individuals this may seem like a good idea
at first, however, this idea can back fire when the people who had gotten taken advantage of get
angry. The said actions can even result in a fight. Another example of something that is taken
advantage of in modern time is technology. Technology is used for practically everything in present
time (as it was in Jurassic Park). This causes humans to become very attached and dependent on
every aspect of technology. For instance, if a person's phone or laptop were to ever crash, he or she
would think it was the end of the world. The person than would not be able to do his or her
schoolwork, job work, or communicate with others; this leaving the individual devastated and lost.
The final thing that individuals in modern time have a tendency of taking advantage of is their
freedom. Currently there are many riots and protests throughout the United States that citizens
participate in because they have the free right. However, they are numerous other individuals who
do not have this kind of freedom in their country. In other countries, some people are killed for just
voicing their opinions. The ending result of taking advantage of any advancement can cause
unexpected and catastrophic results in present time or in future

Identity Of Unknown Bacterial Species
Discussion
Identity of Unknown Bacterial Species After inoculating an agar plate with the bacteria taken from a
phone screen in Durham during winter, various tests were performed to attempt to identify the
organism's genus. We hypothesized that the bacteria was a member of the Staphylococcus genus.
The Gram Stain results indicate that the bacterium is either Gram negative, but the KOH test
indicates a Gram–positive isolate. Upon further consideration, we decided that the bacterium is a
Gram–positive destainer. Gram–positive bacteria have a thick cell wall composed of peptidoglycan.
As expected, the Gas Pak and TSA stab results indicate that the bacterium cannot grow in the
absence of oxygen. A motility stab indicated that the bacteria were motile. Motility provides an
ability to change direction and move away from repellents and toward attractants. Thus, the microbe
can avoid unfavorable conditions, and live longer. The positive lysine decarboxylase test indicates
that the microbe can use the amino acid lysine as a source of carbon and energy for growth. First,
the bacteria use glucose as its primary carbon source, which causes the pH to drop. The enzyme
lysine decarboxylase degrades lysine to produce basic products. This change in pH is what causes
the broth to turn purple again, a positive result. An endospore stain indicated that the bacterium does
not produce spores under stress to protect the cells from dying. Spores are metabolically inactive
and

Jurassic Park Quotes
Jurassic Park is classified as a science fiction book or sci–fi for short. It ties imagination and
scientific fact together. There were several biological concepts that were discussed in this thrilling
story. These were the concepts that stood out to me the most: adaption, biotechnology, and amino–
acid deficiency. "It's amphibian DNA. But the phenomenon happens to be particularly well
documented in frogs. Especially West African frogs, if I remember" (Crichton 373). In this part of
the book, Dr. Alan Grant was explaining how a group of all–female velociraptors had managed to
breed. Some amphibians, particularly West African frogs, can change sex in a same–sex
environment for reproduction purposes. The velociraptors in the story were able ... Show more
Henry Wu would change the DNA for the purpose of control of the animals that he created. More
specifically, he took away some of the dinosaurs' ability to produce lysine, a crucial amino acid.
"Foods rich in lysine. What happened to these animals?" (Crichton 399). This quote is from the end
portion of the book when Dr. Grant is informed that new animals have arrived on Costa Rica. He
was also informed that these animals were eating strictly agama beans, soy, and chickens which are
lysine–rich foods. At this point in the book, it is hinted that these animals are the dinosaurs that
escaped from Isla Nublar (the island that Jurassic Park was built on). Dr. Grant drew this conclusion
because he had been previously told by Dr. Henry Wu that he had altered the dinosaurs' DNA so that
they could not produce lysine themselves. Dr. Henry Wu did this for two reasons. The first reason
was that the animals would be dependent on their Jurassic Park caretakers for specifically lysine–
rich food. The second reason was that only the creators of these dinosaurs would know what they
lacked and they planned to sell branded food to people who might adopt miniaturized versions of the
dinosaurs. In this way, they could maximize the profits they made off of their creation. But when the
dinosaurs escaped, they needed to find a source of lysine to compensate for what they lacked.
Otherwise, they would not function

Lab Report For Gram Negative Bacteria
NAME: Zachary R Short
Unknown Number: 118 Points: _________ (50 Possible)
Title: Identifying a Gram Positive and Gram Negative bacteria from a mixed broth
Abstract: I inoculated a T–Soy agar with bacteria number 118, for this I used a streak isolation
method. Next, in order to distinguish between Gram positive and Gram negative I used a streak
isolation technique on a CNA plate, then performed the same exact procedure on a MacConkey
plate. The results from the CNA plate showed the Gram Positive bacteria was an Alpha hemolyzer.
Next, I used a P Disc on a T–Soy agar inoculated with bacteria 118 and determined the Gram
Positive bacteria was not sensitive to P Disc antibiotics. This revealed the Gram Positive bacteria to
be Streptococcus Mitis. The results from the MacConkey plate proved the Gram Negative bacteria
to be a lactose fermenter. With the Gram Negative bacteria I performed a lysine test with positive
results. Next, I performed an ornithine test on the Gram Negative bacteria, with negative results,
therefore I concluded the Gram Negative bacteria was Klebsiella pneumoniae.
Introduction: The two bacteria from sample number 118 I have identified to be Streptococcus mitis
and Klebsiella pneumoniae. When taking a class like Microbiology it is understood that most
individuals will progress further into the medical field. In the medical field it is important to know
as much about as many different bacteria as possible. One example of why this is

