Atomic Of The Atomic Force

Atomic Of The Atomic Force
Atomic force: Atomic force is spotless, protected, solid, smaller, aggressive and basically boundless.
Today more than 400 atomic reactors give base–load electric force in 30 nations. Fifty years of age,
it is a generally develop innovation with the certification of awesome change in the people to come.
(Many atomic reactors outfit dependable and adaptable shipboard force: military boats obviously.
Be that as it may, the innovation is versatile to non military personnel sea transport.) Clean: Atomic
vitality delivers no carbon dioxide, and no sulfur dioxide or nitrogen oxides at all. These gasses are
created in inconceivable amounts when fossil energizes are smoldered. Atomic waste: One gram of
uranium yields about as much ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Atomic waste is to be saved in profound geographical stockpiling locales; it doesn 't enter the
biosphere. Its effect on the environments is insignificant. Atomic waste suddenly rots after some
time while stable synthetic waste, for example, arsenic or mercury, keeps going forever. Most fossil
fuel waste is as gas that goes up the smokestack. We don 't see it, however it is not without impact,
creating a worldwide temperature alteration, corrosive downpour, exhaust cloud and other air
contamination. Safe: Atomic force is protected, as demonstrated by the record of a large portion of a
century of business operation, with the aggregated experience of more than 12,000 reactor–years.
There have been just two genuine mischances in the business abuse of atomic force: Three Mile
Island in 1979 (in Pennsylvania, USA) and Chernobyl in 1986 (in the Soviet Union, now in
Ukraine). TMI was the most exceedingly bad mischance one can envision in a western force reactor.
The center of the reactor liquefied down and a lot of it tumbled to the base of the reactor vessel. The
radioactivity discharged was completely limited to the strengthened solid control structure, the
water/air proof storehouse like building which houses the reactor – it was intended for that reason.
The little measure of radioactivity which got away was entirely harmless. Thus, nobody at TMI was
genuinely lighted nor did anybody kick the bucket. Actually, Three Mile Island was a genuine
example of
... Get more on HelpWriting.net ...

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Facility 's Reactor No
On April 26, 1986, an alarm sounded during a routine test in the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Facility's
Reactor No. 4. Within a year, several thousand people were dead due to nuclear fallout. Five
thousand miles away in the heartland of the United States, high radiation levels decimated crop
production. Infant mortality rates and birth deformities skyrocketed across the globe. Today, having
just passed the 28th anniversary of this infamous disaster, we still feel the impact created by the
worst nuclear incident in world history. Just what happened on that fateful spring day which resulted
in over 500,000 deaths in the last decade? Was it allowing the construction of poorly designed
reactors that those in high positions turned a blind eye to? Was it employing people to high positions
with little to no knowledge on how to actually run a nuclear power plant as advanced as Chernobyl?
Was it the gross incompetence in Soviet era government concerning nuclear power? In a terrifying
twist of fate, it was all three that lead to the worst nuclear disaster in history.
Construction of Chernobyl began in 1970, alongside the city of Pripyat, which housed the large
majority of the plant's workers. Chernobyl was the first nuclear power plant built in Ukraine and the
third built under the Soviet Union. Originally called the V.I. Lenin Nuclear Power Station, it
powered 10% of Ukraine with four 1,000 megawatt reactors. Reactors No. 1 and No. 2 were both
generation 1 RBMK–1000s, the first

How Do Nuclear Reactors Work
Atoms are the particle that that make up all objects, within an atom there exists a large quantity of
energy which holds them together. The alternative energy source of nuclear energy can be used to
generate electricity. The energy is released during nuclear fission or fusion of atoms, so the energy
comes from the nucleus, or core, of an atom. In nuclear fission the atoms separate and release
energy. The information source NEI, How Nuclear Reactors Work; 'the heat made by the decaying
of the radioactive source, such as uranium–238. Nuclear reactors work using uranium fuel, made of
solid ceramic pellets that are packed into logs (uranium must be mined from an ore and turned into
ceramic fuel pellets ) in vertical tubes to produce electricity ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The costs ment for containment and construction are expensive. Nuclear power plants create
radioactive waste that could end up being used to produce nuclear weapons. The high level waste is
the used nuclear fuel left behind after being used in a reactor, creating th heat for electricity; it takes
30 grams of used fuel each year to create enough electricity fpr one person. The low level waste is
made up of the slightly contaminated items such as work clothes or tools from the power plant. The
items that are intermediate–level waste include components from the reactor, including filters and
steel components, which are disposed of. Most reactors will have its fuel removed underwater and
moved to a storage pool, then after five years it is transferred into dry vented concrete containers,
although it may remain in the pool for fifty years. They can be threatened as well; nuclear power
plants could also become targeted by terrorist attacks, which could have quite fatal consequences.
The waste is extremely dangerous and needs to be carefully watched over for a few years before
being

The Power Of A Nuclear Reactor
There are many ways to create power. Many of the modern power production systems are very
costly to run. Some create power in ways that pollute the earth, and others use renewable resources.
With new and upcoming ways to create power, prices for power are dropping. Nuclear Energy is a
rising way to create large amounts of efficient power.
A long process goes into creating Nuclear energy. Uranium is the product, found in most rocks, that
powers the nuclear reactors. The uranium then goes through a process known as nuclear fission. "As
uranium breaks down or decays, it produces heat inside the earth's crust. A similar process generates
heat inside a nuclear reactor" (Emirates, par. 5). The uranium then goes through a process called
nuclear fission. "Nuclear fission is the process of splitting a nucleus in two. Inside the uranium fuel
pellets, there are millions of uranium nuclei" (Emirates, par.6). Many people believe that uranium is
the only way power is made in a nuclear reactor. But there are many forms of power that come out
of nuclear fission. The nuclear fusion then heats water to a boiling point to create steam. "The steam
in turn, spins large turbine blades that drive electrical generators" (Nuclear, par. 11). During that
whole process, multiple ways of creating power are output. A great output would be the production
of hydrogen. Hydrogen is a good source of power for various reasons. "Although hydrogen is
abundant in the universe, it must be produced from

The Nuclear Reactors At Chernobyl
Abstract–The disaster at Chernobyl in 1986 is one that should not be forgotten due to its heavy
impacts on society not just locally, but also globally. The incident serves as a perfect example of the
importance of engineers and the government acting ethically. From the start, the engineers designing
the nuclear reactors at Chernobyl failed to act with integrity by not concerning themselves with the
health or welfare of the local community. Their lack of safety systems that were common place in
other reactors across the world inevitably caused the death of thousands of people in the former
USSR. Additionally, certain design errors committed by the engineers left the reactor unstable
during simple, frequent tests and experiments. The USSR ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
All these mistakes eventually led to the unnecessary loss of civilian lives in the local area in addition
to massive amounts of radiation being released into the environment and atmosphere.
I. INTRODUCTION
Engineering ethical disasters occur when engineers overlook the guidelines given to them and make
mistakes. Engineers are the people who design everything from cars to the space shuttles, and
failures can not only take lives, but also have huge political and economic impacts lasting decades.
An example of this is the Chernobyl disaster. This happened because of mistakes that could have
been avoided if the engineers had acted ethically. Chernobyl had a terrible impact on the
surrounding area and created deep–seeded fear in both people that were affected and people that
watched from afar. Chernobyl is considered an ethical disaster because of the deceptiveness of the
USSR government, the engineer's inability to keep the public's safety as a number one priority, and
because some of the engineers were acting outside of their areas of expertise.
II. OVERVIEW
The Chernobyl disaster occurred on April 26th, 1986 in the southwestern Soviet Union in modern
day Ukraine. Chernobyl was a town that the USSR chose as a site to build a nuclear power plant
containing four operating RBMK reactors. These particular Soviet–designed reactors were "natural–
uranium fueled, water–cooled, and graphite–moderated [1]." Engineers at

