Obergefell V. Hodges Case Study

Obergefell V. Hodges Case Study
Introduction:
The United States is considered a great nation by some. It is a nation filled with monumental
success, wealth, prosperity, opportunity, and in general, one of the most impressive nations in the
world. But, the United States is also filled with hate, discrimination, disparity, and a history riddled
with grotesque treatment of those of a varying nature known today as minorities. A minority, is a
culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but is subordinate to a more
dominant group. In the United States, there are a wide array of minorities like African–American,
LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender), and Women of any race or ethnicity. Although,
this a small few of the minority members in the United States, these groups have faced very large
troubles from the majority, which is classified as upper class, white males. African–Americans were
made slaves, women couldn't vote, LGBT couldn't marry one another in the early years of this
nation. With the changing times more and more advances in the equal treatment of minorities come
to pass. Of all the groups mentioned, the one that has made a more recent stride is the LGTB
community, which recently has recently obtained the right to marry in every state thanks to the
Obergefell v. Hodges case.
Historical Timeline:
The decision in the Obergefell v. Hodges case is a monumental victory considering the poor
treatment of the members of this minority. Historically, the LGTB community has
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The Effects Of Texas Abortion On Women Essay
The Effects of Texas Abortion Restrictions on Women
Abortion is a controversial debate in the United States that divides the nation and still plays a
significant role at election time. The Democratic Party supports abortion rights and keeping elective
abortions legal because they believe in the privacy and equality of women. They believe that a
woman must have the right to choose regardless of her ability to pay. "The Democratic Party
strongly and unequivocally supports Roe v. Wade."1 For example, Bernie Sanders, as a Democratic
candidate, said, "I happen to believe that it is wrong for the government to be telling a woman what
to be doing with her own body."2 On the other hand, Republicans say the unborn child has a
fundamental right to live and they support a human life amendment to the Constitution. They
believe that Roe v. Wade should be overturned and abortions should not be legal.3 Donald Trump, as
a Republican candidate, has suggested that if abortion is criminalized, women should receive some
type of punishment if they secure an abortion. The President of the United States can has many
effects on federal abortion policy. Most important of all, the President has the power to appoint
justices to the United States Supreme Court. For instance, Obama and Clinton appoint justices who
will uphold the present abortion laws that allow abortions. Also, the President may sign or veto
legislation related to abortion like President Bush has signed "the Partial–Birth Abortion

5th Amendment Case Summary
Nicholas Williams MOD:2B 3/14
Jeremiah
issgga
Edward
Quentin
1.
Title: Miranda v. Arizona
Citation: 384 US 436 (1966)
Facts: Miranda gave incriminating evidence during police interrogations without prior notification
of their fights under the 5th amendment.
Issue: is the government required to notify the arrested defendants of their 5th amendment before an
interrogation?
Holding: Yes, the government is required to notify the arrested defendants of their 5th amendment
before an interrogation?
Reason: Interrogations are psychologically than physically so the defendant must be aware of what's
happening.
2.
Title: Atkins v. Virginia
Citation: 536 US 304(2002)
Fact: Atkins is a mentally retarded criminal who killed someone and was sentenced to death. this
was cruel and unusual punishment which goes against the 8th amendment, at the time his IQ was 59.
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Holding: yes the 8th amendment does protect mentally retarded criminals from capital punishment
as cruel and unusual.
Reason:

The supreme court in Atkins observed that the execution of mentally retarded criminals in the states
that permitted it was not common & these acts were unfair.
____________________________________
3.
Title: Plessy v. Ferguson
Citation: 163 US 537
Facts: In Louisiana, Plessy sat in an all white railroad car and refused to move when he was told to
move and refused which lead to his arrest.
Issue: Is louisiana's mandating racial segregation on its trains unconstitutional infringment on both
privileges and the equal protection clauses of the 14th amendment?
Holding: No
Reasoning : Equal but separate accommodations for whites and blacks imposed by louisiana do not
violate the equal protection clause of the 14th amendment.
4.
Title:Korematsu v. United States (1944)
Citation: 323 US 214

Religious Freedom Restoration
How is the Religious Freedom Restoration Act Unconstitutional? Each individual is entitled to
follow his or her own religious beliefs, but does openly practicing it affect others? Certain practices
are discouraged or are considered illegal, but are usually a fundamental part of one's religion. In
1993, current New York Governor Chuck Schumer authored the Religious Freedom Restoration Act
(RFRA) to protect people's religious freedom without government interference and the act was
signed by former President Bill Clinton, but in 1997 the Supreme Court stated that it could not be
implemented into every state. Despite this, 21 states have created their own version of the RFRA.
Although it was created to protect people's religious freedom, it has ... Show more content on
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As previously stated, the RFRA was authored by Governor Chuck Schumer after it was found that
legislation was needed because it was considered illegal to smoke peyote, even though it was a part
of Native American religious practice, due to it being a hallucinogenic. The act has primary helped
minorities, people of non–Christian religious sectors, and prisoners. A primary example is when
Muslim prisoner Abdul Muhammad fought Florida law to wear a short, half inch beard that is a
strict and common Muslim practice for men. Even if this did not comply with Florida law "he won
the suit using the 'RFRA for prisoners' – the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act"
(Hemingway) which was signed by Bill Clinton and enacted on a national level. Florida also denied
Orthodox Jewish prisoner Bruce Rich kosher meals. Rich also argued that "this violates the
Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act of 2000" (Hemingway) and even when the
state claimed that doing so would pose both financial and security problems, the Becket Fund for
Religious Liberty noted that "35 states and the federal government provided kosher meals without it
posing a problem" (Hemingway). Although these cases are justifiable, these cases could also be
protected by the

Mass Incarceration : The United States
Mass Incarceration is a huge problem in United States culture. No other country in the world
incarcerates its population the way that America does. "The U.S. incarcerates more people than any
country in the world – both per capita and in terms of total people behind bars. The U.S. has less
than 5 percent of the world's population, yet it has almost 25 percent of the world's incarcerated
population." Worse yet the majority of the incarcerated individuals belong to a minority group
despite not participating in illegal activity any more frequently than their white counterparts. Is the
United States criminal justice system racist and if so what is the cause behind this racism. After the
end of slavery, many southern black Americans traveled to the north to escape endless violence and
discrimination. In the south they could only find low paying field jobs whereas in the northern cities
there were steady factory jobs promised as well as the hope that discrimination could be escaped.
The northerners while against slavery were not egalitarian and were not in favor of hoards of black
Americans surging into their cities and taking jobs away from the white working poor. The need for
social control by white Americans only grew with the population of black Americans living in the
cities and working in the factories. The rhetoric of "law and order" first came about in the late 1950s
as white opposition to the Civil Rights Movement was encouraged by southern governors and law
enforcement.

