Yeast Respiration Lab Report

Yeast Respiration Lab Report
The purpose of this experiment is to determine the effects of the amount of yeast used on the rate of
respiration. Research was conducted to provide basic background on yeast, sugar solution, cellular
respiration and a previous experiment similar to this one conducted, therefore improve the
researchers' comprehension of the experiment. From the research, it was found that yeast grows in
or on their food source. Yeast produces and release digestive proteins where the sugar molecules are
found (TSA). Then, those sugar molecules break apart into monosaccharides. These
monosaccharides can be absorbed by the yeast and used for food (TSA). Yeasts are unicellular,
eukaryotic organisms, and there are approximately 1500 different species of yeast (Natal). All yeasts
are super tiny; they are usually only 3–4 micrometers in diameter. Although yeast are
microorganisms, 50% is protein, and the other half is a rich source of vitamins B1, B2, niacin, and
folic acid (Britannica). The sugar solution used during this experiment was sucrose. This organic
compound (C12H22O11) is a disaccharide. When the breakdown of sucrose occurs, also known as
hydrolysis, by sucrase, it produces 50% mixture of fructose and 50% glucose, its two essential
monosaccharides (Britannica). ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In cellular respiration, the first step is glycolysis. Glucose is broken down in the cytoplasm of cells
into 2 pyruvates, which provide for further steps (Britannica). To continue, the next step is the Krebs
Cycle. This cycle is required for the oxidation of molecules such as FADH and NADH. These
molecules are crucial to the cycle because the molecules can carry electrons. In this process, CO2 is
oxidized
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enzymes
LABORATORY REPORT
Activity: Enzyme Activity
Name: Angela Collins
Instructor: Catherine Rice
Date: 07.09.2014
Predictions
Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 5
Sucrase will have the greatest activity at
70 Â°C (158 Â°F)
Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration
Materials and Methods
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity
Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced
Independent Variable pH Controlled Variables temperature, amount of substrate (sucrose) present,
sucrase + sucrose incubation time
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity
Dependent Variable amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced
Independent Variable temperature Controlled Variables pH, amount ... Show more content on
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ith the myosin have been activated by the ATP, they will bind the action binding site.
2. Salivary amylase, an enzyme in saliva that breaks down starch, has an optimal pH of 6.7–7.0.
Explain why salivary amylase is active in the mouth, but becomes inactive in the stomach. the
stomach has a gastric juice which contain HCI. once its denatures it cant break down anymore
glucose or starch it is then deactivated.
Laboratory Report/ Angela Collins/ Enzyme Activity/ Catherine Rice/ 07.09.2014/ Page [4] of

Essay about Enzyme Lab
LABORATORY REPORT
(Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report)
Activity: Enzyme Activity
Predictions
1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6
2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at
60 °C (140 °F)
3. Sucrase activity decreases with increasing sucrose concentration.
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity.
1. Dependent Variable. amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced
2. Independent Variable. pH 3. Controlled Variables. temperature; amount of substrate (sucrose)
present; sucrase + sucrose incubation time
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity.
1. Dependent Variable. amount of product (glucose and fructose) produced
2. Independent Variable. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The human body would not be able to sustain a temperature of 104 degrees F for any length of time.
3. Specifically state where in the intestine sucrase is likely to be most active (pH along GI tract).
Small intestine (duodenum) is where the sucrase is likely to be most active.
4. Explain how sucrase activity in the intestine is affected by the sucrose content of food. Why is
this important?
Sucrase activity in the intestine is affected by sucrose content in food as most foods contain some
sucrose. Adding sucrose will increase sucrase activity.
5. Heat treatment was used to denature the sucrase that was added to the control test tube. In the
experimental test tube, alkaline
DNS was added to denature sucrase to stop the enzymatic reaction. Discuss what temperature was
probably used to denature sucrase and what the probable final pH was of each solution after DNS
was added.
Heat treatment was most likely used as temperatures too high would cause the enzymatic reaction to
decrease. The probable temperature that was used would most likely be 70 degrees C.
6. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports
them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your
experiment that supports the corrections.
I predicted that sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 based on Table 6 of data

Rotavirus: Infant Gastroenteritis
Rotavirus is the dominant cause of infant gastroenteritis worldwide and is associated with
substantial mortality in the developing countries. Despite its significant clinical importance, the
pathophysiological mechanisms by which rotavirus induces fluid and electrolyte secretion are still
not fully understood. It is fair to say that the outcome of intestinal infection with rotaviruses is more
complex than initially thought, and it is largely affected by a complex interplay of viral and host
factors. Rotaviruses infect enterocytes in the villous epithelium of the small intestine where
replication occurs, and the early events in infection are mediated by virus–epithelial cell
interactions. The mechanism that causes vomiting, which is characteristic ... Show more content on
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This enterotoxin induces diarrheal response, stimulates calcium–dependent cell permeability and
alters epithelial cell integrity. Molecular and pathophysiological changes One of the main effects of
rotaviral infection is a decrease in intestinal disaccharidase activities with relatively intact intestinal
brush border membrane. NSP4 can specifically perturb the paracellular permeability to various
molecules, reorganize filamentous actin filaments and prevent transport of the Zona Occludens–1
(ZO–1) protein to tight junctions. P70S6Kinase (p70S6K) belongs to growth factor–regulated
serine/threonine kinase family, and mitogen–activated protein kinase (MAPK) has been shown to
play a role in transducing extracellular signals into a cellular response. Phosphorylation of these
kinases was found to be decreased in severe cases of rotavirus infected ileum. Elevated levels of
prostaglandin E2 production is observed in the rotavirus infected intestine, which can induce
epithelial cell death. Furthermore, NSP4 was found to have toxin–like activity with a possibility to
upregulate nitric oxide synthase, resulting in peroxynitrite production and the inhibition of cell
migration and cell

Unit 9 Science And Chemistry Assignment 2
Science and Chemistry Assignment 2 (Chapters 4 and 5)
1. Carbon is considered a unique atom because it can bond to four other atoms or groups of atoms
which makes a large variety of molecules possible.
2. The Carboxyl group acts as an acid and the amino group acts as a base.
3. Two Sulfhydryl groups can react, forming a "crosslink" that helps stabilize protein structure.
4. "Enantiomers are isomers that are mirror images of each other and that differ in shape due to the
presence of an asymmetric carbon, one that is attached to four different atoms or groups of atoms."
(Campbell Biology 10th edition pg. 61) When we discussed in lecture we had the example of the
enantiomer (D) and (L) Dopa which are considered mirror images of each other. And that they are
considered the left handed and right handed versions of the molecule. We used the example of the
glove that a right handed glove wouldn't fit in a left handed glove and vice versa. Usually only one
isomer is biologically active because only that form can bind to specific molecules in an organism.
This is important because the enantiomer might not have ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Fats consist of two kinds of molecules glycerol and fatty acids. Glycerol is considered an alcohol
while fatty acid has a long carbon skeleton. The carbon at the end of the skeleton is considered part
of the carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the name fatty acids. The rest
of the skeleton consists of a hydrocarbon chain. The relatively non polar C–H bonds in the
hydrocarbon chains of fatty acids are the reason why fats are considered hydrophobic. (Campbell
Biology 10th edition pg.72) A phospholipid is similar to a fat molecule but only has two fatty acids
attached to glycerol rather than three. The third hydroxyl group of glycerol is joined by a phosphate
group. Phospholipid's have a hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail. This is crucial to its shape and
structure. When in water the hydrophilic head is attracted to the