A Case Of Hanford Nuclear Reservation Site
Radioactive Contamination
Of
Soil and Groundwater
Due to Storage of Nuclear Waste
A case of Hanford Nuclear Reservation site
Name Student no
Jaysheel Pandya 1001025972
Contents
Introduction 3
Contaminants on and around the site 4
Soil and Groundwater Contamination 5
Sources of Contamination 5
Physical and Hydrogeological conditions of the site and waste transport pathways 6
Interaction of contaminants in groundwater 9
Uranium 9
Chromium 10
Strontium 10
Remediation Strategies for Soil and Groundwater 11
Reducing recharge 12
Source Removal 12
Waste Treatment and Waste Immobilization 12
Soil Vapour Extraction 12
Calcium–phosphate Barrier 13
Pump–And–Treat 13
Phytoremediation 13
References 14
Table of ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The site was divided into several facilities carrying out various activities to develop weapons and
store and dispose of nuclear waste. Within the first two years MEDACE had built a nuclear reactor,
underground waste storage tanks and a nuclear fabrication facility. All the facilities were in
operation to develop plutonium fuels for military defense (Gephart and Lundgren 1998).
The site was in operation for 44 years and was decommissioned in 1987 (Wald, 1998). During this

period, approximately 110,000 tons of nuclear fuel were processed at Hanford Site (Wald, 1998;
Gephart and Lundgren 1998). It produced 73 tons of nuclear weapons and reactor fuel–grade
plutonium during the time of its operations (Gephart and Lundgren 1998). The production of nuclear
weapons and nuclear fuels generated huge quantities of highly radioactive waste which was stored
in underground storage tanks.
Most liquids from single–shell tanks have been pumped to the newer double shelled tank over the
years, to remove the remaining 9000 cubic meter of drainable liquid (Hanlon 2003). Salt cake and
thick waste sludge was left behind in the tank. No double shell tank has leakages till date, even
though the design life of oldest ones has been reached (Hanlon 2003).
However majority of single shelled tank exhibited some kind of leakages ultimately contaminating
the site. The U.S Department of Energy (DOE) currently manages the site and is responsible for
cleaning

Pros And Cons Of Medical Technology
After careful consideration given to the pros and cons of technology, I have arrived at the conclusion
that advanced technology is, indeed, far greater than the absence of the technology we have
acquired, and which we will continue to acquire. Medical technology, for example, for what brings
to mind is the Da Vinci Robotic Surgeon, which can perform very delicate procedures such as brain
surgery. It is designed to facilitate complex surgery using a minimally invasive approach, and is
controlled by a surgeon from a console. The system is commonly used for Prostatectomies, and
increasingly for Cardiac Valve Repair and Gynecologic surgical procedures. According to the
manufacturer, the American company Intuitive Surgical. "the Da Vinci System is called "Da Vinci"
in part because Leonardo Da Vinci's, study of human anatomy eventually led to the design of the
first known automaton in history." Additionally, through robotics, many surgical procedures are now
performed using lasers. Before this technology, patients were subjected to large surgical incisions,
leaving enormous scars. Now, however, the laser surgeries are successfully performed and they have
even cut patients' hospital stays shorter or even on an outpatient basis. Additionally, advanced
prosthetic limbs can give an amputee almost the same range of movement as human arms, legs and
other various body parts. The Tmsuk Enryu "T–52 Manriquez 2 援竜, Des. Rescue Dragon" is a
Japanese invention that is a Hydraulically

Differences Between Love Canal And Chernobyl
Love Canal and Chernobyl are two different environmental disasters that share many similarities,
yet have their differences too. Love canal is located in Niagara Falls, New York and is the site of a
seventy–acre landfill. This landfill caused a major environmental pollution disaster that affected
hundreds of people. Toxic waste began to invade homes, backyards, and playgrounds. Two hundred
and forty–eight different chemicals were found buried beneath this community. Eight–hundred
families had to relocate. (Softschools.com). Chernobyl is located in Ukraine, this natural disaster
was the explosion of reactor number four, and occurred while under maintenance check. This
explosion let out two–hundred times the amount of radiation than Hiroshima and Nagasaki. Seven
Million people were affected, and three–hundred and fifty thousand people were forced out of their
homes and relocated. This explosion damaged sixty–three thousand square miles of land
(friendsofchernobyl.org). It is important to realize although differences are present, both Love Canal
and Chernobyl had similar effects on humans and the land. Many people suffered from these
disasters, and had to change their lifestyles because of the effects done to the land.
Chernobyl and Love Canal both had many negative effects on humans and the land near these
places. The land in both events was impacted drastically. Neither places could grow food that could
be consumed anymore. In Chernobyl people who harvested food were

Lab Report
Department of Chemical Engineering
CHME 426 –Chemical Engineering Laboratory III
Title Page (Full Report)
Title of the Experiment: Reaction through three CSTR in series
Submitted by: Group (4) Section: Female
1. Name: Amina Ali ID: 200550284
2. Name: Duaa Tabarak ID: 200553858
3. Name: Mariam Rustom ID: 200552242
Date of experiment: 31st March, 2010
Date of submission: 11th April, 2010
Grades:
Report presentation................................................ /15
Abstract and Objective(s)........................................../10
Introduction and Theory ........................................../10
Raw data.............................................................../05
Data Processing and calculations................................./20
Results and Discussion ............................................./25
Conclusions and Recommendations............................. /10
References ........................................................... ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
[1]
In this experiment the reaction studied is
can be considered equimolar and first order with respect to both sodium hydroxide and ethyl acetate,
i.e., second order overall, within the limits of concentration (0–0.1M) and temperature (20–40°C)
studied.
The reaction carried out in a continuous stirred tank reactor or tubular reactor eventually reaches
steady state when a certain amount of conversion of the starting reagents has taken place. The
steady–state conditions will vary depending on concentration of reagents, flow rate, volume of
reactor, and temperature of reaction. The above reaction can be studies using three CSTR in series

and extent of conversion can be calculated at each reactor exit by measuring the conductivity of
leaving stream. The final conversion at the exit of third reactor can be compared with the
corresponding conversion of one reactor equal to sum of three reactor volumes connected in series.
[2]
* Design equation for CSTR (1)
Equation (1) is can be used to investigate performance of CSTR for the given reaction. Also rate of
reaction for reactors connected in series can be calculated. Putting the corresponding rate expression
in equation (1) expression for conversion can be found and then