Criminal Justice Chapter 6 Analysis
In chapters six through ten of The Collapse of American Criminal Justice, Stuntz talks about the
changes that were being made in the criminal justice system, and the changes that can help fix the
system. He goes in details when it comes changes in the system, from the courts putting limits on
what the criminal procedure, for example, the "exclusionary rule". Also the mention of the rise and
fall of crime across the United States. Lastly, mentioning the famous landmark cases that helped
sparked these changes. Chapter six was about cultural changes that was going on around the
country, for example, polygamy which allowed a man to have multiple wives in Utah, which was
only a territory at the time. This change was needed because of the public ... Show more content on
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The first thing he implies is hiring a putting more police on the streets. He uses New York City in
the 1990s for example, he mentions that because New York City had more cops on the street helped
prevent crimes from happening. Having a cop present in neighborhood really helps the crime
prevention, and builds trust in the community. Changing the average sentencing to help reduce the
prison population, also reduce discrimination because overly represent the prison population, and
checking the prosecution power in making a conviction. Stunz also suggested adding more funds to
the criminal justice system to in order to hire more cops and lawyers to help the criminal justice
system. Congress and the federal courts should separate themselves from state and local
government. Stunt, believes these examples are all possible, but he doubts it will ever happen
because although the criminal justice system looks bad, it isn't bad enough to require

Evaluating the Effectiveness of Gun Buyback Programs Essay
Gun buyback programs have become a commonplace law enforcement practice since their creation
in the 1970s. These buyback programs are a method of proactive policing against gun crime and are
used as a means by law enforcement in an effort to curb gun violence. Generally, police offer
incentives to community members in exchange for firearms. These incentives are most commonly
money or gift certificates, but may also be merchandise. The programs rose to popularity in the
1990s due to widespread public support. However, as far as weapons policies go, gun buyback
programs have been criticized as an ineffective means of curbing or preventing firearm violence.
Thus, one must ask does the purchase of firearms from private citizens by law ... Show more content
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The result was a 25% decrease (Cook & Ludwig, 2000) in all gun–related homicides, thus showing
that the availability of firearms within the population may contribute to gun violence. By the early
1990s, gun violence in the United States had reached its peak. Police continued to use gun buyback
programs as the chief strategy to curb gun violence. The concept behind such programs according to
a research brief present before Congress, is that they "remove lethal firearms from homes and,
therefore, prevent gun violence by removing the possibility that a firearm may fall into the hands of
a child or adult who may accidentally or intentionally shoot themselves or others" (Carter, 2002). By
the early 2000s, a multimillion dollar national budget had been allocated for gun buyback programs
by the U.S Department of Housing and Urban Development. The buyback programs continued to be
wildly popular across the nation, the sentiment of its supporters' expressed in a statement by
President at the time Bill Clinton, claiming "every gun turned in through a buyback program means
potentially one less tragedy" (Carter, 2002). This belief buoyed continued support for the programs
into the 21st century. By 1999 President Bill Clinton allocated $15 million for nationwide gun
buyback programs (Cook & Ludwig, 2000), following the widely accepted concept that the readily–
available supply of firearms was to blame for gun violence. By taking unused

The Expansion Of The Deferred Action For Childhood...
President Clinton overstepped her limits as President of the United States to implement the
expansion of the Deferred Action for Childhood Arrivals Policy through an executive order. An
action that was previously enacted by President Barack Obama but was quickly canceled in the
decision of US v. Texas. She, or anyone that retains the position of the presidency, does not have the
authority to enact immigration policy under the nation's constitution and thus violates the separation
of powers doctrine as outlined by our Founding Fathers in Federalist Paper #47.
In the case at bar, there are four questions that must be answered: (1) Does this case deal with a
non–justiciable issue? (2) Does the Commerce Clause give congress authority over immigration
policy? (3) Does Congress ' power to establish a uniform rule of naturalization give it authority over
immigration? And (4) Does the "Take Care" Clause allow the president to change US immigration
despite the previously mentioned congressional powers? At the end of this argument, I hope your
honors will decide that the case at bar deals with a justiciable issue and that the president's actions
are deemed a violation of the constitution of the United States.
The issue of whether President Clinton's implementation of DACA is a justiciable issue must be
addressed first. Baker v. Carr (1962) establishes the political question doctrine. This test determines
that any legal dispute dealing with separation of powers, foreign affairs,

9/11 Terrorism Research Paper
Terrorism continues devastatingly in the United States to this day and has increasingly become a
more major concern. Starting in 1886 with the Haymarket Affair, a bombing that killed 12 in
Chicago, there has been an exponential increase in the amount of terrorist attacks since then. The
1993 bombing of the World Trade Center was a preface to many other terrorist attacks to follow, for
example, 9/11. The destruction of this attack gave the United States a reason to fear more massacres
and allowed us to increase security and protection of our nation. The biggest terrorist attack in the
United States to this day is the 9/11 plane attack on the World Trade Center Towers that killed close
to three thousand innocent citizens. What many people do ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net
...
Kushigian.). One truck contained twelve hundred pounds of homemade explosives, and the other
served as an escape vehicle (New York City (NYC) World Trade Center Bombing – 1993). The
terrorists placed the bomb, set it to detonate, and then they rapidly evacuated the scene. The
explosion demolished six underground parking levels of the North Tower, injured over one thousand
people, and killed six innocent individuals ("A Timeline of Domestic Terrorism"). Injuries caused
included respiratory issues, mobility impairments, sight and hearing limits and cardiovascular
problems (The World Trade Center Bombing: Report and Analysis). The eruption cut power in both
towers and to an adjoining hotel, the Vista Hotel. Operations of the elevators, lighting,
communication, and even the generators stopped functioning The wintery climate conditions had
ensured that more people than usual would be inside the building, trapping an unsettling amount
inside elevators ("1993 World Trade Center Bombing"). This attack was "one of the worst terrorist
attacks ever to occur on U.S. soil" at the time (Greenspan, Jesse). Evidence suggests that the
extremists were aiming for the Twin Towers because they targeted tourist attractions and tall
buildings where they could cause maximum damage; at the time the Twin Towers were the tallest
buildings in America (Parachini, John V.). Once captured, the leader of the devious plan, Ramzi
Yousef, confessed that the explosion was meant to take down the North Tower entirely and to create
enough debris to knock down the second tower ("FBI 100 – 1993 Trade Center Bombing"). The
extremists claimed to believe that bringing down both towers mandated that they go beneath the
building, hence why they set the

Public Policy Response to Hurricane Katrina
PUBLIC POLICY RESPONSE TO
HURRICANE KATRINA
Summary
As the Gulf States begin the massive task of reconstruction after Hurricane Katrina, the nation is
actively engaged in a dialogue concerning the lessons learned from this catastrophe, and the best
options moving forward. Many are asking whether the aid package and policies proposed by
President Bush are the right approach to rebuilding and restoring the region. While the hurricane
shines a much needed spotlight on a number of societal issues, it is crucial that programs initiated in
the storm¡¦s aftermath have the desired effect¡Xnot just regionally, but on a national scale. The
devastation wrought by Hurricane Katrina has raised other, more general public policy issues about
emergency ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
After the 2001 terrorist attacks in New York City, a partnership between the city, New York State,
the federal government and community–based organizations moved swiftly to provide easily
accessible, comprehensive coverage to thousands of New Yorkers. This approach ¡V with
modifications that meet the needs of this disaster ¡V can provide stable, dependable health coverage
to Katrina survivors and enable Katrina–affected states, neighboring states, and other states
sheltering Katrina survivors to cope with increased demands on their health care systems and state
budgets.
In the latest iteration of its approaches to getting housing aid to people displaced by Hurricane
Katrina, FEMA has shifted its strategy from doling out incremental portions of housing assistance to
cutting checks for up to the statutorily allowable amount of $26,200 per household for
approximately 60,000 households whose homes FEMA has determined can be declared destroyed
without need for inspection. Households whose homes are in certain ZIP codes in five parishes in
Louisiana and three counties in Mississippi that satellite imaging show complete devastation are
slated to start receiving checks for the remainder of their allowable ¡§individual household
assistance¡¨ after deducting the $2,000 and/or $2,358 allotments some have already received.
Homeowners will receive the full $26,200 and renters something less. Why there is a difference in
aid between homeowners and renters was not explained.
National