Congenital Sucrase-Isomlatase Deficiency CSID
Nutritional Adaptations Congenital Sucrase–Isomaltase Deficiency, CSID, is a congenital enzymatic
disorder with which the body is unable to properly digest certain carbohydrates. A person with CSID
typically produces low or absent amounts of sucrase, low to normal amounts of isomaltase, and low
amounts of maltase. Sucrase, isomaltase, and maltase are important enzymes because they break
down complex sugars, also called disaccharides and polysaccharides, into simple sugars, also called
monosaccharides. Under ideal physiological conditions polysaccharides and disaccharides are
broken down during digestion in the mouth, stomach, and small intestine, again, with the aid of
enzymes, in order to be absorbed by the body. In a person with CSID this necessary digestion does
not take place and therefore causes intestinal complications. As the names imply, sucrase breaks
down sucrose (which is composed of one glucose and one fructose monosaccharide), maltase breaks
down maltose (which is composed of two glucose monosaccharides), and isomaltase breaks down
starches (which is a polysaccharide composed of more than two sugars linked together). People with
CSID can break down starches to an extent, but usually cannot fully do so due to the inhibited
enzymatic activity of sucrase–isomaltase (which breaks down 60–80% of starches in the small
intestine (CSID Cares)). CSID is an autosomal recessive disorder of the sucrase–isomaltase gene
(SI). A study of 34 CSID patients sequenced

Sucrose : The Biological Consequences Of Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are biological molecules made up largely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Monosaccharide sugars are rings of carbon, sometimes with an oxygen atom in the ring, with
additional carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen branches. Sucrose is normal table sugar. Sucrose is a non
reducing disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose linked via their anomeric carbons. It is
obtained commercially from sugarcane, sugar beet (beta vulgaris), and other plants and used
extensively as a food and a sweetener. (1) The molecular formula of sucrose is C12H22O11. The
fructose and glucose rings are linked to each other by an oxygen atom. sugar is a term for any short–
chain, sweet–tasting carbohydrate. Sucrose is a disaccharide sugar, meaning it is made up of two
monosaccharide sugar units. In the case of sucrose, the two units are glucose and fructose. The name
sucrose comes from the French word for sugar: sucre. The suffix –ose is always used for sugars.
Sucrose accepts a central part as a settling in sustenance creation and food recipes wherever all
through the world. SUCROSE is a white scentless crystalline or fine strong, denser than water.(2)
BASIC STRUCTURE:– In 2 Dimension 3 Dimensional: Chemical and Physical Properties
Computed Properties Property Name Property Value Molecular Weight 342.297 g/mol Hydrogen
Bond Donor Count 8 Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count 11 Rotatable Bond Count 5 (3) Experimental
Properties Physical Description Property Name Property Value ColorHard, White crystals

The Importance of Enzymes in Our Body Essay examples
Enzymes – are biological catalysts of protein nature, they have the ability to activate a variety of
chemical reactions that occur in living organisms. Enzymes produced in any living cell and can be
active in and outside the cell. The actions of enzymes strictly specific, only a specific substrate can
bind to a specific enzyme. Therefore, the name consists of the name of the substance on which they
operate and end with "–ase". For example, an enzyme that cleaves sucrose called sucrase, for lactose
– lactase. Enzymes have very high activity. Negligible dose of them is enough to turn huge amounts
of substance from one state to another. Enzymes are characterized by certain properties. Certain
enzymatic processes are reversible; depending on ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
(Worthington). However, if we drop the temperature to optimal (for example 35°C) some enzymes
possibly will go back to their normal state and continue carrying on the metabolic reaction.
In conclusion to my data and my hypothesis on the temperature, my data does prove that with an
increase of a temperature the enzymes work much faster diluting the cow's milk and breaking down
glucose at the higher temperature and at lower temperature they stay the same and we see no or very
little amount of reaction taking place.
The hypothesis for substrate concentration of the experiment is that enzyme concentration rate of the
enzymatic reaction increases with increasing concentration of the substrate. (Kimball)
Dilution (% cow's milk) Glucose (mg/dl)
0 0
25 500
50 1000
75 2000
100 2000
As we can see from data and graph J–2, maximum reaction rate is never achieved, but there comes a
point where a further increase in substrate concentration will not have any noticeable change in the
reaction rate. It's explained by the fact that at high substrate concentrations of the enzyme active
sites of the molecules at any given time are substantially saturated. Thus, no matter how much there
is free substrates floating around, it can connect with the enzyme only after the substrate – enzyme
complex is finished and substrate that is on active site turned into a product and the enzyme can bind
to a new substrate again to repeat its cycle. Only way we can

Dehydration Synthesis Lab Report
The two control experiments our lab ran proved when the enzyme lactase is added to lactose, the
solution (milk) will yield glucose as product. However, when lactase is not added to milk, glucose
will not be found in the solution because it will not have been broken down. This statement can be
affirmed because milk is made out of the two monosaccharides glucose and galactose that yield
lactose through a reaction known as dehydration synthesis. Dehydration synthesis reactions occur
when two molecules like glucose and galactose both have OH_ and H+ atoms on the ends of their
molecular rings. The attraction causes the OH_ to pull the proton H+ off of its molecule to form
H2O, while a single oxygen atom is left to bind the two molecules together ... Show more content on
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This experiment validated my hypothesis of sucrose being unable to break down from lactase based
on the results we collected in our data. As shown in my data table, when we poured lactase into
sucrose and H2O, glucose did not yield as a product. The result can be deemed true because while
glucose is in both sucrose and lactose, they are not completely similar disaccharides, which
therefore makes them unable to break down with the same enzyme due to the selectivity. This is
why our glucose strip remained blue before and after we ran the experiment. Finally, the fourth test
also connected well to my hypothesis, reflecting the ideas of denaturation that occurred in the milk
mixed with the base NaOH. When NaOH was added to lactase, a special process called denaturation
occurred when the lactase mixed with the lactose and base. Denaturation is when enzymes lose their
shape due to external stress, which can cause cells to lose their form and become unable to catalyze
reactions. In some cases, renaturation can occur within proteins if their structures are able to refold
back if the environment is right. In most instances, this process will not occur because the cell is
often to damaged to regain its shape, which is what happened with the lactase in our lab, which is
why the glucose strip was blue and not dark greenish–brown. All four of these experiments showed
a diverse range how enzymes work