Nuclear Power And The Chernobyl Disaster
The Chernobyl Disaster was not meant to happen at all, what was supposed to happen was an
experiment to see if the reactor's own electrical needs could be supplied by a freewheeling turbine in
the event of a power outage, but the experiment did not go as it was planned. This experiment gone
wrong caused so much radiation sickness to the people, which lead to death by sickness, or death by
cancer. The people who lived ended up having children with many mutations and disabilities. The
Soviet Union wanted to hide the fact this never happened, so they released false information about
the disaster to the public not realizing the many after effects this would have on the world, the
people and the environment. Nuclear power plants may create a ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The first part of the five basic parts to a nuclear reactor starts with the core which holds the Uranium
fuel. As there are many different types of reactors each core holds a different type of Uranium. For
some examples, a heavy water reactor uses natural Uranium, which 0.7% is Uranium–235, while
light water reactors use Uranium that has been enriched, so that Uranium–235 makes up around 3–
5% of the total. The next part of the reactor is the moderator, now the moderator is a light material
such as water. The water will allow the neutrons to be slowed down without being captured. The
benefit of slowing down these fast neutrons during fission is it can increase their efficiency by
causing further fission. Control Rods are made up of materials that can absorb neutrons, such as
silver, boron, indium, hafnium, or cadmium. These are introduced into the reactor to reduce the
number of neutrons and thus stop the fission process when required to stop. Another use of the rods
is to control the level and distribution of power in the reactor. Next part of the reactor is the coolant.
The coolant is the fluid that circulates through the reactor core. This absorbs and transfers heat that
is produced by nuclear fission. Also at the same time, it maintains the temperature of the fuel within
the acceptable limits. The final part the nuclear reactor is the

Nuclear Fusion And Fission Reactors
Nuclear Fusion/Fission Reactors
Nuclear Fusion is:
A heavier atom is formed when two light atomic nuclei's (e.g. hydrogen–1 & hydrogen–2 )are fused
together which only happens when a substantial blow of energy is released and then a larger and
heavier nuclei is created( e.g. helium–3.) E.g. when sun and stars release energy. It can't be
controlled as the amount of power required to generate and maintain fusion is more than the reaction
can generate itself.
Nuclear Fission is:
Nuclear fission is the splitting of large nuclei into smaller ones. An atom called Uranium–235
absorbs a neutron and fissions into two atoms, releasing some binding energy and three new
neutrons. One of those neutrons does not continue the reaction and is instead

Breeder Reactors: Clean and Plentiful Energy...Forever Essay
Nuclear power is one of the most controversial topics of our time. In a time where people are
looking more towards greener energy and towards a more plentiful supply of it, the nuclear breeder
reactor comes to shine. A Nuclear Breeder Reactor works on the principal of taking waste from a
normal reactor, and using it to make more energy. In such a reactor, what occurs is "Neutrons flying
around in these reactors not only induce uranium–235 to split and release energy, but also convert
non–fissile uranium–238 into fissile plutonium–239" (Webb). In most reactors, this dangerous,
bomb–grade material would be thrown away. This waste is highly radioactive, and can remain so for
many millennia. But instead, it can make even greater amounts of ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The price is about as equivalent to that of most other power plants, but those plants do not require
the risk of the radioactivity of the nuclear plants. The nuclear plants require much cost for the safety
of the facility, safety precautions that don't need to be taken when dealing with a coal plant, fossil
fuel, and other electricity producing plants. While many of these may be true, the costs are quickly
paid for, and can be paid for even more quickly if the extent of the subject be studied and updated.
Between 1995 and 2008, Nuclear power production costs have remained at the same level, while
other power plants production costs have gone up. Nuclear power plants can produce a lot more
electric per unit of fuel than other methods. This electricity can be sold cheap because it is plentiful
and the upkeep is less. Nuclear plants do not need constant upkeep as do other methods. There, a
cost is cut, putting more money back in a person's pocket. Much of the costs paid for are the
continued cost of safety concerns, as these reactors must be continuously watched in case of any
dangerous leakages. When nuclear plants and breeder reactors fail, they can have very dangerous
consequences. Who knows if a slight mistake like Chernobyl will happen? Chernobyl caused many
people to absorb dangerous amounts of radiation. Also, events like Three Mile Island occur, when
there are uncontrollable mechanical pieces that fail and ending up in a

Nuclear Future : An Integral Part Of Human Society Essay
A Nuclear Future?
Energy is an integral part of human society. From our basic needs of food and shelter to transport
and industry, if we are to survive and prosper as a species our energy needs will need to continue to
be met. At present the majority of the world's energy needs are being met by fossil fuels such as oil
and coal (Asif& Muneer, 2005). Demand for energy is forecast to rise by 57% by 2025 (Asif&
Muneer, 2005) while at the same time fuel reserves are becoming depleted. As well as reserves not
being able to satisfy demand, the continual burning of oil and coal is having a major effect on the
climate, contributing to global warming as well as a degrading of the environment in general. This is
particularly evident in the third world where rampant population growth coupled with a desire for
improved standards of living and a move to western life styles means a rapid increase in demand for
energy. In shot we need an alternative to oil and coal. There are two main candidates, renewable
energy and nuclear power. Nuclear power has the potential to supply the world with clean and cheap
energy but there are a number of draw backs to using this source of energy. These include concerns
over safety, proliferation, cost and dealing with waste (Asif & Muneer, 2005).
The objective of this essay is to look at the drawbacks of the current nuclear reactor designs and

Nuclear Atomic Nuclear Reactor Was Brought Online
On December 2nd, 1942, the Chicago Pile–1 nuclear reactor was brought online. It was the world's
first, and the beginning of a movement that would come to shape the world's energy resources for
decades to come. Since that day, nuclear power has peaked at ten percent of the world's total energy
resources in 2011 (International Energy Agency), and has fueled not only power grids across the
globe, but a heated debate about the viability, environmental impact, and ethical concerns of using
nuclear fission and radioactive chemical reactions as a public energy source. The most widespread
arguments against its use all revolve around a trio of disastrous reactor failures spanning the last
three decades: the meltdown on Three Mile Island, the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Barely a year later, on March 28, 1979, the second of the station's pair of reactors had been shut
down for refueling and routine maintenance, during which an attempt to clear a blockage resulting
in a clogged instrument line which would lead to a shutdown of several different water and coolant
pumps later in the evening. With the steam generators no longer receiving water, the heat and caused
the reactor to perform an emergency shutdown. Within eight seconds, control rods were inserted into
the core to halt the nuclear chain reaction. Because steam was no longer being fed into the turbine,
however, heat was no longer being removed from the reactor. When the water pumps had stopped,
three auxiliary pumps activated automatically. Their valves had been closed for routine
maintenance, however, leaving them unable to pump any water. Closing all three valves at once was
a violation of Nuclear Regulatory Commission policy, and one of the primary causes of the reactor's
partial meltdown (Mahaffey 329). When the auxiliary pumps failed to come online, a relief valve
should have opened as a tertiary safety mechanism to release heat and pressure. It was prevented
from doing do due to a mechanical fault, but poorly designed instrumentation made this difficult for
operators to discover. As a result of improper training and complex instrumentation, it took several
hours and a new shift of workers before