What Is Lysine Succinylation?
Relevance of the study
The identification of lysine succinylation is of very much importance in my area of research because
lysine modification is thought to be in the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum (Miao et. al,
2013). One of the most common post–translational modifications for the malaria parasite are lysine
phosphorylation, acetylation, methylation, and lipidation (Doreing et. al 2015). The identification of
post–translation modification is a very important process, because the post–translation modification
mediators (protein kinases) have been the focus of research of drug development of disease like
anti–malarial and cancer drugs among other diseases (Doreing et.al, 2015). Plasmodium falciparum
is very susceptible to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
al, 2015). I truly realized the importance of post–translational modification and its role in cellular
function and potential role for human disease. The article "Identification of lysine succinylation as a
new post–translational modification" by Zhihong Zhang et. al seeks to illustrate the presence and
verification of lysine succinylation through the process of MS/MS tandem mass spectroscopy,
HPLC high performance chromatography, isotopic succinate labeling and western blot to
demonstration that post–translational modification lysine succinylation could have important
cellular significance (Zhang et. al, 2015). The lysine is very important because it undergoes a variety
of modification and is important in protein structure and function (Zhang et. al, 2011). The role of
post–translation modification is very important because any disturbance could have large impact
since any change can drastically alter the structure of a protein and thus change the function its
function (Doreing et. al, 2015).
Experimental techniques to review the problem
Several options are available for experiments of post–translational modification, they are phospho–
proteomics, bioinformatics, metabolic

Understanding Pharmaceutical Properties Of C Terminal...
Question 7
To improve pharmaceutical properties.
 Deletion of C–terminal lysine residues to decrease the number of charged variants.
 N–glycosylation to decrease the number of N–glycoforms.
 Hinge region engineering to limit scrambling of disulphide bonds and formation of structural
isomers.
 Remove putative N–glycosylation sites in VH and VL to prevent forming N–glycoforms.
 Introduction cysteines residues to variable regions fro site controlled cytotoxic conjugation.
 Mutation of instable hot spots in CDRs to restore antigen binding.
 Pyroglutamylation on selected C–terminal glutamine residues to decrease charge variants.
To improve antibody functions.
 Engineering variable domain to decrease pI, decrease elimination of IgG.
 Use naked Fab region or Fab–PEG fragments instead of antibody to shorten/extend serum half–
life.
 Humanisation or de–immunisation of variable parts to decrease immunogenicity.
 Modulate Fc receptors–immune cell bindings affinity through maturation or glycol–engineering,
thus to increase complements activation, enhance ADCC efficiency, increase serum half–life and
enhance anti–inflammatory properties.
 Associate Fc region with a radioactive label, cytotoxic drug or protein to develop immune–
conjugation.
Question 8
The production of human monoclonal antibodies in transgenic mice has been made possible through
the insertion of germline human immunoglobulin gene loci into the genomes of mice. Mice have
been genetically manipulated (i.e.

Henderson Hasselbalch Lab Report
In the first experiment my partner and I selected to produce a buffer that contained 35mL of .1M
sodium acetate with 10 mL of .2M acetic acid with the excepted pH of the solution to be 5. We used
C1V1=C2V2 to first calculate the theoretical concentration of both the weak acid and the weak base
in the buffer solution. Then using the theoretical concentration and the Henderson– Hasselbalch
equation we were able to calculate the excepted pH. After calculating the pH we then measured the
experimental pH of the produced buffer and found it to be 4.9. This showcased that there was a
difference of 2% between the theoretical pH and the experimental pH. We further measured the
buffering capacity of three different samples one being the buffer that ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
TLC showcased lysine being the unknown amino acid whereas titration showcased glycine as being
the unknown acid. In my opinion TLC is not accurate because as witnessed on the TLC plate there
are signs of contamination. Though titration may involve many tedious steps I believe that titration
has provided me with accurate answer. Some errors that may have occurred in the lab are not
switching the micropipette tip between the spotting of the amino acids. Also not wiping down the
pH meter correctly during measurement could have influenced the

Histone Code Essay
The histone code provides a key method by which eukaryotic genes can be regulated. The structure
of the chromatin itself is important in this aspects, because the histones allow for alterations in the
chromatin by way of the N–terminal tails, which were previously mentioned. Reader and writer
proteins come into play in modifying the chromatin, and work in conjunction with the histones. A
transcriptional regulator protein binds to a specific sequence of DNA and attracts reader and writer
complexes to the spot. Reader and writer proteins are formed by multiple subunits that extend
histone tail modifications throughout the chromatin. These proteins often utilize ATP–dependent
chromatin remodeling complexes to help them tighten or loosen the chromatin as the protein
complex performs its job. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The writer subunit of the protein adds a modification to the next histone when it is activated by the
binding of the reader portion. This initiates a chain of chromatin modifications that alter a gene's
expression by either condensing or de–condensing the chromatin. The condensing of the chromatin
can block transcriptional proteins from accessing the gene site, thereby inhibiting transcription.
Modifications to the histone tails can also be removed by histone deacetylases and histone
demethylases, which function in a similar manner. The modifications can also be prevented from
being added to the chromatin in the first place by barrier sequences. These help to prevent genes that
need to remain active for transcription. Barrier proteins also act to prevent the modification of
certain genes by binding to sequences between the protected gene and the chromatin that is being
modified, presenting a physical barrier against the modification