Enzyme Activity Essay
LABORATORY REPORT
(Click on the Save a Copy button on the panel above to save your report)
Activity: Name: Instructor: Date:
Enzyme Activity Pam Campbell Id 0002337 Dr. Murphy Nmezi August 9, 2011
Predictions
1. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at pH 6 2. Sucrase will have the greatest activity at 40 °C
(104 °F) 3. Sucrase activity increases with increasing sucrose concentration until a plateau is
reached.
Effect of pH on Enzyme Activity. 1. Dependent Variable. amount of product (glucose and fructose)
produced 2. Independent Variable. pH 3. Controlled Variables. temperature; amount of substrate
(sucrose) present; sucrase + sucrose incubation time
Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity. 1. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
State the optimum pH for sucrase activity and how sucrase activity changes at more acidic and
alkaline pH values. The optimum pH for sucrase activity is 6 and decrease with greater acidic and
alkalline values.
Table 2: Effect of Temperature on Sucrase Activity
10 °C (50 °F) 0.006 0.006 0.007 0.006 20 °C (68 °F) 0.251 0.285 0.273 0.27 30 °C (86 °F) 0.767
0.789 0.799 0.785 Optical Density 40 °C 50 °C (104 °F) (122 °F) 0.969 0.93 0.947 0.922 0.945
0.947 0.954 0.933 60 °C (140 °F) 0.843 0.827 0.829 0.833 70 °C (158 °F) 0.641 0.623 0.632 0.632
1 2 3 average
Effect of Temperature on Sucrase Activity
2. State the optimum temperature for sucrase activity and how sucrase activity changes at lower and
higher temperatures. The optimum temperature for sucrase activity is 40 degrees Celcius. Sucrase
activity decrease at greater or lower temperature and may become denatured.

Table 3: Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Sucrase Activity
1 2 3 average 35 g/L 0.988 1.001 0.987 0.992 30 g/L 0.983 0.977 1.012 0.991 25 g/L 0.946 0.94
0.943 0.943 Optical Density 20 g/L 15 g/L 0.93 0.861 0.922 0.86 0.908 0.848 0.92 0.856 10 g/L
0.779 0.759 0.774 0.771 5 g/L 0.513 0.523 0.506 0.514 0 g/L 0.003 0.002 0.002 0.002
Effect of Sucrose Concentration on Sucrase Activity
3. State how sucrase activity changes with increasing sucrose concentration. Sucrase

Enzyme Lab Report
This was a very interesting and complicated lesson for me. I have reread it over and over again and
researched it on various different websites to try and get it to sink in visually in my mind.
Enzymes are proteins that allow certain chemical reactions to take place much quicker than the
reactions would occur on their own. Enzymes function as catalysts, which mean that they speed up
the rate at which metabolic processes and reactions occur in living organisms. Usually, the processes
or reactions are part of a cycle, with separate reactions at each step. Each step of the cycle usually
requires a specific enzyme. Without the specific enzyme to catalyze a reaction, the cycle cannot be
completed. The result of an uncompleted cycle is the lack of ... Show more content on
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Starch is broken into disaccharides each of which has a specific enzyme on the brush border to split
it. The disaccharides and their corresponding enzymes are, maltose (maltase), isomaltose
(isomaltase), sucrose (sucrase), and lactose (lactase). The monosaccharides produced are glucose,
fructose and galactose.
Monosaccharides are the only way in which carbohydrate can be absorbed. If these
monosaccharides are stuck together in pairs, so–called disaccharides, such as sucrose, they cannot
be absorbed. Neither can polysaccharides a long chain of monosaccharides stuck together such as
starch. These poly and disaccharides are dependent on enzymes on the brush border for their final
digestion and absorption.
If there are no enzymes to digest them, there is no absorption and instead these di and
polysaccharides become available for fermentation by micro–organisms in the gut. Fermentation
produces toxins as well as symptoms of wind, gas, bloating and gurgling. The best example of this
problem is lactose intolerance – inability to digest lactose (milk sugar) which can cause bloating,
pain and diarrhea. Often a temporary lactose intolerance arises following gastroenteritis.

Invertase Experiment
In my experiment, I was trying to find the answer for my main question which is, what drinks out of
Coke, Diet Coke, Red Bull, Gatorade, and Sunny D will have the highest glucose concentration
level after adding the enzyme, invertase? I chose this experiment because when I first looked into
the topic, it got me really interested learning about the role of enzymes in our body and the different
types of sugars and how they fluctuate our blood glucose levels. I decided to do this project since I
thought that many people could learn and benefit from my information and I would also enjoy doing
it. My experiment consisted of me taking five different drinks and using glucose urine test strips, to
test the amount of glucose present in these drinks before and after adding invertase. ... Show more
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Next time I would maybe try this same experiment with different types of foods such as maple syrup
and honey to see what effect invertase has on other sweet substances. Some worldly applications
that I found fit really well into my project included something's that I learned along the way that I
didn't know at the start of this experiment. This included things such as how the conversion of
sucrose to glucose (using invertase) changes how much glucose we actually digest from different
foods. This information could be useful for people to learn which foods are good to eat in
moderation not only because they are high in glucose, but also because they are high in sucrose.
Also using my experiment and my data, you can determine which foods are safe for someone with
diabetes to consume because they don't contain as much sucrose so later when it comes to digestion,
your don't end up consuming a lot of glucose which could prove harmful for

Lab Report On Enzyme
Enzyme Lab
Majesty Collins
September 26, 2017
Finding the Greatest Amount of Product with a Spectrophotometer
Introduction For the enzyme experiment, I hypothesized that test tube number one would have the
greatest amount of product. My lab partners and I believed that number one would have the most
significant amount of product because it had the highest mL amount of the potato extract. The potato
extract is the enzyme of the investigation being used which is catecholase (Picture 4). The substrate
in the investigation is catechol (Picture 6), and the reddish–brown product is called benzoquinone
(Figure 2). Enzymes are proteins that help the speeding up of chemical reactions. Enzymes will
never destroy unless pH, salt, and temperature negatively affect it. When the enzyme is finished
with one substrate, it moves on to another one directly after. According to the lab manual by Pearson
(2011), substrates are the reactant molecules that are being changed by the enzyme. It is known that
when the substance is an enzyme, it ends in letters "ase." Substrates and enzymes have a lock and
key relationship with one another. The key in the relationship is the substrate, and the lock in the
relationship is the enzyme (Cap, 2016). An example of an enzyme and substrate relationship is
sucrase and sucrose. The enzyme sucrase positions the sucrose, which is table salt, in a way that it
can be broken down into the parts of glucose and fructose (Figure 1). The purpose of this