Nuclear Energy: The Cold War And The Chernobyl Disaster
When you hear the word "nuclear", what do you think of? Does the thought scare you, intrigue you,
or have no effect at all? Nuclear energy has been a part of our lives for many years. Some events
that included nuclear power included the Cold War and the Chernobyl disaster. These events have
changed how people view nuclear energy. Nuclear power is used all around the world to create
efficient energy, but it can also be used to create weapons and destructive material. Nuclear power
has proven to be clean, efficient and cost effect; the Chernobyl disaster revealed to the world why
we needed to change training, safety procedure, and the structure of the plant itself.
Individuals throughout the world have heard of nuclear energy–people may be using ... Show more
content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Three Mile Island accident happened on March 28th, 1979 near Middletown, Pennsylvania
(Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013). Ignorant workers, defects in the design of the
plant, and disastrous equipment were major components in the Three Mile Island disaster. Basically,
a valve erupted from too much pressure; this released just under 1,000,000 gallons of polluted water
into the basement of the plant. Only a small amount of radiation was leaked into the atmosphere, but
it was enough to scare people for years to come (Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013).
Only fractions of a millirem were found 50 miles away from the accident. A rem is a large dose of
radiation; a millirem is a thousandth of a rem (Edelson, 1986). This shows that there was not much
radiation that leaked into the atmosphere, unlike Chernobyl. In Sweden, they discovered numerous
millirems of radiation, which puts into perspective how big the Chernobyl disaster was. After the
Three Mile Island Accident, there were major changes including safety and defense–in–depth
improvements (Vijayan, Kamble, Nayak, Vaze, and Sinha 2013). The United States put forth major
changes in safety and technology for their nuclear power plants after the Three Mile Island accident,
but the Soviet Union did not believe this would happen in their plants. They believed they had no
flaws in their system and didn't want to add stronger safety features to their nuclear power plants to
protect them from

The Disaster Of Nuclear Reactors
An earthquake centered 130 km off shore of the city of Sendai in Miyagi caused 11 nuclear reactors
that were operating at 4 different nuclear plants to shut down on March 11, 2011(Fukushima
Accident, 2015). The earthquake had a magnitude of 9.0, which is classified as one of the worst
earthquakes/ greatest earthquakes on the earthquake scale, the tsunami following the earthquake was
about 560 sq km resulting in over 19,000 human deaths. The earthquake and tsunami caused the
following nuclear units to shut down, Tokyo Electric Power Company 's (Tepco) Fukushima Daiichi
1, 2, 3, and Fukushima Daini 1, 2, 3, 4, Tohoku 's Onagawa 1, 2, 3, and Japco 's Tokai, total 9377
MWe net (ibid).
Nuclear plants create energy through radioactive substances that help the creation of energy.
Substances can become radioactive because the nucleus of each atom is unstable and can decay
giving off nuclear radiation in the form of alpha particles, beta particles or gamma rays (What is
Radioactivity, n.d.). Most power reactors use water as a coolant, in light–water reactors, the core is
surrounded by the coolant under pressure. The nuclear fuel contains uranium that contains 2 to 4
percent uranium–235. For fuel rods the uranium is changed to uranium dioxide (Nuclear Energy,
n.d.). Heat is created by the uranium–235 atoms splitting which is called fission then steam is made
which spins a turbine to drive a generator and produces electricity, this is a nuclear reaction.
Fukushima are boiling–water

Replacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for...
Replacement of Fossil Fuels with Nuclear Energy for Electricity
ABSTRACT
Our nation is on the brink of an energy crisis and alternative means to produce electricity must be
found. Fossil fuel resources are declining sharply and nuclear energy is the leading form of
replacement. Our research shows that the advantages to this new energy source are extraordinary
and that there are many ways to minimize its negative aspects. Due to the overwhelming
advantages, we have concluded that nuclear energy is indeed the best solution to the nation's energy
crisis and with more advanced research and technology any future problems can be solved.
INTRODUCTION
The effects on the United States would be enormous if nuclear energy was to ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
However, it seems
Nuclear Energy for Electricity 3 that with increased research and experimentation the downsides of
nuclear energy could be minimized to such an extent that in the future all electricity could be
produced though nuclear turbines.
RESULTS/DISCUSSION
There are many advantages associated with the usage of nuclear energy for electricity. While nuclear
energy may seem like an expensive replacement for fossil fuels, in the long run it will cost no more
than coal. Though the construction of nuclear power plants is far more expensive and time
consuming than that of coal burning plants, the cost of actually running nuclear plants is far less. In
the following years the total budget will even out to equal that of coal plants. The construction costs
of nuclear plants comes out to be approximately two to six billion dollars (Nuclear energy in the
United States, 2003) but according to studies by NEI the average production costs of nuclear energy
have been decreasing in the past decade. In 1987 the price was at 3.63 cents per kilowatt–hour but
by 2004 the cost had come down to 1.68 cents per kilowatt–hour (Nuclear energy and the
environment, February 2005). This low price is not subject to fluctuations as it is not dependent
upon foreign politics.
While both coal and nuclear energy cost about the same in the long run, nuclear energy is devoid of
the

The Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor
The Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) is the latest evolution of GE Hitachi
Nuclear Energy 's proven advanced Boiling Water Reactor (BWR) technology. This simplified
design provides better safety and plant security, a broad seismic design envelope, greater economy,
and operational flexibility. The ESBWR is the safest current nuclear plant design, exceeding U.S.
safety standards 100–fold and produces nearly zero greenhouse gas emissions.
ESBWR Emergency Core Cooling System
Royce Wang
APS–401–OL011
20SEP2014
ESBWR is an abbreviation for economic simplified boiling water reactor, and is a new passive safe
boiling water reactor. Unlike the previous simplified boiling water reactor (SBWR), ESBWR is
dependent of both natural circulation at operating pressure of 7.2 MPa and proven passive systems
in order for it to improve performance, economics and safety. In addition, ESBWR's emergency core
cooling system as well as containment cooling systems does not rely on an active pump injector for
driving the cooling flow, but on pressure differences (Beard, 2006). However, this system is made
up of four other subsystems. They include: the Gravity–Driven Cooling System (GDCS), Isolation
Condenser System (ICS), the Standby Liquid Control System (SLCS), and the Automatic
Depressurization System (ADS).
Emergency core cooling system of the ESBWR is comprised of the GDCS and the ADS. GDCS is
responsible for providing emergency core cooling immediately after

The French Nuclear Power Program
Nuclear Energy Nuclear energy provides France with most of its energy needs, about 80%. This type
of energy also emits almost no greenhouse gases, which is great for the Earth. France with this type
of energy meets its demand and even sells some energy for a profit in neighboring countries. Many
mistakes have been made in the production of energy using nuclear power plants, but if done right it
may be our future. Nuclear energy can be produced safely as shown in France in their "French
Nuclear Power program" (https//www.nuclearinfo.net). This program was launched in 1975 after the
oil crisis struck. Nuclear reactors are very complicated and can be dangerous unless they are safely
managed. The atom undergoes fission and it splits into smaller particles and releases energy. The
incredible part is that about 1 gram of Uranium produces as much energy as 3 tonnes coal which is
3000 kilograms. With nuclear energy we would be wasting 3 million times less material compared
to the other types of energy sources like coal and other types of fossil fuels. This decreases the
amount of waste produced from manufacturing energy. There are different types of nuclear reactors
and some of the common ones are Pressurized Water Reactor, Boiling Water Reactor, High
Temperature Gas Cooled Reactor, and Heavy Water Reactor. All of these types of reactors are all
around world. The power plants have factors such as control, safety, refueling, waste production and
efficiency. To have control