Birthdate: I was born 08.28.1996, in Oslo, Norway. On this...
Birthdate: I was born 08.28.1996, in Oslo, Norway. On this specific day Princess Diana and Prince
Charles got a divorce. The price of a gallon of gas in the US, was 1.251 in August, the minimum
federal wage was , the median family income was about 35 492 dollars. A popular movie in august
1996 was Matilda, based on Roald Dahl's book with the same name. The temperature that day was
about 72 and cloudy.
Date of most recent birthday: 08.28. 2013, was my 17th birthday, and my first birthday celebrated
somewhere else that wasn't Norway. I just moved to Lakeway, Austin and I celebrated my birthday
to go out and eat a small dinner with a new friend I made here.
That day there were the 50th Anniversary of the March on Washington, where over 200 ... Show
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Clinton Impeachment: December 19, 1998, Bill Clinton, 42ndpresident of the United States, got
impeached for perjury and official wrongdoing, for lying under vow and hindering justice. First
Clinton was accused of making illegal loans for Whitewater Development, when he was still just the
governor of Arkansas. When Clinton was president, he got charged with sexual harassment, having
sexual relationship with 21 year old Monica Lewinsky, and denying it. It later got proven that he
lied, and the Senate voted for him to take him away from office.
NAFTA: The early 1994, an agreement called North American Free Trade Agreement, got signed by
Canada's Prime Minister Brian Mulroney, the US's president George Bush and Mexico's President
Carlos Salinas. It made trilateral rules based trade bloc in North America. It outdated the Canada–
United States Free Trade Agreement and largest free trade area based on population. Gulf War 1991:
In August 1990, Saddam Hussein, Iraq's dictator's, army invaded Kuwait, because of it's riches of
oil. This made the US concerned that Iraq's main goal was to capture Saudi Arabia and take all the
oil. To beat back this action, President Bush sent troops over to the area, and on January 16, 1996
the US and other allied troops attacked, expelling Hussein's troops from Kuwait. This victory was
the first big war since Vietnam.
Iraqi War 2002: After the 9/11 attacks President Bush declared a "war of

Help for Sufferers of Discrimination and Harassment in the...
Civil Rights Act of 1991
Once upon a time our great nation was not so great. Blacks and women of every race did not have
rights like we do now. They were not allowed to vote, work and get paid for equal work. Blacks and
whites were separated, they were not allowed to do or go anywhere there was a white establishment.
There were many protests at this time in our history and many people were hurt and/or died during
political demonstrations. An epic moment in time was when John F. Kennedy brought forth the idea
to pass an act that would protect all people from discrimination of gender, race, color, national origin
and religion. It was a dark time to be a woman or black citizen in our nation. Thus the Civil Rights
Act of 1964 was passed. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
In order to get compensation from a company for harassment you must have been employed with
the company for at least 20 days or more, and depending on how many employees a company has is
how much compensation they will receive (Bohlander, G.W., & Snell, S. (2010).
The Civil Rights Act of 1991 was amended so that employee that are victims of sexual harassment,
are compensated for the damage, whether physical or physiological will receive money for their
pain. The act also covers employee that are intentionally discriminated against. However this act has
limitations like any law. If a company has 14 to 100 employees the compensation would be $50,000,
for a company that has 100 to 200 employees that amount would be $100,000 and if a company has
over 500 employees the amount would be $300,000. An employee under the act can also choose to
go to trial if they feel that the compensation for their pain was not substantial enough (Civil Rights
Act of 1991. (n.d.).
About 1972 there were 2 different types of sexual harassment rules that were passed with the acts of
64. The first one is Quid Pro Quo, this is when an employer tells and employee to submit
unwelcome sexual conduct, requests for sexual favors and verbal or physical gestures. Examples of
this would be if an employer tells an employee that in order to keep there job they would have to
perform a sexual act. The second rule is Hostile Work Environment, which is when verbal or

How Many People are Homeless? Essay
How Many People are Homeless?
Many people call the National Coalition for the Homeless to find out how many people are
homeless in the United States. There is no easy answer to this question, and in fact, the question
itself is misleading. In most cases, homelessness is a temporary circumstance –– not a permanent
condition. A more appropriate measure of the magnitude of homelessness is therefore how many
people experience homelessness, not how many people "are" homeless.
Studies of homelessness are complicated by problems of definitions and methodology. This fact
sheet describes definitions of homelessness, methodologies for counting homeless people, and
recent estimates of homelessness. Additional resources for further study are ... Show more content
on Helpwriting.net ...
As a result of these and other factors, many people who lack permanent housing are forced to live
with relatives and friends in crowded, temporary arrangements. People living in unstable housing
arrangements who lack a permanent place to stay are experiencing a kind of homelessness, but
because they are not "literally homeless," they will not be counted.
METHODOLOGY
Researchers use different methods to measure homelessness. One method attempts to count all the
people who are literally homeless on a given day or during a given week (point–in–time counts). A
second method of counting homeless people examines the number of people who are homeless over
a given period of time (period prevalence counts).
Choosing between point–in–time counts and period–prevalence counts has significant implications
for understanding the magnitude and dynamics of homelessness. The high turnover in the homeless
population documented by recent studies (see below) suggests that many more people experience
homelessness than previously thought, and that most of these people do not remain homeless.
Because point–in–time studies give just a "snapshot" picture of homelessness, they only count those
who are homeless at a particular time. Over time, however, some people will find housing and
escape homelessness while new people will lose housing and become homeless. Systemic social and
economic factors (prolonged unemployment or sudden loss of a job, lack of

Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing...
"Is Violence on Television Acceptable for our Growing Generation?"
I. The Beginning
Since the beginning of time, there has always been violence. From the death of Abel by his brother
Cain in the Bible, to the mighty gladiator stadiums in Rome ruled by Alexander the Great, to the
horrible accusations of the Salem Witch Trials in 1692, to what I will talk about specifically in this
position paper, violence on the famous family fun center, the television.
To start off, John Logie Baird invented the mechanical television in 1926. The soul purpose of the
mechanical television was to be able to see images at home from current events from around the
world right in your very own home. ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
With the first person I killed, I did exactly what I saw in the movie."
A grammar school child showered a Bronx office building with gunfire in New York City. "I watch a
lot of television," was what the little boy pronounced as he told an astounded police sergeant how he
became skilled at loading his Uzi–like gun.
In the fall of 1995, in New York, a group of youths set fire to a subway token booth by spraying
flammable liquids through the opening for the change slot. The booth exploded and the subway
attendant in the booth was badly burned. That year in December, the attendant died as a result of
extensive burns. The movie Money Train influenced this attack.
IV. Opposing View Points
People who are opposed to television violence believe that is the responsibility of the network to
monitor and sensor what they show on television.
In a study of over forty years, Madeline Levine found that many children have found violence as a
first resort to settle indifferences instead of the last resort. Madeline also stats that children who are
heavy viewers of television are more pessimistic, more aggressive, are less imaginative, weigh
more, and are less empathic. According to Madeline's sources of information, America has become
the most leading country in the world of violence. Homicide is the leading