A Short Note On Receptor And Its Effect On The Body
Introduction CD36, which stands for cluster of differentiation 36 and is also known as SR–B2
(scavenger receptor b2), is a transmembrane protein that is part of the class b scavenger receptors.
This is a protein that has many functions throughout the body. CD36 is typically involved in the
binding of lipid–related ligands like oxidized LDL particles, long–chain fatty acids, collagens,
thrombospondin–I, and others. With its versatility, CD36 can elicit a large variety of responses in the
body such as different immune responses, waste removal, angiogenesis regulation, roles in taste
reception etc. CD36 is also important to skeletal and cardiac muscle because it plays a key role in
the utilization of long chain fatty acids which is used in the formation of energy (Luiken, JJ. 2016).
Deletion or reduction of CD36 can cause a myriad of issues in an organism, whether that is a mouse
or a human because of its role in dietary lipid use. In mice, there was reduction in the uptake of
long–chain fatty acids by different types of muscle (cardiac, skeletal), a loss of preference for foods
high in lipids, and a decrease in orosensory–mediated responses in digestive secretions. In humans,
CD36 gene variants are susceptible to many issues such as abnormalities in lipid and glucose
metabolism, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes–associated coronary disease (Tran, TTT. 2011).
CD36 is a transmembrane protein that consists of two membrane–spanning regions surrounding a
larger loop on the

Neurological Disorders: A Genetic Analysis
Chromosomes are located in the nucleus of all human body cells. There are a total of 23 pairs (46
total) of chromosomes in the human body. Each individual chromosome has a homologous pair,
which is an exact copy, of that chromosome. All chromosomes vary in size and range. Typically, the
first row that is show in a karyotype are the largest chromosomes and they get increasingly smaller
(Reece). There are about 198 million pairs of chromosome 3 within a body (Chromosomes). Each
chromosome has a variety of genes located in different positions throughout. Genes are what get
passed down from parent to offspring (Reece). Chromosome 3 has about 1,000–1,100 genes located
sporadically across the chromosome. A few examples of genes on chromosome 3 could ... Show
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This case would be that there are three copies of chromosome three instead of the normal two.
Trisomy 3q2 is similar to down syndrome (caused by trisomy 21). It results in mental retardation,
developmental delays, distinctive abnormalities of the facial features, and a few other smaller
physical abnormalities. This mutation is believed to be caused by a "balanced" rearrangement in one
of the offspring's parents (Chromosome 3). There are many different kinds of mutations and
abnormalities of genes and chromosomes. There are also millions of genes in general, along with
millions of chromosomes throughout your body. Chromosome 3 consists of up to 1,100 genes, each
with different functions and processes all occurring within your body. It is hard to believe that there
are so many different processes going through your body all at once, even with some of the smallest
structures like chromosomes

Type 2 Diabetes Research
Most people know that everybody has a metabolism, some are slow and others fast. The metabolism
breaks down food we eat into their components. These things are carbohydrates, fats and proteins
which all need to be absorbed into the blood flow and stored to be used for energy. To do this,
metabolic processes occur separating each element into sugars, fatty acids and amino acids.
Enzymes in the stomach and intestines break down sugars to form absorbable sugars, including
sucrase which breaks down sucrose. The most common sugar is glucose which can build up quite
quickly after a meal. This sugar is vital for energy but needs insulin a hormone which regulates
blood sugar absorption to be secreted from the pancreas. Insulin is vital as it regulates ... Show more
Originally only effecting people in their mid to late 30's the rise in type 2 diabetes has steadily
grown and people younger 30 are starting to develop the disease, many say that this can be brought
back to the increase in sugar consumption. Although many studies show that it is not the only cause
there is a correlation with excessive sugar consumption and diabetes. Many sugary foods also have a
high fat content and this means when consumed in large quantities people are more likely to gain
weight and therefore develop diabetes. Diabetes is a condition where the body can no longer
regulate the amount of glucose in the blood leading the dangerously high amounts staying in the
blood stream. This is caused by an inefficient supply of insulin, either the pancreas can't make
enough which is vital for maintaining glucose levels. Because insulin is vital in the metabolic break
down of glucose, the lack of insulin means blood sugar rises which over a long period time leads to
major health problems, these include; diabetic foot, damage to blood vessels, high blood pressure,
kidney failure, nerve problems and visual impairments. These all cause severe physical pain to the
patient and can lead to many other problems such as depression, anxiety, low self–esteem and other
social emotional effects. This can sometimes mean that they do not want to take the steps needed to
maintain a healthy lifestyle while living with type 2 diabetes, meaning the cycle continues and their
health to

Sucrose Investigation
Background research For my science project i will investigate how enzyme convert sucrose into to
glucose and at what ph level do enzymes convert sucrose into glucose at the fastest rate. To do this i
will conduct an experiment in which 5 containers with substances ranging in different ph levels and
then measuring the amount of glucose in all of the containers. This is interests me because i love
challenging myself and when i saw a version of the experiment online I adopted it and made it my
own by adding Ph Level as my Independent variable . Before i do this experiment i must research
how sucrose changes into glucose and how enzymes are affected by different levels of acids and
bases.
Sucrose is a common sugar found in everyday items such ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
The first, still in use in some places, is a chemical method exploiting the nonspecific reducing
property of glucose in a reaction with an indicator substance that changes color when reduced. Since
other blood compounds also have reducing properties (e.g., urea, which can be abnormally high in
uremic patients), this technique can produce erroneous readings in some situations (5 to 15 mg/dL
has been reported). The more recent technique, using enzymes specific to glucose, is less susceptible
to this kind of error. The two most common employed enzymes are glucose oxidase and
hexokinase.In either case, the chemical system is commonly contained on a test strip which is
inserted into a meter, and then has a blood sample applied , in this experiment iw ill be using
glucose tablets instead of human or animal blood.. Test–strip shapes and their exact chemical
composition vary between meter systems and cannot be interchanged. Formerly, some test strips
were read (after timing and wiping away the blood sample) by visual comparison against a color
chart printed on the vial label. Their error rates were, in any case, much higher. In my case i will be
using benedict's solution. Benedict solution will not give me an exact number, but it will give the
evidence that glucose is

One Of The Digestive System And The Digestive System
The digestive system Human bodies have very complicated biological systems that carry out
specific functions that are essential for people's lives. One of these complicated systems is the
digestive system. A digestive system is a group of organs, which are connected to break down food
in order to absorb its nutrients to provide and to support the body with high energy. To be used for
growth and repair cells, food must be transformed into smaller molecules of nutrients before it can
be absorbed and carried by the blood throughout the body. The digestive process is an important
process because it breaks down and divides the nutrients from food into their essential groups,
which are carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Carbohydrates