Nuclear Reactor Outline
What is a Nuclear Reactor?
A nuclear reactor is a device that maintains the chain reaction of nuclear fission.
A nuclear reactor's main purpose is to generate heat that can be converted electricity for cities to use.
A nuclear reactor converts heat to electricity in a nuclear power plant.
How do Nuclear reactors work?
Nuclear reactors generate heat by maintaining the chain reaction of nuclear fission.
Nuclear fission in produced by 'Fissioning' the only nuclear fuel at the moment is Uranium–235.
The heat created by the fission from the energy released in the reaction is used to heat coolant that
turns water to steam that turns steam turbines to generate the electricity.
What is the nuclear fuel?
Uranium–235 is the only nuclear fuel currently in use
Uranium ore is quite ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
– The fuel rods, that house the Uranium oxide pellets and are normally 12 feet long
– The Reactor assembly, that houses about 200 fuel rods and control rods.
The Moderator is used to slow down the fast neutrons being released in the fission reaction. The
fission of Uranium–235 can only be achieved by slow moving neutrons but after the reaction it
releases 3 fast neutrons. So the moderator slows down the neutrons so that they can start another
fission reaction and continue the chain reaction.
The control rods are used to control the reaction, since 3 neutrons are released with each reaction
from 1 initial neutron the reaction would very quickly increase causing a meltdown if the neutrons
aren't controlled. The control rods are inserted automatically by computers to modulate the heat of
the reactor core. The rods are made of neutron absorbing materials such as graphite, cadmium,
hafnium or boron. They have enough control rods in the core so that an out of control reaction can
be stopped by inserting all the control rods into the

Advantages And Disadvantages Of Pebble Bed Reactor
1 Introduction One of the major challenges of the reintroduction of nuclear energy into the world
energy mix is the development of a nuclear power plant that is competitive with other energy
alternatives, such as natural gas, oil or coal. The environmental imperative of nuclear energy is
obvious. This report aims to provide an overview of the advantages and disadvantages of the
pebble–bed reactor. The pebble–bed reactor (PBR) is a graphite–moderated, gas–cooled nuclear
reactor. It is a type of very–high temperature reactor, one of the six classes of nuclear reactors in the
Generation IV initiative.
2 Design of a PBR The basic design of pebble–bed reactors features spherical fuel elements called
pebbles. These contain a large amount of micro–fuel ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The first is the very low power density of the reactor, which means that the amount of energy and
heat produced is volumetrically low and that there are natural mechanisms such as conductive and
radiative heat transfer that will remove the heat, even if no convective core cooling is provided. For
example, in a modular high temperature gas reactor, safety is ensured against the worst case accident
(loss of coolant with all rods out), by limiting the power density to approximately 6 MW/m3 and the
overall core size (resulting in an overall thermal power of 200 MW). Based on these design
parameters, the highest temperature the fuel would achieve is approximately 1600_ C, whereas it
takes temperatures of approximately 2000_ C in order for a pebble to break down. The second
principle is that the silicon carbide, which forms the tiny containment for each of the fuel particles in
a pebble, needs to be of sufficient quality so that it can retain the fission products. In tests performed
to date on fuel reliability, it has been shown that microspheres can be routinely manufactured with
initial defects of less than 1 in 10,000. In safety analyses, it is assumed therefore that 1 in 10,000 of
these microspheres has a defect that would be release the _fission products into the

The Lifetime Of A Nuclear Power Plant Essay
The lifetime of a nuclear power plant is planned to be 40 years. Recently there are trails to raise this
life in new constructions as well as the old ones to 60 years (1–4). During this prolonged lifetime
components are exposed to degradation that may affect safe operation of the plant. Such influences
affect pressure retaining items of the plant including reactor pressure vessel, reactor piping, bolting
and threaded fasteners, steam generator materials and several other items (5). The Reactor Pressure
Vessel (RPV) is the most critical component in the LWR pressure boundary. It is the only
component in this boundary whose failure is considered to be of such low probability that it is
considered essentially incredible. NRC regulations require that RPV steels maintain conservative
margin for fracture toughness so that flaws do not threaten the integrity of a RPV during either
normal operation and maintenance cycles or under accident transients such as Pressurized Thermal
Shock (PTS) (6). The major technical issues regarding aging of RPV include: high fluences, for long
times that may lead to high emrittlement creating large uncertainties for emrittlement predictions
(7). Increasing nickel content in the RPV steel, all other factors being equal, causes increasing
emrittlement (7). The degradation mechanisms that may affect RPV include Irradiation
embrittlement, Thermal ageing, Temper embrittlement, Fatigue and Corrosion (8). Concerning
nuclear piping the main degradation

Thorium, Fuel Of The Future?
Thorium, fuel of the Future? By: The Atomic Waffles
Throughout history, the availability of a reliable, safe, and efficient source of energy has dictated
what humans can and cannot achieve. The use of Thorium as a next generation fuel gives us the
opportunity to become a wealthier and a more environmentally conscious species. Thorium also
presents us with the ability to do away with virtually every other form of energy production. In a
world that is completely dependent on energy, the reliability of the resource is of the utmost
importance. But perhaps even more important than that is it's safety. This is why we chose to model
how the reactor handles catastrophes that could possibly put the reaction in turmoil such as
earthquakes and ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Thorium, is much more safe for a multitude of reasons one of the most important being its frozen
drain. Because we obviously did not have the resources to build a thorium reactor we decided to
demonstrate one of its strongest attributes, the frozen drain safety feature.
This core of the drain is kept cold throughout the reaction of thorium separating the reaction above
and the safety chamber below. This is shown incredibly useful in natural disasters where the energy
to the reactor can not be supplied so instead of there being a Fukushima like meltdown the thorium,
fluoride salt mixture is drained into a chamber where it can be properly disposed of when energy is
restored. Thorium is also incapable of sustaining a nuclear reaction on its own unlike uranium and
plutonium which get out of hand all on their own. This safety mechanism goes beyond keeping the
area and ecosystem around it safe. This simple frozen salt drain plug can help save massive amounts
of money and animal life too. A perfect demonstration of what can be avoided with the use of
LFTRs is the Fukushima meltdown. In march of 2011 a nuclear power plant in Fukushima, Japan,
was damaged by a tsunami causing massive radiation leaks spanning over 800 square kilometers.
This lead to the relocation of roughly 160,000 people and made over 500 billion dollars worth of
land and city being rendered useless. An even more irreversible

Advantages And Disadvantages Of A Fluidized Bed Reactor
Applying a coating to small particles can be done in a fluidized bed reactor [1]. The advantages and
disadvantages of fluidized bed reactors are given by Kunii and Levenspiel [1] with themain
advantages being:
Easily controlled operating due to liquid like behavior of particles.
High mass and heat transfer between gas phase and particles.
Fast mixing, which leads to resistance against rapid changes, making the process safer.
Coating of particles can be done on two different scales. On the nanoscale it can be done by Atomic
Layer
Deposition (ALD), applying mono atomic layers of coating to the particles, and on a larger scale by
Molecular
Layer Deposition (MLD), where thicker layers of coating are applied per cycle. ALD uses
sequential, ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Research on capillary bridges has been done in the past, but was mainly focussed on the stationary
situation, instead of the dynamics of the formation. Expressions for the different forces have been
derived for different cases: between two spheres of equal radius [6], between spheres of unequal
radius [4, 7], between a sphere and plate [4, 6, 8–11], for a sphere in direct contact with a flat plate
[12–16], between a cone and a plate
[9] and between a cylinder and a plate [9]. Also the shape of capillary bridges is described for
different geometries of the particles: between two spheres [4, 6, 7, 17], between sphere and plate [4,
9, 11, 12, 15, 16, 18, 19], between cone and plate [4], between two cones [4] and between a cylinder
and a plate [4]. An overview of their results is given in Appendix B.
This project will focus on the dynamics of capillary bridge formation and breakup in order to obtain
a better understanding of the time scales relevant to capillary bridges. Particles in a fluidized bed
that are clustered in agglomerates, and particularly the areas covered by capillary bridges, will have
a different exposure to the reactor conditions than the remaining particle surface, possibly causing a
difference in coating