COMM292 Case Studies
1. University of British Columbia Principles of Organizational Behaviour Girish Ananthanarayana
COMM 329 – Section 202 – Winter Term 2 2014–15 Principles of Organizational Behaviour
Girish Ananthanarayana COMM 329 – Section 202 – Winter Term 2 2014–15 University of British
Columbia Table of Contents Teamwork
Turmoil............................................................................................................................5 Campbell
and Bailyn's Boston Office: Managing the Reorganization.............................................13 The Rise
of President Barack Hussein Obama..............................................................................23 2.
TEAMWORK TURMOIL Tony Marshall, a second–year learning ... Show more content on
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UVA–OB–0897 UVA–OB–0897 received a dual undergraduate degree in finance and information
systems. Prior to business school, she worked as an analyst for a private foundation. Martin planned
to focus her career on private wealth. Despite the great amount of networking that her chosen career
path required, Martin was very involved in the school community. She spent a lot of time working
on projects for the Black Business Student Forum and the National Association of Women MBAs.
Daren Onyealisi was originally from Nigeria and had been living in the United States for more than
10 years. He graduated from the University of Maryland with a degree in government. Following his
undergraduate degree, Onyealisi worked as a policy research analyst for the District of Columbia,
then changed career paths and worked as a real estate analyst for three years before attending
business school. Onyealisi was a first–generation college graduate and awarded the Robert Toigo
Foundation Fellowship upon entering the MBA program.1 While Onyealisi was not very involved in
the graduate school community, through the Big Brothers Big Sisters of America organization he
was a Big Brother for local youths. Onyealisi planned to target the consulting industry for his
summer internship. Rob Delery was the only scientist in the group and earned a BS in chemical
engineering from Penn State. During his undergraduate years, Delery was a member of the Penn

California Vs Bakke Case Study
Regents of California v Bakke (1978) Question: Did the University of California violate the
Fourteenth Amendment's equal protection clause, and the Civil Rights Act of 1964, by practicing an
affirmative action policy that resulted in the repeated rejection of Bakke's application for admission
to its medical school? Background: The University of California used racial quotas to reserve
16/100 seats for "Blacks, Chicanos, Asians, and American Indians." Bakke's scores were much
higher than any members of these racial groups who were recently admitted. Bakke's application
was rejected twice, so he sued the University. He argued that the University's policy violated the
Constitution, under Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Equal Protection clause.
Opinion: The court ruled that the University of California's policy was unconstitutional. They
argued that a state is permitted to use race as a factor, however ... Show more content on
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Even though it was not mandatory that did not change the fact that the First Amendment prevented
government interference with religion. Since America encompasses many various religions, it would
be unfair to endorse a particular one, or else all of the religions would have a right to recite their
respective prayers at the beginning of the day. This would also suck up lots of valuable class time.
Baker v Carr (1962) Question: Did the Supreme Court have jurisdiction over questions of legislative
apportionment? Background: Urban areas in Tennessee were growing, and were gradually becoming
big enough to be represented. The state legislature of Tennessee set the number of legislators for
each county. Baker, the mayor of Nashville, went to court saying that this was violating the equal
rights given by the Fourteenth Amendment. The Federal Court refused the case, saying that they did
not want to meddle in state districting, so it was sent to the Supreme

Lgbt Rights Research Paper
America's foundation is built upon the words of the Declaration of Independence. This document
states "We hold these truths to be self–evident, that all men are created equal, that they are endowed
by their Creator with certain unalienable rights; that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of
Happiness." Since the writing of these words, America has had to overcome slavery, child labor,
voting rights, women's rights, civil rights, and LGBT rights. We have come a long way but there is
still work to be done. The LGBT equality movement is relatively young compared to other social
movements, but is no less important. LGBT pride month can be traced back to the Manhattan
Stonewall riots in 1969, which was a turning point for the Gay Liberation Movement. Originally, the
last Sunday in June was ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The MFA legislation was unable to become the law due to opposition. However in 1993, the Clinton
administration introduced DADT as a compromise between MFA legislation and opposition. The
compromise continued to allow the military to discharge members who were openly gay, however it
made it illegal for recruiters, MEPS , and leaders to ask about someone's sexual orientation. This
made it easier for LGBT members to enlist and remain enlisted as they could not be prevented from
enlisting or discharged as long as they were not openly LGBT. Pursuing information about a
military members sexual orientation was also banned under DADT. Service members were still
being discharged and fighting their discharges during the DADT years; cases like McVeigh v. Cohen
or Witt v. Department of the Air Force exemplified problems with the Department of Defenses
LGBT policies. DADT was finally repealed in December 2010 and the Homosexual community is
now allowed to openly serve in the armed forces. Unfortunately, there is still an active ban on the
transgender

The Historic Preservation Laws Of The Street Art
Christopher J. Duerksen defined historic preservation law as "a collage, cutting across and drawing
from several other established areas of law: land use and zoning, real property, taxation, local
government, constitutional, and administrative." Its purpose is to safeguard the historically
important public property by implementing national, state, and local governments to regulate private
property that is of substantial public interest and historic value. In this section I will deliver the brief
history of the historical preservation law in federal, state and to local government legislations from
the beginning until today. Thereupon, I will add the routes implemented to protect the street art by
countries other than the U.S. Furthermore, I will touch on the sections of historical preservation laws
that are suitable for protection of the modern art and consequently, the street art. The historic
preservation has the following critical elements: (1) identification of a need for preservation of
selected properties; (2) targeting the behavior of property owners or caretakers; (3) the possibilities
limited by the power of the state and the rule of law; (4) the interests of affected individuals and the
preferences of various interest groups; and (5) the availability of the resources. The enabling
legislation is built starting with the U.S. Constitution, the executive and the federal forces, which
provide guidance for the state action that orchestrates the local

The Importance Of Presidential Power In The Constitution
"This presidential power is controversial because it is nowhere mentioned in the U.S. Constitution"
(Rozell). The President, since the beginning, has gained powers not specifically enumerated,
increasing the power of the executive branch. Over the course of history the President has assumed
many powers unlisted in the Constitution including the line item veto, executive privilege, and
executive order which have all impacted the President's relationship with Congress.
The line item veto was used very briefly during the Clinton administration before it was later
declared unconstitutional, though it was wanted by many other administrations. The line item veto is
defined as,"A special form of veto in which the chief executive has the right to prevent particular
provisions of a bill enacted by a legislative assembly from becoming law without having to kill all
the other parts of the bill at the same time"(Johnson). An example of the president using the line
item veto is Bill Clinton, which vetoed part of the Balanced Budget Act which,"relinquished the
Federal Government's ability to recoup nearly $2.6 billion in taxes levied against Medicaid
providers"("Clinton v. City of New York."). The line item veto was then declared unconstitutional
because of the President's ability to "amend" legislation that was already passed by both houses of
congress, and declared that the President must totally reject or accept a bill. One major challenge
towards the line item veto is that

Zero Tolerance Essay
Abstract
Zero Tolerance is described in the criminal justice world as a policing strategy that involves
relentless order maintenance and aggressive law enforcement, against even minor crimes and
incivilities. For many decades now, most of the evidence and research found on the subject matter
has been traced back to the New York City Police Department; with its most prominent era lasting
throughout the 1990's. Proponents for zero tolerance policing argue that evidence of its deterrence
can be found in research stats, with homicide rates dropping 56% across United States cities
between 1990 and 2009. Opponents of Zero Tolerance Policing counter those arguments by fighting
the stats with the stats–although across the board, some numbers have ... Show more content on
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My argument throughout this paper is to analyze and understand the Human cost of zero tolerance
policing, and the infringement of our Fourth and Fourteenth amendments it possess. While it
provides immediate gratisfaction to our criminal justice systems to have thousands of 'petty law
breakers' off the street immediately for that short period, the lasting effects to the individuals caught
in this net go far beyond a night in jail and fines imposed. More so, many of these individuals are
first stopped, seized, then searched, breaking proper protocols, meaning some more than likely
wrongfully convicted. The 1st section of the Fourteenth Amendment explicitly declares that "No
stats shall make or enforce any law which shall abridge the privileges or immunities of citizens of
the United States; nor shall any state deprive any person of life, liberty, or property, without due
process of law; nor deny to any person within its jurisdiction the equal protection of the laws." The
research presented here is information that has been gathered from American cities nationwide who
have adopted some aspect of this policy.
What is 'Zero Tolerance'? As stated before, Zero Tolerance is a policy of major petty crime
crackdowns, in hopes of creating an immediate better