Fermentation : The Effect Of Temperature Essay
Fermentation: The Effect of Temperature
Introduction
Fermentation is a metabolic pathway that allows a cell to perform cellular tasks by shifting the
energy in the glucose bonds to the bonds in ATP in the presence of less oxygen. Fermentation occurs
to allow the process of Glycolysis to continue to produce ATP for the cell. In the process of
fermentation, NADH is oxidized. Pyruvate directly gains the electrons from NADH, instead of the
electrons going to the electron transport chain. To better understand fermentation, one could
compare cellular respiration with fermentation. Cellular respiration is a longer process that includes
Glycolysis, pyruvate processing, the citric acid cycle, and the Electron transport chain. However, if
oxygen levels needed are not present, Glycolysis produces pyruvate which yields diverse products in
fermentation. Variables can effect fermentation, such as temperature. Temperature can cause kinetic
energy in reactions. If the temperature was high, reactions in fermentation can speed up because
molecules have excited electrons. However if the temperature is at an extreme, molecules such as
proteins can denature. Brownian movement can be exemplified in a solution subjected to kinetic
energy because movement of molecules are irregular, disorganized, and agitated. The process of
fermentation is significant due to its importance and impact on living organisms. Observing the
reactants and products of fermentation can lead to a better understanding

Glucose And Sucrose Lab Report
In Figure 2, "an increase in the concentration of glucose [causes] a directly proportional increase in
absorbance of 340nm light". This is emphasised by the strong positive linear correlation between the
concentration of glucose and the absorbance at 340nm. The amount of visible light absorbed by the
solutions at 340mn is directly proportional to the concentration of NADPH formed by Reaction 1
and 2 in Figure 1 (Page 1). The trend itself is positive, as an increase in glucose molecules present in
the solution will increase the number and frequency of collisions between itself, ATP and the
hexokinase enzyme; thus, increasing the rate of reaction (Monk, 2006). Therefore, an increase in
absorbance at 340nm indicated a greater presence of glucose ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
However, the technique used to draw liquid to the pipette may have been flawed, as it was assumed
that our technique was adequate. Hence, overall, the prepared solutions may have slightly deviated
from their true absorbance value, causing little impact on the regression line and thus, the calculated
glucose concentrations for both drinks. Alternatively, random error may have affected the data's
precision. Temperature is a factor that increases the rate of reaction, as it causes reactant molecules
to increase their kinetic energy and thus, increase the frequency and strength of collisions between
each other (Bender, 2007). The samples were placed in an esky and their temperature fluctuated
when they were taken for use. The varying temperatures of glucose reagent assay may have
influenced the rate of reaction and consequently the amount of NADH produced and measured by
the spectrometer. Hence, it may have been useful to place the components of the assay in a water
bath at their optimum temperature, by separately adding hexokinase at ~ 40°C and glucose–6–
phosphate dehydrogenase at ~ 55°C (Worthington Enzyme Manual, 2017; Hexokinase,

Structural Similarities Between Enzymes And Substrate
An enzyme is a protein that increases the rate of a chemical reaction by lowering the activation
energy of the reaction. This enables the reactant molecules to intake sufficient amount of energy to
reach the transition state. The reactant that an enzyme acts on is referred to as the substrate. After the
substrate molecule binds to an enzyme to form an enzyme–substrate complex, the enzyme converts
the substrate to products of the reaction. The reaction that is catalyzed by an enzyme is very specific
meaning that the enzyme will only bind to its specific substrate. For example, sucrase, an enzyme,
will only bind to sucrose molecule. This specificity is due to a molecular recognition mechanism
and it operates through conformational as well as structural similarities between the enzymes and
the substrate. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Enzyme inhibitors are known for hindering the action of enzymes. Many of the inhibitors simply
attach to the enzymes through weak interactions resulting in reversible inhibitions. In the case of
competitive inhibition, inhibitor molecules resemble and mimic the normal substrate molecules and
compete with the the substrate for its attachment to the active site of the enzyme. This simply blocks
the substrates from binding to the active site leading to an impeded enzymatic reaction. In contrast, a
noncompetitive inhibitor does not necessarily compete with the substrate to bind to the active site. It
bind to a different site on the enzyme and alters its shape in such manner that the active site becomes
less

Catalase Lab Report
The first tests that were conducted were the Catalase test and the Oxidase test. The Catalase and
Oxidase tests can indicate that a bacterium can perform one of the following metabolic processes:
the Krebs Cycle or the Electron Transport Chain.
Performed Catalase Test
The Catalase test is performed on organisms to see if it can produce the enzyme catalase. According
to Michael J. Leboffe and Burton E. Pierce (2012), bacteria that produce catalase can easily be
detected using store–grade hydrogen peroxide. When hydrogen peroxide is added to a catalase–
positive culture, oxygen gas bubbles form immediately. If there are no bubbles produced then the
organism is catalase–negative. If you are unable to see the bubbles with your eyes, you may have ...
Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This test is used to see if an organism can perform fermentation. The medium for the Phenyl Red
test is differential and is prepared as a base to which a carbohydrate is added (Leboffe and Pierce,
2012, p.245). The substrate is dextrose, lactose and fructose. The indicator is phenol red which turns
yellow below a pH of 6.8, red to magenta above a pH of 7.4 and red in between pH 6.8 and 7.4. The
enzymes include sucrase, B–glactosidase, galactokinase, hexokinase, fructokinase, phosphogluco
isomerase, epimerase, phosphohexose isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, and
phosphofructokinase. Durham tubes are added to each tube to trap a portion of any gas that is
produced (Leboffe and Pierce, 2012, p.245). Acid production from fermentation of the carbohydrate
lowers the pH below the neutral range and turns the medium yellow. Deamination of peptone amino
acids produce ammonia (NH3), which raises the pH and turns the broth a pink color (Leboffe and
Pierce, 2012, p.245). A positive result will be yellow in color because acid production from
fermentation of the carbohydrate lowers the pH below the neutral range of the indicator. Gas that is
produced is indicated by a bubble or pocket in the Durham tube where the broth has been displaced
(Leboffe and Pierce, 2012, p.245). The presence of a gas bubble will indicate that the organism can
perform fermentation and is also considered a positive

Ap Bio Water Research Paper
Water
Water is a medium for metabolic reactions and an important constituent of cells. In most plants and
animals, it makes up about 65–95% of their mass. The water molecule is referred to as a dipole, a
polar molecule, with a positive (hydrogen) and negative (oxygen) charge, separated by a very small
distance. A molecule with a separated charge is polar. A hydrogen bond; the weak attractive force
between a hydrogen atom with a partial positive (o+) charge and an atom with a partial negative
charge (o–) oxygen can be formed between two atoms. Hydrogen bonds are weak, however in large
quantities, like the large number present in water it makes the molecules difficult to separate and
gives water a wide range of physical properties vital to life. ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This is known as an α–1,4–glycosidic bond.
Condensation reaction
Formation of a glycosidic bond between two glucose molecules, making maltose
Hydrolysis reaction
Hydrolysis of the glycosidic bond in maltose
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are large complex polymers; a large molecule comprising repeated units, monomers
bonded together by glycosidic bonds.
Glucose is the main source of energy in cells. It is soluble in water meaning it would increase the
concentration of a cell contents and draw water in by osmosis. It is therefore converted into a
storage product, starch, which;
Is insoluble so has no osmotic affect.
Cannot diffuse of the cell.
Is a compact molecule and can be stored in a small area.
Carries a lot of energy in its C–H and C–C bonds.
Starch
Starch is the main dtore of glucose for