Ethics In The Informant
The Informant will be analyzed using business knowledge regarding corporate social responsibility,
professionalism and ethics as well as good corporate governance. The use of the theory under these
topics in accordance to the operations of ADM will enable the determination of whether ADM is
operating effectively or not and whether this company's business processes are legal and ethical or
not. A few strategies will then be suggested to ADM where possible.
STORYLINE OF THE INFORMANT:
The Informant is a biographical–comedy–crime film which was directed by Steven Soderbergh and
released on the 18th of September 2009. Matt Damon stars as the informant as given by the title of
the movie joined by other stars including Joel McHale, Scott Bakula and Melanie Lynskey.
This film represents Mark Whitacre (Matt Damon) as an employee who is a whistle blower
regarding the lysine price–fixing scheme. Mark worked for a company called Archer Daniels
Midland (ADM). In ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The aim is to make a profit while considering the interests and wellbeing of all stakeholders in the
business. A business that is effective and maintains ethical leadership is considered to have superb
corporate governance. Management should lead the business to achieving sustainable economic,
social and environmental performances known as the triple bottom line principle.
Primary characteristics of good corporate governance includes transparency, accountability and
integrity. Individuals in ADM do display these qualities however, these qualities are displayed to a
certain extent which then results in these qualities being used for self–gain. ADM executives like
Mark Whitacre are transparent regarding the decisions made in ADM but he eventually gives up this
quality once he has gained the support of the FBI agent which would decrease the risk of him being
found guilty of these

Reaction Of The Maillard Reaction
Introduction
The non–enzymatic reaction of reducing sugars with amino groups of amino acids, peptides and
proteins is called as non–enzymatic glycosylation or simply glycation. This non–enzymatic reaction
ultimately results in the formation of complex brown pigments and protein–protein crosslinks that
were first studied under defined conditions by Maillard in the early 1900s (Maillard and Gautier,
1912) and the reaction came to known as the Maillard reaction. There is a condensation reaction
between reducing sugar and free amino acids at the amino terminus or susceptible ε–amino group of
lysine residues of proteins producing labile N–substituted glycosylamine (Schiff base) that may
undergo two sequential rearrangements, forming a stable Amadori product (Fayle & Gerrard, 2002).
The reducing sugars namely, glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, ribose and certain carbohydrate
relatives are inherently reactive toward nucleophilic groups. Glucose is the least reactive among
common sugars because it exists in least concentration in the open chain form (Paulsen and
Pflughaupt, 1980). Amadori rearrangement was a key early step in the Maillard reaction (Hodge,
1955). Early glycation directs the formation of Schiff's bases and Amadori products that further
oxidized to advanced glycated end products (AGEs) (Chetyrkin et al., 2008). Studies have shown
that the glycation process (in the early stage where the interaction of sugars, such as glucose, with
free amino groups of lysine and

Does Poly-Glutamate Concentration Effect Hydrophobic...
(1) The attached graph from the assignment guide sheet demonstrates the conformation of poly–
glutamate and poly–lysine in terms of their rate of specific rotation in relation to pH. In terms of
poly–glutamate, which consists of multiple acidic amino acid glutamates, there is rapid change in
conformation when pH has increased from 3 to 5. This amino acid becomes deprotonated when the
pH increases, in which the concentration of hydrogen ion decreases correspondingly. For poly–
lysine, which is the multiple basic amino acid lysines, there is rapid change in conformation when
pH has decreased from 11.5 to 9.5. The decrease in pH indicates the increase in hydrogen ion
concentration, and the lysines' side groups will be protonated. These deprotonation ... Show more
The main reason why pineapple needs to be cooked when added to gelatin is its proteases will
disrupt gelatin setting. This functional class of enzyme – proteases – promotes the formation of
peptide bonds. This is done through hydrolysis reaction between amino acids; as a consequence,
proteins become its consisted amino acids. The activity of proteases will interfere gelatin setting,
which in other words, it will prevent the formation of collagen chains. Collagen triple–helix chains
are unable to form since the enzyme will degrade each collagen strands into amino acids. Cooking
pineapple by applying a large amount of thermal energy will denature enzymes contained in this
fruit, including proteases. This denaturation will prevent proteases from its activity, and will not
interfere with gelatin from