Ammunition over Guns Essay
The Bill of Rights has stood for centuries as the ultimate embodiment of the rights of citizens in
America, and the right to keep and bear arms is a vital part of the individual rights guaranteed by the
Constitution. Gun control, or even a ban, infringes upon this fundamental freedom of America's
constitutional law. Furthermore, the problems being targeted are not problems, and the technology
being discredited, ludicrous. Finally, gun control proponents base their arguments on fearful
statistics, whereas statistics, in reality, favor less restrictive arms bans. Argument has always erupted
over the exact interpretation of the 2nd Amendment to the Constitution. The amendment flew
through Congress in 1791, and promptly ratified by the ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The Supreme Court ruled in the Opinion of the Court that "arms" refer to firearms, and that
restricting technologies developed since its adoption constitutes an unconstitutional action, and more
so, the militia composition includes all able bodied citizens (the Supreme Court called it a "citizen
militia,") (SC 7–8, 23) . This militia is to be "well regulated" but the Court found this to simply
mean "well trained," not regulated by strict regulation (SC 23). In short, while this ruling found that
the right to bear arms is an individual right, every able bodied man makes up the aforementioned
collective. The Court continued to make an attempt at defining which guns were protected under the
2nd amendment, ruling specifically that handguns are legal under the amendment, along with rifles,
shotguns, and most modern firearms (the Court struck down the notion that only antiquated arms are
protected) (SC 8). Thus, the Supreme Court not only found gun rights to be an extensive right.
While the right is extensive, as the Supreme Court has found, it is not all encompassing as Presser v
Illinois has found. All members on both sides of the issue agree that the use of guns for violence
constitutes a heinous act by those responsible; the Supreme Court has ruled that the right to arms
does not apply if intended for semi–military or violent use in Presser v Illinois ("Presser v Illinois").
In short, the ability to own guns, and a wide

The Production Of Space Argumentative Analysis
In recent year's residents in and around places like New York City and the Bay Area found
themselves being unable to continue living in these areas due to the rising costs and value of their
homes and apartments. This rise in value can be attributed to the desire of more affluent individuals
wanting to live in these areas and willing to pay more to do so. Along with these residents came
additional commercial development to match the lifestyle choices of the wealthier newcomers in the
area. The influx of more affluent inhabitants in conjunction with upscale commercial development
caused the value of residencies in the area to increase resulting in previous resident either moving
away or being evicted should they be unable to afford their rising ... Show more content on
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place are arguably the core reasons behind this migration of the affluent population. In Lefebvre's,
"The Production of Space" he illustrates how the value in relation to spaces creates places, or a
sense of place. This value can be attributed to just about anything from familial relations to
architectural tastes and aesthetics. However, in terms of gentrification this value must be a unique
characteristic of the area, following that if the reason for the influx of new residents was some
aspect that could be found in several other places around the city they would be moving around and
spreading out creating small pockets of mixed income communities, which is not the case. This
uniqueness is often achieved through a mix of factors such as historical context, architectural
qualities, as well things like street width, foliage, and block length according to "City Design" by
Jonathan Barnett. These characteristics, which will be referred to a local charm, are often surface
qualities only. The current residents have a more personal connection with these spaces because they
have their own history and unique experiences tied to the place. The argument then becomes
whether the tangible qualities, or local charm, of a place is more valuable than the intangible ties
long–time residents have with an

The Removal of Prayer from Public Schools Essay
The removal of prayer from public schools is a very controversial and misunderstood debate. This
paper will address the history of the debate, common myths and misunderstandings, and the current
trends.
History of the Debate:
Public schools originated in 1647 in the Massachusetts Bay Colony and soon spread across New
England. They began with an elementary school for every fifty families and a Latin school for every
one hundred families. Their mission was to "ensure that Puritan children learn to read the Bible and
receive basic information about their Calvinist religion."1 By 1840, conflict was at a climax in New
York City. The public schools had taken on a "common school" education that included a ... Show
more content on Helpwriting.net ...
New York City adopted a 22–word Regent's Prayer as part of their Statement on Moral and Spiritual
Training in the Schools.
In 1962, the United States Supreme Court was called upon to interpret the Establishment Clause of
the First Amendment to the United States Constitution citing the Regent's Prayer in violation (Engel
v. Vitale). In a 6 to 1 decision (with 2 remaining neutral) the Supreme Court decided that the
Regent's Prayer, which was to be said aloud by each student in the presence of a teacher at the
beginning of each school day, was unconstitutional: "Almighty God, we acknowledge our
dependence upon Thee, and we beg Thy blessings upon us, our parents, our teachers, and our
Country." Mr. Justice Black delivered the opinion of the court:
The State's use of the Regents' prayer in its public school system breaches the constitutional wall of
separation between Church and State...The Establishment Clause does not depend upon any
showing of direct governmental compulsion and is violated by the enactment of laws which
establish an official religion whether those laws operate directly to coerce non–observing
individuals or not...When the power, prestige and financial support of government is placed behind a
particular

Security Vs Surveillance
Security is more Important than Civil Liberties
Ever since the terrorist attack on 9/11 and the Snowden leaks in the NSA people have had many
different opinions on whether the government should use surveillance to help prevent crime, or if
the use of surveillance is a violation to people's rights. In this paper I will discuss the use of mass
surveillance systems that the government would like to have in some major cities across the United
States. I will also talk about why people have a problem with surveillance and claim it is a violation
to their rights. I will discuss why the use of mass surveillance is wanted and in a way even needed.
With that being said the government should use all surveillance types necessary in order to prevent
crime ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
For example on important act that was voted on in 2014 was the Freedom Act, the Freedom Act was
made to help limit the amount of surveillance used on the public but the bill did not get enough
votes so it did not pass in the end (Greenwald). The courts also have to deal with many different
cases where security is violating a person's individual rights. One court case specific is "U.S. v.
Jones" (Khaki) in this court case the police used a type of GPS tracking in order to watch a
suspected drug trafficker for around a month. During the time the GPS was put onto Jones's vehicle
he had gone around doing normal daily life things but there were also some illegal acts involving
drugs. After the police had gotten enough information to bring Jones to court they arrest him during
this time the police used their GPS tracking as evidence to show where his vehicle was at the time of
crimes committed with drug trafficking. But when taken to court Jones used the GPS tracking as his
defence and eventually when the court got their verdict they ruled Jones not guilty because the
government did not use the right types of warrants in order for the GPS tracking so in the end the
court said that the government violated his rights (Khaki). This court case is significant because "it
is the first time the Supreme Court