Lactase Decline Lab Report
'Various parameters for which contrasting observations have been reported in connection with
lactase decline' (3) In mostly all non–human mammals, lactase production activity greatly reduces
during or after the weaning period. In contrast, about a third of the human species maintains high
lactase activity into adulthood. To clear this difference, various parameters have been examined for
which contrasting observations have been reported in connection with the decline in lactase
production. The samples of the variation of Lactase activity, lactase mRNA levels, and in vitro
lactase biosynthesis were taken from a group of white adults, all born in or near Naples.Out of the
total 44 individuals, 10 were lactase persistent and 34 were lactase Non–persistent. Biosynthesis of
prolactase correlated well with lactase mRNA levels, indicating transcriptional control. Further
examination proved a correlation between the lactase activity and mRNA ratio in both lactase
persistent and hypolactasic subjects. Both transcriptional and post transcriptional factors ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
This is because along the intestine lactase begins in the duodenum, more or less distally in different
individuals and thus in an unpredictable manner. This is also because in rats and rabbits, the steady–
state levels of LPH Mrna change along the small intestine, with the lactase activity/LPH mRNA
ratios being far smaller in the proximal than in the middle or distal small intestine.tissues originating
from the only segment in human small intestine that displays a high and uniform plateau of lactase
activity. Another source of artifactual heterogeneity in hypolac tasia may be the ethnic origin. This
study concludes that around 70% of the Naples population is Lactase

Relationship Between Glucose And Sucrose
The independent research project is designed to test the relationship between amounts of sucrose
and glucose produced and its conversion to carbon dioxide through the process of cellular
respiration. The familiar white granules commonly used for baking are known as table sugar or
sucrose. Sucrose consists of glucose and fructose, which are forms of sugars that are the most basic
types of carbohydrates. The breakdown of sugars occur through chemical processes and ultimately,
results in production of carbon dioxide. The use of enzymes is required to create this process.
An enzyme speeds up the process of breaking down sucrose into glucose. Sucrose and glucose are
considered to be carbohydrates and more specifically known as simple sugars. Glucose is a
monosaccharide and helps build the disaccharide known as sucrose. Enzymes are proteins and they
help make multiple different chemical reactions faster. In humans, the enzyme ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
This includes cells in our bodies as well as cells found in foods like yeast. ATP is a specific
molecule that provides energy in a form that cells can use for cellular processes. Cellular respiration
is a process that cells use to transfer energy from the organic molecules in food to be released into
ATP energy and carbon dioxide. The release of energy from organic molecules and precisely glucose
is an example of cellular respiration. Energy is essential for growth, repair, and movement in living
organisms. Cellular respiration allows the cells to use the energy from each glucose molecule more
efficiently in order to make as many ATP molecules as possible and produce high levels of carbon
dioxide. Carbon dioxide is a colorless gas that is crucial to all living organisms on this planet.
Carbon dioxide production can be directly related to the energy production from fermentation. It is
these complex cellular processes that will be further examined in this research

Analysis of the Enzyme Sucrase for Optimum Temperature,...
Analysis of the Enzyme Sucrase for Optimum Temperature, pH, and Concentration
ABSTRACT
Enzymes react differently under different conditions and concentrations, being the most productive
at the enzymes specific optimum condition and concentration. The enzyme sucrase, extracted from
yeast, breaks down the complex sugar sucrose into the simple sugar glucose. Testing for sucrase's
optimum environment, multiple reactions were ran using varying amounts and concentrations of
sucrose and sucrase at different pHs and temperatures. The product was then treated with Benedicts
solution to visually observe what amount of glucose was present after the reaction was ran; negative
results being little to no glucose present and positive results being ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Therefore the optimum temperature for sucrase is 37 degrees Celsius, the optimum pH is 2.0, and
the optimum concentration is 10%.
INTRODUCTION
Enzymes analysis enables scientist to look the what, why, and how of life. A majority of reactions
inside to human body are endothermic, without enzymes lowering the activation energy of these
reactions life would not be possible. By understanding what the optimum environments of enzymes
are, specifically with sucrase, scientist can better understand enzyme kinetics. In the body thousands
of enzymes help regulate and produce chemicals. One very important enzyme K–ATPase in the
body help catalyze the reaction of ATP into ADP creating a free phosphate group and helping create
an sodium and potassium electrochemical gradient in the body (Peluffo et al. 2004). If the body did
not keep its temperature, pH, and concentration of substrate at the optimum levels enzymes would
not be able to process required energy fully and the cells would start to die. Sucrose is an important
aspect of life and its reduction to glucose has to be carefully controlled in photosynthesis. In the
photosystem 2 stage of photosynthesis sucrose helps stabilize water so hydrogen's electrons can be
taken and used to create energy (Barry and Halverson et al.2003). As the optimum environment for
an enzyme is reached the need to accurately and analytically

Ch 1 4 Hw And Quiz
The Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act (DSHEA) is legislation that defines and
classifies nutrient supplements and certain other products as foods. Check all of the ingredients that
are considered dietary supplements according to DSHEA: Amino acids, vitamins or minerals, herbs
or other botanicals
Heart disease has both preventable and non–preventable risk factors that contribute to its
development. All of the following are lifestyle risk factors for heart disease EXCEPT: Family
history and genetic predisposition for heart disease
Many of the top ten leading causes of death in the United States are associated with certain dietary
practices. What are the top two leading causes of death in the United States? Heart disease and ...
Which of the following foods is a rich source of phytochemicals? peaches ______ refers to chemical
processes that occur in living cells.
Metabolism
A serving of food supplies 20 g carbohydrate, 4 g protein, 10 g fat, and 50 g water. Which of the
following statements is true about a serving of the food?
Fat provides the most food energy.
Which of the following conditions is not one of the 10 leading causes of death in the United States?
tuberculosis In the United States, the primary cause of preventable cancer deaths is tobacco use.
Lena weighs 165 pounds. What is her weight in kilograms?
75 kg
The nutrients that provide energy are proteins, fats, and carbohydrates.
Which of the following foods is the most nutrient dense? broccoli The _____ Program enables
eligible low–income participants to use a special debit card to purchase food at authorized stores.
Supplemental Nutrition Assistance
Why does eating a diet that contains meat and milk products help prevent pellagra, a niacin–
deficiency disease?
Meat and milk foods contain tryptophan; the body can convert tryptophan to niacin.