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Power
Nuclear Power
On December 2, 1942, the first man–made nuclear reactor reached criticality. Fast forward 75 years
from that day and we can see nuclear power research and development is still maintaining
momentum. That is because the potential of nuclear power has shown itself in currently operating
power plants. This paper will explore the history and background of nuclear reactors, how it works,
its strengths and weaknesses, while touching on their effect on the United States today.
To begin with, The first man–made nuclear reactor was known as the Chicago Pile–1. As the name
implies the reactor was build in Chicago, IL. Through the collaboration between the US
government, various scientists, and companies, the reactor was built. It was ... Show more content
They are boiling water reactors (BWRs) and pressurized water reactors (PWRs). The main
difference between the two is the system that produces steam. A BWR is contained in the water that
is used to create steam. On the other hand, a PWR is contained in a different system and transfers its
heat to a separate tank using tubes.
As a final point, there are several disadvantages to nuclear power plants. To start, nuclear power
plants are expensive. The Watts Bar Unit 2, a reactor of the Watts Bar Nuclear Plant, costed 4.5bil
dollars alone and took 19 years. Also, uranium is a finite fuel source that has a high cost of mining,
refining, and transportation. Most importantly, it produces radioactive waste that takes hundreds of
years to reach a safe level.
In spite of the downsides, nuclear power has many advantages. First of all, nuclear energy is more
efficient than fossil fuels. It also does not rely on weather conditions like most renewable energy.
Along with its efficiency, nuclear power plants have low operating costs. Finally, while nuclear
power does produce radioactive waste, its greenhouse gas emissions are significantly lower than

The Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Meltdown Essay
The Chernobyl Nuclear Reactor Meltdown
April 26th 1986 marked the date of the worst nuclear accident to ever occur. Chernobyl, a nuclear
power plant in Russia was undergoing routine safety tests that envolved running the reactor on less
then full power, followed by a standard shut down. At Chernobyl's reactor number 4 a specific test
was designed to show that a coasting turbine could produce enough power to pump coolant through
the reactor core while waiting for electricity from diesel generators. During the test turbine feed
valves were closed to initiate turbine coasting, and automatic control rods were withdrawn from the
core. When the steam valves to the turbine close, the pressure in the reactor should go up causing
the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
All of the firemen died, either a result of the fire, or from breathing radioactive debris.
Unfortunately, their heroic attempts were useless, because the core of the reactor was exposed
making the fire much to hot for water to cool. The first thing the Russians did was try to cover up
the accident. This turned out to be impossible, considering the amounts of radioactive debris
released into the air. Shortly after the accident a nuclear power plant in Sweden measured high
amounts of radioactivity in their area, called the Russians to inquire if there had been an accident.
The Russians shortly thereafter alerted the press, and evacuated towns surrounding Chernobyl. This
of course wasn't their biggest problem. They needed to find the fuel that had escaped from the
reactor in order to avoid another massive chain reaction. This was a huge problem due to the
extreme amounts of radioactivity inside the sarcophagus. They didn't have the money for robots, so
they sent in the Soviet Army. 3400 men were used on "roof runs" in which they'd go and collect
samples from the roof of the reactor. During these missions soldiers could be subjected to 20
Rankin's of radiation. Many people who have worked at Chernobyl have died from sudden heart
failure. The Russian government denies that this has anything to do with their work at Chernobyl,
but their have been too many deaths related to heart failure for it not to be. The next move was to
find the

Nuclear Reactors : The Rise Of Nuclear Power
The world is in an energy crisis because humans solely rely on finite sources of energy such as coal,
natural gas, and oil. If humans consume these resources at status quo consumption rates, oil is
projected to run out in 2051, gas in 2060, and coal in 2087. The evidence points to how the world is
facing a huge problem that must be solved in the next half century. One possible method to solve
this crisis is the rise of nuclear power. Nuclear reactors are a technology that has rapidly proliferated
in the last half century while receiving both positive and negative reactions. The current status quo
nuclear reactors in use are old light water reactors with many dangers, however the thorium reactor
creates new possibilities for solving a multitude of problems.
Nuclear reactors were supposed to serve as the solution for the world energy crisis, environmental
problems, and a whole slew more due to the interdependency of issues and solutions in our world.
However, nuclear reactors still contain many disadvantages such as nuclear waste, nuclear accidents,
and the non–renewable nature of uranium–235 that all nuclear reactors rely on (Rinkesh 2013). In
just the U.S. there are 99 nuclear reactors (PRIS 2016). Furthermore, there are 438 nuclear reactors
active in the world today with all 438 relying on uranium–235 as a central fuel source (World
Statistics 2015), which will only perpetuate the existing issues that uranium reactors bring such as
nuclear waste and nuclear accidents.

The Pros And Cons Of Nuclear Reactors
A nuclear reactor works by using a neutron to split an atom. The atom being split is introduced by
the fuel cell which is usually uranium, plutonium, thorium, or actinides. When this reaction takes
place it releases a large amount of energy which is harnessed in the form of steam. This process of
harnessing nuclear energy is a highly controversial topic with many pros and cons. In comparison
with fossil fuels and renewable energies, nuclear reactors are more cost efficient and produce very
little harmful emissions into the atmosphere. Nuclear Generation 4 was formed from an international
group, Generation IV International Forum, also known as GIF, with the aim at developing a clean
and efficient worldwide energy system. Nuclear Generation ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
There are many advancements being made to make nuclear power not only safer for use and the
environment, but also to make it more efficient. There is still a lot of work to be done to accomplish
these goals set forth by the Nuclear Generation 4 project, but the future seems to be very promising.
Only so much work can be done during a phase of research and development. It will take global
cooperation to continue to move forward and be able to conclude the research and start a new phase
of test sites. With the worldwide demand to find more efficient and sustainable energy sources for
the future, nuclear power should remain a front runner for available