American Politics Course Analysis
An introductory course on American politics, as expected, addresses checks and balances, the
constitutional system, and federalism. In addition, the course offers students a better understanding
of democracy, political participation, power struggles. Whether rooted in history or focused on
abstract ideas, such a course can help students better understand contemporary issues. Students can
apply their new knowledge to be better informed about current politics. This paper explores three
pressing issues: judicial review, political behavior, and race and politics. These concepts will be
examined with examples to give the reader a sense of how to analytically explore political issues.
One important concept that influences contemporary politics ... Show more content on
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These principles helped us make sense of government and understand politics better. From
orchestrating a crisis to political mudslinging, this behavior is an example of one of the five
principles of politics, the rationality principle. The rationality principle holds that all political
behavior has a purpose and that people tend to be goal oriented in their political activities as they
make instrumental choices about how they act. Jefferson and Adams threw insults at each other to
change public opinion to affect votes and Hamilton orchestrated a crisis to get what he wanted,
everything had a deeper purpose. Understanding the underlying purpose of political behavior can
help people understand the political events that are happening

affirmative action Essay
Affirmative action is an attempt by the United States to amend a long history of racial
discrimination and injustice. Our school textbook defines affirmative action as "a program
established that attempts to improve the chances of minority applicants for educational or
employment purposes, although they may have the same qualifications, by giving them leverage so
that they can attain a level that is equal to caucasian applicants" (Berman 522). There are people that
support and oppose this issue. Opponents of affirmative action have many reasons for opposing this
issue, one of them being that the battle for equal rights is over, and that this advantage made for
people of color discriminates against people that ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Congress also passed a number of civil rights laws barring discrimination against blacks in hotels,
theaters, and other places. However, the South reacted by passing the "Black Codes, "
which severely limited the rights of the newly freed slaves, preventing them in most states from
testifying in courts against whites, and limiting their opportunities to find work. Even though blacks
were given suffrage, the white Americans from the south found ways to stop them from voting.
These laws were called grandfather laws, which meant that if your relatives could vote prior to
1867, you were permitted to vote. Moreover, this excluded all recently freed slaves (Berman 510).
In 1896, the Plessy v. Ferguson case, a man who is one eighth black, and seven eighths white,
decides to sit in the front of a train, but is not allowed because he of the fact that he is one eighth
black. He felt that although only an eighth of his blood was black, that overall he should have been
considered white. When taken to court, it was declared that the state of Louisiana had the right to
segregate their races in every public facility. Thus began the "Jim Crow" legislation. Jim
Crow laws were made to have "separate, but equal" facilities for people of color. Not until about
sixty years later, in Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas, the Supreme Court judge ruled
that "separate, but equal" was unconstitutional. This decision created racial tensions

Impeachment : A Formal Process
Nguyen Nguyen
Government 2306
Professor Robert Bexar Chapter summaries 7&8 Chapter 8 Impeachment is a formal process in
which an official was accused of illegal activities, the results of which, depending on the country,
which may include the removal of that official from office as well as penalties criminal or civil. Cut
is when the representatives decided to send the president or other government in the Senate to test to
see if they are suitable to continue to hold their positions. Andrew Johnson and Bill Clinton were
both impeached, but they have been found fit to resume presidential terms of senators. Senatorial
courtesy has to ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Two senators are appointed centrally governor, and two representatives appointed by the speaker. In
addition, the chairman of the Senate Finance Committee and the issue of state and head of the House
Appropriations Committee and the ways and means of serving as member of the Board. Board of
Directors appointed budget director, who prepared the budget request of all state agency
expenditures and appropriation bills for them. At each regular session of parliament and particularly
directors submit legislative budget estimates, the results of many analytical staff of each agency
budget requests. Legislature budget to maintain partial legislative program review conducted a
comprehensive review of state agency programs and activities and compile the performance reports
for the legislature. These reports help to monitor the effectiveness and efficiency of each state
agency and assist in budget decisions. The Managing Board is also responsible for deciding the
constitutional spending cap. The staff in the legislative budget office provided support Committees
various legislative appropriations, provide information on trends in revenue and expenditure,
financial preparation notes determine the impact to revenue or expenditure various legal fees, and
issuing financial statements and the proposed legislation. Another way to explain a

A Nurse At Methadone Clinic
Sotomayor was born in Bronx, New York, on June 25, 1954 to parents whom emigrated from Puerto
Rico. The family, including her brother, survived on a very moderate income while living in
government public housing or "the projects." Juan, Sonia's father, whom had only a third–grade
education, was employed as tool–and die worker and her mother, Celina, worked as a telephone
operator until beginning her employment as a nurse at methadone clinic. Sonia was the eldest of the
two children, raised by their single mother after Juan died when Sonia was only nine years of age.
Celina, worked hard to provide for her children, making it possible for Sonia to attend a Catholic
school in the Bronx. Sonia did very well at Cardinal Spellman High School, graduating as her class
valedictorian in 1972. Sotomayor became inspired to become a lawyer and eventually a judge after
watching an episode of Perry Mason as a child ("Supreme court review," 2016). Sotomayor earned a
full scholarship to Princeton University. Sonia was initially very quiet and sheepish as a Hispanic
woman at Princeton University. Ultimately, Sotomayor became an activist for Puerto Rican and
Hispanic issues on campus. In particular, Sonia was troubled by the absence of Latin American
faculty and Latin American Studies courses on campus. Sotomayor resorted to filing a complaint
with the Department of Health, Education and Welfare, after her meetings with Princeton
Leadership resulted in no changes, asserting that Princeton

Presidential Signing Statement Analysis
We have all heard about presidential signing statements, however, many don't understand the
definition of the term. What are presidential signing statements? What is the purpose of a signing
statement? Well, let us find out! A presidential signing statement is simply a written declaration
sporadically issued by the President when he signs a bill into law. Additionally, the purpose of
presidential signing statements differs. Presidential signing statements can be rhetorical, political or
constitutional. It also worth noting that the constitution is silent about presidential signing
statements. It neither allow nor outlaw presidential signing statements. However, the constitution
does state that the president has the authority to veto any bill approved by congress, and the power
to check that the laws are truly implemented. According to the American Bar Association President
Karen J. Mathis, "The potential for abuse in the issuance of presidential signing statements has
reached the point where it poses a real threat to our system of checks and balances and the rule of ...
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Apps.Americabar.org). Also, Mathis advised Congress to require a president to report to Congress in
an openly accessible database whenever issuing a statement expressing in the report an explanation
of the reasons. Mathis also urged presidents to express concerns to congress about the
constitutionality of any pending legislation before it is passed, and veto any bills that they believed
to be unconstitutional. According to Mathis, "such legislation would increase transparency in
government and resolve any separation of powers issues that may accompany the use of presidential
signings statements." (www.