The Factors Of The Growth And Development Of Pigs
It has been known that the growth and development of muscle of pigs essentially requires dietary
supply of proteins, or its small subunits, which are amino acids (AA). There are 20 AA that serve as
building blocks for protein biosynthesis, but not all AA are essential amino acids (EAA) required
from diets because pigs can de novo synthesize 10 of them. (Liao et al., 2015). In addition, the EAA
are defined as those AA that require to be supplied in diets exogenously because pigs cannot
synthesize them or cannot be synthesized sufficiently for their metabolic requirements (Wang et al.,
2014). Among these essential AAs, lysine is the first limiting amino acid in swine diets because it is
the most deficient AA in nearly all typical swine diets ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Huyghebaert (1993) stated that the bioefficacy of two nutrient sources should only be compared
when the basal diet is clearly deficient in the nutrient to be tested. Baker (1986) suggested that the
basal diet should provide approximately 30 to 70% of animal nutrient requirement. Some of studies
supplied only 58% of the lysine requirement of 10 to 20 kg pigs based on NRC 1998 (Liu et al.,
2007), or only 55% of the lysine requirement of 10 to 20 kg pigs based on NRC 1998 (Smiricly–
Tjardes et al., 2004), whereas this study basal diet supplied 75% of SID lysine requirement for 30 to
90 kg pigs based on NRC 2012.
Lysine is the first limiting AA in corn–soybean meal based diets for pigs. Therefore, L–lysine
supplementation to swine diets become a common practice to meet lysine requirements in livestock
industry. Several studies indicated that increasing Lys levels from lysine deficient basal diets
improve ADG, feed efficiency, and nitrogen retention (Kirchgessner and Roth, 1996; Liu et al.,
2007). However, when alternative sources are considered to be replace L–Lys HCl, their bioefficacy
evaluation of alternative products should be tested because it will guarantee that accurate nutrient
contents of those products are supplied correctly in the feed formulation.
Alternative sources of L–Lys have been compared with standard L–lysine HCl to evaluate their
bioefficacy of supplemental L–Lys in different livestock species. In this study, over the 9 wk of

Salmonella Lab Report
Salmonella spp. are Gram negative and non–spore forming rods mostly found in poultry. (M.Jay, J.,
2000) In this experiment, lactose broth is a non–selective medium which can be used as pre–
enrichment broth for isolation and identification of Salmonella spp. from the poultry carcass sample.
Salmonella spp. from the sample may be present in low amounts and sub–lethally injured. The
growth and recovery of Salmonella spp. may be hindered by the presence of other species or the
components of food sample. Lactose broth is important to helps in the recovery of Salmonella spp.
by allowing the repair of damaged cell, diluting the possible toxic substances and providing a
nutritional advantage to Salmonella spp. over other species. A higher ratio of Salmonella to non–
Salmonella bacteria can be obtained after incubation if the sample is subjected to pre–enrichment
medium. Most non Salmonella bacteria can ferment lactose but Salmonella cannot. The pH will be
decreased when lactose is metabolized and thus creating a bacteriostatic effect on competing
organisms. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
from the sample. Then, it is followed by selective plating of the enrichment culture onto Xylose
Lysine Tergitol–4 (XLT4) agar, Xylose Lysine Deoxycholate (XLD) Agar rand Hektoen Agar. The
presence of black colonies indicate that there are Salmonella spp. grow on those medium. This is
because Salmonella spp. will use sodium thiosulfate and ferric ammonium citrate present in those
medium as sulfur source and indicator respectively to produce hydrogen sulfide which will result in
the formation of colonies with black

Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics
Microbiology: An Introduction, 11e (Tortora/Case) Chapter 8 Microbial Genetics 8.1 Multiple
Choice Questions 1) A gene is best defined as A) a segment of DNA. B) three nucleotides that code
for an amino acid. C) a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that codes for a functional product. D) a
sequence of nucleotides in RNA that codes for a functional product. E) a transcribed unit of DNA.
Answer: C Skill: Recall 2) Which of the following pairs is mismatched? A) DNA polymerase –
makes a molecule of DNA from a DNA template B) RNA polymerase – makes a molecule of RNA
from an RNA template C) DNA ligase – joins segments of DNA D) transposase – insertion of DNA
segments into DNA E) DNA gyrase – coils and twists DNAAnswer: ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
B) phosphate. C) deoxyribose. D) thymine. E) The answer cannot be determined based on the
information provided. Answer: C Skill: Recall 21) The damage caused by ultraviolet radiation is A)
never repaired. B) repaired during transcription. C) repaired during translation. D) cut out and
replaced. E) repaired by DNA replication. Answer: D Skill: Recall Table 8.2 Codon on mRNA and
corresponding amino acid |UUA |leucine |UAA |nonsense | |GCA |alanine |AAU |sparagine | |AAG
|lysine |UGC |cysteine | |GUU |valine |UCG, UCU |serine | 22) Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of
amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is serine–alanine–lysine–leucine, what is the order of
bases in the sense strand of DNA? A) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA B) 3' AGACGTTTCAAT C) 3'
TCTCGTTTGTTA D) 5' TGTGCTTTCTTA E) 5' AGAGCTTTGAAT Answer: B Skill: Analysis 23)
Refer to Table 8.2. If the sequence of amino acids encoded by a strand of DNA is serine–alanine–
lysine–leucine, the coding for the antisense strand of DNA is A) 5' ACAGTTTCAAT. B) 5'
TCTGCAAAGTTA. C) 3' UGUGCAAAGUUA. D) 3' UCUCGAAAGUUA. E) 3'
TCACGUUUCAAU. Answer: B Skill: Analysis 24) Refer to Table 8.2 The anticodon for