History of Thorium
History of thorium
Thorium is naturally a radioactive chemical element, which was discovered in 1828 from the
Norwegian mineralogist Morten Thrane Esmark, and named Thor from Jons Jakob Bezelius, which
means the "Norse God of Thunder." Thorium is the most abundant metal found in earth crust and
had been scattered million years ago in the galaxy, with the explosion of meteors known as
supernova. Thorium generates radioactive gas products, as radon–20 decay. Other decay by–
products of thorium are radium and actinium. But, thorium is found in nature as thorium–232, which
has a half–life and endures under alpha decay. Thorium decay produces a significant amount of
internal heat energy. Thorium is found in the same amount as lead, and four ... Show more content
Some of the disadvantages of using thorium fuel is the production of 233Pa, an halfway product
which produces 233U. 233 Pa relatively has a half–life of 27 days and produces a great amount of
233U. And a second disadvantage of using thorium fuel is the contamination of 232U, due to the
high energy of gamma radiation that is emitted from one of its decay products. Uranium–235
reactors are known as nuclear reactors, which are capable to produce a significant amount of nuclear
weapons. With the uranium–235 reactors people were able to make nuclear weapons, presenting a
non–safety and non–stability environment. Also the production of uranium–235 presents the
wastage of its radioactive byproducts in the environment, which requires a hundred years to decay.
What is the status of constructing a thorium reactor to produce power? Thorium reactors based on
their safety, cleanness and the ability to produce a large amount of energy has triggered the idea of
constructing thorium reactor as an easy way to produce any source of power. There are several
thorium reactors that are used to produce power : Heavy Water Reactor( PHWRs) this is a reactor
based on thorium fuel due to the combination of neutrons that can be absorbed to produce 233U, an
average of neutron energy produced and flexible in recycling fuel ability. High–temperature

Radioactive Boy Scout By David Hahn
Introduction The book "Radioactive Boy Scout" is a true story about a boy named David Hahn that
attended a Michigan high school. His goal was to set out and build a fast breeder reactor in his
garden shed. He educated himself in these things by reading popular mechanics and the golden book
of chemistry experiments. Whatever he could not get from laboratory suppliers, universities,
hospitals, and nuclear agencies, he made himself. David collected household smoke detectors and
extracted americium–24. He also got assembled gas mantle covers and pulverized them to get
radioactive thorium and took the Geiger counter in to an antique shop where he found a clock with a
phial of radium paint left in it. With a little bit of things he had ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
David would go through medicine chest, and cabinets and gather things together like; toothpaste,
soap, medicine, cram, nail polish remover, and rubbing alcohol. He would mix everything together
into a metal bowl and stir all the contents together in an ashtray, after stirring all the things together
he realized all he had was a lifeless gray blob. So of course he added more things to it and
eventually caused the products to boil over and so David flushed them down the toilet.
Key Idea 2
David was so into science that he had no time for any other activities. Is dad tried to get him into
activities, but David never seemed interested. As David got older he tried many new things with
these things that became a lot more dangerous than just the things he was getting from the medicine
cabinets. David had a shed he worked all his experiments in that could explode. He would also work
at the side of his pool or in his room. David became in the boy scouts where he learned a lot of new
things about his experiments. He pursued in getting the atomic energy merit badge. As a final set of
tasks, David built a Geiger counter from a kit, he visited a hospital radiology unit to learn about the
medical uses of radioisotopes, constructed a model nuclear reactor. The model was built out of a
juice can, plastic pill bottles, coat hangers, soda straws, kitchen matches, and rubber bands. David's
Boy Scout education really influenced his nuclear dreams. David was finally

The XTL (Anything to Liquid) Process Essay
XTL (Anything to Liquid) is recently emerging phrase that represented all of technologies intended
to convert any source of carbon to liquid hydrocarbons. These processes have at least three main
steps: syngas production, Fischer Tropsch Synthesis (FTS) and product finalizing. Syngas
production might be different from feed and technology point of view and these differences affect
all downstream units partially. In this step, source of carbon converted to syngas which is a mixture
of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. Origin of the letter X in the XTL phrase depends on this carbon
source since B stands for Biomass, C for Coal (bituminous or non–bituminous), G for (natural) Gas
and W for Waste (petrochemical wastes, worn automobile tires and ...) ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
Also it is comprehended by review of academic literatures such as articles and dissertations that
GTL is more attractive than any other XTL technologies. Although pipeline is a routine method for
transmission of natural gas in countries with huge amount of this wealth [10] but GTL also have its
own value in monetizing natural gas source to easily vendible liquid hydrocarbons. So many of
researches devoted to different fields of GTL process merely, beside those investigations on the
common part of all XTL technologies such as FTS and syngas production. Amongst these fields,
catalyst is the most attractive issue in different fields such as promoters and formulation [11, 12],
support [13], preparation ..., and both cobalt and iron catalysts are matter of investigation as well as
other new catalysts.
Beside catalyst, reactor design is of high importance. There are different types of reactors for
performing FTS such as multi–tubular fixed bed reactors (also named trickle bed reactor, developed
by Shell), Slurry Bubble Column Reactors (or SBCR, developed by Sasol), Fluidized bed and
circulating fluidized bed reactors (namely Synthol, invented by Kellogg and developed by Sasol) [9,
14, 15]. Although each reactor has it's own advantages, but ease of

The Effects Of Removing Humans From The World 's Nuclear...
I My Questions–What I Already Know, and What I Want to Know Ever since I was young, I've
loved exploring the concept of how things work. This idea can apply to an endless list of things
whether it is just a little toy, the most advanced car, or the tallest skyscraper. When I started reading
The World Without us by Alan Weisman, my mind was immediately drawn to the question of how
some of humans' most interesting technology would function without our help. The most fascinating
creation that caught my attention turned out to be all the world's nuclear reactors. Though I only
have limited background knowledge about the way in which they operate, I have read about what
can happen to nuclear reactors even with man's supervision, and I am intrigued to discover the
effects of removing humans from the equation. A nuclear power plant, in a sense, is much like a
fossil–fueled power plant; water is turned to steam which drives a turbine that creates electricity.
The contrast comes in the source of heat. With nuclear power, the heat to create the steam is
produced when uranium atoms split, a process called fission. Under control, this is an ingenious way
to create a power supply, however, the repercussions of a slight accident in a nuclear reactor are far
worse than an accident in any other power plant. Nuclear power plants are considered far more
dangerous than others because of their power source: the element uranium 235. When these atoms
are split, they release an abundance of

The New Developments Of Nuclear Reactor Technology And...
Unquestionably, the energy security is of great importance in order to maintain and sustain the
development of any growing economy. Therefore, this work will overview the new developments in
nuclear reactor technology and their importance as a safe and base load energy alternative. Mainly,
the focus will be on the Generation III (GIII), Generation IV (GIV) reactors and Small Modular
Reactors (SMRs) and their safety and efficiency capabilities. A comparison will be held between the
nuclear, solar and wind energy sources in terms of their reliability, safety, costs and infrastructural
requirements.
The energy industry faces various challenges such as the environmental consequences and climate
change, limited fossil fuel resources and the instability in its prices. Therefore, a clean and reliable
energy mix is required in order to meet these challenges. In order to meet these challenges, there is
no one energy source that can be up to all the challenges simultaneously, therefore; an energy mix is
required.
Each energy source has certain advantages and suffers certain disadvantages for example while
nuclear energy is a reliable source of base load energy, often, the safety aspect is considered the
most important obstacle that prevents most countries from implementing nuclear power plants into
their energy mix. However, recent developments in reactor technology might encourage
reconsidering the nuclear energy as an important and relatively safe component in the energy mix.
For