Sonia Sotomayor
Sonia Sotomayor was born on June 27, 1954 in The Bronx, New York. Her parents Juan Sotomayor
and Celina Baez were both natives of Puerto Rico; they worked as a manual worker and a nurse
respectively. She was raised in the Bronxdale Houses; a city owned housing projects. When Sonia
was nine her father passed away, due to his early death her mother was forced to work extra days to
get her children in a good school, which she did. Her mother's hard work payed off when she
managed to send her children to a private Catholic school. Sonia attended Cardinal Spellman High
School and graduated as the valedictorian of her class in 1972.
Sonia attended Princeton University shortly after graduating high school. She would later graduate
from Princeton ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Bush administration. She faced many non–controversial cases, but she is notably known as the judge
who saved baseball. On March 30, 1995, the trial to save baseball took place in Silverman v. Major
League Baseball Player Relations Committee, Inc., the trial took place due to the 1994 baseball
strike that lasted 232 days. Sotomayor issued a preliminary injunction, in order to restrain the MLB
from implementing a new collective bargaining agreement and using replacement players. She
essentially ended the trial and strike and saved baseball. Sonia found success in the trial Castle Rock
Entertainment, Inc. v. Carol Publishing Group. The trial was a prominent copyright infringement
lawsuit because it would pave the way for other copyright laws. Castle Rock Entertainment sued
Carol Publishing Group because Carol Publishing Group made a trivia book containing information
related to the show. Sonia Sotomayor ruled that the trivia book containing information about
Seinfeld infringed on the copyright of the show and did not use legal fair use.
On June 25, 1997, President of the United States Bill Clinton nominated Sonia Sotomayor to the
United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit. In the course of the next ten years Sonia
would hear over 3000 cases and write about 380 majority

American Apartheid Summary
According to the reading American Apartheid, a ghetto is a set of neighborhoods that are exclusively
inhabited by members of one group, where all members of the group live. The term derives from
Europe, where the Jewish population was isolated from society during the Holocaust. Later on, the
term had been extended to crowded urban quarters of other minority groups. This word has been
associated with black race for the past 80 years. According the reading American Apartheid, the
emergence of the black ghetto was due to decisions made by whites to deny blacks access to urban
housing markets, this time reinforcing another form of segregation. The influx of Blacks and Latinos
into crowded and concentrated cities defined the ghetto and the poverty ... Show more content on
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In other words, a broad demographic of people in the neighborhood benefited financially. According
to the study's findings, only one group – black residents who never finished high school – saw their
income grow at a slower rate than predicted. But the study also suggests that these residents weren't
moving out of their neighborhoods at a disproportionately higher rate than from similar
neighborhoods that didn't gentrify (Kiviat, paragraph 4)." Also, more studies show that gentrification
didn't necessarily push out residents but became a place that middle class minorities moved into;
"The addition of white college graduates, especially those under 40 without children, was a hallmark
of gentrifying neighborhoods – that much fit the conventional wisdom – but so was the influx of
college–educated blacks and Hispanics, who moved to gentrifying neighborhoods more often than
they to did similar, more static areas. Two other groups tended to move more often into upwardly
mobile neighborhoods as well: 40–to–60–year–old Hispanics without a high–school degree, and
similarly uneducated Hispanics aged 20 to 40 with children...(Kiviat, paragraph 6). These
advantages show how gentrification can benefit a neighborhood and its residents

Elena Kagan Essay
Elena Kagan was born April 28, 1960 in the city of New York. A daughter of a housing attorney and
a schoolteacher, Kagan grew up in an intellectually rich environment that would later shape her
career.
After receiving an A.B. In History at Princeton and graduating cumlaude in 1981, Kagan went on to
Oxford to earn a M. in Philosophy, which she did in 1983. From there, she attended Harvard Law
School, serving as supervising editor of the Harvard Law Review, and graduated magna cum laude
with a J.D. In 1986. After she completed her education, Kagan clerked for Judge Abner Mikva of the
U.S. Court of Appeals in D.C. for two years, and then for Justice Thurgood Marshall of the U.S.
Supreme Court during his 1987 term. In the elections of 1988, Kagan actively supported the then
democratic presidential candidate Michael Dukakis. After he lost she went back to D.C. for a brief
associate practice at the Williams and Connolly law firm. In 1991 she took up her role as a professor
at the University of Chicago ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Helms 2000 (which dealt with public aid towards parochial schools) "I think the President would
wish to file in this case. Agree? Elena." and "(Also, I think he would want the SG [solicitor general]
to make the case for overruling––not just distinguishing Meek and Wolman)", referencing two other
cases from the 70s that concerned government aid to private schools. In another education related
case under her term as SG, Forest Grove School District v. T.A. 2009, Kagan and her department
along with the Supreme Court agreed that "students need not have received special education
services in a public school before becoming eligible for private school tuition reimbursement under
the proper circumstances". In Arizona Christian School v. Winn 2011, (about Establishment of
religion Clause) Justice Kagan dissented citing Arizona Laws on school tuition organizations as her

Same-Sex Marriage Should be Legal Essay
Marriage is assumed by United States citizens to be a basic human right. When asked, a child will
usually say that yes, they do plan to one day be happily married. As we grow older, we realize that it
is not that simple; that there are many stigmas placed on "nontraditional" marriages. Throughout the
history of the United States, minorities have had to battle for their right to marry whomever they
choose. Interfaith, interracial, and same–sex couples have discovered the hard way that the same
"natural" rights are not granted to all citizens. Many of these battles have been fought and won, but
the struggle of same–sex couples still continues to be a hotbed of discontent throughout the United
States. The United States ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
The percentage of Americans who practiced Judaism stood at only 2%, and the Jewish people of the
United States feared that losing more to interfaith relationships would make their societal numbers
dwindle even faster. Steven Cohen, a professor at Hebrew Union College–Jewish Institute of
Religion in New York, said in an interview with USA Today that "intermarriage does indeed
constitute the greatest single threat to Jewish continuity today." Interfaith marriages have also been
observed to result in higher divorce rates, which threaten the integrity of Jewish values. In 1958, two
lovers crossed state borders to be wed in Washington, D.C.. Virginia natives, Richard and Mildred
Loving fled their home state to seek a marriage license in a D.C. courthouse due to Virginia's Racial
Integrity Act, which criminalized any marriage between a white and a non–white. Richard Loving
was white. Mildred was of mixed race. Five weeks after returning home, they were arrested in their
own bedroom by raiding policemen and put on trial. The Lovings pleaded guilty, were sentenced to
one year in a state penitentiary, and then "partly" banned from Virginia for 25 years; they could
individually return to the state, but never together. The groundbreaking court case Loving v. Virginia
set into motion a course of events that would land the couple in the United States Supreme Court in
1967, with a unanimous

‘Federal Government Increasingly Dominates State...
A2 politics Jess Waldron
'Federal government increasingly dominates state governments in the USA.' Discuss
The United States of America have a federal constitution, where the President of the United States,
Congress, and the judiciary share powers, and the federal government shares sovereignty with the
state governments. This is the stark opposite to the unitary system in the UK where sovereignty lies
in parliament and some powers are given to local assemblies. There are many types of federalism;
all have been a dominant influence in the American political system at some point due to the style of
leadership brought in by each new presidential candidate. Throughout U.S. history, the division of
power between the federal ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
Federalism is a dual (split in two) system of sovereignty, splitting power between a central
government and various state governments. Both the federal and state governments can directly
govern citizens through their own officials and laws. The resulting Constitution allowed powers for
both federal and state governments. Each had some separate powers and some shared powers.
A federalist called John Marshall, as Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court, made decisions
favoring a strong federal government over state government power. In Marbury v. Madison (1803)
Marshall used judicial review (where the Court is the government body to decide whether laws are
constitutional), this was used in accordance with the principles and power established by the
Constitution. By the late 1930s, the Great Depression resulted in a dramatic change. The idea of
federalism and Marshall's earlier positions returned. In West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish (1937) the
Court extended federal power to regulate some economic activities within states. Under a broadened
Commerce Clause interpretation, federal powers expanded at the expense of state powers and
emphasis on the Tenth Amendment declined. The Court in NLRB v. United States (1936) reaffirmed
the Wagner Act which brought labor relations under federal oversight. In addition, the Social
Security Act creating a national retirement fund, passed in 1935.