Ubiquitination: An Unneeded Protein Analysis
You are a frustrated student who has a big biochemistry test tomorrow, but no time to look over
material because he have to work at Kroger tonight until closing because you used up all your sick
days. Your annoying boss tells you there is a shipment of new milk and meat products coming in and
the old, expired products must be removed. He gives you bright green stickers to stick onto the
expired products that need to be removed from the shelves. As you are doing this, you start to think
about your test and try to apply biochemistry to real–life situations, but to no avail. You get more
frustrated and contemplate quitting your job right there. Suddenly, you think about the word 'quit'
and realize you have to know about ubiquitin for tomorrow's test. You remember one of ubiquitin's
many roles is to tag an unneeded protein for its destruction. Then you start realizing that labeling
stickers on expired products so they can be removed in a supermarket is like ubiquitin labeling old,
outdated proteins in our cells so they can be removed for the proteins still needed ... Show more
The protein usually targets old, dysfunctional proteins from the cell cycle, which makes sense for
controlled cell division. The ubiquitination mechanism was originally obscure, but made more clear
in the mid–1980's by Aaron Ciechhanover, Avram Hershko, and Irwin Rose, which helped them win
the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2004 (Nobel Prize website). Initially, the process was looked at as
proteolytic system utilizing ATP. Many ATP–dependent proteolysis factor 1 (APF–1) molecules
linked with a substrates that were later found to be deteriorated with free APF–1 in the cellular
extract (Ciechhanover, 2012). APF–1 was called ubiquitin and it uses its C–terminal glycine to
conjugate to the substrate's

Basic Building Blocks
1. What are proteins composed of (ie basic building blocks)?
Amino acids are the smaller building blocks which protein is made of. There are 20 different amino
acids. Depending on length, sequence of amino acids and function; each protein has unique different
from each other. These amino acids have unique 3D shapes by fold up in complex ways.
2. List the amino acids and diagram their organic structure (C–N bonds).
The 20 different amino acids are alanine, arginine, asparagines, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic
acid, glutamine, glycine, histidine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline,
serine, threonine, tryptophan, tyrosine, and valine.
Amino acids are mainly composed of an amine (–NH2), a carboxylic acid (–COOH), an atom of
hydrogen (–H) and a ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
So in conclusion, when the pH is larger than the isoelectric point, protein has a net negative charge
and when the pH is lesser than the isoelectric point, protein has a net positive charge.
4. What are the basic secondary structures of proteins and how do they form?
The two main basic secondary structures are the alpha helix and the beta sheet. The alpha helix
secondary structure of the protein coils because of the hydrogen bonds between the backbones of
their amino acids. The backbone of the amino acid is the peptide bonds. So because of the hydrogen
bonds forming between the amine nitrogens and the carbonyl oxygens in different amino acids the
protein has become a helix shape.
The beta sheet or the beta pleated sheet is designed from the hydrogen bonds between the carbonyl
oxygens in one strand binding with the amino hydrogens of the adjacent strand.
5. What are some common protein motifs or domains? Describe three of

Rf Value
Rf value is expected between 0.2 –0.8 and all my data was in that range (prefer to table 1 and table
2). In figure 1, the TLC plate shows that the phenylalanine traveled longest distance (4.0cm), and it
also had a largest Rf (0.67) value compared to other amino acids. This is because it is less polar
hence less interacts with stationary phase, so it moved farther. The Lysine traveled shortest distance
(1.8cm) and the Rf value was 0.30, which indicate lysine is the most polar compared to other amino
acid. It was interacted more with the stationary phase; therefore it took a longer time to travel. It is
important to avoid touching coated surface of TLC plate with your fingers because there are oils
(organic compounds) on skin that will transfers ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
When raising the pH of mobile phase buffer will cause the molecule become less protonated and
hence less positively charged. The result is that the protein no longer can form an ionic interaction
with the negatively charged solid support, which ultimately results in the molecule to elute from the
column. Phenylalanine eluted fastest (pI=5.48) because it is lower than pH6. Leucine and Alanine
was eluted next in pH6 because of their pI number 5.98 and 6.00, respectively. The next to elute out
in pH11 buffer was Lysine. It has highest pI number (pI=9.74) and it will lose its charge at pH 11.
Refer to figure 3, you can see phenylalanine and alanine showed up at pH 6 and pH 3, there was an
error at pH 3 because the amino acid should not show up here based on their isoelectric point close
to 6. The pH must be between the pI or higher in order for it to elute. The error maybe due the
contamination while performing the experiment or can be not properly performed. Also, we can see
that the lysine remained positively charge until it gets to pH 11 because the pI number is 9.74. On
figure 3, it also showed phenylalanine at pH 11. This could be the amino acids were still in contact
with the Dowex resin and Dowex was not