Fukushima Nuclear Disaster
1. Abstract
The earthquake which took place on March 11, 20111 in the Tohuku District, Japan triggered a
massive tsunami which eventually caused a nuclear power plant outbreak. The tsunami, 14–metres
in height struck the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant, which is located in the towns of Okuma and
Futaba in the Fukushima Prefecture. This resulted in loss of power to the reactors of Units 1, 2 and
3.Along with this damage, the cooling system failed to work and there were hydrogen explosions
which ended in damaging the nuclear plant. The damages also include extensive release of
radioactive substances into our atmosphere and our earth. This accident certainly did loads of
damages to Japan and its people. There are lots of theories regarding ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
This would have perhaps managed to contain the situation and less consequence would have
incurred.
There was also the case of certain parties which had failed to follow the chain of command. The
prime minister's office did not announce a state of emergency in the short time after the accident.
The designed emergency response was for the emergency response unit to be the medium of
communication between the prime minister's office and the plant operator,TEPCO.This is to ensure
that the prime minister's office is well–informed regarding the situation.But in this case, the prime
minister's office communicated directly with TEPCO and the Fukushima Daiichi power plant. This
clearly shows the incompetence of the authorities to follow the procedures.
2.2 Industrial process and operation Fukushima Daichi Nuclear Power Plant consists of six nuclear
reactors and the types are the boiling water reactors (BWR). These reactors are light water reactors
and they were all designed by General Electric (GE).These reactors have a total of 4.7 GW in power
to drive the electrical generators. Reactors for units 1, 2 and 6 were supplied by GE whereas units 3
and 5 were supplied by Toshiba and Hitachi supplied the unit 4. 2.2.1 Working Principle of BWR
The BWR's working principles is as such, the reactors heats the water, which then

Different Types of Nuclear Energy Essay
As a source of energy, nuclear energy provides a safer alternative, for the production of energy for
large–scale consumption. There are two different types of nuclear energy; nuclear fission and
nuclear fusion. Nuclear fission is the process in which a nucleus spits into two or more smaller
nuclei. Nuclear fusion is the process in which two nuclei fuse together to form a larger nuclei.
Nuclear reactors can become unstable creating an uncontrollable nuclear reaction. The effects of this
can be seen in Chernobyl. Reactors have been designed safer after this disaster.
Nuclear fission is the process in which a nucleus spits into two or more smaller nuclei. Nuclear
reactors use a controlled chain reaction to produce electricity. The rate at ... Show more content on
Helpwriting.net ...
The energy produced by the fission of uranium provides heat which turns water into steam which
then turns the turbines, generating electricity. Nuclear reactors are becoming a more common source
of electricity with 77% of France's electricity coming from nuclear reactors. It's both safer and easier
to build thermal reactors. Most nuclear reactors are now thermal reactors. A nuclear reactor's main
components are the fuel rods; the control rods; the moderator and the coolant. These components are
all found in the reactor's core. Enriched fuel is placed in airtight rods, these are called the fuel rods.
The moderator is the material that is found around the fuel and control rods. The coolant absorbs
excess heat produced by the fission process in the reactor. Nuclear reactors are generally enclosed in
a thick, airtight concrete and steel vessel. This protects those outside from the large quantities of
gamma radiation given off.
Nuclear energy is the most efficient source of energy, producing 20 million times more energy than
fossil fuels. Nuclear fusion creates more electricity than nuclear fission but needs temperatures of 20
million degrees. Nuclear reactors create nuclear waste as well as electricity. This nuclear waste takes
centuries to become safe. Klaus Rolf, a member of Ruhr University in Bochum, Germany, believes
he can make radioactive waste safe in decades instead of centuries. Rolf claims to have cult the
half–life of sodium by 1%. This was done by

Nuclear Energy : Using Fusion Reactors And Breeder Reactors
Name: KHUNAKON MANMAT
Student Number: 201417008
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Introduction
Nuclear energy is the energy released in the nucleus of an atom during nuclear fission or fusion, and
it also uses the fuel which makes from processed uranium and mined to generate electricity. There
are some advantages and disadvantages of nuclear energy. Firstly, the advantages are considered. It
has the low pollution because the amount of greenhouse gases has reduces significantly as a result of
the prevalence of nuclear power. It is also have the small effect on natural systems. Nuclear energy
uses energy power to make inexpensive electricity, which is a quite low operating cost owing to the
low of utilizable uranium. A nuclear power plant does not have constraints and it can run without
disruption in climatic condition, it also has a stable base load of energy which can work with
renewable energy sources. Nuclear energy in non–renewable source, besides it is potential
sustainability by using fusion reactors and breeder reactors. As far as disadvantages are concerned,
one of the important problems is environment impact. This problem is caused by uranium. Nuclear
energy also has a high cost because it uses a large amount of investment to establish a nuclear power
plant. Another drawback of nuclear energy is nuclear accidents; the radioactive waste can cause the
environment and health problems on the human life. For example, The Chernobyl accident in
Ukraine happened on 26th April 1986 which

Nuclear Reactors : A Nuclear Reactor
Nuclear Reactors What is a nuclear reactor? Nuclear reactors were formerly known as an atomic
pile, it is a contraption used to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Nuclear
reactors are utilized at nuclear power plants in order to engender electricity and propulsion of ships.
They provide about one–fifth of the United States electricity. There are actually 61 operating nuclear
reactor power plants in the United States. There are 99 nuclear reactors in 30 states in the United
States. Records show the Palo Verde power plant in Arizona has three reactors and had the largest
combined net summer generating capacity of 3,937 megawatts in 2014. Fort Calhoun in Nebraska
with a single reactor had the smallest net summer capacity at 479 megawatts in 2014. Three nuclear
power plants with four reactors have been taken out of service in 2013. The Crystal River power
plant in Florida with one reactor in February; the Kewaunee power plant in Wisconsin with one
reactor in April; and the San Onofre power plant in California with two reactors in June. ( EIA 2016)
Nuclear reactors are designed to maintain a chain reaction engendering a steady fold of neutrons
engendered by the fission of heftily ponderous nuclei. They are differentiated either by their purport
or by their design features. The two types of reactors are research reactors, and power reactors.
Research reactors are operated at universities and research centers in many countries, even those
where no nuclear

Renewable Energy : A Nuclear Reactor
In April of 1986, a nuclear reactor in Chernobyl, Ukraine exploded, it left 30 dead and lasting
radioactive effects in parts of Russia, Belarus, and Ukraine. There have been longstanding effects of
this disaster, such as thyroid cancer in children, radiation sickness, and environmental consequences.
(WNA) In the pursuit of energy, humankind has sabotaged ecosystems, the ozone layer, and caused
complications to our own health. Whether it be drilling, mining, or nuclear energy. Renewable
resources seem to be the only alternative to the harsh consequences of conventional fossil fuel
extraction. Solar power in particular has proven to be the most effective alternative energy supplier.
There's been extensive growth in the efficiency of solar energy, and prices have significantly
decreased so it is possible for businesses and families to switch to a cleaner, and more efficient
power source.
Solar energy explained straightforwardly is a method of which the suns' rays are collected with
panels, therefore harvesting solar energy and converting it into electricity.These panels work by
implementing solar cells that these devices turn into energy protons. A. E. Becquerel was the first
physicist to examine the "photovoltaic effect" in which light photons stimulate electrons to create an
electric current. (SE) Solar panels are large black rectangular squares, which can be placed on the
roof of most structures and occupy a minimal amount of space. The ramifications are reduced cost
of

Atomic Of The Atomic Force

Recommended

Recommended

More Related Content

More from Jill Bell

More from Jill Bell (20)

Recently uploaded

Recently uploaded (20)

Atomic Of The Atomic Force