President Clinton Vs. The 104th And 105th Congress
President Clinton vs. the 104th and 105th Congress
President William "Bill" Clinton was the United States 42nd president. Bill Clinton was born in
Arkansas on August 19th 1946. In 1976 he was elected to become the Attorney General of Arkansas.
Two years later he became governor, becoming the youngest governor. Clinton ran for president in
1992 with running mate Al Gore. His presidency ran from 1993 to 2001. During his presidency the
104th ('95–'97) and the 105th ('97– '95) Congress was established and the Republicans took over the
House with 228 seats in the 104th and 226 seats in the 105th. The Democrats had 206 seats in the
house in the 104th and the 105th had 207 seats. The Senate was no different, The Republicans had
52 seats ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
His term as Speaker of the House seemed as the opposite of President Clinton. When he was speaker
there were many government and budget shutdowns, and also unpleasant impeachment proceedings.
Yet Gingrich and Clinton have agreed on welfare reform, tax cuts and budgeting deals.
Overrides and Vetoes Over the course of Clinton's presidency there have been 37 bills that have
been vetoed, although 36 were regular vetoes, one pocket veto, and two vetoes that were overridden.
The two bills that were overridden are the Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 and the Line
Item Veto.
The Bankruptcy Act of 2000 was one of the laws that was a pocket veto. The sponsor of this act was
Representative Christopher H. Smith. The bill as asserted by the president because it was not fair
towards ordinary debtors who fell on hard times. Yet this represents a loophole for the wealthy.
Under the Homestead Exemption, bankruptcy filers can protect some of their equity in their homes
under chapter seven bankruptcy. This also implies to chapter 13 bankruptcy as well. You can be
relieved of all or most of your equity, this would decrease the minimum amount you must pay to
your creditors. In the meantime this will be easier to repay your debts.
The Private Securities Litigation Act of 1995 but later overridden as the Private Securities Litigation
Reform Act of 1995, was designed to stop or to limit non–serious securities

Gay Rights in the Fire Department
Humans have been fighting and challenging each other ever since they have been created. People
tend to think that if someone else is different than another person must be weird, stupid, or even
dangerous. Though things are constantly getting better and people are beginning to be more
accepting of each other some people continue to hate and cast out just because they do not have the
same beliefs, sexuality, or even the same looks. The fire department has been on the business side,
but people in the fire department the workers can be harmful bullies. This is not the fire departments
fault but the workers that are fire fighters tend to be on the conservative side when it comes to the
human rights division of life. To talk about a topic you must start from the beginning, in the 1950's it
was dangerous, foolish, and illegal to start any pro–gay organization. You would be chased and
harassed if you were suspected of being gay or supporting their right to live life freely. In 1961
Illinois decided to agree with the conservative law of 1923 that was created by the American Law
Institute that stated it is illegal for two adults to ever get married or even have sexual have
intercourse if they are the same sex. Connecticut decided to agree and also put this law in place in
the year 1969. Holliday 2 1969 is considered the year that the gay rights movement took off because
NYPD decided to raid a gay bar and started arrested random homosexual and drag performers for no
reason.

Immigration Case Study Essay
Immigration Case Study
The border between Mexico and the United States has witnessed millions of individuals crossing to
and from each country. Migration involves the (more or less) permanent movement of individuals or
groups across symbolic or political boundaries into new residential areas and communities
(Marshall, 1998, p. 415). Some cross for travel experiences, some cross for quick visits to see
relatives, and others are crossing the border to improve their quality of life. From a negative point of
view, some pay an absurd amount of money to "coyotes" to smuggle themselves and family
members across the border, and some cross to smuggle narcotics for the drug cartel. This case study
ethnography focuses on how government issues ... Show more content on Helpwriting.net ...
They owned a couple of cars and had a three bedroom home in a relatively upstanding
neighborhood. She feels that in comparison to many other immigration stories, they were very
fortunate to have been as successful as they were. She says that her family felt their share of
discrimination, however, they were very lucky to have met some "white" Americans that helped
them establish their landscaping business. She lost touch with her brothers, but maintained a
relationship with her sister. They did not have to send remittances to Mexico because all of her
family that she knew of was here in America.
I heard similar stories at a day labor pick–up site in El Mirage, Arizona. My mother–in–law, who is
Mexican, accompanied me to this site and stood in as my translator as we approached the laborers.
We arrived at approximately five o?clock in the morning, and there were already a handful of men
waiting for opportunities of work to arise. As the morning went on, more people arrived, and at the
same time others left to various job sites. Most of the work seemed to have been for agriculture,
construction and landscape work. Few of the men that my mother–law and I came in contact with
did not speak very good English and were very shy about speaking of their personal history. A good
number of these men were forced out of Mexico because of a lack of employment, left their families
behind, and were

Sonia Sotomayor Research Paper
Sonia Sotomayor was nominated by President Barack Obama on May 26, 2009, making history as
the first Latina Supreme Court Justice. Early Life Sonia Sotomayor was born on the 25th of June,
1954 in the Bronx, New York in a public housing project. She is the daughter of Juan and Celina
Sotomayor, who migrated from Puerto Rico to New York. When Sotomayor was Eight years old she
was diagnosed with diabetes. A year later, at the age of 9, her father passed away. Sotomayor's
mother worked hard as a nurse to provide a good education to her two children. Higher Education
Sotomayor graduated from Cardinal Spellman High School in the Bronx in 1972. She then entered
Princeton University were she became involved with Puerto Rican Groups on campus. Sotomayor
graduated from Princeton University in 1976. She received the Pyne Prize, the highest academic
honor that is awarded to students who will receive a degree. After graduating from Princeton,
Sotomayor married Kevin Edward Noonan. Sotomayor entered Yale Law School that same year.
Sotomayor was an editor for the Yale Law Journal. She received her J.D in 1979 and was admitted
to the New York Bar in1980. After law school, she immediately began to work as an assistant
district attorney. In 1983, Sotomayor divorced Kevin Edward ... Show more content on
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For example, one of Sotomayor's more controversial cases was Pappas v. Giuliani (2002), a case in
which an employee of the New York City Police Department, Thomas Pappas, was terminated from
his desk job. The department had found that Pappas had anonymously circulated racist and bigoted
material. On appeal, the majority of the panel held that the NYPD could terminate Pappas for his
behavior without violating his First Amendment right to free speech. Sotomayor acknowledged that
the speech was "patently offensive, hateful, and

Case Study : ' Agostini Vs. Felton '
Kolbe Perez and Kevin Smith Mr. Falcone Government 8 December 2016 Agostini vs. Felton
Summary of Facts of the Case: The federal district court ruled against New York City about the
appeal to allow public school teachers to provide instruction to students in parochial schools. The
Court interpreted the Establishment Clause as a strict separation between religion and government
affairs. The parochial school board, and some parents brought this case to the Supreme Court to seek
review. The outcome of the suit concluded with a 5–4 decision. The court stated that money could
be funded by federal programs to provide aid to challenged students in parochial schools without
defying the Establishment Clause. Reflection of the Historical Timeframe as It Relates to the Issue:
Of the more than thirty five million American school aged children in the late 1990s, twenty million
attended public schools.Experts estimate more than half of parents would have enrolled their
students in private schools if they could afford the cost. Even parochial schools that charged lower
yearly tuition rates of several thousand dollars were still too expensive for middle and working
American families. These families supported the idea of receiving vouchers to get a discount on
school tuition. As the voucher concept became more popular, its opponents made their views widely
known in courts, the media, and political forums. School choice as an issue was hotly debated
throughout the decade. Constitutional

Obergefell V. Hodges Case Study

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