Gelatin Lab Report
Gelatin, due to the presence of unique amino acid sequences and multiple functional groups in its
structure has capability to crosslink by small molecules containing reactive functional groups to
form membrane like film. In recent years, numerous studies have been performed to cross–linking
of gelatin with more desirable properties, such as minimize toxicity and easy preparing. One of best
approach to crosslink gelatin is using photo and inducing sensitive molecules to generate radicals in
the system. In this work, we used this procedure, so that irgacure 2959 used as photoactive radical
initiator to radicalize free amino groups (–NH2) of lysine, hydroxylysine and arginine. It should be
noted that because gelatin is an amphoteric polyelectrolyte ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The pure gelatin film exhibited a broad and low intensity peak in the range of 6.2º to 9.8º which can
be assigned to the triple–helix structure developed during film formation [26–28]. The low intensity
as well as the broadness of the peak confirm that the triple–helix structure is not well–organized.
Na+MMT showed a single peak at 2θ = 6.2º corresponding to a d–spacing (001) of silicate layers of
1.51 nm. XRD pattern of nanocomposite alter significantly in compared with pure Na+MMT, so that
all of diffraction peaks move into lower angle, broadening, and also disappear, which indicates that
exfoliation or intercalation structures have been occurred. About intercalation state, the distance
between interlayer increases from 2 to 4.2 nm owing to the insertion of gelatin chains into the layers
of MMT. The absence of the diffraction peak specifies the exfoliation

Shrimp Shrimps Lab Report
(Wachirasiri et al., 2016) examined the effects of amino acid type, concentration and pH on yield,
texture, and colour of both cooked and uncooked shrimp after a freeze–thaw cycle and Sensory
evaluations of the treated cooked shrimps. This study reported amino acids were also improved yield
of white shrimp (table 2). Compared to the control, shrimp treated with glycine, arginine, lysine and
proline improved product yield. Treatment with NaCl could improve WHC by thawing yield and
cooking yield of the fresh shrimp sample. Chloride ions were more strongly bound to the protein
than the sodium ion, resulting to an increase of net negative charge of protein. The electrostatic
repulsion and increased interfilamental spaces allowed more water molecules to be penetrated and
adsorbed into. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treating with lysine at 2.0 g/100 ml and arginine at all concentration used exhibited significant
improvement of WHC during freezing, and cooking (p < 0.05). Comparatively high water–holding
improvement was observed for the use of lysine and arginine. Maximum WHC was expressed in
shrimp soaked with arginine at 1.0 g/100 ml and its cooking yield (97.59 g/100 g fresh shrimp) was
not significantly different (p > 0.5) to shrimp treated with STPP at 4.0 g/100 ml. Considering from
thawing yield and cooking yield, the results indicated the synergistic effect of lysine/arginine with
NaCl to enhance WHC of frozen shrimps. This might be because of the effects on pH, ionic strength
and also specific interactions between amino acid side chain, polar group, nonpolar group with
myofibrillar protein. The presence of NaCl could increase the electrostatic repulsive force and
facilitated the incorporation of amino acid inside the myofibril

Trypsin Enzyme Lab Report
Enzymes are protein molecules that are biological catalysts in the human body, meaning that they
contribute in the breaking down of certain molecules. Enzymes have a specific active site which the
substrate (reactant) that is complementary to will bind with. When the substrate and enzyme bind, an
enzyme–substrate complex occurs which means that a reaction takes place. The enzyme acts as a
catalyst and breaks the bonds of the substrate. However different enzymes have different optimum
pH &temperature values at which they can be active. The optimum pH value for an enzyme's best
activity depends on where the enzyme occupied in the body. When the enzyme is not at a preferred
pH, then its shape will be altered meaning that it will not function. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Albumens contain eighteen amino acids. A hundred grams of albumen contains 4.5 grams of
arginine and 4.6 grams of lysine. Raw chicken egg albumen contains a glycoprotein called
ovomucin, which holds the structure of the thick white together. Ovomucin is difficult to solve
because of its complex composition. It was observed to be an inhibitor of trypsin, meaning that it
slows down the digestion of proteins. However;, ovalbumin (makes up 54% of albumen) and
ovomucin (makes up 11% of albumen), which block digestive enzymes like trypsin, are denatured
and hardened at 80 degrees Celsius. Albumen before denaturing is translucent and runny and after
heating it turns white and is hard. The changes in viscosity and color are caused by interactions in
the proteins such as hydrogen bonds that are weaker than covalent bonds being broken. When
proteins are heated up, they vibrate intensely and that causes the weak bonds to break. Albumen,
when in its native and uncooked state, several types of bonds are in formation between amino acids
in a chain that stabilize the structure of the protein. The bonds that link the amino acids are strong
covalent bonds that endure the heat but the bonds that stabilize the 3D structure (like ovomucin and
ovalbumin) are weak hydrogen bonds. When the hydrogen bonds break, the proteins are resolved.
When two spread out proteins are in contact,