Match the term with its definition:
Anecdote
Report of personal experience
Conventional wisdom
Tradition
Data
Information
Experiment
Systematic testing of hypothesis
Avoiding research bias in studies is important to the development of objective, reliable information
that can be used by the public. Check all of the situations that are likely to indicate research bias:
A drug

Yeast Lab Report
The students of Mr. Woodruff's 9th grade Pre–Ap Biology class performed a lab on how different
carbohydrates affect the cellular respiration of Saccharomyces cerevisiae or yeast. Yeast is an
eukaryotic and unicellular organism. It is eukaryotic because it contains a nucleus that is surrounded
by a membrane and its DNA is bound by proteins to form chromosomes
(Dictionary.com,Eukaryotic). Yeast is unicellular because it consists of only one cell. Yeast is
important to humans because it helps with the fermentation process and it helps scientists see how
human genetics work , because humans and yeast are both eukaryotic (Volk).In this experiment
yeast is used instead of other unicellular organisms because it is eukaryotic and can respire
aerobically ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Woodruff's Pre–Ap biology classes started at their lab station with a 250 ml beaker,test
tubes,glucose,sucrose,starch,lactose,test tube cleaning materials,yeast solution(yeast and water),and
pipettes. The students had to first put on a apron and goggles to protect themselves from the
solutions. They then went to their group's lab station to collect the beaker, a test tube, and a pipette.
The students at each group had to chose one person to go to the class lab station where the
Mr.Woodruff was and get him fill the beaker with 37o celsius water and test tube with one pipette of
yeast solution.The student then had to fill a different pipette that was at the class lab station with
glucose and add the glucose to the same test tube that holds the yeast solution,and then return to
their group table. Once the students that the water and glucose and yeast solution, and returned to
their group lab station they were to place the test tube with the solution into the water for ten
minutes. Once the ten minutes were up the students took a pipette of the glucose and yeast solution
and added it to a empty container with a neck. The students then immediately inserted the Labquest
CO2 sensor and measured the rate of respiration for 240 seconds.After the 240 seconds were over
the students took the CO2 sensor out of the container and cleaned out the container and test tube
with the test tube cleaning material. The students then saved there

Discuss The Role Of Enzymes In Chemical Digestion
the body. The liver also has an excretory role, as it removes the yellowish bile pigment formed by
the brake down of RBCs and puts them into the bile for elimination from the body. The hepatic
ducts drain the bile out of the liver and form the common bile duct that drains the bile into the
duodenum.
The gallbladder is a sac attached to the undersurface of the liver. It has a folded interior and
functions to concentrate and store the bile produced by the liver. When there is no chyme in the
duodenum the sphincter muscles within the duodenum remain closed and the bile back up the
common bile duct into the cystic duct that leads into the gallbladder. The gallbladder concentrates
the bile by re–absorbing water from the bile back into the blood. The bile contains the bile salts that
emulsify the fats in the chime. It also contains cholesterol tat can be eliminated from the body. The
cholecystokinin is a hormone secreted from the intestinal mucosa and is triggered by fat in the
chime. The CCK causes the gallbladder to contract and push the stored bile into the ducts leading to
duodenum.
20. Discuss the role of enzymes in chemical digestion. Page 517
Chemical digestion consists of numerous chemical reactions catalysed by enzymes in saliva, gastric
juice, pancreatic juice and intestinal juice. During chemical digestion the enzymes very selectively
speed up the breakdown of specific nutrient molecules. For example, the enzymes responsible for
speeding up the breakdown of fats,

Essay on Digestion of Cheetos
Digestion of Cheetos It's a typical day. After school you get home and you are starving, but you just
want a snack. "What should I eat?," you ask yourself. Then, after looking through the cabinets for a
few minutes, you find Cheetos and decide to eat a few. With just the presence of those Cheetos in
your sight, the digestion process begins in your 9 meter long digestive tract.
Crunch, Crunch, Crunch. As you munch on those first few Cheetos the digestion process begins in
your mouth. Here, mechanical digestion begins to reduce the size of the Cheeto and mixes the food
particles with saliva. The tongue helps mix and move the pieces of Cheeto throughout the mouth.
The salivary glands in the mouth also contribute to the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Now in the duodenum, accessory organs add their secretions to the chyme. First is the pancreas. It
adds pancreatic juice to the chyme, which contains many enzymes that digest carbohydrates, fats,
nucleic acids, and proteins. Pancreatic amylase begins to split the last of the fifteen grams of
carbohydrates into double sugars. The pancreatic lipase breaks down the ten grams of fat into fatty
acids and glycerol. There are three other protein–splitting enzymes called trypsin, chymotrypsin, and
carboxypeptidase.
These break the bonds between particular combinations of amino acids in proteins. The hormone,
secretin, controls the secretion of pancreatic juices. When CCK and secretin join together, they slow
down the activity of the stomach. The liver is another important accessory organ. It stores many
substances, glycogen, iron, and vitamins A, D, and B12. It also helps maintain the normal
concentration of blood glucose. The liver produces bile, which is important to digestion. The gall
bladder stores, strengthens, and secretes the bile. CCK stimulates the gall bladder to secrete bile.
Bile salts aid digestive enzymes. They break down fat globules into smaller droplets and enhance
absorption. The Cheetos, in the form of chyme, are now traveling through the small intestine. In the
small intestine, sucrase, maltase, and lactase split the double sugars into simple sugars, and

Experiment to Measure the Concentration of Two Sugars
Soda, candy, sweets are extremely tasty because of all the sugar they contain. However, not many
people know that there are different types of sugar, and one kind of food can have multiple kinds of
sugar. Our bodies actually process the types of sugar differently, and with my science project, I will
measure the concentration of two sugars; glucose, and sucrose, in different foods and how sucrose is
converted into glucose with an enzyme called invertase, just like it would in our bodies. This will
help figure out how the amount of glucose we digest fluctuates with the enzyme converting sucrose
into glucose. Sweet tasty foods are one of the hearts great desires. The main reason why they are
such a want is due to the sugar in them. The nutrition label often shows how much sugar are in these
foods, but the sugar you probably see the most of is sucrose, generally the white granules of sugar
used for backing delicious sweets like cupcakes and lollipops. For example, the nutrition label for a
20 fl oz. Dr. Pepper contains 64 g of sugar, and a total of 66g of carbohydrates. Even an original
cheesecake from the cheesecake factory contains about 27 grams or more of sugar, with the total
amount of carbs being 32 g. With there being several types of sugars, all of them technically being
carbohydrates– chemical compounds that only have carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and are mainly
made by plants. The second type of sugar commonly found in foods is Glucose. In the body, sucrose
is

Enzyme Lab
The purpose of this experiment is to determine how the change of pH, enzyme concentration, and
temperature affect the rate of enzyme reactions. In this experiment, three tests were performed. The
first related the effects of different concentrations of the enzyme sucrase on a constant amount of a
substrate. The second experiment was used to investigate the changes in enzyme productivity based
on the temperature at which the reaction was allowed to occur. The third experiment tests the effect
of how the pH of a substance affects the rate at which the enzyme catalyses sucrose. Enzymes are
biological catalysts that are protein molecules. As catalysts, they work to affect the rate of chemical
reactions. Catalysts do this without being changed by the reaction or changing the reaction itself.
Enzymes are substrate specific meaning they can only catalyze one specific substrate. In the
experiment at hand, the substrate, sucrose, is hydrolyzed with sucrase to produce glucose and
fructose. The enzyme forms a complex with the substrate meaning there is a one–to–one
relationship. Each reaction would occur without the enzyme acting upon it but the biological
catalyst lowers the activation energy making the reaction happen faster. In general enzyme reactions
the equation would be:
Enzyme + substrate ––> Enzyme + product The specific equation for this substrate and enzyme is:
Sucrose + water + sucrase ––––> glucose + fructose + sucrase
Procedure Enzyme stock was prepared by adding