Linus Pauling Therapy
Lysine And The Pauling Therapy. STOP HEART ATTACKS NOW!
Heart diseases are a major problem all around the world, and every year millions of people die of
heart attacks. The traditional medicine will tell you that you need meds to keep your heart in good
health, but there might be a simple way according to Linus Pauling's theory.
Are you interested in learning more? Then keep on reading.
Who was Linus Pauling?
Linus Pauling was a renowned biochemist, chemist, and peace advocate. He was regarded as one of
the greatest scientists of the 20th century, winning two Nobel Prizes – for chemistry and peace
activism. In fact, he is the only one to have two unshared Prizes.
He is known for his role in:
– quantum chemistry
– molecular biology
– orthomolecular ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His later work focused on using Vitamin C – oral and intravenous as a cure for terminal cancer
patients. Although his clinical trials showed great results, they were disputed by the medical
community and rejected.
Linus Pauling's theory of heart disease
According to Pauling, heart diseases are the result of something very simple – a deficiently in
vitamin C. Most animals can make vitamin C on their own, but humans can't. That's why we need to
get the required daily dose of the vitamin for our food.
But what's the link between vitamin C and heart diseases?
Our body needs vitamin C to make something essential called collagen. You might find collagen as
the main ingredient in your lotion, but its purpose is far more important. Collagen is:
– the main structural protein in our body, the glue that holds our body together
– found throughout the whole body – muscle, bones, blood vessels, etc.
– responsible for repairing damages
– maintaining healthy skin and tissues
When there is not enough vitamin C, the body can't make enough collagen for its needs. As a result,
the coronary arteries start to deteriorate first. They are under a lot of mechanical stress from the
blood pumping through the

Biological And Most Aggressive Type Of Brain Malignancy
Recent studies including a genome–wide study of certain cancers have come to demonstrate that the
most common and most aggressive type of brain malignancy, or glioblastoma (GBM) comprises a
shared link: alterations in the catalytic protein, isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH) (1). The focus of
such research is the mutant forms of NADP–dependent homologous enzymes IDH1 and IDH2 (2) –
localized predominantly in cytosolic and mitochondrial regions, respectively. Both of these
heterozygous point mutations modify the amino acid residue present at the active site of the original
enzyme. Subsequently, neomorphic activity of the enzyme IDH is established, replacing its original
function with the conversion of the α–Ketoglutarate (α–KG) to D–2–hydroxyglutarate (D–2–HG),
an oncogenic metabolite (3). The presence of IDH1/2 mutants in cells is consistent with abnormally
high levels of this tumor progressor, D–2–HG, which inhibits catalytic proteins that are α–KG–
dependent (4). As a result, D–2–HG indirectly influences epigenetic regulation, the formation of
collagen as well as histone methylation. Transgenic mouse models are now advancing to provide
insight into the effects of IDH mutations in tandem with other cooperating mutations better
understand glioma pathogenesis (5).
The biochemical pathways involved in IDH mutant forms (IDH1m, IDH2m) reveal that a
substitution of the arginine residue 132 with histidine is responsible for the pathogenic changes due
to IDH1 mutations (6) (Figure 1).

Catfish Synthesis
Results The responses of channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) toward prey extracts among the five
groups tested in a Y–maze shown in Figure 1. There was a significant in response to crayfish extract
(Z = 3.33, P 0.05, n = 15). Unlike Sculpin extract, response scores of channel catfish with plugged
nares (OlfPlug) toward crayfish extract were significantly lower than the control, BarbX, BarbSh
and OlfSh (figure 1a). There was also a similer response time among the fish that went through the
procedure but didnot receive the cuts of the plugs (BarbSh and OlfSh). Simple contrasts revealed
that channel catfish (Ictalurus Punctatus) response time toward chemical stimuli of sculpin extract
are shown in Figure 1b. Overall the response time to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This expermetal test chemoreception of channal catfish detection of crayfish and sculpins extracts.
Channel catfish olfactory organs and taste buds barbels was tested to absorb the response time to
crayfishh and sculpin extracts. The research groups included amputated barbels catfish (BarbX),
plugged nares catfish(Olfplug) and fish that went through the procedure but did not receive the cuts
of the plugs (BarbSh or OlfSh). The catfish was able to sense crayfish extract under different
condition, but they did not spend as much time in a Y–maze arm with scuplin extract. This could be
the result of amino acids that scuplin releases. Therefore, concentration (nM) of nine amino acids in
crayfish and scuplin was measured using high performance liquid chromatography

Case Study: Herpes Simplex Outbreak
I posted about a week ago about my boyfriend having cold sores (Herpes Simplex) and I was
worried and wanted to avoid catching it. We ceased all contact for a week. Now the lesion is healed
and totally gone from his mouth (he only had one). The place where the cold sore was is a bit darker
than the rest of the skin, but the skin has healed and closed up pretty well. Is it safe for us to re–
establish contact, such as kissing now? Also, has anyone used L–Lysine for cold core outbreaks with
success? Is it good to take it regularly for preventing new cold sore outbreaks? I hear L–Lysine is
helpful in preventing shingles outbreaks... so I imagine if that's the case, it can also help with a
Herpes Simplex outbreak.... Thank you for all

Thin Layer Chromatography Of Amino Acid
Thin– Layer Chromatography (TLC) of Amino Acids
Introduction:
Thin layer chromatography (TLC) separates compounds, through migration, from a mixed solution
with the assistance of a solvent and an absorbent strip of cellulose. The purpose of this lab is to
allow students to determine an unknown amino acid by comparing results to six known amino acids
(slowest to fastest: lysine, glycine, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, and leucine) and properly
separate a combined solution of amino acids using the TLC method. But to fully understand the lab,
two terms must be understood: amino acid and protein. Amino acids are building blocks of proteins
linked by peptide bonds that contain both carboxyl and amino functional groups.
The six amino acids used in this experiment: ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Rf values for known and unknown amino acids. Lanes 2 and 4 were used to identify the unknown
(Unknown T) amino acid with the slight assistance of Lane 1.
Discussion:
Based on my results from Lanes 2 and 4, I predict Unknown T to contain both lysine and glycine
based on the slow reaction/movement the unknown experienced once the solvent was introduced
and the shortest distance it underwent. My prediction was supported with the development of Lane
2. As I analyzed Lane 2, it became obvious that the six Rf values represented the six known amino
acids; the lowest Rf value was lysine and the highest Rf value was leucine. Once the Rf values for
the unknown was calculated it was easy to identify the two amino acids present in the unknown
sample due to corresponding values in both lanes. Although one value (Rf = 0.515) in Lane 4 did not
completely match with the second value (representing glycine) in Lane 2, I can conclude that the Rf
value in Lane 4 was still glycine because the values are similar and close in range, and Lane 1 helps
support my theory as

Growth Performance Of Boiled Diets : A Study
In this study, overall growth performance was not affected by diets supplemented with different
sources of L–Lys. Similarly with results from another study in different species. Emmert et al.
(1999) reported that growth performance of broiler fed diets with supplemental liquid L–Lys did not
difference when compared with diets supplemented with L–lysine HCl. In addition, other studies
suggested that forms of supplemental L–lysine did not affect growth performance and nitrogen
retention in newly weaned pigs. Moreover, alternative source of L–lysine such as L–lysine sulfate
had equal relative bioavailability when compared to standard L–lysine HCl. (Smiricky–Tjardes et
al., 2004; Liu et al., 2007; Ju et al., 2008).
For the intestinal protein ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore, several factors such as protein contents in diets and also forms of supplemental L–Lys
which are difference in terms of absorption rate could potentially show differences of dietary lysine
utilization and intestinal mucosal protein synthesis.
In this study, pigs fed diets with supplemental liquid L–Lys shown reduction of proliferation in
jejunal crypt and lower concentration of TNF–α in jejunum compared with pigs fed diets with
supplemental crystalline L–Lys HCl. Villi atrophy and crypt undergo hyperplasia commonly found
in the newly weaned pigs due to several stressors. When the villi are digressed, the cells associated
with the crypts attempt to rebuild the villi. This is appropriate because the cells residing on the
periphery of the villi originate from the crypt (Kitt et al., 2001). Nevertheless, healthy weaned pigs
or germ–free pigs usually have lower proliferation rate, whereas, infected pigs have large numbers
of Ki–67 positive cells and high proliferation of intestinal crypts due to the process to improve the
intestinal epithelium cells (Jung et al., 2015).
In the situation that pigs experience significant physiological, environmental, and social challenges
when they are weaned from their sows. This incidence predispose these pigs to subsequent
infectious diseases and other production losses (Campbell et al., 2013). Number of stressors, such
as, separation from the sow, transportation and handling stress, a different forms of food and
feedstuffs,

Non Genotoxic Carcinogens
Continuous exposure to an increasing number of certain natural and man–made chemicals is a major
risk factor for cancer. Therefore, evaluating the carcinogenic risk of chemicals remains important.
Currently, substantial progress has been made in identification of genotoxic carcinogens. In contrast,
predicting a carcinogenic potential of non–genotoxic compounds is a challenge due to many
different modes of action that may lead to tumorigenesis; however, accumulating evidence suggests
that some of the earliest events of tumorigenesis involve perturbations of the cellular epigenome. In
the present study, we investigated the effect of the non–genotoxic liver carcinogen methapyrilene,
the genotoxic kidney carcinogen aristolochic acid, and the non–genotoxic non–carcinogen usnic
acid on epigenomic alterations in the liver ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Treatment of F344 rats with methapyrilene caused a marked decrease in the trimethylation of
histone H3 lysine 4 (H3K4me3) and H4 lysine 20 (H4K20me3), and acetylation of histone H3
lysine 9 (H3K9ac) and H3 lysine 56 (H3K56ac) in the livers. Exposure to usnic acid resulted in a
minor reduction of H3K4me3 and H3K9ac only. No histone modification changes were found in the
livers of rats treated with aristolochic acid. Also, none of the chemicals caused histone modifications
in the kidneys. The methapyrilene–induced hepatic histone modifications were accompanied by a
reduced expression of chromatin–modifying genes responsible for the modifications, including
histone methyltransferases Suv4–20h2 and Kmt2a, histone demethylase Kdm5b, and histone
acethyltransferase Ep300. The results indicate that organ specific carcinogen–induced histone
modifications changes may have significance in the carcinogenic process and in carcinogen hazard

Mannitol Salt Agar Lab Report

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Mannitol Salt Agar Lab Report