Endergonic Reaction Research Paper
There are two main types of chemical reactions: endergonic and exergonic. In simple terms,
exergonic reactions are reactions that have a net release of energy, while endergonic reactions absorb
energy. To expand, an example of an exergonic process is catabolism, or the breaking down of
molecules. A catabolic reaction will break down a substance and release the energy that it held, like
during a hydrolysis reaction. Hydrolysis is the process of breaking down polymers by adding water
molecules. When the hydrogen atom from a water molecule attaches to one monomer and the
hydroxyl to the other, the polymer breaks and releases its energy. The opposite of catabolism is
anabolism, or the building up of molecules. Anabolism is an endergonic reaction because it requires
energy from another source to transpire, like a dehydration reaction. During dehydration, one
monomer will give up a hydrogen atom and another monomer will give up a hydroxyl group. This
will create a water molecule and effectively bond the two monomers together. There ... Show more
Energy is released from ATP via hydrolysis. ATP is hydrolyzed when the hydroxyl group of a water
molecule bonds to the phosphorous from one of the phosphoryl groups in the ATP. This bond causes
a transfer of electrons along the whole ATP molecule and ultimately causes one of the phosphoryl
groups to break away, releasing the ATP molecule's energy. This shows that ATP hydrolysis is an
exergonic reaction because energy is released which increases the net energy of the system. This
increase in energy will in turn be able to drive an endergonic reaction because of a process called
"coupling". Coupling is when energy released during an exergonic reaction is used to power an
endergonic reaction. Coupling is a necessity for endergonic reactions because endergonic reactions
are nonspontaneous, they cannot occur on their own without an external push; coupling is the
external push it

Digestion Reactions Lab Report
Gas Production in Relation to Combustion Reactions
Introduction
Chew, swallow, digest, and pass: these may not seem like anything other than simple functions, but
they are very important when it comes to the process of digestion, as well as, the environment. This
is because all of these actions relate to the subject of gas production. Reactions in which gasses are
formed take place in many aspects of the natural world. Whether it is within the atmosphere or
within the body. A gas that is a perfect example for both of these situations is CO2. In relation to
biological function, CO2 is produced by internal combustion reactions. Combustion reactions are,
simply put, the interaction of a carbon and hydrogen compound with oxygen gas that produces ...
In this case, digestion is left to bacteria living within the digestive tract (Health and Science Pipeline
Initiative, n.d.). An important example of this bacteria is Lactobacillus Acidophilus, commonly
referred to as L. acidophilus (Robertson, 2017). It is of the Gram–positive species and the
Lactobacillus genus (Hammes, n.d.). It can be located in large amounts in the small intestine, where
it assists in the fermentation of indigestible carbohydrates and the production of lactic acid
(Williams, n.d.). Another microbial bacteria that produces lactic acid is Bifidobacterium longum.
This bacteria is of the Bifidobacterium genus and the Gram–positive species (Dority, 2017). It is
most densely found in the large intestine. Without regulation of these bacteria, problems can arise,
such as difficulty properly digesting dairy (Williams, n.d.). This is why it is common to be
prescribed probiotic supplements after taking antibiotics, which can kill off this helpful bacteria
(Health and Science Pipeline Initiative, n.d.). Another bacteria, still important but found in less
quantity, is Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli. It is of the Escherichia species and the
Gram–negative species (UWLAX , n.d.). Its functionality in the human body is essential for the
absorption of vitamins in the large intestine such

Digestive Enzymes Convert Sucrose Into Glucose
I. Science Fair question How do digestive enzymes convert sucrose and lactose into glucose?
II. Background Research Do you enjoy eating smoothies packed full of berries and other tasty
fruits? This paper is going to discuss how digestive enzymes convert sucrose and lactose into
glucose. The following terms will be discussed: Sugar, Carbohydrates, Sucrose, and Glucose. Any of
a class of crystalline carbohydrates, such as sucrose, glucose, or lactose, that dissolves in water and
has the characteristic of sweet taste (The American Heritage Student Science Dictionary327). Sweet
tasting sugar goes throughout your blood (Horn). Sugar helps you think, and makes you act faster
(Horn). There are many types of sugar including sweet rigid, no flavor, loosing, and crystal sugar
(Horn). When a person eats more than they can handle in there intestine, this leads to abdominal
pain this happens when the extra food is brought to the large intestine (Horn). One of the many
muscles in your body runs on energy which is called the strenuous muscle, the sugar is used as
energy (Horn). Any of a large class of organic compound that contain only carbon, hydrogen, and
oxygen, usually with twice as many hydrogen atoms as carbon or ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
How Many Sugars Are in Your Smoothie?). The finish result that is known as a type of sugar syrup,
which is usually in use when baking (What is Invertase?). Invertase can be found in candies
containing a sugar that is liquefied sugar, similar to cherries (What is Invertase?). Insects like
honeybees are able to produce invertase but for sale only, that creates bigger amounts of the enzyme
that is cheaper during the time the yeast starts to grow in bigger amounts (What is Invertase?).
People who Bake called Bakers and companies may call inverted sugar syrup "invert syrup"
sometimes or even timeline (What Is

The Digestive System
The digestive system are one of the eight systems that keep the body functioning properly, the
function of the digestive system is to break down macro nutrients which are large and soluble into
small and soluble nutrients so that it can be absorbed into and used by the body. This process is
played out in the alimentary canal which is the whole passage along which food passes through the
body from mouth to anus during digestion.
Digestion of carbohydrates
The digestion of carbohydrates starts in the mouth as the carbohydrate enters (the carbohydrate that
needs to be broken down) it is a saccharide which is more than sugar molecule that is bonded
together so when salivary amylase carbohydrates Digestion
The small intestine is where digestion of carbohydrates (starch) starts to act. The brush border of the
small intestine releases dextrinase and glucoamylase, both of which slowly break down
polysaccharides, chains of saccharide polymers, into oligosaccharides. Pancreatic amylase works to
further break down oligosaccharides, which are chains of monosaccharides containing more than
two saccharides. Finally, oligosaccharides are broken down into disaccharides, or two
monosaccharides, then further into monosaccharides, the simplest form of a carbohydrate. Maltase,
another enzyme, breaks down maltose into glucose.
Fat/Lipids digestion
Your liver produces bile acids from cholesterol and other chemicals. These substances

Yeast Respiration Lab Report

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